The Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA)

Home , Acanthurus gahhm, Chaetodon melapterus, Chaetodon mesoleucos, Cheilinus, Chlorurus gibbus, Chromis viridis

Current Status of the Ornamental Fish Trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden with Guidelines for a Self-financing Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Programme and Proposals for Quotas

PERSGA Technical Series No. 14 August 2007

PERSGA – “The Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden” – is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the conservation of the coastal and marine environments in the region and the wise and sustainable use of their natural resources. The Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Environment (Jeddah Convention) 1982 provides the legal foundation for PERSGA. The Secretariat of the Organization was formally established in Jeddah following the Cairo Declaration of September 1995. The PERSGA member states are Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen. PERSGA, P.O. Box 53662, Jeddah 21583, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Tel.: +966-2-657-3224. Fax: +966-2-652-1901. Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.persga.org

This document is a combination of two reports prepared for PERSGA in 2003. The first was titled ‘The Current Status of the Ornamental Fish Trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden’ and was prepared by Drs Maroof A. Khalaf and Mohamed Abdallah. The second was a ‘Report on Guidelines for a Self-financing Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Programme for the Ornamental Fish Trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden with Proposals for Quotas’ prepared by Drs Alasdair Edwards, Jeremy Hills and Martin Le Tissier. The work was carried out through the Living Marine Resources Component of the Strategic Action Programme for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, a Global Environment Facility (GEF) project executed by PERSGA and implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Bank with supplementary funding provided by the Islamic Development Bank.

Authors’ addresses: Dr. Maroof A. Khalaf, Marine Science Station, University of Jordan-Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 195, Aqaba, Jordan. Dr. Mohamed Abdallah, Living Marine Resources Component Lead Specialist, PERSGA, P.O. Box 53662, Jeddah 21583, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Alasdair Edwards, School of Biology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK. Drs Jeremy Hills and Martin Le Tissier, Tropical Coastal Management Consultants LLP, Huntersbrook House, Hoggs Lane, Purton, Wiltshire SN5 4HQ, UK.

© 2007 PERSGA The text of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without the permission of the copyright holders provided that acknowledgement of the source is given. PERSGA would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this material as a source. This publication may not be copied, or distributed electronically, for resale or other commercial purposes without prior permission, in writing, from PERSGA.

Photographs: M. Khalaf and K. Kosakabe (unless otherwise stated)

This publication may be cited as: PERSGA/GEF 2007. Current Status of the Ornamental Fish Trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden with Guidelines for a Self-financing Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Programme and Proposals for Quotas. PERSGA Technical Series No. 14. PERSGA, Jeddah.

PREFACE

If you say “Red Sea” many people will think “coral reefs”. They are loved for their beauty and their abundant fish. Some fish are harvested for food while others are harvested simply for our entertainment, as colourful attractive additions to our homes and offices—ornamental or aquarium fish.

Regretfully, nature is not the inexhaustible supply of resources we once believed it to be. Indiscriminate harvesting without regulation leads to the “Tragedy of the Commons.” The harvesting of ornamental fish can follow the same predictable pattern. There is a common resource shared by all, the fish. Each collector wishes to maximise his income by catching as many fish as possible, especially the more valuable species. As the reef becomes depleted the fragile balance of nature is disturbed, loss of cleaner fish leads to increased parasite loads, loss of top predators leads to increased herbivore populations and overgrazing, population numbers swing alarmingly from boom to bust. But for each collector, the value to him of an extra fish outweighs the degradation to the reef ecosystem, which is a cost carried by all. This cost or externality, however, is not only carried by the fishing community it is carried by all of us who love the reefs and enjoy the benefits they bestow upon us—food, recreational diving, protection from storms and simply the joy of watching nature in all her wealth of biodiversity and splendour, this alone is a tonic to our hearts.

But the harvesting of ornamental fish is an important source of income to many people who earn little money. And it can be a regular source of income and an improving source of income if those engaged in the trade are schooled in the nature of their work. Knowing the life histories of the different species and their role in the reef ecosystem is a prerequisite for determining the numbers of individuals that can be sustainably harvested from a particular area of the reef. Techniques can be learnt that will improve the survivability of the fish and hence reduce losses to the collector.

Economic improvement and environmental management can be attained in the ornamental fish trade within the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. The recommendations of the Marine Aquarium Council are tried and tested internationally and if implemented in our region, with appropriate licensing and control, will ensure the long term growth of this industry while safeguarding our reefs for future generations.

Prof. Ziad Abu Ghararah Secretary General PERSGA

CONTENTS

PART 1

Current Status of the Ornamental Fish Trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden

PART 2

Guidelines for a Self-financing Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Programme for the Ornamental Fish Trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden with Proposals for Quotas

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Background

The Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) has been executing a Strategic Action Programme (SAP) funded by the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) with support from the Islamic Development Bank and the PERSGA member states.

The SAP was prepared following an extensive analysis of regional environmental issues and has been endorsed by the PERSGA Council of Ministers. The SAP provides a cooperatively developed framework for the long-term conservation and management of the coastal and marine resources of the Region. A programme of activities is being carried out through eight complementary components: 1) institutional strengthening, 2) reduction of navigation risks and maritime pollution, 3) sustainable use and management of living marine resources, 4) conservation of habitats and biodiversity, 5) the establishment of a network of marine protected areas, 6) support for integrated coastal zone management, 7) the promotion of public awareness and participation and 8) monitoring and evaluation of programme impacts (HARIRI et al. 2000).

As part of the activities to promote sustainable use of living marine resources in the region, PERSGA/SAP Living Marine Resources (LMR) component conducted a training course to build the capacity of local specialists to conduct studies on the status of ornamental fish collecting activities and to assess the impact of the aquarium fish trade in the region. Preliminary studies on the aquarium fish trade in the region have been conducted by ABDALLAH (2000), ABDUL GHANI & GAZZAZ (2000), and BARRANIA (2000).

A “Participatory Training Workshop in Methodologies for Assessing the Status and Potential for Ornamental Fisheries and their Environmental Impact” was conducted by Dr. Alasdair Edwards at the Faculty of Marine Science of King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah in April 2002. The methodologies developed in participation with the regional attendees at the training workshop were applied in the field by a regional team led by Dr. Maroof Khalaf (Jordan) and Dr. Mohamed Abdallah (PERSGA) at sites in Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti and Yemen during 2002 (KHALAF & ABDALLAH 2003). An abbreviated report of this work is presented as part 1 in this volume. These studies have produced data that allow some estimates to be made of the standing stocks of selected fish species which are important in the ornamental fish trade in the region.

Building on these data, part 2 of this publication seeks to: • Present guidelines for a management strategy for the ornamental fish trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, including self-financing monitoring, control and surveillance. • Propose quotas for PERSGA member countries based on previous studies.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART 1

CURRENT STATUS OF THE ORNAMENTAL FISH TRADE IN THE RED SEA AND GULF OF ADEN

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART 1...... xi

1. INTRODUCTION...... 1

2. METHODS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION...... 2 2.1 Study Area ...... 2 2.2 Visual Census...... 2 2.3 Statistical Analysis...... 4 3. RESULTS...... 5 3.1 Benthic Habitat ...... 5 3.2 Fish Assemblages and Community Indices ...... 5 3.3 Fish Distributions and Correlation with Coral Cover ...... 10 3.4 Marine Aquarium Fish Trade...... 15 3.5 Aquarium Fish Export Data ...... 19 3.6 Holding Facilities...... 20 3.7 Potential Yields...... 21 4. DISCUSSION ...... 22 4.1 Species Needing Special Consideration...... 23 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT PLANS...... 25

6. REFERENCES...... 27

8. APPENDICES ...... 29 Appendix 1. Ornamental fish species included in the survey ...... 29 Appendix 2. Results of benthic habitat surveys ...... 36 Appendix 3. The total abundance (TA), average abundance (AA), relative abundance (RA), and frequency of appearance (FA) of each ornamental fish species recorded for each transect (500 m²)...... 39 Appendix 4. Statistical analysis results: richness, evenness and diversity...... 47 Appendix 5. Percentage of average abundance of ornamental fish species for the five countries...... 48 Appendix 6. Records from ornamental fish exporting companies...... 49

LIST OF FIGURES FOR PART 1

Figure P1.1 Areas in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region assessed for impacts from the aquarium fish trade ...... 2 Figure P1.2 (a) Average abundance, (b) number of species, (c) species richness d, (d) species diversity (Shannon-Wiener Index) and (e) Pilou’s eveness of fish assemblages per 500 m2 transect at countries along the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden coasts ...... 10 Figure P1.3 Cluster analysis (a), and MDS ordination plot (b), of relationships between ornamental fish assemblages (Bray-Curtis similarity, square root transformation of data, standardisation, group average, stress = 0.3) from different countries in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region ...... 12 Figure P1.4 Differences in the average abundance of the most important 25 fish species from the primary families (a) Acanthuridae, (b) Chaetodontidae, (c) Pomacanthidae, (d) Labridae and (e) Pomacentridae, and (f) two dominant schooling fish species being utilised by aquarium trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region, according to their latitudinal distribution ...... 13

LIST OF TABLES FOR PART 1

Table P1.1 Sampling sites along the Jordanian, Egyptian, Saudi Arabian, Yemeni and Djiboutian coasts of the Red Sea, dates of surveys and locations of survey sites ...... 4 Table P1.2 Summary of ornamental fish surveys in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, by country ...... 9 Table P1.3 Correlation (simple regression) of fish community parameters with hard coral cover on reefs from different countries in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. (N) = average fish abundance, (S) = number of species, (d) = species richness and (H`) = Shannon- Wiener Index ...... 14 Table P1.4 Correlation (simple regression) of fish community parameters with soft coral cover at reefs from different countries in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. (N) = average fish abundance, (S) = number of species, (d) = species richness and (H`) = Shannon- Wiener Index ...... 14 Table P1.5 Fish catch by Red Sea Secrets at Al-Shu’aibah and by Imad Softa at Al-Lith during visits by the survey team in October 2002...... 18

PART 2

GUIDELINES FOR A SELF-FINANCING MONITORING, CONTROL AND SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMME FOR THE ORNAMENTAL FISH TRADE IN THE RED SEA AND GULF OF ADEN WITH PROPOSALS FOR QUOTAS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART 2...... 71 GUIDELINES FOR A MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR THE ORNAMENTAL FISH TRADE...... 73 MARINE AQUARIUM COUNCIL STANDARDS ...... 75 Core Standard I: Ecosystem and Fishery Management (EFM)...... 76 Core Standard II. Collection, Fishing and Holding (CFH) ...... 76 Core Standard III. Handling, Husbandry, and Transport (HHT) ...... 77 MAC CERTIFICATION...... 79 Costs of MAC Certification ...... 79 Benefits of MAC Certification...... 79 Record keeping and additional data needs to assist monitoring of sustainability...... 81 PROPOSALS FOR QUOTAS FOR PERSGA MEMBER COUNTRIES...... 86 Calculation of quotas for PERSGA countries...... 86 Species which need special consideration...... 94 MAC procedures for developing a list of species unsuitable for the trade ...... 95 Summary...... 96 CONCLUSION...... 97 REFERENCES...... 98 ANNEX 1. MARINE AQUARIUM COUNCIL ...... 99 Marine Aquarium Council Core Standards...... 99 Marine Aquarium Council Best Practice Guidance Documents...... 99 Marine Aquarium Council Core Standards Interpretation Document ...... 99 List of MAC Accredited Certifiers ...... 100 Industry Operators Committed to Becoming MAC Certified...... 101 MAC Certified Industry Operators (as of 18 January 2003)...... 102 ANNEX 2. PRINCIPAL FISH SPECIES EXPLOITED ...... 103 ADDITIONAL LITERATURE...... 107

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LIST OF FIGURES FOR PART 2

Figure P2.1 Diagram to show concept of the MAC Chain of Custody ...... 74 Figure P2.2 Estimated expected percentage of fish dying per month and per week for instantaneous natural mortality rates (M) between 0.3 and 4.0 ...... 77

LIST OF TABLES FOR PART 2

Table P2.1 Cumulative mortality allowance: exporters...... 78 Table P2.2 Pro forma list of fish species utilised by the marine aquarium fish trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region ...... 82 Table P2.3 Estimates of densities of key marine aquarium fish species (numbers per square kilometre) based on data of KHALAF AND ABDALLAH (2003) ...... 88 Table P2.4 Instantaneous rates of natural mortality (M) for marine aquarium fish species from northern (23°C), central (26°C) and southern Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (29°C)...... 89 Table P2.5 Quota estimates as numbers per square kilometre of collection area (rounded to nearest 10 for 1-999; rounded to two significant figures for numbers >1000) for five PERSGA countries ...... 90 Table P2.6 Estimates of coral reef areas and lengths of coastline for PERSGA countries taken from SPALDING et al. (2001)...... 92 Table P2.7 Comparison of quota estimates for Egypt with numbers being exported per year based on average of 1998-2000 exports (export data from Awadallah in Annex 7 of EDWARDS 2002)...... 92 Table P2.8 Comparison of quota estimates for Saudi Arabia with numbers being exported per year based on averages of 1998–1999 exports (export data from Annex 9 in EDWARDS 2002) ...... 93 Table P2.9 Marine aquarium fish species for which quotas might be needed. Species which appear to be at highest risk of over-collection are shaded and indicated by an H in the risk column ...... 97

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED IN PART 1

AA Average abundance Alk Al-Kherq site (Saudi Arabia) AlM Al-Murk site (Yemen) AlS Al-Lith site (Saudi Arabia) Alz Zorab site (Egypt) ArtPla Arta Plaga (Djibouti) Awj Tho Awjam Thoal site (Saudi Arabia) Bai Biada (Bayada) site (Saudi Arabia) BigPie Big Piece site (Al-Kabeera, Saudi Arabia) BosTho Bostek Thoal site (Saudi Arabia) ECFFG Egyptian Company for Fishing and Fishing Gears FA Frequency of appearance FanAld Fanar Al-Dolphin site (Egypt) GEF Global Environment Facility Geh Gehere (Djibouti) Ill Illi site (Egypt) Kad Kadaman site (Yemen) Kam Kamaran site (Yemen) KhoAmb Khor Ambado (Djibouti) Mah Mahmoudat site (Egypt) Mas Maskali (Djibouti) MSS Marine Science Station site (Aqaba, Jordan) Mus Moucha (Djibouti) Nok Noksh site (Egypt) PERSGA Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden PY Potential yield RA Relative abundance RasMohS Ras Mohammad site (Egypt) RSGA Red Sea and Gulf of Aden SAlB Al-Badi site (Yemen) SCUBA Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus SETek South East Tekfash site (Yemen) SmaPie Small Piece site (Al-Sagheera, Saudi Arabia) SouBay South Bayada (Biada) site (Saudi Arabia) SWTek South West Tekfash site (Yemen) TA Total abundance Taj Tadjoura (Djibouti) TC Tourist Camp site (Aqaba, Jordan) VC Visitor Centre site (Aqaba, Jordan)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA), the executing agency of the Strategic Action Programme (SAP) under which this survey was carried out. Particular thanks are given to Dr. Nizar I. Tawfiq (Secretary General), Dr. Mohamed Fawzi (Deputy Secretary General) and to Dr. Saiyed Al Khouli (Project Manager). The SAP was funded by the PERSGA member states and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) with supplementary funding from the Islamic Development Bank. The project was implemented by the GEF partners – the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Bank.

We appreciate the cooperation and help of the ornamental fish trade companies in the study area; PERSGA/SAP National Programme Coordinators in Djibouti and Yemen; the Marine Science Station, Aqaba, Jordan; the Fisheries Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Faculty of Marine Science at King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. Many thanks are due to everyone who provided assistance during the field surveys and with the final preparation of the documents for printing.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY – PART 1

The main objectives of the field work were: (1) to compare populations of coral reef fish used in the aquarium trade in different countries of the region; (2) to outline the nature of the aquarium trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region and to establish baseline data against which future changes can be monitored; (3) to examine the densities of aquarium fishes on Red Sea reefs and estimate potential yields.

Selected ornamental reef fish species were surveyed by the visual census technique using SCUBA. A total of 121 transects of 100 m length and 5 m width (500 m²) were performed at 29 sites, including exploited and control sites. At each site a visual census was conducted along three transects at a shallow reef slope (5 m) and deep reef slope (10 m) respectively.

Surveys of the benthic habitat were also carried out using the point intercept transect method. Records were taken of percentage cover of live hard coral, live soft coral, dead coral, coral rock, sand, rubble, macro algae, algal turf, sponge, and others. Abundance of fishes was described by relative abundance and frequency of appearance. Species richness, species diversity and evenness were calculated.

Butterflyfish assemblages in the southern Red Sea differ from those in the north. The marked variation from north to south may be attributed to the variability of the habitat. Based on the results of underwater surveys, export data, literature and interviews with aquaria personnel, four categories of species were identified that might need special consideration. These include:

• Species with poor survivorship in captivity (for example, easily stressed species, obligate corallivores and those that release toxins), i.e. Chaetodon austriacus, Chaetodon melapterus, Chaetodon trifascialis, Chaetodon larvatus, Chaetodon auriga, Amphiprion bicinctus, Ostracion cyanurus. • Easily overexploited species, such as rare or endemic species, i.e. Pomacanthus imperator, Pygoplites diacanthus, Rhinecanthus assasi, Pterois miles, Pseudochromis fridmani, Pseudochromis flavivertex, Pseudochromis springeri, Amphiprion bicinctus. • Species for which collection may involve collateral damage, such as those that shelter in branching coral, i.e. Dascyllus aruanus, Dascyllus marginatus, Dascyllus trimaculatus, Chromis viridis, Chromis dimidiata and Pseudanthias squamipinnis. • Ecologically important species, such as those that act as cleaners, i.e. Labroides dimidiatus, Larabicus quadrilineatus and Labroides bicolor.

Some data on the marine ornamental fish trade was extracted from the relevant government export statistics. The authors visited the holding facilities of the companies involved in the ornamental fish trade in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen and recorded all aquarium fishes present at the time.

These studies have produced data that allow some estimates to be made of the standing stocks of selected fish species which are important in the ornamental fish trade in the region. Building on these data, part 2 of this publication seeks to present guidelines for a management strategy for the ornamental fish trade in the region and to propose quotas for PERSGA member countries. See separate executive summary for part 2 on page 71.

Conclusions and Recommendations - Summary

The imposition of a closed season, during which time no fishing can take place, together with the establishment of reserve areas would serve to protect the resource against over-exploitation and maintain species diversity.

Scientific research should be encouraged in the region to clarify the distribution of the species concerned. Particular attention needs to be given to rare or endemic species targeted by the ornamental fish trade.

All collectors should be trained and provided with appropriate equipment. They should also be paid according to the amount of time actually spent catching fish rather than the value of the fish. This would prevent the selective fishing of highly priced and vulnerable species.

Species unsuitable for aquaria should not be collected, such as obligate coral feeders, including corallivorous butterflyfish. The removal of large numbers of key predators, such as the pufferfish (Canthigaster margaritata) and trigger-fish should be avoided, as should collection of vulnerable species, such as the attractive boxfishes (Ostracion cubicus and Ostracion cyanurus) which are slow moving and easily caught.

Reserve areas should be established, enabling pristine areas of reefs to be preserved, which can then provide recruitment stock for the fisheries.

Temporary closure of areas or fisheries would be particularly helpful where immature fish are often targeted.

Monitoring programmes need to be established to investigate the effects of collection and the effectiveness of management strategies.

Species-specific quotas need to be established, based on numbers of fish captured.

Restrictions should be placed on the exploitation of rare and/or endemic species.

Licensing can provide a way of monitoring and regulating aquarium fisheries and improving standards within the industry.

Regular monitoring needs to be undertaken on impacts of collecting practices on bottom habitats, catches, fishing effort and export volumes in each country, in order to manage this valuable resource in a sustainable manner.

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1. INTRODUCTION An assessment of the aquarium reef fishery in Djibouti has been given by The collection of tropical marine fish for BARRATT & MEDLEY (1988). sale to aquaria had begun in Sri Lanka by the early 1930s. The trade then expanded There are positive and negative aspects to gradually during the 1950s as dealers started the aquarium trade. On the positive side, exporting fish by air (JONKLAAS 1985). In the aquaria can help to educate the public and early 1980s, marine fish and invertebrate increase their awareness of the need to imports for the aquarium trade were conserve reef ecosystems. This industry estimated to be worth US$ 24–40 million provides jobs and income for many people, annually with more than 40 countries particularly in supplier countries. However, participating in supplying the market (WOOD the aquarium trade has generated concerns 1985). about the conservation of coral reef fish and their habitats. The main issues are possible Coral reefs are valuable and important over-exploitation of target species, damaging ecosystems. They are among the most collection methods and post-harvest productive and diverse of all natural mortalities. ecosystems and are often called the tropical rainforests of the sea. Coral reefs have many At the time of the present study, the trade functions, amongst which is the provision of in aquarium fish from the Red Sea and Gulf a variety of habitats for a wealth of of Aden (RSGA) region was expanding organisms. Fishes are a dominant group of rapidly and concerns about negative coral reef fauna, in terms of both their environmental impacts and the need for biomass and their diversity. Reef ecosystems management of this valuable resource were provide fishes with shelter and habitats for being expressed by the governments of the feeding, spawning and nurseries. Pollution, respective countries. destructive fishing, over-fishing, coral bleaching, tourism development and other This study was carried out through the stresses and activities threaten these valuable Sustainable Use and Management of Living ecosystems and it is important that the Marine Resources component of the capture of reef animals for the aquarium Strategic Action Programme for the Red Sea trade does not add further unwelcome and Gulf of Aden (SAP) executed by pressures. PERSGA between 1999 and 2003. The study was conducted to provide a snapshot of the Exports for the aquarium trade from the aquarium fish trade being conducted in the Red Sea appear to have started in Egypt in Red Sea and to assemble some comparative 1985 and several companies in Egypt, Saudi regional data. Arabia, Yemen and Djibouti have been established. These countries represent a very The main objectives were: (1) to compare attractive base for the aquarium trade due to populations of coral reef fish used in the the availability of direct flights to Europe aquarium trade in different countries of the and the United States together with the region; (2) to outline the nature of the abundance and richness of coral reefs in aquarium trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of these countries supporting a wealth of highly Aden region and to establish baseline data marketable aquarium fishes. The size, status against which future changes can be and profile of fisheries, export market monitored; (3) to examine the densities of volume and value of trade, in addition to the aquarium fishes on Red Sea reefs and regulation, management and monitoring in estimate potential yields. the region is summarized by WOOD (2001).

2. METHODS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION

2.1 Study Area The present study was conducted at coral changes in abundance of aquarium fish reef sites along Jordanian, Egyptian, Saudi species are recorded at collected sites but not Arabian, Yemeni and Djiboutian coasts of at control sites then one may confidently the Red Sea (Figure P1.1). attribute this change to aquarium fish collection.

2.2 Visual Census Selected ornamental reef fish species from shallow water habitats along the coasts of Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Djibouti were surveyed by the visual census technique using SCUBA, as described in ENGLISH et al. (1994). A total of 121 transects of 100 m length and 5 m width (500 m²) were performed at 29 sites, including exploited and control sites as indicated in Table P1.1.

At each site a visual census was conducted along three transects at a shallow reef slope (5 m) and deep reef FIGURE P1.1 Areas in the Red Sea and Gulf of slope (10 m) respectively. The Aden (RSGA) region assessed for impacts from distance between transects at each site the aquarium fish trade. was approximately 5 m. The observer waited for about five minutes after In countries such as Jordan and Djibouti deploying the transect to allow the where no ornamental fish collection takes fish to settle and resume their normal place, well separated sites of high quality behaviour. Divers then swam along the were selected for assessment. In countries transect and recorded all fishes (from a list of such as Egypt and Yemen sites were selected 50 species) encountered within 2.5 m on both where collection occurs (exploited sites) and sides and 5 m above the transect line for a where it is known that no collection occurs duration of 25-30 minutes. To minimise (control sites). In Saudi Arabia collection of observer error, only the counts taken by the ornamental fishes is very widespread and it first author were used in the present study. was difficult to find valid control sites. Fish identification in the field was checked using RANDALL (1983), SMITH & HEEMSTRA Exploited sites can be compared with (1986), MYERS (1991) and KHALAF & DISI control sites in order to check for other (1997). Appendix 1 gives a list of the fish factors such as environmental conditions, species recorded. Details of holding facilities coral bleaching, crown-of-thorns starfish out- and captive fish at all existing ornamental breaks or global/local environmental change fish companies were recorded by both that might be impacting the area. If future authors during the inspection period.

TABLE P1.1 Sampling sites along the Jordanian, Egyptian, Saudi Arabian, Yemeni and Djiboutian coasts of the Red Sea, dates of surveys and locations of survey sites.

Country Site n 2-4m n 5m n 10m N E Jordan Marine Science Stn. 3 26.7.02 3 26.7.02 29° 26.276 34° 58.275 Visitor Centre 3 25.7.02 3 25.7.02 NR NR Tourist Camp 3 24.7.02 3 24.7.02 29° 26.276 34° 58.275 Egypt Noksh 3 7.11.02 3 7.11.02 27° 46.723 34° 02.915 Mahmoudat 3 12.7.02 3 12.7.02 27° 44.460 34° 08.881 Fanar Al-Dolphin 3 13.7.02 3 13.7.02 27° 42.303 34° 07.133 Illi 3 14.7.02 3 14.7.02 27° 47.334 33° 53.227 Zorab (Al-Zaraba) 5 16.7.02 27° 50.146 34° 00.230 Ras Mohammad 2 15.7.02 3 15.7.02 27° 43.886 34° 15.663 Saudi Al-Kabeera (Big) 3 30.10.02 3 27.10.02 21° 41.581 39° 00.741 Arabia Biada (Bayada) 3 28.10.02 NR NR South Patch Biada 3 30.10.02 3 29.10.02 21° 44.602 38° 57.798 Al-Sagheera (Small) 3 31.10.02 21° 39.721 38° 58.850 Al-Kherq 3 31.10.02 21° 43.039 38° 59.253 Bostek Thoal 3 2.11.02 22° 19.647 39° 02.350 Thoal-Awjam 3 2.11.02 22° 19.648 39° 02.351 Al-Lith 3 3.11.02 3 3.11.02 20° 06.326 40° 13.030 Yemen Kadaman 3 10.8.02 15° 33.949 42° 13.585 Kamaran 3 10.5.02 15° 16.593 42° 36.192 Tekfash 3 10.7.02 15° 41.979 42° 23.654 Quish 3 10.7.02 15° 41.084 42° 28.110 Al-Murk 3 10.8.02 NR NR Al-Badi 3 10.9.02 NR NR Djibouti Khor Ambado 3 13.10.02 11° 35.780 43° 01.985 Maskali 3 14.10.02 11° 42.937 43° 09.246 Moucha 3 14.10.02 11° 44.669 43° 12.440 Tadjoura 3 15.10.02 11° 46.245 42° 56.860 Arta Plaga 3 16.10.02 11° 35.394 42° 49.981 Gehere 3 17.10.02 12° 16.662 43° 22.926 n=number of transects 36 49 36

Surveys of the benthic habitat were The point intercept transect method was carried out by an assistant, Kamal used with the tape stretched taut. Records Aldahoudi, in Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia were taken of percentage cover of live hard and Djibouti and by two Yemeni assistants, coral, live soft coral, dead coral, coral rock, Zaher Ali and Aref Hamoud, in Yemen. sand, rubble, macro algae, algal turf, sponge, and others as described by EDWARDS (2002).

2.3 Statistical Analysis individuals, species richness and Shannon- Wiener diversity between different countries Abundance of fishes was described by in the region or with hard and soft coral relative abundance (RA) and frequency of cover were performed using STAT VIEW. appearance (FA). RA was calculated as (the pooled average abundance of species i from The potential yields (PY) for the each depth and site/the pooled average common commercial species in each country abundance of all species from each depth and were estimated in EDWARDS et al. (2003) site) x 100. RA was calculated for each site using data from this study and are included in each country and for the country as a in part 2 of this publication. whole. FA was determined as (the number of transects in which species i was present/the Some data on the marine ornamental fish total number of all transects) x 100 (Appendix trade was extracted from the relevant 3). Species richness, species diversity and government export statistics, but evenness were calculated using PRIMER-5 unfortunately such information is not fully ecological software (PRIMER-E 2000). reported. Where records are available they Multivariate analysis of the data such as generally provide the number of specimens. cluster analysis, multi-dimensional scaling The authors visited the holding facilities of (MDS) ordination, and analysis of similarities the companies involved in the ornamental were also performed using the same fish trade in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen software. and recorded all aquarium fishes present at the time. Correlation of fish assemblage parameters such as number of species, number of

3. RESULTS recorded at Tadjoura followed by 44% at Arta Plaga, while the soft coral cover was 3.1 Benthic Habitat highest at Gehere, with 16% (Appendix 2e). The data was recorded on standard Reef- The overall mean percentage cover for Check data sheets. The full dataset is available both hard and soft coral (HC and SC from PERSGA offices, Jeddah, and the main combined) was 48% for Egypt, 33% Jordan, points are summarised below. Percentages 31% Saudi Arabia, 28% Yemen and 21% for are given rounded to the nearest unit. Djibouti (Appendix 2f).

3.1.1 Jordan 3.2 Fish Assemblages and Community Along the Jordanian Gulf of Aqaba coast Indices the highest cover of live hard coral was 47% The original abundance data for the 50 occurring at the Visitor Centre at 10 m depth. ornamental fish species used in the aquarium The average live hard coral cover across all trade recorded at the survey sites can be sites was 27%. The highest soft coral cover acquired from PERSGA offices on request. was at the Visitor Centre at 5 m depth, and The data includes the abundance of each the average of all sites was 6% species and the estimated size of each fish. (Appendix 2a). Appendix 3 summarises the total abundance (TA), average abundance (AA), relative 3.1.2 Egypt abundance (RA) and frequency of appearance Along the Egyptian coast, Gulf of Suez, (FA) of fish species at all sites surveyed in the highest hard coral cover was 41% found Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and at both Noksh (5 m depth) and at Djibouti respectively. The main points are Mahmoudat (5 m depth). The highest soft summarised below and given in Table P1.2. coral cover was 48% and 41% at Fanar Al- Dolphin and Ras Mohammad respectively, 3.2.1 Jordan both at 10 m depth (Appendix 2b). A total of 29,485 fishes were counted along the 18 transects performed in Jordan. 3.1.3 Saudi Arabia The average abundance (AA) ranged from On the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast the 475 fishes per transect at Tourist Camp [TC] highest hard coral cover (49%) was recorded 5 m depth to 3,117 fish per transect at the at Al-Lith at 9 m depth, while the highest Visitor Centre [VC], 5 m depth (Appendix soft coral cover (73%) was found at Al- 3a). The average abundance across all Kabeera (Big Piece) (Appendix 2c). transects was 1,638 fishes per transect (Appendix 3f ). Out of the 50 ornamental fish species considered, only 35 were reported 3.1.4 Yemen from the Jordanian sites. The number of The highest hard coral cover along the species observed ranged from 23, at the 10 m Yemeni Red Sea coast was 41% at South depth at TC, to 30 at the 5 m depth at the West Tekfash, followed by 40% at Al-Badi Marine Science Station [MSS], with an island. Soft coral cover was 0.3% at South average of 26.3 species per transect. West Tekfash and no soft coral was recorded at the other sites (Appendix 2d). In terms of RA on the Jordanian reefs, the most abundant species was Pseudanthias squamipinnis. This species accounted for 3.1.5 Djibouti 48.9%, 60.1%, 33.9%, 39.4%, 30.0% and Along the Djiboutian coast in the Gulf of 36.1% of the fish abundance recorded from Aden the highest hard coral cover was 61%, MSS at 5 m, MSS at 10 m, TC at 5 m, TC at

10 m, VC at 5 m and VC at 10 m respectively per transect at Fanar Al-Dolphin/(Manar (Appendix 3a), with an average RA across Dolphin) (5 m depth). The average abundance all transects of 40.7% (Appendix 3f) of all transects was 6,334 fishes per transect calculated from total abundance figures. The (Appendix 3f ). Out of the 50 ornamental fish second most abundant species was Chromis species considered, only 43 were reported viridis, accounting for 12.0%, 9.5%, 21.1%, from the Egyptian sites. The number of 17.7%, 51.3% and 25.4% of the fish species observed ranged from 26 at abundance recorded from MSS at 5 m, MSS Mahmoudat (10 m depth) to 34 at Al-Noksh at 10 m, TC at 5 m, TC at 10 m, VC at 5 m (9 m depth), with an average of 29.9 species and VC at 10 m respectively (Appendix 3a), per transect. with an average RA across all transects of 27.5%. Dascyllus aruanus, Paracheilinus In terms of RA the most abundant species octotaenia and Dascyllus marginatus were was Pseudanthias squamipinnis. This species the next most abundant, all with a RA accounted for 58.1% of the fish recorded at averaging around 7% across all transects. Al-Noksh at 5 m, 66.2% at Al-Noksh 9 m, These five species made up 90% of all the 95.8% Fanar Al-Dolphin (FA) at 5 m, 97.7% fish recorded from Jordanian sites. FA at 10 m, 95.4% Illi at 5 m, 90.5 % Illi at (Appendix 3f ). 10 m, 92.6% Ras Mohammad (RM) at 5 m, 96.5% RM at 10 m, and 5.6% Al-Zaraba at In terms of their FA, the most common 3 m giving an average abundance of 84.6% species were Pseudanthias squamipinnis, (Appendix 3b). However, this species was Dascyllus aruanus, Dascyllus marginatus, not recorded at Mahmoudat at the 10 m Amphiprion bicinctus, Thalassoma klunzingeri depth. The second most abundant species and Chaetodon paucifasciatus which were was Chromis viridis, accounting for 33.2%, recorded on each transect. Chromis viridis, 32.0%, and 37.6% of fish abundance at Al- Larabicus quadrilineatus, Anampses twistii Noksh at 5 m, Al-Noksh at 9 m, and and Gomphosus caeruleus were found in 17 Mahmoudat at 10 m depths respectively out of the 18 transects, or 94.4% of the (Appendix 3b). However, C. viridis was the surveys (Appendix 3f ). least common or was absent from the remaining sites, with an overall average of Appendix 4 shows the number of species, 10.4%. Together these two species made up number of individuals, species richness and 95% of all fish recorded from Egypt. Shannon-Wiener diversity (H) recorded from Jordanian, Egyptian, Saudi Arabian, Yemeni In terms of FA, the most common species and Djiboutian reefs. Along the Jordanian was Labroides dimidiatus at 94%, followed reefs species richness ranged from 2.98 at by Chaetodon austriacus and Thalassoma TC (10 m depth) to 4.03 at MSS (5 m depth), klunzingeri each with 90%. Other common with an average of 3.49. The lowest species species were Gomphosus caeruleus, diversity (Shannon-Wiener H) was found at Chaetodon auriga (87% each), Paracirrhites VC at the 5 m depth (H = 1.37) and the forsteri (84%) and Chaetodon paucifasciatus highest was at TC at the 10 m depth (81%) (Appendix 3f ). (H = 2.15). The average diversity was H = 1.70). The data are presented graphically Species richness ranged from 2.92 at Illi in Figure P1.2 on page 10. (5 m depth) to 4.4 at Mahmoudat (10 m depth) with an average of 3.47. The lowest Shannon-Wiener diversity was recorded at 3.2.2 Egypt Fanar Al-Dolphin at the 10 m depth A total of 196,379 fishes were counted (H = 0.18) and the highest was at during the 31 transects that were performed Mahmoudat at the 10 m depth (H = 2.01). in Egypt. The AA ranged from 310 at The average across all transects in Egypt was Mahmoudat (10 m depth) to 13,358 fishes H = 0.69 (Appendix 4).

3.2.3 Saudi Arabia recorded at Al-Lith at the shallow depth (H = 0.23) and the highest was at Small A total of 113,286 fishes were counted Piece at the shallow depth (H = 2.63). The along the 33 transects performed in Saudi average across all transects in Saudi Arabia Arabia. AA ranged from 163 fishes per was H = 1.34 (Appendix 4). transect at Small Piece (shallow depth) to 13,043 fishes per transect at Al-Lith (shallow depth). The average abundance of all 3.2.4 Yemen transects was 3,433 fishes per transect A total of 129,932 fishes were counted (Appendix 3c). Out of the 50 ornamental fish during the 18 transects that were performed species considered, only 45 were reported in Yemen. The AA ranged from 95 fishes per from the Saudi Arabian sites. The number of transect at Al-Murk (exploited site) at 2-3 m species observed ranged from 25 at Biada depth, to 24,906 fishes per transect at Quish (shallow depth) and South Biada (deep) to 34 (exploited site) at 4 m depth (Appendix 3d). at Al-Lith (shallow depth), with an average The average fish abundance calculated from of 28.7 species per transect (Table P1.2). all transects was 7,218 fish/transect. Out of the 50 ornamental fish species considered, In terms of RA, the most abundant only 28 were reported from the Yemeni sites. species was Chromis viridis. This species The number of species observed ranged from accounted for 7.0%, 41.9%, 65.8%, 91.9%, 11 at Al-Murk (3 m depth) to 18 at both 82.8%, 85.3%, 96.6% and 78.7% of the fish Quish and Al-Badi Island (shallow depth), abundance recorded from Big Piece (shallow with an average of 15.3 species per transect depth), Big Piece (deep), Al Biada (shallow), (Table P1.2). South Biada (shallow), South Biada (deep), Al-Kherq (6 m depth), Al-Lith (shallow) and In terms of RA, the most abundant Al-Lith (deep) respectively, with an average species was Chromis viridis. This species across all sites of 81.2%. However, it was accounted for 88.5% of the fish abundance not seen at the Small Piece, Thoal Bostek recorded at Kamaran, 79.1% at Tekfash, and Thoal Awjam sites (Appendix 3c). The 93.3% at Quish and 85.3% at Al-Badi, next most abundant species were Dascyllus (Appendix 3d) but was not observed at aruanus, averaging 9.3% across all transects Kadaman or Al-Murk. It occurred with an and Pseudanthias squamipinnis which average of 88.8% using TA data averaged 3.0%. These three species made up (Appendix 3f ). The second most abundant 93.5 % of all fish species recorded from fish species was Dascyllus marginatus Saudi Arabia (Figure P1.2). accounting for 4.1%, 14.1%, 3.1% and 8.7% of fish abundance from Kamaran, Tekfash, In terms of FA the most common species Quish and Al-Badi respectively though not were Labroides dimidiatus and Gomphosus observed at Kadaman or Al-Murk; overall an caeruleus which both occurred on all average of 5.8% from TA data. Other transects. Other frequently observed species abundant species included Larabicus were Heniochus intermedius seen on 90.9% quadrilineatus (average 1.6%), Dascyllus of swims (30 of 33 transects) and Chaetodon trimaculatus (average 1.0%) and Chaetodon austriacus, Chaetodon larvatus, Larabicus larvatus (average 0.8%). These five species quadrilineatus, Thalassoma klunzingeri, made up 99% of all fish recorded in Yemen. Thalassoma lunare, and Pygoplites diacanthus each with an 84.9% FA (Appendix 3f ). In terms of FA, the most common fish species were Pomacanthus maculosus, Species richness ranged from 2.71 at Thalassoma lunare, Larabicus quadrilineatus Biada (shallow depth) to 5.30 at Small Piece and Chaetodon larvatus all occurring at (shallow depth) with an average of 3.97. The 100% of transects. Other commonly lowest Shannon-Wiener diversity was occurring species were Pomacanthus asfur

(17 out of 18 transects or 94.4%) and Moucha, Tadjoura, Arta Plaga and Gehere Heniochus intermedius (15 out of 18 respectively (Appendix 3e), with an average transects or 83.3%). of 90.1% across all transects (Appendix 3f ). The second most abundant fish species was Species richness ranged from 1.7 in Thalassoma lunare with an average of 2.1% Quish and Kamaran to 2.48 in Kadaman with per transect, followed by Larabicus an average for all transects of 1.96. The quadrilineatus (average 1.9%) and lowest Shannon-Wiener diversity was Zebrasoma xanthurum (average 1.0%). recorded at Quish (H = 0.35) and the highest These four species made up more than 95% was at Kadaman (H = 2.12). The average all fish species recorded in Djibouti. across all transects in Yemen was H = 1.06 (Figure P1.2). In terms of FA, the most common fish species were Thalassoma lunare, Larabicus 3.2.5 Djibouti quadrilineatus and Chaetodon larvatus all occurring in 100% of transects, followed by A total of 53,856 fishes were counted Heniochus intermedius, Chromis viridis, during the 18 transects that were performed Gomphosus caeruleus and Chaetodon in Djibouti. The AA ranged from 262 fishes melapterus (94.4% each). per transect at Khor Ambado, to 6,478 fishes per transect at a site to the north of Maskali. Species richness ranged from 2.27 at The average fish abundance of all transects Gehere to 4.13 at Khor Ambado with an was 2,992 per transect. Out of the 50 average for all transects of 3.06. The lowest ornamental fish species considered, only 33 Shannon-Wiener diversity was recorded at were reported from the Djiboutian sites. The North Maskali (H = 0.29) and the highest number of species observed ranged from 18 was at Khor Ambado (H = 2.64). The at Gehere to 27 at Plaga Arta, with an average across all transects in Djibouti was average of 23.8 species per transect H = 0.92 (Appendix 4). (Table P1.2). Figure P1.2 shows pooled data of average In terms of RA, the most abundant abundance, number of species, species species was Chromis viridis. This species richness, Shannon-Wiener Index, and accounted for 10.2%, 95.2%, 91.0%, 82.3%, Evenness distribution per 500 m² transect of 92.0% and 83.8% of the fish abundance all reef sites surveyed in Jordan, Egypt, recorded at Khor Ambado, North of Maskali, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Djibouti.

TABLE P1.2 Summary of ornamental fish surveys in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, by country. Jordan Egypt Saudi Arabia Yemen Djibouti Total no. of fish recorded 29,485 196,379 113,286 129,932 53,856 No. of transects 18 31 33 18 18 Average Abundance (min) 475 at TC 5m 310 at Mah. 10m 163 at SmaPie 6m 95 at Al-Murk 3m 262 at KhoAmb 3m Average Abundance (max) 3,117 at VC 5m 13,358 at FanAld. 5m 13,043 at Al-Lith 5m 24,906 at Quish 4m 6,478 at Maskali 3m AA across all transects 1,638 6,334 3,433 7,218 2,992 No. of species (from 50) 35 43 45 28 33 Range of no. species (min) 23 at TC 10m 26 at Mah. 10m 25 at Bia 5m & SouBia 8m 11 at Al-Murk 3m 18 at Gehere Range of no. species (max) 30 at MSS 5m 34 at Al-Noksh 9m 34 Al-Lith 5m 18 at Quish & SAlB 27 at ArtPla Av. no. of species/transect 26.3 29.9 28.7 15.3 23.8 Highest Relative Abundance P. squamipinnis 40.7% P. squamipinnis 84.6% C. viridis 81.2% C. viridis 88.8% C. viridis 90.1% Second highest RA C. viridis 27.5% C. viridis 10.4% D. aruanus 9.3% D. marginatus 5.8% T. lunare 2.1% D. aruanus 7.7% P. squamipinnis 3.0% L. quadrilineatus 1.6% L. quadrilineatus 1.9% Other abundant species P. octotaenia 7.3% D. trimaculatus 1.0% Z. xanthurum 1.0% RA from Appendix 3f D. marginatus 6.8% C. larvatus 0.8% P. squamipinnis; D. aruanus; P. maculosus; C. larvatus; T. lunare; Frequency of Abundance D. marginatus; A. bicinctus; L. dimidiatus; G. caeruleus L. quadrilineatus; L. quadrilineatus; C. paucifasciatus; FA 100% (all transects) T. lunare C. larvatus T. klunzingeri H. intermedius; C. viridis; L. quadrilineatus; L. dimidiatus; C. austriacus; C. viridis; FA >90% H. intermedius P. asfur G. caeruleus; A. twistii T. klunzingeri G. caeruleus; C. melapterus C. austriacus; G. caeruleus; C. auriga; P. diacanthus; C. larvatus; FA >80% P. forsteri; H. intermedius T. klunzingeri; T. lunare; C. paucifasciatus L. quadrilineatus Species richness (min) 2.98 at TC 10m 2.92 at Illi 5m 2.71 at Bia. 5m 1.7 at Quish 4m & Kam. 2.27 at Gehere Species richness (max) 4.03 at MSS 5m 4.4 at Mah. 10m 5.3 at SmaPie 6m 2.48 at Kad. 4.13 at KhoAmb Average species richness 3.49 3.47 3.97 1.96 3.06 Lowest species diversity ‘H’ 1.37at VC 5m 0.18 at FanAld. 0.23 at Al-Lith 5m 0.35 at Quish 0.29 at Maskali Highest species diversity 2.15 at TC 10m 2.01 at Mah. 10m 2.63 at SmaPie 6m 2.12 at Kad. 2.64 at KhoAmb Average species diversity 1.7 0.69 1.34 1.06 0.92

See Abbreviations section for full names of sites where necessary 9

(a) (b)

12000 35

10000 30

8000 25 20 6000 15 4000 of species 10

2000 Average number Average abundance Average 5 0 0 Jordan Egypt Saudi Yemen Djibouti Jordan Egypt Saudi Ye m e n Djibo uti Arabia Arabia Country Country

4.5 2 4 3.5 1. 5 3 2.5 1 2

1. 5 Diversity 1 0.5 Species richness Species

0.5 (Shannon-Weiner) 0 0 Jordan Egypt Saudi Ye m e n Djibo uti Jordan Egypt Saudi Ye m e n Djibo uti Arabia Arabia Country Country

(e)

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

Pilou's Evenness 0.1 0 Jordan Egypt Saudi Ye m e n Djibo uti Arabia Country

FIGURE P1.2 (a) Average abundance, (b) number of species, (c) species richness d, (d) species diversity (Shannon-Wiener Index) and (e) Pilou’s Evenness of fish assemblages, per 500 m2 transect at countries along the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden coasts.

3.3 Fish Distributions and Correlation ornamental fish species surveyed in each with Coral Cover country. This is given as percentage average abundance (in numbers per 500 m²) from all 3.3.1 Ornamental fish stock sites in the countries studied. The percentage Appendix 5 gives an indication of the average abundance of the following species relative abundance for each of the 50 along the Jordanian coast was: Amphiprion

bicinctus (76.3%), Chaetodon paucifasciatus were found to be more abundant along the (66.2%), Bodianus anthioides (38.6%), and Djiboutian reefs and their percentage of Anampses twistii (40.0%). This means that average abundance in relation to other these species were relatively more abundant countries investigated was: Chaetodon on Jordanian reefs than reefs in other melapterus and C. vagabundus 100% (as countries; these species occurred with greater these two species were not seen at sites in abundance on the Jordanian coasts than in other countries), Zebrasoma xanthurum other countries surveyed. This does not mean (57.4%), Naso lituratus (53.7%), Thalassoma that the total number of individuals will be lunare (44.8%), and Heniochus intermedius greater on the Jordanian coast (total reef (41.2%). area) compared to the Egyptian or Saudi Arabian coasts as the Jordanian coastline is 3.3.2 Biogeographic affinities much shorter. On Egyptian coasts of the Red Sea the following species were relatively Cluster analysis and MDS ordination most abundant: Coris aygula (81.9%), show that two primary groups of sites can be Arothron diadematus (67.6%), Chaetodon distinguished from the data (Figure P1.3). auriga (63.8%), Pterois miles (78.6%), Group A incorporates sites in the countries Pomacanthus imperator (50.1%), of Jordan (latitude 29º) and Egypt (latitude Pseudochromis fridmani (48.5%), Thalassoma 27º) which exhibit about 70% similarity klunzingeri (44.5%). This simply indicates (according to the Bray-Curtis Coefficient). that these species are more dominant and Group B is split into two sub groups. Sub their stocks are higher along the Egyptian group BI includes the sites from Saudi reefs than at other reefs in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, situated at latitudes 20º and 21º, Arabia, Yemen and Djibouti in terms of which show a similarity of about 75%. The average abundance per transect. Along the second subgroup, BII, incorporates the sites Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast the species at latitudes 11º and 12º from Djiboutian Novaculichthys taeniourus was found in very reefs, which have a similarity of about 95% low numbers, but as it was not seen in other and the sites at latitude 15º on the Yemeni countries it forms 100% of the average reefs which exhibit about 83% similarity. abundance. The following species were These two main groups (A and B) are only relatively most abundant on Saudi Arabian about 58% similar according to the Bray- reefs: Dascyllus aruanus (84.9%), Curtis Coefficient. The data clearly show Rhinecanthus assasi (82.1%), Balistoides that ornamental fish communities in the viridescens (81.6%), Balistapus undulates RSGA fall into two distinct biogeographical (76.7%), Paracirrhites forsteri (75.3%), groups. One of the groups characterises the Pseudochromis flavivertex (74.1%), northern Red Sea whilst the other is present Pygoplites diacanthus (70.2%), Chaetodon in the central and southern Red Sea and Gulf lineolatus (58.5%), Gomphosus caeruleus of Aden. (55.1%), Labroides dimidiata (54.4%), C. melannotus (54.0%), Chaetodon fasciatus Figure P1.4 illustrates differences in (48.8%) and Chaetodon austriacus (47.7%). average abundance per 500 m2 transect Along the Yemeni coast of the Red Sea it according to latitudinal distribution among the was found that the average abundance of the 25 primary ornamental fish species. These following species, Dascyllus trimaculatus, belong mainly to the families Chaetodontidae, Pomacanthus maculosus, D. marginatus, Acanthuridae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae C. larvatus, P. asfur, Larabicus quadrilineatus and Labridae but also include (Figure P1.4f) and Cheilinus lunulatus, represented 80.7%, two other dominant schooling fish species 80.5%, 75.8%, 68.8%, 55.4%, 49.9% and utilised by the aquarium trade in the region. 33.0% respectively of their abundance in all other countries. The following fish species

(a)

Eg27 A Jo29

SA20 BI SA21

Dj11 B Dj12 BII

Ye15

50 60 70 80 90 100

Bray-Curtis Similarity

(b)

Eg27 Ye15

Dj12 Dj11 SA20

BII JO29

A SA21 BI

FIGURE P1.3 Cluster analysis (a), and MDS ordination plot (b), of relationships between ornamental fish assemblages (Bray-Curtis similarity, square root transformation of data, standardisation, group average, stress = 0.3) from different countries in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region. Country key: Jo29 = sites at latitude 29º on the Jordanian coast; Eg27 = sites at latitude 27º in Egypt; SA20 and SA21 = sites at latitudes 20º and 21º on the Saudi Arabian coast; Ye15 = sites at latitude 15º along the Yemeni coast; Dj11 and Dj12 = sites at latitudes 11º and 12º along the Djiboutian coast.

(a) (b)

Acansoha 70 Chaeaust 45 Zebrveli 60 Chaefasc 40 Zebrxant 35 50 Chaelarv Chaepauc 30 40 Chaesemi 25 30 Heniinte 20 20 15 Average abundance Average 10 Average abundance 10 5 0 0 Jo29 Eg 27 SA21 SA20 Ye15 Dj12 Dj11 Jo29 Eg 27 SA21 SA20 Ye15 Dj12 Dj11 Latitude Latitude (c) (d)

25 600 Pomaasfu Gompcaer 20 Pomaimpe 500 Labrdimi Pomamacu Laraquad 15 400 Pygodiac Paraocto

10 300 Thalklun Thalluna 5 200 Average abundance

0 abundance Average 100 Jo29 Eg 27 SA21 SA20 Ye15 Dj12 Dj11 Latitude 0 Jo29 Eg 27 SA21 SA20 Ye15 Dj12 Dj11 (e) (f)

600 Dascarua 7000 Chroviri Dascymarg 6000 500 Pseusqua Ampbici 5000 400 Dasctrim 4000 300 3000 200 2000 Average abundance 100 Average abundance 1000

0 0 Jo29 Eg 27 SA21 SA20 Ye15 Dj12 Dj11 Jo29 Eg 27 SA21 SA20 Ye15 Dj12 Dj11 Latitude Latitude

2 FIGURE P1.4 Differences in the average abundance per 500 m transect of the most important 25 fish species from the primary families (a) Acanthuridae, (b) Chaetodontidae, (c) Pomacanthidae, (d) Labridae and (e) Pomacentridae, and (f) two dominant schooling fish species being utilised by the aquarium trade in the RSGA region, according to their latitudinal distribution. Species Key: Chaeaust - Chaetodon austriacus; Chaefasc - C. fasciatus; Chaelarv – C. larvatus; Chaepauc - C. paucifasciatus; Chaesemi - C. semilarvatus; Heniinte - Heniochus intermedius; Acansoha - Acanthurus sohal; Zebrveil - Zebrasoma veliferum; Zebrxant - Z. xanthurum; Pomaasfu - Pomacanthus asfur; Pomaimpe - P. imperator; Pomamacu - P. maculosus; Pygodiac - Pygoplites diacanthus; Gompcaer - Gomphosus caeruleus; Labrdimi - Labroides dimidiatus; Laraquad - Larabicus quadrilineatus; Paraocto - Paracheilinus octotaenia; Thalklun - Thalassoma klunzingeri; Thalluna - T. lunare; Dascarua - Dascyllus aruanus; Dascmarg - D. marginatus; Amphbici - Amphiprion bicinctus; Dasctrim - D. trimaculatus; Chroviri - Chromis viridis; Pseusqua - Pseudanthias squamipinnis.

3.3.3 Correlation of fish community diversity index correlated best with hard parameters with coral cover coral cover (r = 0.960) at Yemeni reefs, followed by species richness. On Djiboutian The simple regression procedure of STAT reefs the highest correlation with hard coral VIEW was used to correlate benthic habitat cover was the number of species parameter with fish community univariate parameters, (r = 0.653), followed by species richness. including average fish abundance (N), number of species (S), species richness (d) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H`). The fish community parameters were Correlations with hard coral cover are also correlated against soft coral cover. The presented in Table P1.3 and with soft coral strongest correlation from reefs in Jordan cover in Table P1.4. was found with average fish abundance (N) (r = 0.663), followed by Shannon-Wiener The strongest correlation with hard coral diversity index. On Egyptian reefs, the cover found on Jordanian reefs was with parameter that correlated best with soft coral average fish abundance (r = 0.477), followed cover was the Shannon-Wiener diversity by species richness. Fish community patterns index (r = 0.538), followed by species richness correlated least well with hard coral cover on (d). The highest correlation with soft coral Egyptian reefs relative to the other countries. cover (r = 0.487) on Saudi Arabian reefs was In Saudi Arabia the parameter that correlated obtained using number of species (S), best with hard coral cover was average fish followed by species richness. On Yemeni abundance (r = 0.805), followed by Shannon- reefs the best correlation was with average Wiener diversity index. At Yemeni reefs, all fish abundance (r = 0.935), followed by fish community parameters showed the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. Finally, on highest correlation with hard coral cover Djiboutian reefs the parameter that correlated relative to the other countries, except for best with soft coral cover was number of average fish abundance, which correlated species (r = 0.894), followed by species better in Saudi Arabia. The Shannon-Wiener richness.

TABLE P1.3 Correlation (simple regression) of fish community parameters with hard coral cover on reefs from different countries in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. (N) = average fish abundance, (S) = number of species, (d) = species richness and (H`) = Shannon-Wiener Index.

Country N S d H` Jordan 0.477 0.320 0.393 0.381 Egypt 0.154 0.053 0.124 0.231 Saudi Arabia 0.805 0.393 0.405 0.545 Yemen 0.741 0.936 0.867 0.960 Djibouti 0.352 0.653 0.492 0.073

TABLE P1.4 Correlation (simple regression) of fish community parameters with soft coral cover at reefs from different countries in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. (N) = average fish abundance, (S) = number of species, (d) = species richness and (H`) = Shannon-Wiener Index.

Country N S d H` Jordan 0.663 0.234 0.212 0.641 Egypt 0.308 0.130 0.390 0.538 Saudi Arabia 0.247 0.487 0.466 0.258 Yemen 0.935 0.454 0.442 0.455 Djibouti 0.232 0.894 0.634 0.180

3.4 Marine Aquarium Fish Trade to catch the fish which is then transferred to a floating basket with a narrow mesh size. Historical Background, Collection The second type of net is smaller with a very Practices and Transportation small mesh size (<5 mm) and an area of 3.4.1 Egypt about one meter square. This type of net is The Egyptian Company for Fishing and designed to catch smaller fishes such as Fishing Gears (ECFFG), a public sector blennids and dottybacks. company affiliated to the General Authority for Fishing Resources Development, is the Transportation only body authorised for collecting ornamental The collected fishes are transported on coral reef fish in Egypt. Their fishing ground the same day from the jetty to the holding is estimated to cover 2,800 km², but they are facility in Al-Tour in 50 litre plastic tanks. A not allowed to fish in the marine protected total of 3-50 fishes are kept in each tank and areas along the Egyptian Red Sea coast. The the water is changed during transportation as company began activities in the aquarium required. Tanks are aerated via a battery- trade in 1985. They started their collection of operated air pump in order to maintain the ornamental fish with the help of divers from health of the fish. the Philippines, and then trained Egyptian staff and divers in the fishing methods and The fishes are kept in aquaria when they techniques involved. In total, 25 people work reach the holding facility in Al-Tour. The for the company including office staff and fishes are not supplied with food for about 20 divers. days. Sick fish that do not respond to treatment with anti fungal or anti bacterial The company’s holding facility is located medicines are returned to the sea. According in Al-Tour and consists of about 150 glass to the company records less than 3% of fish aquaria. Seawater is supplied directly from die in the holding facility. When asked which the sea through a pipeline connected to a fish species suffer highest mortality within water suction pump. The main countries that the facility, one of the staff advised that the import fish from Egypt are Japan, Singapore, most susceptible species were Chaetodon Taiwan, Hong Kong, France, Italy, Germany semilarvatus, Chaetodon auriga, Chaetodon and Holland. The company previously austriacus and Heniochus intermedius. He exported ornamental fish to the United States also advised that Zebrasoma xanthurum is of America, but has not done so for the last stronger and less susceptible to diseases than four years. Most of the catch is exported to Acanthurus sohal. international markets and only about 8% goes to the Egyptian market. 3.4.2 Saudi Arabia In Saudi Arabia ornamental fish Fishing Methods collection for export began in 1997. The The divers catch fish according to order Ministry of Agriculture and Water, represented lists coming from headquarters in Cairo. by the Fisheries Department, has the They use two types of nets. The first is a responsibility for issuing licences for this single-layered net with small mesh size sector. There are no regulations regarding (<2 cm), a length of 5-7 m and a width of fishing gear, season, location (fishing about 2 m. Floats are attached to the upper grounds) or species allowed to be collected end of the net and lead weights attached to for the trade. Up to the present date there the lower end. This type of net is used to have been five temporary licences issued. catch larger fish species such as angelfishes, They have been issued in Thoal town, 90 km surgeonfishes and butterflyfishes. The net is north of Jeddah, and others south of Jeddah placed in a semicircle and divers flush the in Al-Shu’aibah and Al-Lith. fish towards the net. A hand net is then used

Fishing Methods target fish into the net using ticklers. Non- The survey team visited the holding target species were freed from the net with facilities and went out with two of the the help of a fine mesh hand net. Target fish companies to see what fishing gear was used, were caught by hand (each collector wore how fish were collected and the catch string gloves) and carefully transferred to a composition. The survey team dived with large plastic laundry basket where the fish three highly skilled Sri Lankan fish appeared fairly relaxed. Fish captured by collectors for one hour in Al-Shu’aibah with Red Sea Secrets were transferred to tanks the Red Sea Secrets company and with two situated on the boat (Plates 1-8). Those Filipino fish collectors from the Imad Softa captured by Imad Softa at Al-Lith were company in Al-Lith. transferred to large plastic jars.

In other companies the captured fish Fishing gear were transferred to individual holding boxes, Fishing gear used included rounded, hand with holes to allow water circulation. made fins, ‘ticklers’ (long metal rods about Holding boxes were placed in a net, 120 cm in length), buckets, barrow nets and anchored to the sea bed in calm water a few hand nets. SCUBA equipment was also used. meters deep and would remain there for two However, in Al-Lith an air compressor fixed days for acclimatization. If the fish showed to the boat and attached to long (over 200 m) no ill effects they would be transferred to plastic pipes was used instead of SCUBA. tanks in the holding facilities less than a Collection of marine aquarium fish kilometre away. The barrier net (about 2.5 m deep) with The fish catch by Red Sea Secrets in Al- floats at the top and weights along the Shu’aibah and by Imad Softa in Al-Lith bottom was deployed in sandy areas adjacent during visits by the survey team included 13 to the coral reef. Both the divers, seeking species (Table P1.5). target species for collection, try to drive

Plate 1. Fins Plate 2. Tickler

Plate 3. Barrow net Plate 4. Collecting bucket

Plate 5. Storage tank (local name mahya) Plate 6. Diver spreading the net

Plate 7. Diver collecting Naso lituratus with Plate 8. Removing the barrow net after hand net collection

TABLE P1.5 Fish catch by Red Sea Secrets at Al-Shu’aibah and by Imad Softa at Al-Lith during visits by the survey team in October 2002.

Company Red Sea Secrets/Al-Shu’aibah Imad Softa/Al-Lith

Date 29-10-2002 3-11-2002

Number of divers 3 2

Duration of fish catch 60 minutes 45 minutes

Species Number of fishes

Zebrasoma xanthurum 24 1

Naso lituratus 2 18

Parupeneus cyclostomus 5

Parupeneus forsskali 2

Chaetodon paucifasciatus 1

Chaetodon semilarvatus 3

Pygoplites diacanthus 3 1

Amphiprion bicinctus 9

Oxycheilinus digramma 1

Gomphosus caeruleus 24

Chlorurus gibbus 2

Chlorurus sordidus 1

Arothron diadematus 2 2

Total 41 60

3.4.3 Yemen mainly in Kadaman, Kotama, Al-Sawabeh, Talaween, Tekfash and previously in In Yemen the collection of ornamental Kamaran. Their catch has decreased fish for export started around 1996. There are significantly since September 11th, mainly two companies actively involved in this because many airlines such as KLM and trade, both with headquarters situated in Lufthansa have changed their routes. Most of Hudaydah (Hodeidah) on the Red Sea coast. the species are caught to order but some The Al-Bousi Centre for Aquarium is a species, which have a regular market, may be private sector company established in 1997. collected and kept in stocks. Four divers are currently involved in The Saif Company is also from the collection of ornamental fish, including two private sector. Five Yemeni divers are from the Philippines and two from Yemen. actively involved in collection. They collect Prior to the events of September 11th 2001 to order from fishing grounds located in Al- however, there were seven Philippine divers Saleef, Dier Salim, Salt factory, Al-Qarya, working in ornamental fish collection. The Al-Jawiya, and Al-Sawabeh. The majority of fishing grounds for this company are located their fishing is carried out at shallow depths

ranging from 3 to 5 m. Occasionally they 3.5.1 Egypt may fish in deeper waters up to 10 m and in The available data on production/exports very rare cases at depths up to 20 m. for the Egyptian Company for Fishing and According to one of the employees in Al- Fishing Gears is presented in Appendix 6a. Jawiya, they were previously able to catch about 150 Pomacanthus asfur within a short From the records available, a total of 67 period, but now the stock of this species has fish species were traded in 1990-1991 and in been depleted in the area and few are to be 2001-2002. Fifty-eight of these species were found. The Ministry of Agriculture in Yemen being traded during the period November monitors fish catches and some enumerators 1990 to June 1991, whereas 53 species were from the ministry used to go with the traded during May 2001 to June 2002. In collectors during fishing trips. terms of volume (Appendix 6c) the percentage of ornamental fish traded was: 3.5 Aquarium Fish Export Data boxfish 10.3%; Chaetodon semilarvatus and Anthias sp. 9.9% each; Zebrasoma xanthurum It is useful to try to estimate both the 8.9%; damselfish 7.4%; Acanthurus sohal numbers and value of each species of 5.3%; Pomacanthus maculosus 4.5%; ornamental fish exported from the region for Zebrasoma veliferum 3.7% and the aquarium trade. Pseudochromis flavivertex 3.6%. In terms of Most of the companies in Egypt (the the percentage economic value of fish traded: Egyptian Company for Fishing and Fishing C. semilarvatus gave 19.4%; Z. xanthurum Gears) and Saudi Arabia have reports 17.5%; A. sohal 10.4%; boxfish 10.1%; containing export data, including the number P. maculosus 8.8%; C. paucifasciatus 2.7%; of specimens of each of the species being and groupers 2.7%. traded. In Yemen the reports on catch or export data are not well organised and they 3.5.2 Saudi Arabia are arranged by family or group of fishes Data on monthly exports of ornamental according to their local names. Appendix 6 fish from several companies is given in includes data from companies in the region Appendix 6b. Data are available for the Red involved in the export of ornamental fishes. Sea Aquarium Fish and Coral Reef Trading Appendices 6a and 6b show monthly exports Establishment for 1998, 1999, and January to from specific companies in Egypt and Saudi July 2001; Red Sea Secrets for January to Arabia. Appendices 6c and 6d show the June 2002; and Kamal Imad Softa for the relative commercial importance of the year 2001. Unfortunately, data from the different fish species traded in these two Isham company, one of the biggest countries. Percentages given are rough companies involved with the ornamental fish estimates extrapolated from the available trade in Saudi Arabia, was not available. data. Price is stated according to the available information supplied by companies Saudi Arabian companies use 151 fish or after EDWARDS (2002). Appendices 6e and species in the aquarium trade. The highest 6f show data from Yemen. Appendix 6g number of species (107) was exported by gives the actual number of fish counted Kamal Imad Softa during a 12 month period during visits to the companies in Egypt, in 2001, followed by the Red Sea Aquarium Yemen and Saudi Arabia, as well as a company, which traded 97 species during 31 summary of their relative abundance. months of export in the years 1998-1999 and Appendix 6h shows the apparent relative the first seven months of 2001. Red Sea importance of these three countries to the Secrets exported 83 fish species in a 6 month export trade in the region. period in 2002. The lowest number of species exported was reported by the Coral

Reef Trading Establishment. It recorded 73 there has been no collection of fish for the species during 33 months in the years 1998- aquarium trade. 1999 and nine months of 2001. 3.5.5 Jordan In terms of the percentage of fish exported (Appendix 6d) Chromis viridis Fish are no longer collected for the made up 14.5% of the total number of fishes aquarium trade in Jordan, but the Jafar Centre traded, followed by Pseudanthias for aquarium fish used to import some squamipinnis (4.3%), Pseudochromis ornamental fish from Yemen and Egypt. No fridmani and Dascyllus marginatus (4.2% data are available for the present report. each), Acanthurus sohal (3.6%), Zebrasoma xanthurum (3.1%), Naso lituratus (2.7%), 3.6 Holding Facilities Chaetodon fasciatus (2.6%) and Chromis dimidiata and Larabicus quadrilineatus Visits were made to the holding facilities (2.5% each). In terms of percentage of export of the Egyptian Company for Fishing and value, Z. xanthurum accounts for 7.1%, Fishing Gears in Egypt; Isham, Red Sea followed by A. sohal (7.0%), Chaetodon Secrets, Thoal Red Sea and Kamal Imad semilarvatus (4.7%), Pomacanthus asfur Softa in Saudi Arabia; and the Bousi and Saif (4.5%), P. maculosus (4.2%), Naso lituratus companies in Yemen. A list was made of the (4.0%), and Pseudochromis fridmani (3.2%). fish species found in the respective holding facilities at the time (Appendix 6g). 3.5.3 Yemen 3.6.1 Egypt In Yemen data on fish export (by species and not by groups) is only available for the In Egypt a total of 241 fishes were Al-Bousi company for three months of 2002 counted; 33 species from eight families. (Appendix 6e). Nine species of fish are Chaetodon semilarvatus represented 25.7% exploited for the aquarium fish trade. of the total number of individuals of all Chaetodon semilarvatus accounts for 60.9% ornamental fishes reported from the holding of the total number of fish exported, facility, followed by Chromis viridis (23.7%), followed by Pomacanthus asfur (16.0%) and Zebrasoma xanthurum (9.5%), Pomacanthus Acanthurus sohal (8.1%). Additionally, these maculosus (7.5%), Chaetodon larvatus (5.8%) species account for 72.5%, 13.1% and 6.0% and Zebrasoma veliferum (4.2%). The highest respectively, in terms of percentage of export number of individuals was from the family value. However, the available data may not Chaetodontidae, representing 36.5% of all reflect the actual picture, as the information fishes recorded. This was followed by the available only covered a three month period, families Pomacentridae (28.2%), Acanthuridae May to July 2002. (14.1%), Pomacanthidae (8.3%), and Labridae (7.9%). Monthly catch and export data (2000- 2002) from the Saif company in Yemen was 3.6.2 Saudi Arabia only available with local fish names, not scientific names (Appendix 6f). Hence the A total of 10,143 individuals from 114 usefulness of the data is reduced. species in 26 families were found in holding facilities of the Saudi Arabian companies. The Isham company had 5,735 individuals 3.5.4 Djibouti from 80 species, Red Sea Secrets had 839 Data on exports of ornamental fish from from 59 species, Kamal Imad Softa held Djibouti for the period 1991-1994 are 1,645 fish representing 58 species and Thoal available from PERSGA offices. Since 1994 Red Sea held 518 individuals from 31 species. The majority of these fishes were

blue green damselfish, Chromis viridis, 3.7 Potential Yields accounting for 44.3% of all fish reported from To translate information on abundances the above-mentioned companies. Following into crude estimations of potential (maximum these were Pseudanthias squamipinnis (4.5%), sustainable) yield requires a number of Dascyllus trimaculatus (2.8%), Pomacanthus assumptions. These assumptions are discussed asfur (2.4%), Amphiprion bicinctus (2.3%), in part 2 of this publication, taken from Zebrasoma veliferum (2.2%), and Chaetodon EDWARDS et al. (2003). fasciatus (2.0%). The highest number of individuals (53.4% of all fishes recorded) were In order to calculate the maximum from the family Pomacentridae, followed by sustainable yield for each species it would be the Acanthuridae (7.0%), Chaetodontidae necessary to know the size of the reef where (5.3%), Serranidae (4.7%), Labridae (4.1%) collections take place and the export data; this and Pomacanthidae (3.8%). was beyond the scope of the present study.

3.6.3 Yemen The selective nature of ornamental fish collecting for the aquarium trade means that A total of 1,165 individuals representing a species under heavy collecting pressure 32 species in eight families were reported in could be completely removed from certain the holding facilities of the Yemeni localities. Stocks of each ornamental fish companies. Al-Bousi held 545 individuals species therefore need to be monitored and from 11 species and Saif held 620 managed on a country-by-country and reef- individuals from 29 species The majority of by-reef basis due to variability in abundance these were Zebrasoma xanthurum, which of particular species at different localities. accounted for 29.8% of all fishes reported from these two companies, followed by In general, endemic species or those with Pomacanthus asfur (17.7%), Acanthurus restricted geographic distributions will be sohal (16.7%), Chromis viridis (8.6%), more vulnerable to over-exploitation than Pomacanthus maculosus (6.4%), Chaetodon more widely distributed species. However, semilarvatus (4.5%), Heniochus intermedius the abundance of the species concerned, and (3.3%) and Chaetodon larvatus (3.1%). The the level of exploitation to which it is family Acanthuridae was most commonly subjected will also influence its vulnerability. represented with 47.3% of recorded fish coming from this family, followed by the Pomacanthidae (25.8%), Chaetodontidae (12.1%) and Pomacentridae (8.6%).

Appendix 6h indicates the percentages of fish counted from the holding facilities in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Most of these, 86.1%, were in Saudi Arabian companies, with Isham holding 56.5%, Kamal Imad Softa holding 16.2%, Red Sea Secrets 8.3% and Thoal Red Sea 5.1%. By contrast, Yemeni Companies held only 11.5%, shared between Saif Company, with 6.1% and Al-Bousi with 5.4% and Egyptian companies (Egyptian Company for Fishing and Fishing Gears) held only 2.4%.

4. DISCUSSION absent entirely from the Gulf of Aqaba. Chaetodon vagabundus and Chaetodon Visual census is a widely used technique melapterus are absent from the Red Sea, for performing ecological studies of fish on Gulf of Aqaba and Gulf of Suez, at least coral reefs (ENGLISH et al. 1994). However, from the sites studied during this survey, but differences in the skill levels and technique were present along the Djiboutian coast. of observers can be a source of imprecision and/or bias (THOMPSON & MAPSTONE 1997). It is clear that Chaetodon larvatus is Therefore, only the underwater fish counting common in the central Red Sea, southern performed by the first author was used to Red Sea and Gulf of Aden and this explains avoid bias in the present study. A total of 14 some of the similarity between the two main species of butterflyfishes are reported from clusters. The present study indicates that the Red Sea, of which seven are endemic or there is marked variation from north to south, range no further than the Gulf of Aden which may be attributed to the variability of (RANDALL 1992). In the present study 14 the habitat exerting a major influence on the species of butterflyfish have also been fish assemblages. This finding is consistent reported. with ROBERTS et al. (1992).

Butterflyfish assemblages in the southern Latitudinal gradients in water quality Red Sea differ from those in the north (temperature, salinity, plankton production) (RIGHTON et al. 1996). The fish fauna of the may be the cause of north-south variation in Djiboutian coast is shared with the Indian fish community structure. Differences in Ocean and the Red Sea. However, in terms environmental tolerance among species could of species composition, the Red Sea mean that some are better adapted to influence dominates, especially in areas near conditions prevailing in the south than those to Bab el Mandeb (BARRATT & MEDLEY further north or vice-versa. CARTER & PRINCE 1990). A biogeographic analysis of the (1981) concluded that the gradual changes in Indian Ocean coral fauna, based on salinity and temperature could generate abrupt presence/absence of species, revealed a clear boundaries for species` distributions. pattern of faunal relationships between the Red Sea, southern Arabia and the Indian Habitat strongly influences which species Ocean (KHALAF & KOCHZIUS 2002). are able to live in a particular place. There are considerable differences in reef structure The results presented in this report and coral assemblages from north to south demonstrate that there are many differences within the Red Sea. In the south, reef between the reef fish fauna of the northern structures become shallow with macroalgal Red Sea and that of the southern and central dominated frameworks (Yemen and Djibouti). Red Sea. For example, Pseudanthias In the far south there are few areas of hard squamipinnis dominated the fish assemblages substrata and these are mainly coralline-algal in the northern Red Sea along the Jordanian reefs covered with dense growths of brown and Egyptian coasts, whereas Chromis viridis algae, Sargassum and Turbinaria. dominated in the central Red Sea, along the Saudi Arabian coast at both latitudes 20º and Using several criteria, including which 21º, and in the Gulf of Aden. Other species were utilised by the aquarium trade, differences occur among the butterflyfish. endemism, ecological rarity and level of For example, Chaetodon paucifasciatus is demand, EDWARDS (2002) recommended 42 abundant in the Gulf of Aqaba and Gulf of fish species to be included in monitoring Suez but is absent or rare in the southern Red programmes in the Red Sea and Gulf of Sea area. However, Chaetodon larvatus is a Aden region. However, in the surveys dominant species in the south but rare in the undertaken for the present study the authors northern Red Sea and Gulf of Suez and increased this number to 50 fish species.

4.1 Species Needing Special Consideration but are easily collected. The bluetail trunkfish, Ostracion cyanurus, secretes Based on the results of underwater surveys, highly toxic substances when alarmed which export data, literature and interviews with may be lethal to other fishes or even to aquaria personnel and officials, four categories themselves in the confined space of an of species were identified that might need aquarium. special consideration. These include: a) Species with poor survivorship in (b) Easily overexploited species captivity (for example, easily stressed Collection needs to be especially care- species, obligate corallivores and those fully controlled for rare or endemic fish species that release toxins), such as the following: b) Easily overexploited species, such as rare or endemic species, • Pomacanthus imperator c) Species for which collection may involve • Pygoplites diacanthus collateral damage, such as those that • Rhinecanthus assasi shelter in branching coral, • Pterois miles d) Ecologically important species, such as cleaners. • Pseudochromis fridmani • Pseudochromis flavivertex (a) Species with poor survivorship in • Pseudochromis springeri captivity • Amphiprion bicinctus A number of species in the region were identified as not being suitable for normal The first four species are fairly common, marine aquaria, including: in that they may be seen on most dives, but are present at relatively low densities and • Exquisite butterflyfish, Chaetodon could be locally overexploited by the marine austriacus aquarium trade. Pseudochromis fridmani, Pseudochromis flavivertex, Pseudochromis • Arabian butterflyfish, Chaetodon springeri and Amphiprion bicinctus are melapterus endemic to the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. • Chevron butterflyfish, Chaetodon Such species need to be monitored carefully trifascialis (using catch and effort data or direct • Orangeface butterflyfish, Chaetodon observation, for example) to ensure that larvatus overexploitation does not occur. • Threadfin butterflyfish, Chaetodon auriga • Clownfish, Amphiprion bicinctus (c) Collateral damage caused by collection • Bluetail trunkfish, Ostracion cyanurus This issue centres on destructive fishing practices. The main problem relates to the The first four species feed exclusively on collection of small fishes, such as Dascyllus coral polyps which tend to die after a few aruanus, Dascyllus marginatus, Dascyllus months in captivity unless kept in large trimaculatus, Chromis viridis, Chromis aquaria containing live corals. The fifth dimidiata and Pseudanthias squamipinnis species, Chaetodon auriga, is very difficult which take shelter in branching corals when to maintain. The clownfish, Amphiprion under threat. As indicated by WOOD (1985), bicinctus, lives symbiotically with sea- some collectors destroy the corals to extract anemones (Stoichactis sp.). They are present the fish. The extent of damage caused by at fairly low densities on reefs from all such activities is unknown, but with several countries surveyed, except Jordanian reefs, thousand individuals being exported each

year it could be considerable. Such impacts removing ectoparasites from other reef fishes could be detected by long-term monitoring of (RANDALL 1958). They establish cleaning live branching coral cover at ‘collected’ and stations on the reef to which host fishes come comparable ‘uncollected’ sites. for service. If over-collected, the parasite loads on larger fish (many of which are (d) Ecologically important species economically important as food fish) could potentially increase, with adverse Ecologically important species such as consequences. Accordingly, the levels of the cleaner wrasses, Labroides dimidiatus, ecologically important species need to be L. bicolor and Larabicus quadrilineatus carefully monitored to ensure they are not (juveniles) perform the valuable service of overexploited.

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT PLANS

• The imposition of a closed season, during • Quotas need to be established, based on which time no fishing can take place, numbers of fish captured. Species-specific together with the establishment of reserve quotas are much more effective in areas would serve to protect the resource conservation terms and could have an against over-exploitation and maintain important role to play in the management species diversity. of fisheries exploited for the aquarium trade. However, restrictions on numbers • Scientific research should be encouraged of specimens that can be collected or in the region to clarify the distribution of exported will be effective only if they are the species concerned, both by depth at based on rigorous scientific research and the same site and between sites at are species-specific so that they ensure different areas. The reproductive cycles conservation of vulnerable species. of important fish species should be examined in order to determine their • Restricted access sites and fishery reserves recruitment potential. Particular attention should be imposed, and would offer the needs to be given to rare or endemic following benefits: species targeted by the ornamental fish - Preserving a sector of the fish trade. population from over-exploitation, • All collectors should be trained and - Providing undisturbed spawning provided with appropriate equipment. grounds for these species, They should also be paid according to the - Boosting recruitment to adjacent amount of time actually spent catching fished areas through larval dispersal, fish rather than the value of the fish. This would prevent the selective fishing of - Reducing conflict with other resource highly priced and vulnerable species. users, in particular recreational divers. • Species unsuitable for aquaria should not • Temporary closure of areas or fisheries be collected, such as obligate coral could be particularly helpful where feeders, including corallivorous butterfly- immature fish are often targeted. Such fish. The removal of large numbers of restrictions would give juveniles time to key predators, such as the pufferfish grow beyond the size at which they are (Canthigaster margaritata) and trigger- collected for the ornamental trade. For fish should be avoided, as should this approach to work, more needs to be collection of vulnerable species, such as known about the breeding cycles of the the attractive boxfishes (Ostracion cubicus targeted species, the time(s) of year that and Ostracion cyanurus) which are slow recruitment takes place and growth rates moving and easily caught. of recruits. • Reserve areas should be established, • Restrictions should be placed on the enabling pristine areas of reefs to be exploitation of rare and/or endemic preserved, which can then provide species. Rarity of a species may be recruitment stock for the fisheries. natural or caused by human activities that have a direct or indirect effect on the • Monitoring programmes need to be species concerned. established to investigate the effects of collection and the effectiveness of • Licensing can provide a way of monitoring management strategies and this will need and regulating aquarium fisheries and to be done on a country-by-country basis. improving standards within the industry. As discussed in WOOD (1985) conditions

on licences should seek to ensure that • Limitation of collecting effort could be traders: helpful as it would reduce the number of - Keep records of fish caught, bought collectors that can operate. and sold, • Research and education should be encouraged - Maintain well-run facilities with and research collaboration should be minimal losses, initiated between the scientific community and ornamental fish companies in order - Do not deal in fishes for which to accelerate scientific progress. chances of survival are low. • Regular monitoring needs to be under- • Licensing of collectors provides an taken on impacts of collecting practices opportunity for managers to control or on bottom habitats, catches, fishing effort limit fishing activities, collect catch data and export volumes in each country, in and ensure that trained collectors are order to manage this valuable resource in allowed to work. a sustainable manner.

6. REFERENCES

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BARRANIA, A. 2000. Report on the JONKLAAS, R.S.L. 1985. Population ornamental fish trade in Egypt. PERSGA, fluctuations in some ornamental fishes and Jeddah. invertebrates off Sri Lanka. Paper No. 47: Symposium on Endangered Marine Animals BARRATT, L. & MEDLEY, P. 1988. Assessment of the Aquarium Reef Fishery in and Marine Parks, Cochin, India. 12-16 Djibouti (3 November to 12 December January, 1985. 1987). FAO Technical Cooperation KHALAF, M.A. & ABDALLAH, M. 2003. Programme FI:TCP/DJI/6755(A). FAO, Current status of the ornamental fish trade: Rome. their assemblages, collection practices, export, conservation issues and management BARRATT, L. & MEDLEY, P. 1990. Managing multi-species ornamental reef in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Draft fisheries. Progress in Underwater Science report to PERSGA. (Edited and printed here 15: 55-72. as part 1 of this volume.)

CARTER, R.N. & PRINCE, S.P. 1981. KHALAF, M.A. & DISI, A.M. 1997. Fishes Epidemic models used to explain of the Gulf of Aqaba No. 8. Aqaba Marine biogeographic distribution limits. Nature Science Station, Jordan. 252 pp. (London) 293: 644-654. KHALAF, M.A. & KOCHZIUS, M. 2002. EDWARDS, A. 2002. Report to PERSGA Community structure and biogeography of on a workshop held at the regional research shore fishes in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. and training centre at the Faculty of Marine Helgoland Marine Research 55: 252-284. Science King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah MYERS, R.F. 1991. Micronesian Reef from 9th-15th April 2002 with guidelines for Fishes: A Practical Guide to the sampling, data collection and analysis. Identification of the Inshore Marine Fishes EDWARDS, A., HILLS, J. & TISSIER, M.L. of the Tropical Central and Western Pacific. 2003. Report on guidelines for a self- Coral Graphica, USA. 298 pp. financing monitoring, control and PRIMER-E. 2000. PRIMER 5 (Plymouth surveillance programme for ornamental fish Routines in Multivariate Ecological trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden with Research). PRIMER-E, Plymouth Marine proposals for quotas. Report to PERSGA. Laboratory, Devon, UK. Included as Part 2 in this publication. RANDALL, J.E. 1958. A review of the ENGLISH, C., WILKINSON, C. & BAKER, V. Labrid fish genus Labroides, with description (eds). 1994. Survey Manual for Tropical of two species and notes on ecology. Pacific Marine Resources. Australian Institute of Science 12: 327-347. Marine Science, Townsville.

RANDALL, J.E. 1992. [1983] Red Sea THOMPSON, A.A. & MAPSTONE, B.D. Reef Fishes. IMMEL Publications, London. 1997. Observer effects and training in underwater visual surveys of reef fishes. RIGHTON, D., KEMP, J. & ORMOND, R. Marine Ecology Progress Series 154: 53-63. 1996. Biogeography, community structure and diversity of Red Sea and western Indian WOOD, E.M. 1985. Exploitation of Coral ocean butterflyfishes. Journal of Marine Reef Fishes for the Aquarium Trade. Report to Biological Association UK 76: 223-228. the Marine Conservation Society, UK. 121 pp.

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8. APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Ornamental fish species included in the survey.

Acanthurus sohal Naso lituratus Zebrasoma veliferum Zebrasoma xanthurum Balistapus undulatus Balistoides viridescens Rhinecanthus assasi Chaetodon auriga Chaetodon austriacus Chaetodon fasciatus Chaetodon larvatus Chaetodon lineolatus Chaetodon melapterus Chaetodon melannotus Chaetodon mesoleucos Chaetodon paucifasciatus Chaetodon pictus Chaetodon semilarvatus Chaetodon trifascialis Heniochus diphreutes Heniochus intermedius Paracirrhites forsteri Anampses twistii Bodianus anthioides Cheilinus lunulatus Coris aygula Gomphosus caeruleus Labroides dimidiata Larabicus quadrilineatus Novaculichthys taeniourus Paracheilinus octotaenia Thalassoma klunzingeri Thalassoma lunare Ostracion cubicus Pomacanthus asfur Pomacanthus imperator Pomacanthus maculosus Pygoplites diacanthus Amphiprion bicinctus Dascyllus aruanus Dascyllus marginatus Dascyllus trimaculatus Pseudochromis fridmani Pseudochromis flavivertex Pseudochromis springeri Pterois miles Pterois radiata Arothron diadematus Chromis viridis Pseudanthias squamipinnis

Some fish names in these appendices have been altered to conform to current valid names as given in FishBase. Important Ornamental Fish Species Summary data presented for the 25 primary ornamental fish species from Jordan (JO), Egypt (EG), Saudi Arabia (SA), Yemen (YE) and Djibouti (DJ). The data include: 1- Survey data: Average abundance (AA); Relative abundance (RA); Frequency of appearance (FA); Percentage of average abundance relative to the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden data 2- Holding facility data 3- Export data

Chromis viridis

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 450.0 657.6 8363 6411.1 2696 RA 27.5% 10.4% 81.2% 88.8% 90.1% FA 94.4% 54.8% 63.6% 55.6% 94.4% %AA 2.4% 3.5% 45.0% 34.5% 14.5%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 23.7% 44.3% 8.6%

Export data EG SA RA 14.5%

Pseudanthias squamipinnis

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 666.2 5356.2 311.3 0.0 0.0 RA 40.7% 84.6% 3.0% 0.0% 0.0% FA 100.0% 71.0% 48.5% 0.0% 0.0% %AA 10.5% 84.6% 4.9% 0.0% 0.0%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 2.1% 4.5% 0.0%

Export data EG SA RA 9.9% 4.3%

Zebrasoma xanthurum

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 4.1 3.7 13.4 1.3 30.3 RA 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 1.0% FA 88.9% 41.9% 39.4% 22.2% 88.9% %AA 7.8% 6.9% 25.3% 2.5% 57.4%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 9.5% 1.6% 29.8%

Export data EG SA RA 3.7% 2.3%

Zebrasoma veliferum

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 1.1 4.9 35.1 3.06 5.5 RA 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% FA 44.4% 48.4% 63.6% 38.9% 72.9% %AA 2.2% 9.9% 70.6% 6.2% 11.1%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 4.2% 2.2% 0.0%

Export data EG SA RA 3.7% 2.3%

Acanthurus sohal

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 0.0 41.4 46.9 10.8 13.8 RA 0.0% 0.7% 0.5% 0.2% 0.5% FA 0.0% 32.3% 75.8% 50.0% 55.6% %AA 0.0% 36.6% 41.5% 9.6% 12.3%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.4% 1.5% 16.7%

Export data EG SA RA 5.3% 3.7%

Chaetodon austriacus

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 8.22 10.7 17.3 0.0 0.0 RA 0.5% 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% FA 83.3% 90.3% 84.9% 0.0% 0.0% %AA 22.7% 29.6% 47.7% 0.0% 0.0%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.4% 0.2% 0.6%

Export data EG SA RA 1.8% 0.6%

Chaetodon fasciatus

Survey JO EG SA YE DJ AA 2.2 3.6 8.3 0.44 2.4 RA 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% FA 72.2% 74.2% 78.8% 16.7% 61.1% %AA 13.1% 21.3% 48.8% 2.6% 14.1%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 3.3% 2.0% 0.2%

Export data EG SA RA 2.2% 2.6%

Chaetodon larvatus

Survey JO EG SA YE DJ AA 0.0 0.1 14.7 58.1 11.6 RA 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.8% 0.4% FA 0.0% 3.2% 84.9% 100.0% 100.0% %AA 0.0% 0.1% 17.4% 68.8% 13.7%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 5.8% 0.4% 3.1%

Export data EG SA RA 1.8% 1.1%

Chaetodon paucifasciatus

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 24.5 7.23 5.27 0.0 0.0 RA 1.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% FA 100.0% 80.7% 39.4% 0.0% 0.0% %AA 66.2% 19.5% 14.3% 0.0% 0.0%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.4% 0.2% 0.0%

Export data EG SA RA 2.8% 1.3%

Chaetodon semilarvatus

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 0.0 1.6 2.5 2.1 2.3 RA 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% FA 0.0% 45.2% 33.3% 50.0% 66.7% %AA 0.0% 18.6% 29.4% 24.7% 27.3%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 25.7% 1.2% 4.5%

Export data EG SA RA 9.9% 1.5%

Heniochus intermedius

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 1.1 2.8 0.0 8.2 8.4 RA 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.3% FA 44.4% 67.75 0.0% 83.3% 94.4% %AA 5.2% 13.8% 0.0% 39.8% 41.2%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.0% 0.6% 3.3%

Export data EG YE RA 1.5% 0.9%

Pomacanthus maculosus

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 0.0 0.4 2.4 20.2 2.2 RA 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.1% FA 0.0% 22.6% 30.3% 100.0% 83.3% %AA 0.0% 1.4% 9.4% 80.5% 8.6%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 7.5% 0.2% 6.4%

Export data EG SA RA 4.5% 1.1%

Pomacanthus asfur

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 0.0 0.0 4.1 9.8 3.8 RA 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% FA 0.0% 0.0% 27.3% 94.4% 77.8% %AA 0.0% 0.0% 23.2% 55.4% 21.4%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.0% 2.4% 17.7%

Export data EG SA RA 0.1% 2.1%

Pygoplites diacanthus

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 0.2 1.3 11.5 0.0 3.4 RA 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% FA 5.6% 58.8% 84.9% 0.0% 66.7% %AA 1.0% 7.7% 70.2% 0.0% 21.1%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.8% 1.0% 0.9%

Export data EG SA RA 1.2% 1.4%

Pomacanthus imperator

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 RA 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% FA 0.0% 19.4% 3.0% 5.6% 5.6% %AA 10.8% 50.1% 17.6% 10.8% 10.8%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.0% 0.2% 0.7%

Export data EG SA RA 0.2% 0.4%

Gomphosus caeruleus

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 8.3 13.1 47.1 0.4 16.6 RA 0.5% 0.2% 0.5% 0.0% 0.6% FA 94.4% 87.1% 100.0% 22.2% 94.4% %AA 9.7% 15.4% 55.1% 0.5% 19.4%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.0% 0.8% 0.4%

Export data EG SA RA 0.3% 1.3%

Larabicus quadrilineatus

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 6.8 3.8 46.1 14.6 58.2 RA 0.4% 0.1% 0.5% 1.6% 1.9% FA 94.4% 74.2% 84.9% 100.0% 100.0% %AA 3.0% 1.7% 20.1% 50.0% 25.3%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.4% 0.2% 2.8%

Export data EG SA RA 1.4% 2.6%

Labroides dimidiatus

Survey JO EG SA YE DJ AA 1.7 11 19.2 0.4 2.9 RA 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% FA 66.7% 93.6% 100.0% 27.8% 72.2% %AA 4.9% 31.2% 54.4% 1.3% 8.3%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.0% 0.1% 0.0%

Export data EG SA RA 0.1% 0.7%

Paracheilinus octotaenia

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 119.9 17.1 181.8 5.6 17.6 RA 7.3% 0.3% 1.8% 0.1% 0.6% FA 55.6% 9.7% 21.2% 5.6% 27.8% %AA 35.1% 5.0% 53.2% 1.6% 5.2%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.0% 0.2% 0.0%

Export data EG SA RA 0.8% 1.1%

Thalassoma klunzingeri

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 42.0 78.7 56.2 0.0 0.0 RA 2.6% 1.2% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% FA 100.0% 90.3% 84.6% 0.0% 0.0% %AA 23.7% 44.5% 31.8% 0.0% 0.0%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 2.9% 0.4% 0.0%

Export data EG SA RA 0.1% 1.0% From Allen and Steene (1999) Thalassoma lunare

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 0.8 2.6 28.9 44.4 62.2 RA 0.1% 0.0% 0.3% 0.6% 2.1% FA 22.2% 48.4% 84.9% 100.0% 100.0% %AA 0.6% 1.9% 20.8% 32.0% 44.8%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.0% 0.6% 0.1%

Export data EG SA RA 0.2% 0.6%

Dascyllus aruanus

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 125.7 10.7 957.2 24.0 10.4 RA 7.7% 0.2% 9.3% 0.3% 0.4% FA 100.0% 22.6% 57.6% 16.7% 38.9% %AA 11.2% 0.9% 84.9% 2.1% 0.9%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 2.1% 2.0% 0.0%

Export data EG SA RA 1.8%

Dascyllus marginatus

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 111.8 17.4 3.2 420.9 2.2 RA 6.8% 0.3% 0.0% 5.8% 0.1% FA 100.0% 19.4% 6.1% 50.0% 16.7% %AA 20.1% 3.1% 0.6% 75.8% 0.4%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.4% 0.7% 0.8%

Export data EG SA RA 4.2%

Amphiprion bicinctus

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 25.2 2.8 3.9 0.1 1.1 RA 1.54% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% FA 100.0% 45.2% 48.5% 11.1% 22.2% %AA 76.3% 8.4% 11.8% 0.3% 3.2%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.0% 2.3% 0.0%

Export data EG SA RA 2.0% 2.0%

Dascyllus trimaculatus

Survey data JO EG SA YE DJ AA 7.2 0.8 8.4 72.9 1.1 RA 0.4% 0.0% 0.1% 1.0% 0.0% FA 44.4% 16.1% 15.2% 11.1% 11.1% %AA 7.9% 0.9% 9.3% 80.7% 1.2%

Holding facility EG SA YE RA 0.0% 2.8% 0.0%

Export data EG SA RA 2.2%

Appendix 2. Results of benthic habitat surveys.

Appendix 2(a). Jordan - benthic habitat survey results; average percentage cover of substrate recorded from sites.

Substrate Codes Site AT CR DC HC MA RB SC SN SP OT Total Marine D I,II &III 0.17 11.83 35.83 25.33 0.00 3.50 7.33 15.33 0.33 0.33 100.00 Science Station Marine S I, II &III 0.00 10.00 9.00 17.83 0.00 8.50 4.50 49.17 0.83 0.17 100.00 Science Station Visitor Centre S I, II &III 0.17 12.33 16.00 35.33 0.00 4.00 8.00 23.83 0.17 0.17 100.00 Visitor Centre D I,II &III 1.17 17.50 13.50 46.67 0.00 3.33 6.83 10.50 0.33 0.17 100.00 Tourist Camp S I, II &III 0.00 25.33 32.50 17.17 0.00 4.33 5.50 14.67 0.33 0.17 100.00 Tourist Camp D I,II &III 0.00 7.00 27.17 20.67 0.00 0.17 4.83 40.00 0.17 0.00 100.00 Total Average 0.25 14.00 22.33 27.17 0.00 3.97 6.17 25.58 0.36 0.17 100.00 SD 0.46 6.53 11.00 11.66 0.00 2.67 1.43 15.61 0.25 0.11 0.00 Abbreviations/codes: AT = algal turf, CR = coral rock, DC = dead coral, HC = live hard coral, MA = macroalgae, RB = rubble, SC = live soft coral, SN = sand, SP = sponge, OT = others; D = deep; S = shallow

Appendix 2(b). Egypt (Gulf of Suez) - benthic habitat survey results; average percentage cover of substrate recorded from sites.

Substrate Codes Site AT CR DC HC MA RB SC SN SP OT Total Noksh S I, II & III 0.00 16.17 29.17 41.17 0.00 0.00 13.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Noksh D I, II & III 0.33 10.33 20.50 18.33 0.00 11.17 4.50 34.50 0.33 0.00 100.00 Mahmoudat S I, II & III 0.17 25.17 18.33 41.17 0.00 0.00 14.00 1.00 0.17 0.00 100.00 Mahmoudat D I, II & III 0.00 9.00 16.67 23.33 0.00 7.33 17.17 26.50 0.00 0.00 100.00 Fanar Dolphin S I, II & III 0.00 24.33 10.50 38.83 0.00 0.00 24.17 0.00 2.17 0.00 100.00 Fanar Dolphin D I, II & III 0.00 25.50 5.50 19.17 0.00 0.00 47.83 0.17 1.83 0.00 100.00 Illi S I, II & III 0.00 14.50 42.83 23.33 0.00 0.00 19.17 0.00 0.00 0.17 100.00 Illi D I, II & III 0.00 30.67 26.50 18.17 0.00 0.00 24.33 0.33 0.00 0.00 100.00 Zorab D I, II, III, IV & V 0.70 19.00 29.30 35.90 0.00 2.10 3.80 9.20 0.00 0.00 100.00 Ras Mohammad S I, II & III 0.00 40.67 13.00 29.67 0.00 0.00 16.33 0.00 0.33 0.00 100.00 Ras Mohammad D I, II & III 3.00 22.67 8.83 14.00 0.00 2.17 41.33 4.00 3.50 0.50 100.00 Total average 0.38 21.64 20.10 27.55 0.00 2.07 20.56 6.88 0.76 0.06 100.00 SD 0.90 9.24 11.06 10.17 0.00 3.75 13.66 12.14 1.19 0.15 0.00 Abbreviations/codes: AT = algal turf, CR = coral rock, DC = dead coral, HC = live hard coral, MA = macroalgae, RB = rubble, SC = live soft coral, SN = sand, SP = sponge, OT = others; D = deep; S = shallow

Appendix 2(c). Saudi Arabia - benthic habitat survey results; average percentage cover of substrate recorded from sites.

Substrate Codes Site AT CR DC HC MA RB SC SN SP OT Total Al-Kabeera S I, II & III 0.00 8.00 12.00 7.00 0.00 0.00 72.83 0.00 0.00 0.17 100.00 Al-Kabeera D I, II & III 0.17 23.50 21.67 4.33 0.00 3.50 32.00 14.83 0.00 0.00 100.00 Biada D I, II & III 1.00 4.83 48.50 22.83 0.00 5.00 2.50 14.83 0.50 0.00 100.00 South Patch Biada S I, II & III 0.00 17.83 59.83 14.17 0.00 1.17 5.00 1.00 0.67 0.33 100.00 South Patch Biada D I, II & III 0.00 6.00 51.17 10.67 0.00 2.00 2.17 27.50 0.50 0.00 100.00 Al-Sagheera S I, II &III 0.00 39.83 34.00 15.17 0.00 0.17 10.67 0.17 0.00 0.00 100.00 Al-Kherq D I, II & III 0.00 24.83 46.00 12.50 0.00 2.67 9.33 4.33 0.17 0.17 100.00 Bostek/Thoal D I, II & III/7m 2.00 19.50 42.50 6.33 0.33 1.67 14.33 13.33 0.00 0.00 100.00 Thoal Awjam S I, II & III 4.17 46.33 27.50 11.17 0.00 4.50 1.00 2.83 2.50 0.00 100.00 Al-Lith S I, II & III 0.00 28.00 6.33 49.33 0.17 1.00 14.83 0.17 0.17 0.00 100.00 Al-Lith D I, II & III 0.00 26.00 9.67 39.50 0.00 1.50 20.17 1.67 1.33 0.17 100.00 Total Average 0.67 22.24 32.65 17.55 0.05 2.11 16.80 7.33 0.53 0.08 100.00 SD 1.32 13.20 18.45 14.36 0.11 1.65 20.72 9.02 0.77 0.11 0.00 Abbreviations/codes: AT = algal turf, CR = coral rock, DC = dead coral, HC = live hard coral, MA = macroalgae, RB = rubble, SC = live soft coral, SN = sand, SP = sponge, OT = others; D = deep; S = shallow

Appendix 2(d). Yemen - benthic habitat survey results; average percentage cover of substrate recorded from sites.

Substrate Codes Site AT CR DC HC MA RB SC SN SP OT Total Kadaman S I, II & III 0.33 30.17 0.67 9.67 16.33 15.67 0.00 15.67 0.00 11.50 100.00 Kamaran D I, II & III 1.00 21.50 0.00 31.83 0.00 17.67 0.00 16.00 8.00 4.00 100.00 SE Tekfash S I, II & III 0.00 51.33 0.17 27.67 0.00 14.50 0.00 3.17 0.17 3.00 100.00 SW Tekfash D I, II & III 0.17 24.17 0.83 40.50 0.00 12.17 0.33 20.33 0.50 1.00 100.00 Al-Badi Island S S I, II & III 0.00 27.33 0.00 39.83 0.00 26.00 0.00 0.83 0.50 5.50 100.00 Al-Murk SI S I, II & III 0.00 15.17 0.00 7.50 39.00 10.83 0.00 11.50 0.50 15.50 100.00 Total Average 0.21 28.14 0.24 28.12 7.90 17.55 0.05 9.76 1.45 6.57 100.00 SD 0.37 11.34 0.36 14.19 15.00 6.19 0.13 8.08 2.89 5.11 0.00 Abbreviations/codes: AT = algal turf, CR = coral rock, DC = dead coral, HC = live hard coral, MA = macroalgae, RB = rubble, SC = live soft coral, SN = sand, SP = sponge, OT = others; D = deep; S = shallow

Appendix 2(e). Djibouti - benthic habitat survey results; average percentage cover of substrate recorded from sites.

Substrate Codes Site AT CR DC HC MA RB SC SN SP OT Total Khor Ambado D I, II & III 22.50 12.83 24.00 35.67 0.17 0.33 0.17 3.33 0.50 0.50 100.00 Maskali D I, II & III 2.33 46.67 12.67 21.33 1.33 2.33 0.00 12.83 0.33 0.17 100.00 Moucha D I, II & III 2.00 20.33 13.33 41.33 5.50 8.00 2.67 4.17 2.67 0.00 100.00 Tadjoura D I, II & III 0.33 14.00 15.50 61.33 0.00 4.33 0.17 3.33 0.67 0.33 100.00 Arta Plaga D I, II & III 0.00 26.50 20.83 44.00 0.00 1.83 1.67 3.67 0.17 1.33 100.00 Gehere D I, II & III 3.83 10.00 14.17 23.83 0.50 0.50 15.83 29.83 1.50 0.00 100.00 Total average 5.17 21.72 16.75 37.92 1.25 2.89 3.42 9.53 0.97 0.39 100.00 SD 8.61 13.59 4.60 14.67 2.14 2.89 6.17 10.61 0.95 0.50 0.00 Abbreviations/codes: AT = algal turf, CR = coral rock, DC = dead coral, HC = live hard coral, MA = macroalgae, RB = rubble, SC = live soft coral, SN = sand, SP = sponge, OT = others; D = deep; S = shallow

Appendix 2(f). Benthic habitat survey results; average percentage cover of substrate recorded at transect sites for each country.

Substrate Codes Country AT CR DC HC MA RB SC SN SP OT Total Jordan Total Average 0.25 14.00 22.33 27.17 0.00 3.97 6.17 25.58 0.36 0.17 100.00 Jordan SD 0.46 6.53 11.00 11.66 0.00 2.67 1.43 15.61 0.25 0.11 Egypt Total average 0.38 21.64 20.10 27.55 0.00 2.07 20.56 6.88 0.76 0.06 100.00 Egypt SD 0.90 9.24 11.06 10.17 0.00 3.75 13.66 12.14 1.19 0.15 Saudi Arabia Total Average 0.67 22.24 32.65 17.55 0.05 2.11 16.80 7.33 0.53 0.08 100.00 Saudi Arabia SD 1.32 13.20 18.45 14.36 0.11 1.65 20.72 9.02 0.77 0.11 Yemen Total Average 0.21 28.14 0.24 28.12 7.90 17.55 0.05 9.76 1.45 6.57 100.00 Yemen SD 0.37 11.34 0.36 14.19 15.00 6.19 0.13 8.08 2.89 5.11 Djibouti Total average 5.17 21.72 16.75 37.92 1.25 2.89 3.42 9.53 0.97 0.39 100.00 Djibouti SD 8.61 13.59 4.60 14.67 2.14 2.89 6.17 10.61 0.95 0.50 Abbreviations/codes: SD = standard deviation; AT = algal turf, CR = coral rock, DC = dead coral, HC = live hard coral, MA = macroalgae, RB = rubble, SC = live soft coral, SN = sand, SP = sponge, OT = others; D = deep; S = shallow

Appendix 3. The total abundance (TA), average abundance (AA), relative abundance (RA), and frequency of appearance (FA) of each ornamental fish species recorded for each transect (500 m²). FA recorded as the number of transects in which the species was present.

Appendix 3(a). Results for the Jordanian coast. The following species were not observed during surveys in Jordan: Chaetodon lineolatus, Chaetodon melapterus, Chaetodon pictus, Heniochus diphreutes, and Pseudochromis flavivertex.

Site Marine Science Station Tourist Camp Visitor Centre Status Unexploited Unexploited Unexploited Unexploited Unexploited Unexploited n 3 3 3 3 3 3 Depth Shallow 5m Deep 10m Shallow 5m Deep 10m Shallow 5m Deep 10m Species TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA Acanthurus sohal 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Naso lituratus 1 0.3 0.0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Zebrasoma veliferum 2 0.7 0.0 1 2 0.7 0.0 1 6 2.0 0.4 2 3 1.0 0.1 1 2 0.7 0.0 1 5 1.7 0.1 2 Zebrasoma xanthurum 15 5.0 0.4 3 10 3.3 0.2 3 16 5.3 1.1 3 2 0.7 0.0 1 21 7.0 0.2 3 10 3.3 0.2 3 Balistapus undulatus 2 0.7 0.0 2 7 2.3 0.1 3 0 0.0 0.0 0 2 0.7 0.0 1 2 0.7 0.0 2 1 0.3 0.0 1 Balistoides viridescens 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Rhinecanthus assasi 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Chaetodon auriga 1 0.3 0.0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 2 0.7 0.0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 Chaetodon austriacus 9 3.0 0.2 2 24 8.0 0.5 2 16 5.3 1.1 3 8 2.7 0.2 2 45 15.0 0.5 3 46 15.3 1.0 3 Chaetodon fasciatus 6 2.0 0.1 3 2 0.7 0.0 1 4 1.3 0.3 2 7 2.3 0.1 2 13 4.3 0.1 3 8 2.7 0.2 2 Chaetodon larvatus 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Chaetodon melannotus 2 0.7 0.0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 4 1.3 0.0 2 4 1.3 0.1 2 Chaetodon mesoleucos 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 49 16.3 1.2 3 89 29.7 1.7 3 56 18.7 3.9 3 55 18.3 1.1 3 110 36.7 1.2 3 82 27.3 1.8 3 Chaetodon semilarvatus 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Chaetodon trifascialis 1 0.3 0.0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 2 0.7 0.0 1 Heniochus intermedius 4 1.3 0.1 2 6 2.0 0.1 2 4 1.3 0.3 2 0 0.0 0.0 0 5 1.7 0.1 2 0 0.0 0.0 0 Paracirrhites forsteri 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Anampses twistii 30 10.0 0.7 3 58 19.3 1.1 3 25 8.3 1.8 3 8 2.7 0.2 2 24 8.0 0.3 3 31 10.3 0.7 3 Bodianus anthioides 14 4.7 0.3 3 12 4.0 0.2 3 4 1.3 0.3 2 2 0.7 0.0 1 2 0.7 0.0 1 2 0.7 0.0 1 Cheilinus lunulatus 4 1.3 0.1 3 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 2 0.7 0.0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 Coris aygula 3 1.0 0.1 2 1 0.3 0.0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 2 0.7 0.0 2 0 0.0 0.0 0 Gomphosus caeruleus 7 2.3 0.2 2 23 7.7 0.4 3 32 10.7 2.2 3 14 4.7 0.3 3 51 17.0 0.5 3 22 7.3 0.5 3 Labroides dimidiata 4 1.3 0.1 2 16 5.3 0.3 3 2 0.7 0.1 1 1 0.3 0.0 1 5 1.7 0.1 2 3 1.0 0.1 3 Larabicus quadrilineatus 7 2.3 0.2 3 12 4.0 0.2 2 20 6.7 1.4 3 14 4.7 0.3 3 41 13.7 0.4 3 29 9.7 0.6 3 Novaculichthys taeniourus 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Paracheilinus octotaenia 100 33.3 2.5 1 60 20.0 1.1 1 8 2.7 0.6 1 1030 343.3 21.1 3 50 16.7 0.5 1 910 303.3 20.1 3 Thalassoma klunzingeri 151 50.3 3.7 3 130 43.3 2.5 3 110 36.7 7.7 3 78 26.0 1.6 3 155 51.7 1.7 3 132 44.0 2.9 3 Thalassoma lunare 5 1.7 0.1 1 5 1.7 0.1 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 2 0.7 0.0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 2 0.7 0.0 1 Ostracion cubicus 1 0.3 0.0 1 6 2.0 0.1 2 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 2 0.7 0.0 2 0 0.0 0.0 0 Pomacanthus asfur 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Pomacanthus imperator 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 1 0.3 0.1 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Pomacanthus maculosus 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Pygoplites diacanthus 0 0.0 0.0 0 3 1.0 0.1 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Amphiprion bicinctus 109 36.3 2.7 3 60 20.0 1.1 3 86 28.7 6.0 3 85 28.3 1.7 3 49 16.3 0.5 3 65 21.7 1.4 3 Dascyllus aruanus 452 150.7 11.2 3 305 101.7 5.8 3 133 44.3 9.3 3 395 131.7 8.1 3 901 300.3 9.6 3 77 25.7 1.7 3 Dascyllus marginatus 514 171.3 12.7 3 730 243.3 13.8 3 40 13.3 2.8 3 318 106.0 6.5 3 171 57.0 1.8 3 240 80.0 5.3 3 Dascyllus trimaculatus 68 22.7 1.7 2 18 6.0 0.3 2 8 2.7 0.6 1 25 8.3 0.5 1 5 1.7 0.1 1 5 1.7 0.1 1 Pseudochromis fridmani 14 4.7 0.3 2 13 4.3 0.2 2 62 20.7 4.4 3 21 7.0 0.4 3 72 24.0 0.8 3 57 19.0 1.3 3 Pseudochromis springeri 0 0.0 0.0 0 8 2.7 0.2 2 4 1.3 0.3 1 19 6.3 0.4 3 4 1.3 0.0 3 6 2.0 0.1 2 Pterois miles 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 2 0.7 0.1 2 1 0.3 0.0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 Pterois radiata 2 0.7 0.0 1 1 0.3 0.0 1 3 1.0 0.2 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 2 0.7 0.0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0 Arothron diadematus 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 1 0.3 0.0 1 1 0.3 0.0 1 Chromis viridis 485 161.7 12.0 3 500 166.7 9.5 3 300 100.0 21.1 2 865 288.3 17.7 3 4800 1600.0 51.3 3 1150 383.3 25.4 3 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 1971 657.0 48.9 3 3170 1056.7 60.1 3 483 161.0 33.9 3 1923 641.0 39.4 3 2810 936.7 30.0 3 1635 545.0 36.1 3 Total 4033 1344.3 100.0 5271 1757.0 100.0 1425 475.0 100.0 4878 1626.0 100.0 9353 3117.7 100.0 4525 1508.3 100.0

Appendix 3(b). Results from the Egyptian coast (Gulf of Suez). Species not observed in Egypt: Chaetodon melapterus, Chaetodon pictus, Heniochus diphreutes, and Pseudochromis flavivertex. Al -Noksh Mahmoudat Fanar Al-Dolphin Status (Mahmoudat shallow data not included) n 3 3 3 3 3 Depth Shallow 5m Deep 9m Deep 10m Shallow 5m Deep 10m Species TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA Acanthurus sohal 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 1090 363.33 2.72 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 Naso lituratus 26 8.67 0.30 3 21 7.00 0.08 2 5 1.67 0.54 1 8 2.67 0.02 2 2 0.67 0.01 1 Zebrasoma veliferum 2 0.67 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 7 2.33 0.02 2 16 5.33 0.07 2 Zebrasoma xanthurum 4 1.33 0.05 2 3 1.00 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 9 3.00 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 Balistapus undulatus 1 0.33 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 6 2.00 0.03 3 Balistoides viridescens 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Rhinecanthus assasi 2 0.67 0.02 1 2 0.67 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 Chaetodon auriga 228 76.00 2.64 3 77 25.67 0.28 3 20 6.67 2.15 3 16 5.33 0.04 3 7 2.33 0.03 2 Chaetodon austriacus 42 14.00 0.49 2 20 6.67 0.07 2 11 3.67 1.18 3 24 8.00 0.06 3 12 4.00 0.05 2 Chaetodon fasciatus 29 9.67 0.34 3 9 3.00 0.03 2 7 2.33 0.75 3 6 2.00 0.01 2 17 5.67 0.07 2 Chaetodon larvatus 2 0.67 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Chaetodon lineolatus 2 0.67 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 Chaetodon melannotus 5 1.67 0.06 1 16 5.33 0.06 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 19 6.33 0.05 2 6 2.00 0.03 2 Chaetodon mesoleucos 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 15 5.00 0.17 3 16 5.33 0.06 2 55 18.33 5.91 3 28 9.33 0.07 3 28 9.33 0.12 2 Chaetodon semilarvatus 8 2.67 0.09 3 4 1.33 0.01 2 5 1.67 0.54 1 6 2.00 0.01 3 12 4.00 0.05 1 Chaetodon trifascialis 48 16.00 0.56 3 15 5.00 0.06 2 6 2.00 0.64 2 65 21.67 0.16 3 14 4.67 0.06 3 Heniochus intermedius 8 2.67 0.09 2 4 1.33 0.01 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 12 4.00 0.03 3 16 5.33 0.07 3 Paracirrhites forsteri 33 11.00 0.38 2 20 6.67 0.07 2 3 1.00 0.32 1 36 12.00 0.09 3 16 5.33 0.07 3 Anampses twistii 15 5.00 0.17 2 11 3.67 0.04 1 36 12.00 3.87 3 7 2.33 0.02 3 31 10.33 0.13 3 Bodianus anthioides 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.00 1 2 0.67 0.21 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 29 9.67 0.12 3 Cheilinus lunulatus 6 2.00 0.07 2 6 2.00 0.02 2 2 0.67 0.21 1 4 1.33 0.01 2 8 2.67 0.03 3 Coris aygula 31 10.33 0.36 2 25 8.33 0.09 2 1 0.33 0.11 1 2 0.67 0.00 1 4 1.33 0.02 2 Gomphosus caeruleus 73 24.33 0.85 3 46 15.33 0.17 2 22 7.33 2.36 3 48 16.00 0.12 3 12 4.00 0.05 2 Labroides dimidiata 31 10.33 0.36 3 21 7.00 0.08 2 15 5.00 1.61 3 45 15.00 0.11 2 36 12.00 0.15 3 Larabicus quadrilineatus 14 4.67 0.16 3 8 2.67 0.03 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 22 7.33 0.05 3 19 6.33 0.08 3 Novaculichthys taeniourus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Paracheilinus octotaenia 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Thalassoma klunzingeri 88 29.33 1.02 3 25 8.33 0.09 2 27 9.00 2.90 3 168 56.00 0.42 2 21 7.00 0.09 2 Thalassoma lunare 12 4.00 0.14 2 8 2.67 0.03 1 2 0.67 0.21 1 2 0.67 0.00 1 20 6.67 0.08 2 Ostracion cubicus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Pomacanthus asfur 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Pomacanthus imperator 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.01 2 1 0.33 0.00 1 Pomacanthus maculosus 2 0.67 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 4 1.33 0.43 2 3 1.00 0.01 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 Pygoplites diacanthus 1 0.33 0.01 1 2 0.67 0.01 1 4 1.33 0.43 3 2 0.67 0.00 2 5 1.67 0.02 2 Amphiprion bicinctus 0 0.00 0.00 0 5 1.67 0.02 2 3 1.00 0.32 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 8 2.67 0.03 2 Dascyllus aruanus 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.01 1 200 66.67 21.48 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.01 1 Dascyllus marginatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 15 5.00 0.06 1 135 45.00 14.50 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Dascyllus trimaculatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.01 1 5 1.67 0.54 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.01 1 Pseudochromis fridmani 6 2.00 0.07 2 28 9.33 0.10 2 8 2.67 0.86 2 35 11.67 0.09 3 152 50.67 0.63 3 Pseudochromis springeri 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 54 18.00 0.23 2 Pterois miles 1 0.33 0.01 1 9 3.00 0.03 3 1 0.33 0.11 1 1 0.33 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 Pterois radiata 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.01 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.01 1 Arothron diadematus 15 5.00 0.17 2 42 14.00 0.15 2 2 0.67 0.21 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 4 1.33 0.02 2 Chromis viridis 2864 954.67 33.20 3 8700 2900.00 32.02 3 350 116.67 37.59 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 5012 1670.67 58.10 3 18000 6000.00 66.24 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 38400 12800.00 95.82 0 23400 7800.00 97.65 3

Total 8626 2875.33 100.00 27173 9057.67 100.00 931 310.33 100.00 40073 13357.67 100.00 23963 7987.67 100.00

Site Illi Ras Mohammad Zorab (Al-Zarba) All Sites Status Unexploited Unexploited Exploited n 3 3 2 3 5 31 Depth Shallow 5m Deep 10m Shallow 5m Deep 10m Shallow 5m Species TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA Acanthurus sohal 167 55.67 0.53 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 20 10.00 0.19 2 3 1.00 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 1283 41.39 0.65 32.26 Naso lituratus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 18 9.00 0.17 1 51 17.00 0.24 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 131 4.23 0.07 41.94 Zebrasoma veliferum 5 1.67 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 52 26.00 0.48 2 38 12.67 0.18 3 33 6.60 0.34 4 153 4.94 0.08 48.39 Zebrasoma xanthurum 7 2.33 0.02 1 10 3.33 0.04 3 59 29.50 0.55 2 18 6.00 0.09 2 3 0.60 0.03 1 113 3.65 0.06 41.94 Balistapus undulatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 10 5.00 0.09 2 11 3.67 0.05 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 28 0.90 0.01 29.03 Balistoides viridescens 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.03 0.00 3.23 Rhinecanthus assasi 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 6 2.00 0.03 2 2 0.40 0.02 1 15 0.48 0.01 19.35 Chaetodon auriga 8 2.67 0.03 2 4 1.33 0.02 1 8 4.00 0.07 2 12 4.00 0.06 3 41 8.20 0.42 5 421 13.58 0.21 87.10 Chaetodon austriacus 26 8.67 0.08 3 26 8.67 0.12 3 25 12.50 0.23 2 25 8.33 0.12 3 121 24.20 1.23 5 332 10.71 0.17 90.32 Chaetodon fasciatus 5 1.67 0.02 2 17 5.67 0.08 2 2 1.00 0.02 1 4 1.33 0.02 2 16 3.20 0.16 4 112 3.61 0.06 74.19 Chaetodon larvatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.06 0.00 3.23 Chaetodon lineolatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 1.00 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 6 0.19 0.00 9.68 Chaetodon melannotus 5 1.67 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 13 6.50 0.12 1 30 10.00 0.14 3 2 0.40 0.02 1 96 3.10 0.05 41.94 Chaetodon mesoleucos 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 14 4.67 0.04 3 31 10.33 0.14 2 12 6.00 0.11 2 12 4.00 0.06 2 13 2.60 0.13 3 224 7.23 0.11 80.65 Chaetodon semilarvatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.01 1 3 1.50 0.03 1 4 1.33 0.02 1 4 0.80 0.04 1 48 1.55 0.02 45.16 Chaetodon trifascialis 37 12.33 0.12 3 12 4.00 0.05 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 89 17.80 0.91 5 286 9.23 0.15 74.19 Heniochus intermedius 4 1.33 0.01 1 16 5.33 0.07 3 4 2.00 0.04 1 11 3.67 0.05 2 13 2.60 0.13 4 88 2.84 0.04 67.74 Paracirrhites forsteri 6 2.00 0.02 2 16 5.33 0.07 3 28 14.00 0.26 2 22 7.33 0.11 3 18 3.60 0.18 5 198 6.39 0.10 83.87 Anampses twistii 28 9.33 0.09 2 39 13.00 0.17 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 24 8.00 0.11 3 26 5.20 0.27 4 217 7.00 0.11 77.42 Bodianus anthioides 3 1.00 0.01 1 9 3.00 0.04 1 2 1.00 0.02 1 2 0.67 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 48 1.55 0.02 29.03 Cheilinus lunulatus 9 3.00 0.03 3 1 0.33 0.00 1 6 3.00 0.06 2 4 1.33 0.02 1 19 3.80 0.19 3 65 2.10 0.03 64.52 Coris aygula 17 5.67 0.05 3 5 1.67 0.02 2 4 2.00 0.04 1 10 3.33 0.05 2 45 9.00 0.46 5 144 4.65 0.07 67.74 Gomphosus caeruleus 84 28.00 0.27 3 28 9.33 0.12 3 3 1.50 0.03 1 5 1.67 0.02 2 86 17.20 0.88 5 407 13.13 0.21 87.10 Labroides dimidiata 41 13.67 0.13 3 30 10.00 0.13 3 25 12.50 0.23 2 65 21.67 0.31 3 32 6.40 0.33 5 341 11.00 0.17 93.55 Larabicus quadrilineatus 7 2.33 0.02 3 6 2.00 0.03 2 2 1.00 0.02 1 13 4.33 0.06 2 28 5.60 0.29 4 119 3.84 0.06 74.19 Novaculichthys taeniourus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Paracheilinus octotaenia 0 0.00 0.00 0 530 176.67 2.36 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 530 17.10 0.27 9.68 Thalassoma klunzingeri 357 119.00 1.13 3 56 18.67 0.25 3 37 18.50 0.34 2 36 12.00 0.17 3 1625 325.00 16.57 5 2440 78.71 1.24 90.32 Thalassoma lunare 11 3.67 0.03 2 13 4.33 0.06 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 13 2.60 0.13 4 81 2.61 0.04 48.39 Ostracion cubicus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.50 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.03 0.00 3.23 Pomacanthus asfur 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pomacanthus imperator 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.01 2 1 0.20 0.01 1 8 0.26 0.00 19.35 Pomacanthus maculosus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.00 1 1 0.20 0.01 1 11 0.35 0.01 22.58 Pygoplites diacanthus 4 1.33 0.01 2 8 2.67 0.04 3 3 1.50 0.03 1 10 3.33 0.05 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 39 1.26 0.02 54.84 Amphiprion bicinctus 50 16.67 0.16 2 8 2.67 0.04 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 4 1.33 0.02 2 8 1.60 0.08 3 86 2.77 0.04 45.16 Dascyllus aruanus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 125 25.00 1.27 3 330 10.65 0.17 22.58 Dascyllus marginatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 310 103.33 1.38 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 80 16.00 0.82 1 540 17.42 0.27 19.35 Dascyllus trimaculatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 5 1.67 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 10 3.33 0.05 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 26 0.84 0.01 16.13 Pseudochromis fridmani 34 11.33 0.11 2 53 17.67 0.24 3 240 120.00 2.22 2 249 83.00 1.19 3 3 0.60 0.03 1 808 26.06 0.41 74.19 Pseudochromis springeri 7 2.33 0.02 2 10 3.33 0.04 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 0.60 0.03 1 76 2.45 0.04 25.81 Pterois miles 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.01 1 3 1.50 0.03 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.40 0.02 1 19 0.61 0.01 29.03 Pterois radiata 2 0.67 0.01 1 2 0.67 0.01 1 2 1.00 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 0.60 0.03 2 14 0.45 0.01 29.03 Arothron diadematus 1 0.33 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.40 0.02 2 66 2.13 0.03 32.26 Chromis viridis 515 171.67 1.63 3 900 300.00 4.00 2 210 105.00 1.95 1 45 15.00 0.22 1 6800 1360.00 69.34 3 20384 657.55 10.38 54.84 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 30130 10043.33 95.40 3 20350 6783.33 90.45 3 10000 5000.00 92.64 1 20200 6733.33 96.52 3 550 110.00 5.61 3 166042 5356.19 84.55 70.97

Total 31584 10528.00 100.00 22499 7499.67 100.00 10794 5397.00 100.00 20929 6976.33 100.00 9807 1961.40 100.00 196379 6334.81 100.00

Appendix 3(c). Results from the Saudi Arabian coast. Species not observed in Saudi Arabia: Chaetodon melapterus, Chaetodon pictus, Heniochus diphreutes, and Pseudochromis springeri.

Site Big Piece Al-Biada South of Biada Small Piece Sta Unexploited Unexploited Exploited Exploited Exploited Exploited 3 3 3 3 3 3 Depth Shallow 4m Deep 8m Shallow 5-6m Shallow 5.5m Deep 7.9-8m Shallow 5.9-6m Species TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA Acanthurus sohal 23 7.67 2.31 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 60 20.00 0.28 3 45 15.00 0.67 3 4 1.33 0.03 1 42 14.00 8.57 3 Naso lituratus 5 1.67 0.50 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 12 4.00 0.06 3 19 6.33 0.28 3 13 4.33 0.10 2 28 9.33 5.71 3 Zebrasoma veliferum 8 2.67 0.80 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 202 67.33 0.96 2 2 0.67 0.03 1 11 3.67 0.09 1 35 11.67 7.14 2 Zebrasoma xanthurum 3 1.00 0.30 1 3 1.00 0.07 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 104 34.67 1.55 3 12 4.00 0.10 2 7 2.33 1.43 1 Balistapus undulatus 13 4.33 1.31 3 25 8.33 0.58 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 5 1.67 0.07 3 2 0.67 0.02 1 7 2.33 1.43 3 Balistoides viridescens 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.00 1 1 0.33 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.20 1 Rhinecanthus assasi 11 3.67 1.10 3 7 2.33 0.16 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.41 1 Chaetodon auriga 6 2.00 0.60 1 3 1.00 0.07 2 19 6.33 0.09 3 6 2.00 0.09 2 4 1.33 0.03 2 16 5.33 3.27 2 Chaetodon austriacus 10 3.33 1.00 3 30 10.00 0.70 3 20 6.67 0.09 3 24 8.00 0.36 3 22 7.33 0.18 3 14 4.67 2.86 2 Chaetodon fasciatus 11 3.67 1.10 3 14 4.67 0.33 3 21 7.00 0.10 3 7 2.33 0.10 3 7 2.33 0.06 3 4 1.33 0.82 2 Chaetodon larvatus 10 3.33 1.00 3 4 1.33 0.09 2 10 3.33 0.05 3 4 1.33 0.06 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 9 3.00 1.84 3 Chaetodon lineolatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Chaetodon melannotus 38 12.67 3.82 3 8 2.67 0.19 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.41 1 Chaetodon mesoleucos 2 0.67 0.20 1 4 1.33 0.09 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.02 1 4 1.33 0.82 1 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 12 4.00 1.20 3 30 10.00 0.70 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.01 1 2 0.67 0.02 1 6 2.00 1.22 2 Chaetodon semilarvatus 6 2.00 0.60 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 4 1.33 0.02 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.61 1 Chaetodon trifascialis 1 0.33 0.10 1 3 1.00 0.07 1 3 1.00 0.01 1 5 1.67 0.07 2 4 1.33 0.03 2 3 1.00 0.61 2 Heniochus intermedius 12 4.00 1.20 3 4 1.33 0.09 2 4 1.33 0.02 2 7 2.33 0.10 3 8 2.67 0.06 2 6 2.00 1.22 3 Paracirrhites forsteri 30 10.00 3.01 3 66 22.00 1.54 3 2 0.67 0.01 1 21 7.00 0.31 3 11 3.67 0.09 3 27 9.00 5.51 3 Anampses twistii 3 1.00 0.30 1 14 4.67 0.33 3 4 1.33 0.02 2 4 1.33 0.06 2 14 4.67 0.11 3 6 2.00 1.22 1 Bodianus anthioides 0 0.00 0.00 0 4 1.33 0.09 1 1 0.33 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.41 1 Cheilinus lunulatus 3 1.00 0.30 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 5 1.67 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Coris aygula 1 0.33 0.10 1 2 0.67 0.05 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.41 1 Gomphosus caeruleus 35 11.67 3.51 3 32 10.67 0.74 3 42 14.00 0.20 3 54 18.00 0.80 3 52 17.33 0.42 3 47 15.67 9.59 3 Labroides dimidiata 19 6.33 1.91 3 9 3.00 0.21 3 16 5.33 0.08 3 20 6.67 0.30 3 28 9.33 0.23 3 21 7.00 4.29 3 Larabicus quadrilineatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 7 2.33 0.16 2 12 4.00 0.06 2 53 17.67 0.79 3 22 7.33 0.18 3 8 2.67 1.63 3 Novaculichthys taeniourus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Paracheilinus octotaenia 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Thalassoma klunzingeri 95 31.67 9.54 3 120 40.00 2.79 3 10 3.33 0.05 2 46 15.33 0.68 3 33 11.00 0.27 3 143 47.67 29.18 3 Thalassoma lunare 11 3.67 1.10 3 17 5.67 0.40 2 42 14.00 0.20 2 19 6.33 0.28 3 24 8.00 0.19 3 15 5.00 3.06 2 Ostracion cubicus 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Pomacanthus asfur 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Pomacanthus imperator 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Pomacanthus maculosus 0 0.00 0.00 0 9 3.00 0.21 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Pygoplites diacanthus 12 4.00 1.20 3 34 11.33 0.79 2 1 0.33 0.00 1 10 3.33 0.15 3 9 3.00 0.07 3 24 8.00 4.90 3 Amphiprion bicinctus 10 3.33 1.00 3 6 2.00 0.14 2 4 1.33 0.02 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 7 2.33 0.06 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 Dascyllus aruanus 0 0.00 0.00 0 786 262.00 18.28 2 6730 2243.33 31.84 3 58 19.33 0.86 2 1810 603.33 14.55 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 Dascyllus marginatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Dascyllus trimaculatus 5 1.67 0.50 1 5 1.67 0.12 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 25 8.33 0.20 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 Pseudochromis fridmani 10 3.33 1.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 29 9.67 0.43 2 14 4.67 0.11 3 6 2.00 1.22 2 Pseudochromis flavivertex 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 10 3.33 0.05 3 1 0.33 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Pterois miles 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Pterois radiata 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Arothron diadematus 1 0.33 0.10 1 2 0.67 0.05 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 Chromis viridis 70 23.33 7.03 1 1800 600.00 41.87 2 13900 4633.33 65.77 3 6180 2060.00 91.88 3 10300 3433.33 82.80 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 520 173.33 52.21 2 1250 416.67 29.08 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0

Total 996 332.00 100.00 4299 1433.00 100.00 21135 7045.00 100.00 6726 2242.00 100.00 12440 4146.67 100.00 490 163.33 100.00

Site Al-Kherq Bostek - Thoal Thoal - Awjam Al-Lith All Sites Status Exploited Exploited Exploited Exploited Exploited n 3 3 3 3 3 33 Depth Shallow 6-6.8m Shallow 7.5-8m Shallow 4m Shallow 5.5m Deep 10m Species TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA Acanthurus sohal 12 4.00 0.08 2 2 0.67 0.33 1 169 56.33 21.92 3 65 21.67 0.17 3 94 31.33 0.77 3 516 46.91 0.46 75.76 Naso lituratus 10 3.33 0.07 3 40 13.33 6.57 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 26 8.67 0.07 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 153 13.91 0.14 63.64 Zebrasoma veliferum 14 4.67 0.10 2 9 3.00 1.48 3 80 26.67 10.38 3 16 5.33 0.04 2 9 3.00 0.07 3 386 35.09 0.34 63.64 Zebrasoma xanthurum 4 1.33 0.03 2 12 4.00 1.97 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.02 1 147 13.36 0.13 39.39 Balistapus undulatus 13 4.33 0.09 3 7 2.33 1.15 2 4 1.33 0.52 2 6 2.00 0.02 2 1 0.33 0.01 1 83 7.55 0.07 69.70 Balistoides viridescens 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.16 1 1 0.33 0.13 1 2 0.67 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 7 0.64 0.01 18.18 Rhinecanthus assasi 9 3.00 0.06 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 30 2.73 0.03 30.30 Chaetodon auriga 8 2.67 0.06 2 6 2.00 0.99 2 11 3.67 1.43 3 2 0.67 0.01 1 2 0.67 0.02 1 83 7.55 0.07 63.64 Chaetodon austriacus 25 8.33 0.17 3 14 4.67 2.30 3 18 6.00 2.33 3 7 2.33 0.02 1 6 2.00 0.05 1 190 17.27 0.17 84.85 Chaetodon fasciatus 4 1.33 0.03 2 2 0.67 0.33 1 16 5.33 2.08 3 4 1.33 0.01 2 1 0.33 0.01 1 91 8.27 0.08 78.79 Chaetodon larvatus 4 1.33 0.03 3 10 3.33 1.64 3 6 2.00 0.78 3 80 26.67 0.20 3 25 8.33 0.20 3 162 14.73 0.14 84.85 Chaetodon lineolatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.26 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 0.27 0.00 6.06 Chaetodon melannotus 2 0.67 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 50 4.55 0.04 21.21 Chaetodon mesoleucos 2 0.67 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.02 1 16 1.45 0.01 18.18 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 5 1.67 0.03 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.02 1 58 5.27 0.05 39.39 Chaetodon semilarvatus 2 0.67 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.13 1 4 1.33 0.01 1 7 2.33 0.06 2 27 2.45 0.02 33.33 Chaetodon trifascialis 2 0.67 0.01 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 21 1.91 0.02 33.33 Heniochus intermedius 14 4.67 0.10 3 12 4.00 1.97 3 35 11.67 4.54 3 11 3.67 0.03 3 10 3.33 0.08 3 123 11.18 0.11 90.91 Paracirrhites forsteri 52 17.33 0.36 3 4 1.33 0.66 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 214 19.45 0.19 66.67 Anampses twistii 16 5.33 0.11 2 7 2.33 1.15 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 7 2.33 0.02 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 75 6.82 0.07 57.58 Bodianus anthioides 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.33 1 4 1.33 0.52 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 5 1.67 0.04 1 18 1.64 0.02 21.21 Cheilinus lunulatus 1 0.33 0.01 1 7 2.33 1.15 2 11 3.67 1.43 3 6 2.00 0.02 3 3 1.00 0.02 1 36 3.27 0.03 36.36 Coris aygula 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.26 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 7 0.64 0.01 12.12 Gomphosus caeruleus 75 25.00 0.52 3 39 13.00 6.40 3 56 18.67 7.26 3 62 20.67 0.16 3 24 8.00 0.20 3 518 47.09 0.46 100.00 Labroides dimidiata 24 8.00 0.17 3 31 10.33 5.09 3 19 6.33 2.46 3 15 5.00 0.04 3 9 3.00 0.07 3 211 19.18 0.19 100.00 Larabicus quadrilineatus 26 8.67 0.18 3 43 14.33 7.06 3 127 42.33 16.47 3 114 38.00 0.29 3 95 31.67 0.77 3 507 46.09 0.45 84.85 Novaculichthys taeniourus 19 6.33 0.13 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 20 1.82 0.02 6.06 Paracheilinus octotaenia 0 0.00 0.00 0 15 5.00 2.46 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 485 161.67 1.24 2 1500 500.00 12.23 3 2000 181.82 1.77 21.21 Thalassoma klunzingeri 5 1.67 0.03 1 50 16.67 8.21 3 34 11.33 4.41 2 66 22.00 0.17 3 16 5.33 0.13 2 618 56.18 0.55 84.85 Thalassoma lunare 7 2.33 0.05 2 34 11.33 5.58 3 43 14.33 5.58 3 73 24.33 0.19 2 33 11.00 0.27 3 318 28.91 0.28 84.85 Ostracion cubicus 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.49 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 4 0.36 0.00 6.06 Pomacanthus asfur 0 0.00 0.00 0 4 1.33 0.66 1 19 6.33 2.46 3 15 5.00 0.04 3 7 2.33 0.06 2 45 4.09 0.04 27.27 Pomacanthus imperator 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.09 0.00 3.03 Pomacanthus maculosus 0 0.00 0.00 0 4 1.33 0.66 2 3 1.00 0.39 2 8 2.67 0.02 3 2 0.67 0.02 2 26 2.36 0.02 30.30 Pygoplites diacanthus 13 4.33 0.09 3 8 2.67 1.31 3 1 0.33 0.13 1 9 3.00 0.02 3 5 1.67 0.04 3 126 11.45 0.11 84.85 Amphiprion bicinctus 1 0.33 0.01 1 3 1.00 0.49 1 2 0.67 0.26 1 8 2.67 0.02 3 2 0.67 0.02 1 43 3.91 0.04 48.48 Dascyllus aruanus 1075 358.33 7.45 3 8 2.67 1.31 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 5 1.67 0.01 1 57 19.00 0.46 3 10529 957.18 9.29 57.58 Dascyllus marginatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 25 8.33 0.06 1 10 3.33 0.08 1 35 3.18 0.03 6.06 Dascyllus trimaculatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 43 14.33 0.11 1 14 4.67 0.11 1 92 8.36 0.08 15.15 Pseudochromis fridmani 40 13.33 0.28 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 12 4.00 1.56 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 47 15.67 0.38 2 158 14.36 0.14 45.45 Pseudochromis flavivertex 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 92 30.67 11.93 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 103 9.36 0.09 21.21 Pterois miles 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pterois radiata 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.09 0.00 3.03 Arothron diadematus 1 0.33 0.01 1 2 0.67 0.33 2 3 1.00 0.39 2 1 0.33 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 10 0.91 0.01 27.27 Chromis viridis 12300 4100.00 85.27 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 37800 12600.00 96.60 3 9650 3216.67 78.68 3 92000 8363.64 81.21 63.64 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 640 213.33 4.44 3.00 230 76.67 37.77 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 160 53.33 0.41 3 625 208.33 5.10 2 3425 311.36 3.02 48.48

Total 14425 4808.33 100.00 609 203.00 100.00 771 257.00 100.00 39130 13043.33 100.00 12265 4088.33 100.00 113286 3432.91 100.00

Appendix 3(d). Results from the Yemeni coast. The following species were not observed in Yemen: Chaetodon lineolatus, Chaetodon melapterus, Chaetodon pictus, Heniochus diphreutes, Chaetodon melannotus, and Pseudochromis springeri.

Site Kadaman Kamaran Tekfash Quish Al-Murk Al-Badi Island/Al-Bodei All Sites Status Exploited Exploited Unexploited Exploited Exploited Unexploited n 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 Depth Shallow 2.5-3.5m Shallow 4m Shallow 4m Shallow 4m Shallow 2-3m Shallow 3m Species TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA Acanthurus sohal 34 11.33 8.99 3 19 6.33 0.18 1 0 0.67 0.01 1 93 31.00 0.12 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 47 15.67 0.19 2 195 10.83 0.15 50.00 Naso lituratus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 26 8.67 0.14 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 26 1.44 0.02 5.56 Zebrasoma veliferum 9 3.00 2.38 0 20 6.67 0.19 2 7 2.33 0.04 1 10 3.33 0.01 1 5 1.67 1.75 2 4 1.33 0.02 1 55 3.06 0.04 38.89 Zebrasoma xanthurum 6 2.00 1.59 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 15 5.00 0.08 2 3 1.00 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 24 1.33 0.02 22.22 Balistapus undulatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Balistoides viridescens 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Rhinecanthus assasi 2 0.67 0.53 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.11 0.00 5.56 Chaetodon auriga 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon austriacus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon fasciatus 8 2.67 2.12 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 8 0.44 0.01 16.67 Chaetodon larvatus 16 5.33 4.23 3 129 43.00 1.20 3 418 139.33 2.22 3 278 92.67 0.37 3 61 20.33 21.33 3 144 48.00 0.58 3 1046 58.11 0.81 100.00 Chaetodon mesoleucos 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.01 1 1 0.33 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 13 4.33 0.05 2 16 0.89 0.01 22.22 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon semilarvatus 15 5.00 3.97 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 14 4.67 0.07 1 2 0.67 0.00 1 2 0.67 0.70 1 4 1.33 0.02 3 37 2.06 0.03 50.00 Chaetodon trifascialis 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 10 3.33 3.50 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 10 0.56 0.01 5.56 Heniochus intermedius 10 3.33 2.65 3 17 5.67 0.16 3 24 8.00 0.13 3 8 2.67 0.01 1 19 6.33 6.64 2 69 23.00 0.28 3 147 8.17 0.11 83.33 Paracirrhites forsteri 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anampses twistii 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bodianus anthioides 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cheilinus lunulatus 18 6.00 4.76 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 11 3.67 0.06 3 5 1.67 0.01 2 5 1.67 1.75 2 24 8.00 0.10 3 63 3.50 0.05 72.22 Coris aygula 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.06 0.00 5.56 Gomphosus caeruleus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.01 1 4 1.33 0.01 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.00 1 7 0.39 0.01 22.22 Labroides dimidiata 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.03 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 5 1.67 0.02 3 8 0.44 0.01 27.78 Larabicus quadrilineatus 94 31.33 24.87 3 291 97.00 2.71 3 568 189.33 3.02 3 709 236.33 0.95 3 72 24.00 25.17 3 329 109.67 1.32 3 2063 114.61 1.59 100.00 Novaculichthys taeniourus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Paracheilinus octotaenia 0 0.00 0.00 0 100 33.33 0.93 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 100 5.56 0.08 5.56 Thalassoma klunzingeri 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Thalassoma lunare 83 27.67 21.96 3 97 32.33 0.90 3 140 46.67 0.74 3 211 70.33 0.28 3 23 7.67 8.04 3 245 81.67 0.98 3 799 44.39 0.61 100.00 Ostracion cubicus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.06 0.00 5.56 Pomacanthus asfur 20 6.67 5.29 3 10 3.33 0.09 2 19 6.33 0.10 3 27 9.00 0.04 3 36 12.00 12.59 3 64 21.33 0.26 3 176 9.78 0.14 94.44 Pomacanthus imperator 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.35 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.06 0.00 5.56 Pomacanthus maculosus 63 21.00 16.67 3 42 14.00 0.39 3 22 7.33 0.12 3 45 15.00 0.06 3 52 17.33 18.18 3 140 46.67 0.56 3 364 20.22 0.28 100.00 Pygoplites diacanthus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Amphiprion bicinctus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.00 1 2 0.11 0.00 11.11 Dascyllus aruanus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.00 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 430 143.33 1.72 2 432 24.00 0.33 16.67 Dascyllus marginatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 442 147.33 4.12 1 2660 886.67 14.13 3 2310 770.00 3.09 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 2165 721.67 8.66 3 7577 420.94 5.83 50.00 Dascyllus trimaculatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.03 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 1310 436.67 1.75 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1313 72.94 1.01 11.11 Pseudochromis fridmani 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pseudochromis flavivertex 0 0.00 0.00 0 58 19.33 0.54 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.00 1 59 3.28 0.05 22.22 Pterois miles 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pterois radiata 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Arothron diadematus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chromis viridis 0 0.00 0.00 0 9500 3166.67 88.52 1 14900 4966.67 79.12 3 69700 23233.33 93.28 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 21300 7100.00 85.25 3 115 6411.11 88.82 55.56 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total 378 126.00 100.00 10732 3577.33 100.00 18831 6277.00 100.00 74719 24906.33 100.00 286 95.33 100.00 24986 8328.67 100.00 129 7218.44 100.00

Appendix 3(e). Results from the Djiboutian coast. The following species were not observed in Djibouti: Chaetodon lineolatus and Pseudochromis springeri.

Site Khor Ambado North of Maskali Moucha Tadjoura Plaga Arta Gehere All Sites Status Unexploited Unexploited Unexploited Unexploited Unexploited Unexploited n 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 Depth Shallow 2.5-3.5m Shallow 2-3m Shallow 2-4m Shallow 4-6m Shallow 3-6m Shallow 3-5.6m Species TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA Acanthurus sohal 105 35.00 13.34 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 111 37.00 2.40 3 9 3.00 0.07 2 24 8.00 0.45 2 249 13.83 0.46 55.56 Naso lituratus 0 0.00 0.00 0 410 136.67 2.11 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 410 22.78 0.76 5.56 Zebrasoma veliferum 26 8.67 3.30 3 22 7.33 0.11 2 24 8.00 0.23 2 19 6.33 0.41 3 8 2.67 0.06 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 99 5.50 0.18 72.22 Zebrasoma xanthurum 59 19.67 7.50 3 69 23.00 0.36 3 197 65.67 1.92 3 45 15.00 0.97 2 111 37.00 0.83 3 64 21.33 1.19 2 545 30.28 1.01 88.89 Balistapus undulatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 8 2.67 0.04 3 1 0.33 0.01 1 1 0.33 0.02 1 1 0.33 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 11 0.61 0.02 33.33 Balistoides viridescens 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.01 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.11 0.00 11.11 Rhinecanthus assasi 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon auriga 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon austriacus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon fasciatus 17 5.67 2.16 3 8 2.67 0.04 2 3 1.00 0.03 1 8 2.67 0.17 2 5 1.67 0.04 2 2 0.67 0.04 1 43 2.39 0.08 61.11 Chaetodon larvatus 42 14.00 5.34 3 17 5.67 0.09 3 22 7.33 0.21 3 63 21.00 1.36 3 55 18.33 0.41 3 10 3.33 0.19 3 209 11.61 0.39 100.00 Chaetodon melapterus 8 2.67 1.02 3 34 11.33 0.17 3 31 10.33 0.30 3 20 6.67 0.43 2 13 4.33 0.10 3 22 7.33 0.41 3 128 7.11 0.24 94.44 Chaetodon melannotus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 4 0.22 0.01 11.11 Chaetodon mesoleucos 3 1.00 0.38 2 8 2.67 0.04 2 4 1.33 0.04 2 3 1.00 0.06 1 8 2.67 0.06 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 26 1.44 0.05 55.56 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon pictus 11 3.67 1.40 3 4 1.33 0.02 2 15 5.00 0.15 3 4 1.33 0.09 2 1 0.33 0.01 1 18 6.00 0.34 3 53 2.94 0.10 77.78 Chaetodon semilarvatus 1 0.33 0.13 1 12 4.00 0.06 2 6 2.00 0.06 2 6 2.00 0.13 3 12 4.00 0.09 3 4 1.33 0.07 1 41 2.28 0.08 66.67 Chaetodon trifascialis 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 7 2.33 0.07 1 18 6.00 0.39 2 8 2.67 0.06 2 4 1.33 0.07 1 37 2.06 0.07 33.33 Heniochus diphreutes 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.11 0.00 5.56 Heniochus intermedius 28 9.33 3.56 3 10 3.33 0.05 2 5 1.67 0.05 3 18 6.00 0.39 3 83 27.67 0.62 3 8 2.67 0.15 3 152 8.44 0.28 94.44 Paracirrhites forsteri 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anampses twistii 4 1.33 0.51 2 3 1.00 0.02 1 2 0.67 0.02 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 6 2.00 0.04 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 15 0.83 0.03 33.33 Bodianus anthioides 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cheilinus lunulatus 16 5.33 2.03 3 1 0.33 0.01 1 5 1.67 0.05 2 1 0.33 0.02 1 1 0.33 0.01 1 1 0.33 0.02 1 25 1.39 0.05 50.00 Coris aygula 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gomphosus caeruleus 29 9.67 3.68 3 26 8.67 0.13 2 114 38.00 1.11 3 23 7.67 0.50 3 43 14.33 0.32 3 63 21.00 1.17 3 298 16.56 0.55 94.44 Labroides dimidiata 9 3.00 1.14 3 7 2.33 0.04 2 18 6.00 0.18 2 1 0.33 0.02 1 9 3.00 0.07 2 9 3.00 0.17 3 53 2.94 0.10 72.22 Larabicus quadrilineatus 174 58.00 22.11 3 105 35.00 0.54 3 223 74.33 2.17 3 148 49.33 3.20 3 176 58.67 1.32 3 221 73.67 4.12 3 1047 58.17 1.94 100.00 Novaculichthys taeniourus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Paracheilinus octotaenia 30 10.00 3.81 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 32 10.67 0.69 1 255 85.00 1.91 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 317 17.61 0.59 27.78 Thalassoma klunzingeri 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Thalassoma lunare 68 22.67 8.64 3 86 28.67 0.44 3 151 50.33 1.47 3 221 73.67 4.78 3 188 62.67 1.41 3 406 135.33 7.56 3 1120 62.22 2.08 100.00 Ostracion cubicus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pomacanthus asfur 9 3.00 1.14 3 6 2.00 0.03 1 9 3.00 0.09 3 23 7.67 0.50 3 16 5.33 0.12 3 5 1.67 0.09 1 68 3.78 0.13 77.78 Pomacanthus imperator 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.33 0.02 1 1 0.06 0.00 5.56 Pomacanthus maculosus 10 3.33 1.27 3 1 0.33 0.01 1 5 1.67 0.05 2 12 4.00 0.26 3 5 1.67 0.04 3 6 2.00 0.11 3 39 2.17 0.07 83.33 Pygoplites diacanthus 14 4.67 1.78 3 12 4.00 0.06 3 1 0.33 0.01 1 10 3.33 0.22 2 25 8.33 0.19 3 0 0.00 0.00 0 62 3.44 0.12 66.67 Amphiprion bicinctus 6 2.00 0.76 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.04 1 11 3.67 0.08 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 19 1.06 0.04 22.22 Dascyllus aruanus 23 7.67 2.92 3 81 27.00 0.42 2 84 28.00 0.82 2 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 188 10.44 0.35 38.89 Dascyllus marginatus 15 5.00 1.91 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 10 3.33 0.22 1 15 5.00 0.11 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 40 2.22 0.07 16.67 Dascyllus trimaculatus 0 0.00 0.00 0 2 0.67 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 17 5.67 0.37 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 19 1.06 0.04 11.11 Pseudochromis fridmani 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pseudochromis flavivertex 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pterois miles 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pterois radiata 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 3 1.00 0.06 2 1 0.33 0.01 1 0 0.00 0.00 0 4 0.22 0.01 16.67 Arothron diadematus 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chromis viridis 80 26.67 10.17 2 18500 6166.67 95.19 3 9350 3116.67 90.95 3 3800 1266.67 82.27 3 12300 4100.00 92.01 3 4500 1500.00 83.83 3 48530 2696.11 90.11 94.44 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 787 262.33 100.00 19434 6478.00 100.00 10280 3426.67 100.00 4619 1539.67 100.00 13368 4456.00 100.00 5368 1789.33 100.00 53856 2992.00 100.00

Appendix 3(f). Country records for the total abundance (TA), average abundance (AA), relative abundance (RA), and frequency of appearance (FA) for each ornamental fish species.

Country Jordan Egypt Saudi Arabia Yemen Djibouti Number of Survey Sites 3 6 8 6 6 Number of Transects 18 31 33 18 18 Species TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA TA AA RA FA Acanthurus sohal 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 1283 41.39 0.65 32.26 516 46.91 0.46 75.76 195 10.83 0.15 50.00 249 13.83 0.46 55.56 Naso lituratus 1 0.06 0.00 5.56 131 4.23 0.07 41.94 153 13.91 0.14 63.64 26 1.44 0.02 5.56 410 22.78 0.76 5.56 Zebrasoma veliferum 20 1.11 0.07 44.44 153 4.94 0.08 48.39 386 35.09 0.34 63.64 55 3.06 0.04 38.89 99 5.50 0.18 72.22 Zebrasoma xanthurum 74 4.11 0.25 88.89 113 3.65 0.06 41.94 147 13.36 0.13 39.39 24 1.33 0.02 22.22 545 30.28 1.01 88.89 Balistapus undulatus 14 0.78 0.05 50.00 28 0.90 0.01 29.03 83 7.55 0.07 69.70 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 11 0.61 0.02 33.33 Balistoides viridescens 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 0.03 0.00 3.23 7 0.64 0.01 18.18 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.11 0.00 11.11 Rhinecanthus assasi 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 15 0.48 0.01 19.35 30 2.73 0.03 30.30 2 0.11 0.00 5.56 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon auriga 3 0.17 0.01 11.11 421 13.58 0.21 87.10 83 7.55 0.07 63.64 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon austriacus 148 8.22 0.50 83.33 332 10.71 0.17 90.32 190 17.27 0.17 84.85 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon fasciatus 40 2.22 0.14 72.22 112 3.61 0.06 74.19 91 8.27 0.08 78.79 8 0.44 0.01 16.67 43 2.39 0.08 61.11 Chaetodon larvatus 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.06 0.00 3.23 162 14.73 0.14 84.85 1046 58.11 0.81 100.00 209 11.61 0.39 100.00 Chaetodon lineolatus 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 6 0.19 0.00 9.68 3 0.27 0.00 6.06 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon melapterus 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 128 7.11 0.24 94.44 Chaetodon melannotus 10 0.56 0.03 27.78 96 3.10 0.05 41.94 50 4.55 0.04 21.21 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 0.22 0.01 11.11 Chaetodon mesoleucos 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 16 1.45 0.01 18.18 16 0.89 0.01 22.22 26 1.44 0.05 55.56 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 441 24.50 1.50 100.00 224 7.23 0.11 80.65 58 5.27 0.05 39.39 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon pictus 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 53 2.94 0.10 77.78 Chaetodon semilarvatus 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 48 1.55 0.02 45.16 27 2.45 0.02 33.33 37 2.06 0.03 50.00 41 2.28 0.08 66.67 Chaetodon trifascialis 3 0.17 0.01 11.11 286 9.23 0.15 74.19 21 1.91 0.02 33.33 10 0.56 0.01 5.56 37 2.06 0.07 33.33 Heniochus diphreutes 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 123 11.18 0.11 90.91 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.11 0.00 5.56 Heniochus intermedius 19 1.06 0.06 44.44 88 2.84 0.04 67.74 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 147 8.17 0.11 83.33 152 8.44 0.28 94.44 Paracirrhites forsteri 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 198 6.39 0.10 83.87 214 19.45 0.19 66.67 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anampses twistii 176 9.78 0.60 94.44 217 7.00 0.11 77.42 75 6.82 0.07 57.58 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 15 0.83 0.03 33.33 Bodianus anthioides 36 2.00 0.12 61.11 48 1.55 0.02 29.03 18 1.64 0.02 21.21 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cheilinus lunulatus 6 0.33 0.02 22.22 65 2.10 0.03 64.52 36 3.27 0.03 36.36 63 3.50 0.05 72.22 25 1.39 0.05 50.00 Coris aygula 6 0.33 0.02 27.78 144 4.65 0.07 67.74 7 0.64 0.01 12.12 1 0.06 0.00 5.56 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gomphosus caeruleus 149 8.28 0.51 94.44 407 13.13 0.21 87.10 518 47.09 0.46 100.00 7 0.39 0.01 22.22 298 16.56 0.55 94.44 Labroides dimidiata 31 1.72 0.11 66.67 341 11.00 0.17 93.55 211 19.18 0.19 100.00 8 0.44 0.01 27.78 53 2.94 0.10 72.22 Larabicus quadrilineatus 123 6.83 0.42 94.44 119 3.84 0.06 74.19 507 46.09 0.45 84.85 2063 114.61 1.59 100.00 1047 58.17 1.94 100.00 Novaculichthys taeniourus 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 20 1.82 0.02 6.06 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Paracheilinus octotaenia 2158 119.89 7.32 55.56 530 17.10 0.27 9.68 2000 181.82 1.77 21.21 100 5.56 0.08 5.56 317 17.61 0.59 27.78 Thalassoma klunzingeri 756 42.00 2.56 100.00 2440 78.71 1.24 90.32 618 56.18 0.55 84.85 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Thalassoma lunare 14 0.78 0.05 22.22 81 2.61 0.04 48.39 318 28.91 0.28 84.85 799 44.39 0.61 100.00 1120 62.22 2.08 100.00 Ostracion cubicus 9 0.50 0.03 27.78 1 0.03 0.00 3.23 4 0.36 0.00 6.06 1 0.06 0.00 5.56 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pomacanthus asfur 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 45 4.09 0.04 27.27 176 9.78 0.14 94.44 68 3.78 0.13 77.78 Pomacanthus imperator 1 0.06 0.00 5.56 8 0.26 0.00 19.35 1 0.09 0.00 3.03 1 0.06 0.00 5.56 1 0.06 0.00 5.56 Pomacanthus maculosus 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 11 0.35 0.01 22.58 26 2.36 0.02 30.30 364 20.22 0.28 100.00 39 2.17 0.07 83.33 Pygoplites diacanthus 3 0.17 0.01 5.56 39 1.26 0.02 54.84 126 11.45 0.11 84.85 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 62 3.44 0.12 66.67 Amphiprion bicinctus 454 25.22 1.54 100.00 86 2.77 0.04 45.16 43 3.91 0.04 48.48 2 0.11 0.00 11.11 19 1.06 0.04 22.22 Dascyllus aruanus 2263 125.72 7.68 100.00 330 10.65 0.17 22.58 10529 957.18 9.29 57.58 432 24.00 0.33 16.67 188 10.44 0.35 38.89 Dascyllus marginatus 2013 111.83 6.83 100.00 540 17.42 0.27 19.35 35 3.18 0.03 6.06 7577 420.94 5.83 50.00 40 2.22 0.07 16.67 Dascyllus trimaculatus 129 7.17 0.44 44.44 26 0.84 0.01 16.13 92 8.36 0.08 15.15 1313 72.94 1.01 11.11 19 1.06 0.04 11.11 Pseudochromis fridmani 239 13.28 0.81 88.89 808 26.06 0.41 74.19 158 14.36 0.14 45.45 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pseudochromis flavivertex 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 103 9.36 0.09 21.21 59 3.28 0.05 22.22 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pseudochromis springeri 41 2.28 0.14 61.11 76 2.45 0.04 25.81 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pterois miles 3 0.17 0.01 16.67 19 0.61 0.01 29.03 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pterois radiata 8 0.44 0.03 22.22 14 0.45 0.01 29.03 1 0.09 0.00 3.03 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 0.22 0.01 16.67 Arothron diadematus 2 0.11 0.01 11.11 66 2.13 0.03 32.26 10 0.91 0.01 27.27 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chromis viridis 8100 450.00 27.47 94.44 20384 657.55 10.38 54.84 92000 8363.64 81.21 63.64 115400 6411.11 88.82 55.56 48530 2696.11 90.11 94.44 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 11992 666.22 40.67 100.00 166042 5356.19 84.55 70.97 3425 311.36 3.02 48.48 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 29485 1638.06 100.00 196379 6334.81 100.00 113286 3432.91 100.00 129932 7218.44 100.00 53856 2992.00 100.00

Appendix 4. Statistical analysis results: richness, evenness and diversity.

Shannon- No. of Species No. of species Evenness Wiener individuals richness Diversity Jordan S N (AA) d J' H'(loge) JMSS5m 30 1344.33 4.03 0.51 1.75 JMSS10m 27 1757.00 3.48 0.45 1.47 JTC5m 24 475.00 3.73 0.68 2.15 JTC10m 23 1626.00 2.98 0.55 1.73 JVC5m 29 3117.67 3.48 0.41 1.37 JVC10m 25 1508.33 3.28 0.55 1.77 Average 26.33 1638.06 3.50 0.52 1.70 Egypt S N (AA) d J' H'(loge) ENok5m 31 2875.33 3.77 0.32 1.11 ENok9m 34 9057.67 3.62 0.22 0.76 EMah10m 26 310.33 4.36 0.62 2.01 EFAld5m 29 13357.67 2.95 0.07 0.24 EFAld10m 31 7987.67 3.34 0.05 0.18 EIll5m 28 10528.00 2.92 0.08 0.28 EIll10m 29 7499.67 3.14 0.15 0.49 ERasMoh5m 28 5397.00 3.14 0.13 0.43 ERasMoh10m 31 6976.33 3.39 0.07 0.24 EAlZ5m 32 1961.40 4.09 0.33 1.15 Average 29.90 6595.11 3.47 0.20 0.69 Saudi Arabia S N (AA) d J' H'(loge) BPSh 31 332.00 5.17 0.60 2.05 BPDe 30 1433.00 3.99 0.46 1.56 Biadsh 25 7045.00 2.71 0.24 0.78 Sbiadsh 26 2242.00 3.24 0.15 0.50 SBiadDe 25 4146.67 2.88 0.19 0.61 SmPSh 28 163.33 5.30 0.79 2.63 KherqSh 32 4808.33 3.66 0.19 0.65 ThBousSh 29 203.00 5.27 0.72 2.44 ThAwjSh 26 257.00 4.51 0.77 2.49 LithSh 34 13043.33 3.48 0.06 0.23 LithDe 30 4088.33 3.49 0.24 0.83 Average 28.73 3432.91 3.97 0.40 1.34 Yemen S N (AA) d J' H'(loge) YKad3mExp 13 126.00 2.48 0.83 2.12 YKam4mExp 15 3577.33 1.71 0.21 0.57 YTek4mNon 17 6277.00 1.83 0.26 0.74 YQui3mExp 18 24906.33 1.68 0.12 0.35 YAlMu3mExp 11 95.33 2.19 0.81 1.94 YAlBa3mNon 18 8328.67 1.88 0.22 0.64 Average 15.33 7218.44 1.96 0.41 1.06 Djibouti S N (AA) d J' H'(loge) DKAmb 24 262.33 4.13 0.83 2.64 DNmas 24 6478.00 2.62 0.09 0.29 Dmush 24 3426.67 2.83 0.16 0.50 Dtajo 26 1539.67 3.41 0.27 0.89 DPArt 27 4456.00 3.09 0.14 0.47 Dgeh 18 1789.33 2.27 0.25 0.71 Average 23.83 2992.00 3.06 0.29 0.92

Appendix 5. Percentage of average abundance of ornamental fish species for the five countries.

Country Jordan Egypt Saudi Arabia Yemen Djibouti Species Acanthurus sohal 0.00 36.64 41.53 9.59 12.25 Naso lituratus 0.13 9.96 32.79 3.41 53.71 Zebrasoma veliferum 2.24 9.93 70.62 6.15 11.07 Zebrasoma xanthurum 7.80 6.91 25.34 2.53 57.42 Balistapus undulatus 7.91 9.18 76.70 0.00 6.21 Balistoides viridescens 0.00 4.14 81.61 0.00 14.25 Rhinecanthus assasi 0.00 14.56 82.09 3.34 0.00 Chaetodon auriga 0.78 63.78 35.44 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon austriacus 22.71 29.58 47.71 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon fasciatus 13.12 21.33 48.83 2.62 14.10 Chaetodon larvatus 0.00 0.08 17.43 68.76 13.74 Chaetodon lineolatus 0.00 41.51 58.49 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon melapterus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Chaetodon melannotus 6.60 36.78 53.98 0.00 2.64 Chaetodon mesoleucos 0.00 0.00 38.40 23.47 38.13 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 66.22 19.53 14.25 0.00 0.00 Chaetodon pictus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Chaetodon semilarvatus 0.00 18.57 29.44 24.66 27.32 Chaetodon trifascialis 1.20 66.31 13.72 3.99 14.77 Heniochus diphreutes 0.00 0.00 99.02 0.00 0.98 Heniochus intermedius 5.15 13.84 0.00 39.83 41.18 Paracirrhites forsteri 0.00 24.72 75.28 0.00 0.00 Anampses twistii 40.02 28.65 27.91 0.00 3.41 Bodianus anthioides 38.57 29.86 31.56 0.00 0.00 Cheilinus lunulatus 3.15 19.80 30.90 33.04 13.11 Coris aygula 5.88 81.92 11.22 0.98 0.00 Gomphosus caeruleus 9.69 15.37 55.11 0.46 19.38 Labroides dimidiata 4.88 31.17 54.35 1.26 8.34 Larabicus quadrilineatus 2.98 1.67 20.08 49.93 25.34 Novaculichthys taeniourus 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Paracheilinus octotaenia 35.06 5.00 53.17 1.62 5.15 Thalassoma klunzingeri 23.74 44.50 31.76 0.00 0.00 Thalassoma lunare 0.56 1.88 20.81 31.95 44.79 Ostracion cubicus 52.55 3.39 38.22 5.84 0.00 Pomacanthus asfur 0.00 0.00 23.18 55.41 21.41 Pomacanthus imperator 10.77 50.05 17.63 10.77 10.77 Pomacanthus maculosus 0.00 1.41 9.41 80.54 8.63 Pygoplites diacanthus 1.02 7.71 70.17 0.00 21.10 Amphiprion bicinctus 76.26 8.39 11.82 0.34 3.19 Dascyllus aruanus 11.15 0.94 84.86 2.13 0.93 Dascyllus marginatus 20.13 3.14 0.57 75.76 0.40 Dascyllus trimaculatus 7.93 0.93 9.25 80.72 1.17 Pseudochromis fridmani 24.72 48.53 26.74 0.00 0.00 Pseudochromis flavivertex 0.00 0.00 74.07 25.93 0.00 Pseudochromis springeri 48.16 51.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pterois miles 21.38 78.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pterois radiata 36.76 37.35 7.52 0.00 18.38 Arothron diadematus 3.53 67.60 28.87 0.00 0.00 Chromis viridis 2.42 3.54 45.02 34.51 14.51 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 10.52 84.57 4.92 0.00 0.00 Total 7.58 29.31 15.88 33.39 13.84

Appendix 6. Records from ornamental fish exporting companies. Appendix 6(a). Monthly exports of ornamental fish from Egypt for the period November 1990 to June 1991 and May 2001 to June 2002 (Egyptian Company for Fishing & Fishing Gears).

Egypt shipment from Nov 90 to June 91 Egypt shipment from May 2001 to June 2002 Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Jun May Jun Oct Nov Dec Feb Mar Apr May Jun Nov 90 to May 01 to Jan 02 Both Exports 90 90 91 91 91 91 91 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 June 91 June 02 Total Total Total Number of shipments 9 1 5 5 3 3 3 RA RA RA Exp. Exp. Exp. Price Species US$ Acanthurus nigrofuscus 3 5 4 5 5 8 0.10 14 0.15 22 0.13 Acanthurus sohal 12 84 4 62 88 50 38 30 78 44 60 73 20 45 63 20 44 30 83 356 4.44 560 6.07 916 5.31 Zebrasoma veliferum 2 114 3 51 7 15 14 13 29 63 53 53 25 23 44 20 27 31 49 217 2.71 417 4.52 634 3.68 Zebrasoma xanthurum 12 153 6 111 112 67 130 33 51 127 101 63 12 138 133 35 122 34 111 612 7.64 927 10.05 1539 8.93 Naso 1 2 3 0.04 3 0.02 Rhinecanthus assasi 7 7 3 4 1 1 1 3 4 2 1 1 23 0.29 12 0.13 35 0.20 Triggerfish 1 2 1 0.01 2 0.02 3 0.02 Blennies sp 1.5 48 2 1 1 6 5 70 7 16 39 7 52 0.65 150 1.63 202 1.17 Ecsenius gravieri 10 10 0.12 10 0.06 Chaetodon auriga 4 8 45 2 21 9 19 11 21 13 17 5 17 19 5 24 6 21 104 1.30 159 1.72 263 1.53 Chaetodon fasciatus 6 39 4 58 23 17 21 27 23 13 34 19 10 19 15 10 13 8 27 189 2.36 191 2.07 380 2.20 Chaetodon austriacus 2 80 52 24 14 24 9 3 18 7 26 21 5 5 15 15 194 2.42 124 1.34 318 1.84 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 6 34 10 103 43 38 20 35 6 10 52 21 4 39 11 10 21 8 17 283 3.53 199 2.16 482 2.80 Chaetodon semilarvatus 12 179 13 127 104 21 61 95 106 93 142 126 70 138 97 37 59 97 139 600 7.49 1104 11.97 1704 9.89 Chaetodon larvatus 6 56 4 40 37 20 13 7 8 25 23 45 7 9 19 157 1.96 156 1.69 313 1.82 Chaetodon trifascialis 33 23 21 15 36 1 2 5 4 128 1.60 12 0.13 140 0.81 Chaetodon melannotus 3 24 33 8 25 15 32 1 5 7 2 8 5 2 1 2 137 1.71 33 0.36 170 0.99 Chaetodon lineolatus 16 8 13 33 2 14 10 1 2 6 70 0.87 35 0.38 105 0.61 Heniochus intermedius 6 8 54 4 2 9 9 15 25 17 16 5 22 9 5 11 16 23 86 1.07 164 1.78 250 1.45 Platax 1 8 19 28 0.35 28 0.16 Gobiodon citrinus 32 22 6 11 9 9 13 5 60 0.75 47 0.51 107 0.62 Apolemichthys xanthotis 1 1 0.01 1 0.01 Centropyge multispinis 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 0.02 13 0.14 15 0.09 Genicanthus caudovittatus 2 2 0.02 2 0.01 Pomacanthus imperator 3 1 6 6 4 1 1 1 3 1 4 2 5 1 2 20 0.25 21 0.23 41 0.24 Pomacanthus maculosus 12 66 50 54 9 17 21 38 50 61 95 25 64 57 25 16 49 80 217 2.71 560 6.07 777 4.51 Pomacanthus asfur 6 7 2 2 5 13 0.16 9 0.10 22 0.13 Pygoplites diacanthus 12 10 4 2 8 5 6 2 11 20 31 19 7 30 15 2 12 13 37 0.46 160 1.73 197 1.14 Pseudochromis flavivertex 3 196 10 14 46 50 54 68 36 108 15 9 6 8 438 5.47 182 1.97 620 3.60 Pseudochromis fridmani 6 8 3 29 4 8 0.10 36 0.39 44 0.26 Pseudochromis olivaceus 1 1 0 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.01 Pseudochromis springeri 4 59 2 2 7 1 3 15 43 40 17 0 6 89 1.11 106 1.15 195 1.13 Dottyback 8 8 0.10 8 0.05 Amphiprion bicinctus 1.5 35 10 70 7 7 3 7 20 37 37 23 1 19 22 7 3 4 36 139 1.73 209 2.27 348 2.02 Damselfish sp. 50 8 2 10 5 5 284 185 100 134 33 26 40 23 141 30 200 80 1.00 1196 12.96 1276 7.40 Anampses meleagrides 5 26 1 4 32 0.40 4 0.04 36 0.21 Anampses sp. 79 19 19 1 9 19 2 8 13 13 1 6 4 4 4 10 148 1.85 63 0.68 211 1.22 Bodianus anthioides 1 0 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Bodianus sp. 36 24 1 1 4 4 62 0.77 8 0.09 70 0.41 Coris aygula 4 58 13 14 9 23 3 6 8 2 3 10 1 7 1 3 120 1.50 41 0.44 161 0.93 Coris sp. 10 2 1 1 10 0.12 4 0.04 14 0.08 Epibulus insidiator 2 15 17 0.21 17 0.10 Gomphosus caeruleus 8 10 1 4 4 1 5 2 4 3 1 11 23 0.29 31 0.34 54 0.31 Halichores 54 1 0 0.00 55 0.60 55 0.32 Labroides diadematus 5 4 2 1 4 0.05 3 0.03 7 0.04 Larabicus quadrilineatus 78 20 35 14 11 8 22 3 8 2 7 10 6 18 188 2.35 54 0.59 242 1.40 Macropharyngodon 14 6 5 1 1 25 0.31 2 0.02 27 0.16 Paracheilinus octotaenia 134 134 1.67 134 0.78 Stethojulis albovittata 42 7 2 2 49 0.61 4 0.04 53 0.31 Thalassoma klunzingeri 5 1 1 2 1 0 0.00 10 0.11 10 0.06 Thalassoma lunare 13 3 7 7 2 5 2 0 0.00 39 0.42 39 0.23 Thalassoma purpureum 1 2 1 2 31 27 7 6 2 18 2 71 13 17 6 0.07 194 2.10 200 1.16 Thalassoma sp. 8 4 12 0.15 12 0.07 Scarus niger 5 0 0.00 5 0.05 5 0.03 Scarus sp. 6 1 7 0.09 7 0.04 Pterois sp. 362 1 81 362 4.52 82 0.89 444 2.58 Pterois radiata 2 0 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.01 Pterois volitans 8 1 1 1 0 0.00 11 0.12 11 0.06 Stonefish 5 7 5 0.06 7 0.08 12 0.07 Anthias sp. 1 10 6 98 9 25 85 2 80 146 302 208 97 191 199 30 52 20 156 235 2.93 1481 16.05 1716 9.95 Grouper sp. 1 85 271 357 4.46 357 2.07 Arothron diadematus 5 14 11 2 3 11 3 3 16 2 6 113 5 3 5 3 41 0.51 159 1.72 200 1.16 Arothron hispidus 127 36 0 0.00 163 1.77 163 0.95 Canthigaster sp. 2 1 2 3 0.04 2 0.02 5 0.03 Electric ray 1 1 0.01 1 0.01 Boxfish 1774 3 1 2 1780 22.21 1780 10.33 Unknown fish 20 20 0.25 20 0.12 Total 3396 143 1297 1105 864 634 574 961 1230 1249 991 356 1065 871 256 762 399 1085 8013 100 9225 100 17238 100

Marine invertebrates 2 52 8 27 439 328 651.99 153 40 327 155 35 85 42 87 87 2342.99 2430 Live rock 200 700 1140 119 200 1959 2159 Nudibranch 1 1 1 Starfish 0.5 29 20 11 28 6 7 12 81 100 331 98 692 899 137 530 333 675 101 3888 3989 Export during May - Germany, USA, Spain, Hong Kong, Mexico and Belgium Export during June - Germany, France, Cyprus, Russia, Turkey, USA, Spain, Hong Kong, Mexico and Belgium Export during October - Local, Austria, Germany, France, Cyprus, Russia, Belgium, Switzerland, Spain, Hong Kong, Mexico and Belgium Export during November - Germany, Netherlands, Greece, France, Cyprus and Hong Kong

Appendix 6(b). Monthly exports of ornamental fish for the aquarium trade from Saudi Arabia.

Coral Reef Trading Kamal Imad Softa Company Red Sea Aquarium Fish Red Sea Secrets Establishment Establishment All years 98-99 & All years 98-99 & All Companies Period 6 months 2002 Year 2001 7 months of 2001 9 months of 2001 31 months 33 months 6 months 12 months Scientific Name Total RA Total RA Total RA Total RA Total RA Torpedinidae 21 0.02 Torpedo nobiliana * 21 0.10 21 0.02 Dasyatidae 146 0.15 Himantura uarnak 2 0.00 2 0.00 Taeniura lymma 36 0.17 83 0.27 4 0.08 21 0.05 144 0.15 Muraenidae 114 0.12 Gymnothorax undulatus 28 0.13 5 0.10 33 0.03 Gymnothorax griseus 58 0.28 15 0.05 8 0.16 81 0.08 Ophichthidae 22 0.02 Myrichthys colubrinus 22 0.10 22 0.02 Holocentridae 258 0.26 Neoniphon sammara 64 0.15 64 0.06 Sargocentron caudimaculatum 194 0.47 194 0.20 Scorpaenidae 735 0.74 Pterois antenna 8 0.02 8 0.01 Pterois miles 218 1.04 35 0.11 41 0.80 7 0.02 301 0.30 Pterois radiata 170 0.81 165 0.53 57 1.11 34 0.08 426 0.43 Serranidae 6483 6.54 Cephalopholis argus 112 0.53 10 0.19 293 0.70 415 0.42 Cephalopholis hemistiktos 213 0.51 213 0.21 Cephalopholis miniata 150 0.71 8 0.03 9 0.17 559 1.34 726 0.73 Cephalopholis oligosticta 372 0.89 372 0.38 Cephalopholis sexmaculata 180 0.43 180 0.18 Diploprion drachi 90 0.43 0 0.00 90 0.09 Epinephelus summana 180 0.43 180 0.18 Variola louti 68 0.32 19 0.06 2 0.04 89 0.09 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 290 1.38 1972 6.32 1956 4.69 4218 4.26 Pseudochromidae 6804 6.87 Pseudochromis flavivertex 553 2.63 451 1.45 146 2.83 408 0.98 1558 1.57 Pseudochromis fridmani 669 3.18 2124 6.81 253 4.91 1130 2.71 4176 4.21 Pseudochromis olivaceus 351 1.67 17 0.05 75 1.46 443 0.45 Pseudochromis springeri 617 1.98 10 0.19 627 0.63 Priacanthidae 39 0.04 Priacanthus hamrur 39 0.09 39 0.04 Apogonidae 0.00 36 0.04 Apogon aureus 36 0.12 36 0.04 Carangidae 3 0.00 Gnathanodon speciosus 3 0.01 3 0.00 Lutjanidae 23 0.02 Lutjanus kasmira 7 0.02 7 0.01 Snappers 16 0.08 16 0.02 Haemulidae 221 0.22 Plectorhinchus gaterinus 188 0.89 33 0.08 221 0.22 Mullidae 1293 1.31 Parupeneus cyclostomus 385 1.83 60 1.17 120 0.29 565 0.57 Parupeneus forsskali 215 1.02 54 1.05 347 0.83 616 0.62 Parupeneus macronema 35 0.08 35 0.04 Parupeneus rubescens 77 0.18 77 0.08 Monodactylidae 28 0.03 Monodactylus argenteus 28 0.13 28 0.03 Ephippidae 17 0.02 Platax pinnatus 17 0.08 17 0.02 Chaetodontidae 10416 10.51 Chaetodon auriga 331 1.57 319 1.02 65 1.26 463 1.11 1178 1.19 Chaetodon austriacus 341 1.62 63 1.22 225 0.54 629 0.63 Chaetodon fasciatus 406 1.93 722 2.31 80 1.55 1386 3.33 2594 2.62 Chaetodon lineolatus 77 0.25 102 0.24 179 0.18 Chaetodon larvatus 400 1.90 133 0.43 61 1.18 506 1.21 1100 1.11 Chaetodon melannotus 21 0.05 21 0.02 Chaetodon mesoleucos 372 1.77 256 0.82 77 1.50 299 0.72 1004 1.01 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 309 1.47 799 2.56 73 1.42 69 0.17 1250 1.26 Chaetodon semilarvatus 483 2.29 738 2.37 103 2.00 204 0.49 1528 1.54 Chaetodon trifascialis 11 0.03 11 0.01 Heniochus intermedius 349 1.66 206 0.66 89 1.73 278 0.67 922 0.93 Pomacanthidae 5390 5.44 Centropyge multispinis 118 0.56 47 0.91 81 0.19 246 0.25 Genicanthus caudovittatus 84 0.40 63 0.20 31 0.60 14 0.03 192 0.19 Pomacanthus imperator 141 0.67 170 0.54 38 0.74 69 0.17 418 0.42

Coral Reef Trading Kamal Imad Softa Company Red Sea Aquarium Fish Red Sea Secrets Establishment Establishment All years 98-99 & All years 98-99 & All Companies Period 6 months 2002 Year 2001 7 months of 2001 9 months of 2001 31 months 33 months 6 months 12 months Scientific Name Total RA Total RA Total RA Total RA Total RA Pomacanthus asfur 536 2.55 988 3.17 90 1.75 488 1.17 2102 2.12 Pomacanthus maculosus 240 1.14 445 1.43 55 1.07 346 0.83 1086 1.10 Pygoplites diacanthus 345 1.64 505 1.62 79 1.53 417 1.00 1346 1.36 Pomacentridae 29561 29.84 Abudefduf sexfasciatus 167 0.79 84 1.63 251 0.25 Abudefduf vaigiensis 0.00 0 0.00 Amphiprion bicinctus 374 1.78 1100 3.53 126 2.45 375 0.90 1975 1.99 Amphiprion clarkii 196 0.93 196 0.20 Chromis dimidiata 192 0.91 301 0.96 97 1.88 1925 4.62 2515 2.54 Chromis viridis 744 3.53 7093 22.74 214 4.16 6300 15.12 14351 14.48 Chrysiptera annulata 191 0.91 191 0.19 Dascyllus aruanus 286 1.36 30 0.10 219 4.25 1195 2.87 1730 1.75 Dascyllus marginatus 482 2.29 2412 7.73 162 3.15 1059 2.54 4115 4.15 Dascyllus trimaculatus 459 2.18 19 0.06 118 2.29 1587 3.81 2183 2.20 Neoglyphidodon melas 350 0.84 350 0.35 Pomacentrus pikei 1325 3.18 1325 1.34 Pomacentrus sulfureus 74 0.24 74 0.07 Pomacentrus trilineatus 98 0.47 76 1.48 174 0.18 Stegastes lividus 77 0.37 54 1.05 131 0.13 Cirrhitidae 270 0.27 Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus 6 0.01 6 0.01 Paracirrhites forsteri 68 0.32 196 0.47 264 0.27 Labridae 13824 13.95 Anampses meleagrides 7 0.02 7 0.01 Anampses twistii 321 1.52 64 0.21 58 1.13 195 0.47 638 0.64 Bodianus anthioides 128 0.61 185 0.59 47 0.91 178 0.43 538 0.54 Bodianus diana 69 0.33 14 0.27 83 0.08 Cheilinus abudjubbe 33 0.16 2 0.01 32 0.62 13 0.03 80 0.08 Cheilinus diagrammus 93 0.44 30 0.58 123 0.12 Cheilinus fasciatus 149 0.71 1 0.00 56 1.09 422 1.01 628 0.63 Cheilinus lunulatus 186 0.88 80 0.26 38 0.74 103 0.25 407 0.41 Oxycheilinus mentalis 22 0.05 22 0.02 Cheilinus undulatus 13 0.04 13 0.01 Cheilio inermis 3 0.01 3 0.06 6 0.01 Coris africana 35 0.17 7 0.02 37 0.72 79 0.08 Coris aygula 131 0.62 44 0.14 26 0.50 7 0.02 208 0.21 Coris caudimacula 22 0.05 22 0.02 Epibulus insidiator 218 1.04 2 0.01 43 0.83 354 0.85 617 0.62 Gomphosus caeruleus klunzingeri 491 2.33 396 1.27 76 1.48 305 0.73 1268 1.28 Halichoeres hortulanus 341 1.62 1 0.00 62 1.20 61 0.15 465 0.47 Halichoeres marginatus 142 0.67 41 0.80 639 1.53 822 0.83 Halichoeres scapularis 205 0.97 42 0.82 271 0.65 518 0.52 Halichoeres pardalis 89 0.21 89 0.09 Hemigymnus fasciatus 102 0.24 102 0.10 Hologymnosus annulatus 37 0.09 37 0.04 Labroides dimidiatus 212 1.01 3 0.01 46 0.89 444 1.07 705 0.71 Larabicus quadrilineatus 495 2.35 1245 3.99 103 2.00 680 1.63 2523 2.55 Macropharyngodon bipartitus 101 0.48 41 0.13 21 0.41 233 0.56 396 0.40 Novaculichthys taeniourus 153 0.73 30 0.58 125 0.30 308 0.31 Paracheilinus octotaenia 81 0.38 340 1.09 18 0.35 665 1.60 1104 1.11 Pseudodax molucanus 94 0.23 94 0.09 Stethojulis albovittata 215 0.52 215 0.22 Thalassoma purpureum 100 0.32 100 0.10 Thalassoma rueppellii 294 1.40 368 1.18 67 1.30 309 0.74 1038 1.05 Thalassoma lunare 350 1.66 145 0.46 54 1.05 20 0.05 569 0.57 Scaridae 1091 1.10 Cetoscarus bicolor 76 0.36 8 0.16 42 0.10 126 0.13 Chlorurus gibbus 104 0.49 13 0.25 117 0.12 Scarus ferruginous 94 0.45 7 0.14 48 0.12 149 0.15 Scarus fuscopurpureus 87 0.21 87 0.09 Scarus niger 113 0.54 17 0.33 131 0.31 261 0.26 Scarus psittacus 90 0.43 8 0.16 174 0.42 272 0.27 Scarus schlegeli 52 0.25 52 0.05 Pinguipedidae 0.00 0 0.00 Parapercis hexophtalma 27 0.06 27 0.03 Blenniidae 2916 2.94 Ecsenius aroni 3 0.01 6 0.01 9 0.01 Ecsenius frontalis 26 0.08 26 0.03 Ecsenius gravieri 308 1.46 35 0.11 97 1.88 1208 2.90 1648 1.66 Ecsenius khaki * 8 0.04 62 1.20 70 0.07 Ecsenius midas 12 0.04 12 0.01 Exallias brevis 355 0.85 355 0.36

Appendix 6(c). Relative commercial importance of different ornamental fish species traded in Egypt; percentage figures are estimates extrapolated from available data provided by the Egyptian Company for Fishing and Fishing Gears for the periods Nov. 90 to June 91 and from May 2001 to June 2002.

Total Total % of % of Total Total % of % of Total Total % of % of Export export export by export by Export export export by export by Export export export by export by number price number value number price number value number price number value Price Species November 1990 – June 1991 May 2001 - June 2002 Total Exports US$ Acanthurus nigrofuscus 3 8 24.00 0.10 0.05 14.00 42.00 0.15 0.08 22 66.00 0.13 0.06 Acanthurus sohal 12 356 4272.00 4.44 8.25 560.00 6720.00 6.07 12.50 916 10992.00 5.31 10.42 Zebrasoma veliferum 2 217 434.00 2.71 0.84 417.00 834.00 4.52 1.55 634 1268.00 3.68 1.20 Zebrasoma xanthurum 12 612 7344.00 7.64 14.18 927.00 11124.00 10.05 20.68 1539 18468.00 8.93 17.50 Naso 8 3 24.00 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 24.00 0.02 0.02 Rhinecanthus assasi 3 23 69.00 0.29 0.13 12.00 36.00 0.13 0.07 35 105.00 0.20 0.10 Triggerfish 8 1 8.00 0.01 0.02 2.00 16.00 0.02 0.03 3 24.00 0.02 0.02 Blennies sp 1.5 52 78.00 0.65 0.15 150.00 225.00 1.63 0.42 202 303.00 1.17 0.29 Ecsenius gravieri 1.5 10 15.00 0.12 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 15.00 0.06 0.01 Chaetodon auriga 4 104 416.00 1.30 0.80 159.00 636.00 1.72 1.18 263 1052.00 1.53 1.00 Chaetodon fasciatus 6 189 1134.00 2.36 2.19 191.00 1146.00 2.07 2.13 380 2280.00 2.20 2.16 Chaetodon austriacus 2 194 388.00 2.42 0.75 124.00 248.00 1.34 0.46 318 636.00 1.84 0.60 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 6 283 1698.00 3.53 3.28 199.00 1194.00 2.16 2.22 482 2892.00 2.80 2.74 Chaetodon semilarvatus 12 600 7200.00 7.49 13.91 1104.00 13248.00 11.97 24.63 1704 20448.00 9.89 19.38 Chaetodon larvatus 6 157 942.00 1.96 1.82 156.00 936.00 1.69 1.74 313 1878.00 1.82 1.78 Chaetodon trifascialis 7 128 896.00 1.60 1.73 12.00 84.00 0.13 0.16 140 980.00 0.81 0.93 Chaetodon melannotus 3 137 411.00 1.71 0.79 33.00 99.00 0.36 0.18 170 510.00 0.99 0.48 Chaetodon lineolatus 3 70 210.00 0.87 0.41 35.00 105.00 0.38 0.20 105 315.00 0.61 0.30 Heniochus intermedius 6 86 516.00 1.07 1.00 164.00 984.00 1.78 1.83 250 1500.00 1.45 1.42 Platax 6 28 168.00 0.35 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 28 168.00 0.16 0.16 Gobiodon citrinus 3 60 180.00 0.75 0.35 47.00 141.00 0.51 0.26 107 321.00 0.62 0.30 Apolemichthys xanthotis 6 1 6.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 6.00 0.01 0.01 Centropyge multispinis 2 2 4.00 0.02 0.01 13.00 26.00 0.14 0.05 15 30.00 0.09 0.03 Genicanthus caudovittatus 12 2 24.00 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 24.00 0.01 0.02 Pomacanthus imperator 14 20 280.00 0.25 0.54 21.00 294.00 0.23 0.55 41 574.00 0.24 0.54 Pomacanthus maculosus 12 217 2604.00 2.71 5.03 560.00 6720.00 6.07 12.50 777 9324.00 4.51 8.84 Pomacanthus asfur 20 13 260.00 0.16 0.50 9.00 180.00 0.10 0.33 22 440.00 0.13 0.42 Pygoplites diacanthus 12 37 444.00 0.46 0.86 160.00 1920.00 1.73 3.57 197 2364.00 1.14 2.24 Pseudochromis flavivertex 3 438 1314.00 5.47 2.54 182.00 546.00 1.97 1.02 620 1860.00 3.60 1.76 Pseudochromis fridmani 6 8 48.00 0.10 0.09 36.00 216.00 0.39 0.40 44 264.00 0.26 0.25 Pseudochromis olivaceus 4 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 8.00 0.02 0.01 2 8.00 0.01 0.01 Pseudochromis springeri 4 89 356.00 1.11 0.69 106.00 424.00 1.15 0.79 195 780.00 1.13 0.74 Dottyback 4 8 32.00 0.10 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8 32.00 0.05 0.03 Amphiprion bicinctus 1.5 139 208.50 1.73 0.40 209.00 313.50 2.27 0.58 348 522.00 2.02 0.49 Damselfish sp. 0.5 80 40.00 1.00 0.08 1196.00 598.00 12.96 1.11 1276 638.00 7.40 0.60 Anampses meleagrides 5 32 160.00 0.40 0.31 4.00 20.00 0.04 0.04 36 180.00 0.21 0.17 Anampses sp. 5 148 740.00 1.85 1.43 63.00 315.00 0.68 0.59 211 1055.00 1.22 1.00 Bodianus anthioides 6 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 6.00 0.01 0.01 1 6.00 0.01 0.01 Bodianus sp. 8 62 496.00 0.77 0.96 8.00 64.00 0.09 0.12 70 560.00 0.41 0.53 Coris aygula 4 120 480.00 1.50 0.93 41.00 164.00 0.44 0.30 161 644.00 0.93 0.61 Coris sp. 4 10 40.00 0.12 0.08 4.00 16.00 0.04 0.03 14 56.00 0.08 0.05 Epibulus insidiator 6 17 102.00 0.21 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17 102.00 0.10 0.10 Gomphosus caeruleus 3 23 69.00 0.29 0.13 31.00 93.00 0.34 0.17 54 162.00 0.31 0.15 Halichores 6 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.00 330.00 0.60 0.61 55 330.00 0.32 0.31 Labroides diadematus 5 4 20.00 0.05 0.04 3.00 15.00 0.03 0.03 7 35.00 0.04 0.03 Larabicus quadrilineatus 3 188 564.00 2.35 1.09 54.00 162.00 0.59 0.30 242 726.00 1.40 0.69 Macropharyngodon 5 25 125.00 0.31 0.24 2.00 10.00 0.02 0.02 27 135.00 0.16 0.13 Paracheilinus octotaenia 3 134 402.00 1.67 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 134 402.00 0.78 0.38 Stethojulis albovittata 3 49 147.00 0.61 0.28 4.00 12.00 0.04 0.02 53 159.00 0.31 0.15 Thalassoma klunzingeri 4 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 40.00 0.11 0.07 10 40.00 0.06 0.04 Thalassoma lunare 1.5 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 39.00 58.50 0.42 0.11 39 58.50 0.23 0.06 Thalassoma purpureum 2 6 12.00 0.07 0.02 194.00 388.00 2.10 0.72 200 400.00 1.16 0.38 Thalassoma sp. 2 12 24.00 0.15 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12 24.00 0.07 0.02 Scarus niger 8 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 40.00 0.05 0.07 5 40.00 0.03 0.04 Scarus sp. 8 7 56.00 0.09 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 56.00 0.04 0.05 Pterois sp. 6 362 2172.00 4.52 4.20 82.00 492.00 0.89 0.91 444 2664.00 2.58 2.52 Pterois radiata 6 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 12.00 0.02 0.02 2 12.00 0.01 0.01 Pterois volitans 3 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.00 33.00 0.12 0.06 11 33.00 0.06 0.03 Stonefish 6 5 30.00 0.06 0.06 7.00 42.00 0.08 0.08 12 72.00 0.07 0.07 Anthias sp. 1 235 235.00 2.93 0.45 1481.00 1481.00 16.05 2.75 1716 1716.00 9.95 1.63 Grouper sp. 8 357 2856.00 4.46 5.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 357 2856.00 2.07 2.71 Arothron diadematus 5 41 205.00 0.51 0.40 159.00 795.00 1.72 1.48 200 1000.00 1.16 0.95 Arothron hispidus 0.75 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 163.00 122.25 1.77 0.23 163 122.25 0.95 0.12 Canthigaster sp. 3 3 9.00 0.04 0.02 2.00 6.00 0.02 0.01 5 15.00 0.03 0.01 Electric ray 12 1 12.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 12.00 0.01 0.01 Boxfish 6 1780 10680.00 22.21 20.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1780 10680.00 10.33 10.12 Unknown fish 3 20 60.00 0.25 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20 60.00 0.12 0.06 Total 126 8013 51744.00 100.00 100.00 9225.00 53780.25 100.00 100.00 17238 105523.75 100.00 100.00

Appendix 6(d). Relative commercial importance of different ornamental fish species traded in Saudi Arabia; percentage figures are estimates extrapolated from available data provided by the Ministry of Agriculture for the companies Red Sea Aquarium Fish, Coral Reef Trading Establishment, Red Sea Secrets, and Kamal Imad Softa during 1998 to 1999, 2001 and 2002.

price price price price price value value value value value number number number number number number number number number number number number Total export Total export Total export Total export Total export Total export Total export Total export Total export Total export % of export by % of export by % of export by % of export by % of export by % of export by % of export by % of export by % of export by % of export by

Pseudanthias squamipinnis 2.5 290 725.0 1.4 0.5 1972 4930.0 6.3 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1956 4890.0 4.7 2.5 4218 10545.0 4.3 2.0 Pseudochromidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6804 0.0 0.0 Pseudochromis flavivertex 4 553 2212.0 2.6 1.6 451 1804.0 1.4 1.2 146 584.0 2.8 1.9 408 1632.0 1.0 0.8 1558 6232.0 1.6 1.2

Pseudochromis fridmani 4 669 2676.0 3.2 2.0 2124 8496.0 6.8 5.5 253 1012.0 4.9 3.3 1130 4520.0 2.7 2.3 4176 16704.0 4.2 3.2 Pseudochromis olivaceus 4 351 1404.0 1.7 1.0 17 68.0 0.1 0.0 75 300.0 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 443 1772.0 0.4 0.3 Pseudochromis springeri 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 617 2468.0 2.0 1.6 10 40.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 627 2508.0 0.6 0.5 Priacanthidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39 0.0 0.0 Priacanthus hamrur 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39 156.0 0.1 0.1 39 156.0 0.0 0.0 Apogonidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36 0.0 0.0 Apogon aureus 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 36 108.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36 108.0 0.0 0.0 Carangidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 0.0 0.0 Gnathanodon speciosus 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 15.0 0.0 0.0 3 15.0 0.0 0.0 Lutjanidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23 0.0 0.0 Lutjanus kasmira 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7 42.0 0.0 0.0 7 42.0 0.0 0.0 Snappers 6 16 96.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16 96.0 0.0 0.0 Haemulidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 221 0.0 0.0

Chaetodontidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10416 0.0 0.0 Chaetodon auriga 5 331 1655.0 1.6 1.2 319 1595.0 1.0 1.0 65 325.0 1.3 1.1 463 2315.0 1.1 1.2 1178 5890.0 1.2 1.1 Chaetodon austriacus 6 341 2046.0 1.6 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 63 378.0 1.2 1.2 225 1350.0 0.5 0.7 629 3774.0 0.6 0.7 Chaetodon fasciatus 6 406 2436.0 1.9 1.8 722 4332.0 2.3 2.8 80 480.0 1.6 1.6 1386 8316.0 3.3 4.2 2594 15564. 2.6 3.0 0 Chaetodon lineolatus 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 77 616.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 102 816.0 0.2 0.4 179 1432.0 0.2 0.3 Chaetodon larvatus 4 400 1600.0 1.9 1.2 133 532.0 0.4 0.3 61 244.0 1.2 0.8 506 2024.0 1.2 1.0 1100 4400.0 1.1 0.8 Chaetodon melannotus 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21 168.0 0.1 0.1 21 168.0 0.0 0.0 Chaetodon mesoleucos 4 372 1488.0 1.8 1.1 256 1024.0 0.8 0.7 77 308.0 1.5 1.0 299 1196.0 0.7 0.6 1004 4016.0 1.0 0.8

Chaetodon paucifasciatus 9 309 2781.0 1.5 2.1 799 7191.0 2.6 4.7 73 657.0 1.4 2.1 69 621.0 0.2 0.3 1250 11250.0 1.3 2.2

Chaetodon semilarvatus 16 483 7728.0 2.3 5.7 738 11808.0 2.4 7.7 103 1648.0 2.0 5.3 204 3264.0 0.5 1.6 1528 24448.0 1.5 4.7 Chaetodon trifascialis 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11 77.0 0.0 0.0 11 77.0 0.0 0.0 Heniochus intermedius 5 349 1745.0 1.7 1.3 206 1030.0 0.7 0.7 89 445.0 1.7 1.4 278 1390.0 0.7 0.7 922 4610.0 0.9 0.9 Pomacanthidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5390 0.0 0.0 Centropyge multispinis 10 118 1180.0 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 47 470.0 0.9 1.5 81 810.0 0.2 0.4 246 2460.0 0.2 0.5 Genicanthus caudovittatus 12 84 1008.0 0.4 0.7 63 756.0 0.2 0.5 31 372.0 0.6 1.2 14 168.0 0.0 0.1 192 2304.0 0.2 0.4

Pomacanthus imperator 35 141 4935.0 0.7 3.7 170 5950.0 0.5 3.9 38 1330.0 0.7 4.3 69 2415.0 0.2 1.2 418 14630.0 0.4 2.8

Pomacanthus asfur 11 536 5896.0 2.5 4.4 988 10868.0 3.2 7.1 90 990.0 1.7 3.2 488 5368.0 1.2 2.7 2102 23122.0 2.1 4.5

Pomacanthus maculosus 20 240 4800.0 1.1 3.6 445 8900.0 1.4 5.8 55 1100.0 1.1 3.6 346 6920.0 0.8 3.5 1086 21720.0 1.1 4.2

Pygoplites diacanthus 8 345 2760.0 1.6 2.0 505 4040.0 1.6 2.6 79 632.0 1.5 2.1 417 3336.0 1.0 1.7 1346 10768.0 1.4 2.1

Pomacentridae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29561 0.0 0.0 Abudefduf sexfasciatus 3 167 501.0 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 84 252.0 1.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 251 753.0 0.3 0.1 Abudefduf vaigiensis 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Amphiprion bicinctus 3 374 1122.0 1.8 0.8 1100 3300.0 3.5 2.1 126 378.0 2.4 1.2 375 1125.0 0.9 0.6 1975 5925.0 2.0 1.1 Amphiprion clarkii 3 196 588.0 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 196 588.0 0.2 0.1 Chromis dimidiata 1 192 192.0 0.9 0.1 301 301.0 1.0 0.2 97 97.0 1.9 0.3 1925 1925.0 4.6 1.0 2515 2515.0 2.5 0.5

Chromis viridis 1 744 744.0 3.5 0.6 7093 7093.022.7 4.6 214 214.0 4.2 0.7 6300 6300.0 15.1 3.2 14351 14351.0 14.5 2.8 Chrysiptera annulata 1 191 191.0 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 191 191.0 0.2 0.0 Dascyllus aruanus 1 286 286.0 1.4 0.2 30 30.0 0.1 0.0 219 219.0 4.3 0.7 1195 1195.0 2.9 0.6 1730 1730.0 1.7 0.3 Dascyllus marginatus 1 482 482.0 2.3 0.4 2412 2412.0 7.7 1.6 162 162.0 3.1 0.5 1059 1059.0 2.5 0.5 4115 4115.0 4.2 0.8 Dascyllus trimaculatus 1 459 459.0 2.2 0.3 19 19.0 0.1 0.0 118 118.0 2.3 0.4 1587 1587.0 3.8 0.8 2183 2183.0 2.2 0.4 Neoglyphidodon melas 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 350 700.0 0.8 0.4 350 700.0 0.4 0.1 Pomacentrus pikei 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1325 0.0 3.2 0.0 1325 0.0 1.3 0.0 Pomacentrus sulfureus 0.0 0.0 0.0 74 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 74 0.0 0.1 0.0 Pomacentrus trilineatus 98 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 76 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 174 0.0 0.2 0.0 Stegastes lividus 77 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 54 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 131 0.0 0.1 0.0 Cirrhitidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 270 0.0 0.0 Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 18.0 0.0 0.0 6 18.0 0.0 0.0 Paracirrhites forsteri 3 68 204.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 196 588.0 0.5 0.3 264 792.0 0.3 0.2

Labridae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13824 0.0 0.0

Coral Reef Trading Kamal Imad Softa Red Sea Aquarium Fish Red Sea Secrets All companies Establishment Establishment All years 98-99 & 7 months All years 98-99 & 9 months 6 months of 2002 2001 of 2001 of 2001 Price Species 31 months 33 months 6 months 12 months US$ Anampses meleagrides 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 7 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7 35.0 0.0 0.0 Anampses twistii 5 321 1605.0 1.5 1.2 64 320.0 0.2 0.2 58 290.0 1.1 0.9 195 975.0 0.5 0.5 638 3190.0 0.6 0.6 Bodianus anthioides 6 128 768.0 0.6 0.6 185 1110.0 0.6 0.7 47 282.0 0.9 0.9 178 1068.0 0.4 0.5 538 3228.0 0.5 0.6 Bodianus diana 8 69 552.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 14 112.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 83 664.0 0.1 0.1 Cheilinus abudjubbe 10 33 330.0 0.2 0.2 2 20.0 0.0 0.0 32 320.0 0.6 1.0 13 130.0 0.0 0.1 80 800.0 0.1 0.2 Cheilinus diagrammus 8 93 744.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 30 240.0 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 123 984.0 0.1 0.2 Cheilinus fasciatus 13 149 1937.0 0.7 1.4 1 13.0 0.0 0.0 56 728.0 1.1 2.4 422 5486.0 1.0 2.8 628 8164.0 0.6 1.6 Cheilinus lunulatus 15 186 2790.0 0.9 2.1 80 1200.0 0.3 0.8 38 570.0 0.7 1.8 103 1545.0 0.2 0.8 407 6105.0 0.4 1.2 Cheilinus mentalis 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22 176.0 0.1 0.1 22 176.0 0.0 0.0 Cheilinus undulatus 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 13 104.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13 104.0 0.0 0.0 Cheilio inermis 10 3 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 30.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 60.0 0.0 0.0 Coris africana 5 35 175.0 0.2 0.1 7 35.0 0.0 0.0 37 185.0 0.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 79 395.0 0.1 0.1 Coris aygula 10 131 1310.0 0.6 1.0 44 440.0 0.1 0.3 26 260.0 0.5 0.8 7 70.0 0.0 0.0 208 2080.0 0.2 0.4 Coris caudimacula 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22 110.0 0.1 0.1 22 110.0 0.0 0.0 Epibulus insidiator 6 218 1308.0 1.0 1.0 2 12.0 0.0 0.0 43 258.0 0.8 0.8 354 2124.0 0.8 1.1 617 3702.0 0.6 0.7 Gomphosus caeruleus klunzingeri 4 491 1964.0 2.3 1.5 396 1584.0 1.3 1.0 76 304.0 1.5 1.0 305 1220.0 0.7 0.6 1268 5072.0 1.3 1.0 Halichoeres hortulanus 6 341 2046.0 1.6 1.5 1 6.0 0.0 0.0 62 372.0 1.2 1.2 61 366.0 0.1 0.2 465 2790.0 0.5 0.5 Halichoeres marginatus 7 142 994.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 41 287.0 0.8 0.9 639 4473.0 1.5 2.3 822 5754.0 0.8 1.1 Halichoeres scapularis 5 205 1025.0 1.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 42 210.0 0.8 0.7 271 1355.0 0.7 0.7 518 2590.0 0.5 0.5 Halichoeres pardalis 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 89 267.0 0.2 0.1 89 267.0 0.1 0.1 Hemigymnus fasciatus 10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 102 1020.0 0.2 0.5 102 1020.0 0.1 0.2 Hologymnosus annulatus 17 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 37 629.0 0.1 0.3 37 629.0 0.0 0.1 Labroides dimidiatus 2.5 212 530.0 1.0 0.4 3 7.5 0.0 0.0 46 115.0 0.9 0.4 444 1110.0 1.1 0.6 705 1762.5 0.7 0.3 Larabicus quadrilineatus 2.5 495 1237.5 2.4 0.9 1245 3112.5 4.0 2.0 103 257.5 2.0 0.8 680 1700.0 1.6 0.9 2523 6307.5 2.5 1.2 Macropharyngodon bipartitus 5 101 505.0 0.5 0.4 41 205.0 0.1 0.1 21 105.0 0.4 0.3 233 1165.0 0.6 0.6 396 1980.0 0.4 0.4 Novaculichthys taeniourus 7 153 1071.0 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 30 210.0 0.6 0.7 125 875.0 0.3 0.4 308 2156.0 0.3 0.4 Paracheilinus octotaenia 3 81 243.0 0.4 0.2 340 1020.0 1.1 0.7 18 54.0 0.3 0.2 665 1995.0 1.6 1.0 1104 3312.0 1.1 0.6 Pseudodax molucanus 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 94 282.0 0.2 0.1 94 282.0 0.1 0.1 Stethojulis albovittata 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 215 645.0 0.5 0.3 215 645.0 0.2 0.1 Thalassoma purpureum 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 300.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 300.0 0.1 0.1 Thalassoma rueppellii 4 294 1176.0 1.4 0.9 368 1472.0 1.2 1.0 67 268.0 1.3 0.9 309 1236.0 0.7 0.6 1038 4152.0 1.0 0.8 Thalassoma lunare 3 350 1050.0 1.7 0.8 145 435.0 0.5 0.3 54 162.0 1.0 0.5 20 60.0 0.0 0.0 569 1707.0 0.6 0.3 Scaridae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1091 0.0 0.0 Cetoscarus bicolor 8 76 608.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 8 64.0 0.2 0.2 42 336.0 0.1 0.2 126 1008.0 0.1 0.2 Chlorurus gibbus 8 104 832.0 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 13 104.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 117 936.0 0.1 0.2 Scarus ferruginous 8 94 752.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 7 56.0 0.1 0.2 48 384.0 0.1 0.2 149 1192.0 0.2 0.2 Scarus fuscopurpureus 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 87 696.0 0.2 0.4 87 696.0 0.1 0.1 Scarus niger 8 113 904.0 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 17 136.0 0.3 0.4 131 1048.0 0.3 0.5 261 2088.0 0.3 0.4 Scarus psittacus 8 90 720.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 8 64.0 0.2 0.2 174 1392.0 0.4 0.7 272 2176.0 0.3 0.4 Scarus schlegeli 8 52 416.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 52 416.0 0.1 0.1 Pinguipedidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Parapercis hexophtalma 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 27 81.0 0.1 0.0 27 81.0 0.0 0.0 Blenniidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2916 0.0 0.0 Ecsenius aroni 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 18.0 0.0 0.0 9 27.0 0.0 0.0 Ecsenius frontalis 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 26 65.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26 65.0 0.0 0.0 Ecsenius gravieri 3 308 924.0 1.5 0.7 35 105.0 0.1 0.1 97 291.0 1.9 0.9 1208 3624.0 2.9 1.8 1648 4944.0 1.7 1.0 Ecsenius khaki * 3 8 24.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62 186.0 1.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 70 210.0 0.1 0.0 Ecsenius midas 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 12 36.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12 36.0 0.0 0.0 Exallias brevis 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 355 1775.0 0.9 0.9 355 1775.0 0.4 0.3

Acanthuridae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13044 0.0 0.0 Acanthurus mata 8 181 1448.0 0.9 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 33 264.0 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 214 1712.0 0.2 0.3 Acanthurus nigricans 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 302 2416.0 0.7 1.2 302 2416.0 0.3 0.5

Acanthurus sohal 10 676 6760.0 3.2 5.0 1164 11640.0 3.7 7.6 127 1270.0 2.5 4.1 1646 16460.0 3.9 8.3 3613 36130.0 3.6 7.0 Ctenochaetus striatus 6 198 1188.0 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 32 192.0 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 230 1380.0 0.2 0.3 Naso brevirostris 10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 228 2280.0 0.5 1.1 228 2280.0 0.2 0.4 Naso hexacanthus 10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 335 3350.0 0.8 1.7 335 3350.0 0.3 0.6

Naso lituratus 8 293 2344.0 1.4 1.7 722 5776.0 2.3 3.8 101 808.0 2.0 2.6 1531 12248.0 3.7 6.2 2647 21176.0 2.7 4.1 Naso unicornis 10 11 110.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 31 310.0 0.6 1.0 50 500.0 0.1 0.3 92 920.0 0.1 0.2

Zebrasoma veliferum 6 658 3948.0 3.1 2.9 866 5196.0 2.8 3.4 135 810.0 2.6 2.6 645 3870.0 1.5 1.9 2304 13824.0 2.3 2.7

Zebrasoma xanthurum 12 649 7788.0 3.1 5.8 979 11748.0 3.1 7.6 167 2004.0 3.2 6.5 1284 15408.0 3.1 7.8 3079 36948.0 3.1 7.1 Siganidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36 0.0 0.0 Siganus stellatus 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36 144.0 0.1 0.1 36 144.0 0.0 0.0 Balistidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2681 0.0 0.0 Balistoides viridescens 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 8 64.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8 64.0 0.0 0.0 Balistapus undulatus 8 51 408.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 13 104.0 0.3 0.3 145 1160.0 0.3 0.6 209 1672.0 0.2 0.3 Odonus niger 10 305 3050.0 1.4 2.3 241 2410.0 0.8 1.6 71 710.0 1.4 2.3 299 2990.0 0.7 1.5 916 9160.0 0.9 1.8 Pseudobalistes fuscus 10 43 430.0 0.2 0.3 54 540.0 0.2 0.4 4 40.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 101 1010.0 0.1 0.2 Rhinecanthus assasi 8 372 2976.0 1.8 2.2 490 3920.0 1.6 2.5 96 768.0 1.9 2.5 260 2080.0 0.6 1.0 1218 9744.0 1.2 1.9 Sufflamen albicaudatus 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 229 1832.0 0.5 0.9 229 1832.0 0.2 0.4 Monacanthidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15 0.0 0.0 Cantherhines pardalis 10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15 150.0 0.0 0.1 15 150.0 0.0 0.0 Oxymonacanthus halli 10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ostraciidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 305 0.0 0.0 Ostracion cubicus 6 100 600.0 0.5 0.4 80 480.0 0.3 0.3 36 216.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 216 1296.0 0.2 0.2 Ostracion cyanurus 6 89 534.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 89 534.0 0.1 0.1 Tetraodontidae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1085 0.0 0.0 Arothron diadematus 6 373 2238.0 1.8 1.7 2 12.0 0.0 0.0 131 786.0 2.5 2.5 129 774.0 0.3 0.4 635 3810.0 0.6 0.7 Arothron immaculatus 6 12 72.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12 72.0 0.0 0.0 Arothron nigropunctatus 6 36.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 36.0 0.0 0.0 Canthigaster coronata 3 41 123.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 42 126.0 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 83 249.0 0.1 0.0 Canthigaster margaritata 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 12 36.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18 54.0 0.0 0.0 30 90.0 0.0 0.0 Arothron puffer 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 319 1914.0 1.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 319 1914.0 0.3 0.4

Total 21050 135101.5 100.0 100.0 31198 153979.5 100.0 100.0 5150 30828.5 100.0 100.0 41678 198699.5 100.0 100.0 99076 518609.0 100.0 100.0

Appendix 6(e). Yemen - Al-Bousi Company catch of ornamental fish during April, May, June and July 2002. Month Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Method of catch Not recorded Net Net Net Number of divers Not recorded 99 99 30 Number of boats Not recorded 34 34 10 Depth Not recorded 1-4m 1-4m 2-5m Number of fishing days 26 28 25 10

Catch Common name RA/catch May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Total Arabian Butterflyfish Racoon Butterflyfish Red back Butterflyfish Orange face Butterflyfish Pale face Butterflyfish 55 112 2 169 4.87 Lined Butterflyfish 0.00 Threadfin Butterflyfish 0.00 Chevron Butterflyfish 0.00 Exquisite Butterflyfish 0.00 Masked Butterflyfish 971 900 243 2114 60.87 Longfin Bannerfish 0.00 Whitebelly Damselfish 0.00 Two-band Anemonefish 1 5 6 0.17 Platax teira 0.00 Picasso Triggerfish 0.00 Arabian Angelfish 248 172 134 554 15.95 Emperor Angelfish 0.00 Yellowbar Angelfish 23 52 75 2.16 Regal Angelfish 0.00 Sohal Surgeonfish 127 154 281 8.09 Yellowtail Surgeonfish 19 19 0.55 Sailfin Surgeonfish 154 89 243 7.00 Orangespine Unicornfish 0.00 Pennant fish 6 6 12 0.35 Others 0.00 Total catch 1604 1490 379 3473 100.00

Apr-02 Month Collection Sites Item Catch May-02 Hatban, Al-Sawabi, North Al-Saleef, North of Malak 617 Kamaran, East of Shukran, East of Kamaran, Farash 983 East of Ras Saleef, Ras Isa Jarah 207 Jun-02 Hatban, East of Kamaran, North of Saleef, Keisy Uqban, East of Ras Saleef, Ras Isa, Al-Sawabi Muharej Jul-02 Hatban, East of Kamaran, East of Ras Saleef, Ras Isa Blenny Meilak Others 11 Total 1818

Appendix 6(f). Monthly export/catch of different ornamental fish, their annual export, monthly average catch (AA), and monthly relative abundance (mRA) of Saif Company, Yemen during years 2000 – 2002.

2000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total n 8 1 5 1 4 3 4 7 7 6 2 3 mAA mRA catch Malak 170 19 102 27 119 79 130 227 193 128 60 95 1349 26.5 25.2 Farash 143 17 87 18 87 74 97 181 205 153 60 92 1214 23.8 22.7 Jarah 158 21 75 20 71 76 103 148 187 152 50 59 1120 22.0 21.0 Keisy 14 9 45 7 20 14 147 3 21 280 5.5 5.2 Muharej 23 15 27 9 9 30 7 21 8 149 2.9 2.8 Blenny 66 36 10 32 27 14 7 192 3.8 3.6 Meilak 23 41 7 25 20 73 53 44 10 4 300 5.9 5.6 Others 115 15 83 15 55 38 108 122 115 101 27 26 820 16.1 15.3 Total 712 15 496 103 396 267 472 960 790 634 207 291 5343 104.8 100.0

2001 Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec mAA catch n 5 5 7 5 4 6 7 2 1 42 84.0 4.7 Malak 167 152 146 209 153 89 191 215 115 37 1474 27 2974.9 35.1 Farash 143 202 114 181 122 73 153 192 105 28 1313 24 2649.9 31.3 Jarah 132 100 123 149 83 85 122 123 109 25 1051 19 2121.2 25.0 Keisy 8 57 18 75 25 23 54 36 5 301 5 607.5 7.2 Muharej 5 22 11 41 41 26 35 23 7 211 4 425.8 5.0 Blenny 6 24 8 42 28 28 31 56 223 4 450.1 5.3 Meilak 20 1 36 32 37 30 54 210 4 423.8 5.0 Others 101 11 50 119 83 64 108 124 28 12 700 13 1412.8 16.7 Total 582 568 471 852 567 425 724 823 357 114 5483 100 11066.0 130.5

2002 Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec mAA mRA catch n 5 2 5 4 1 2 7 26 Malak 90 60 135 135 60 136 353 969 37.3 24.3 Farash 100 60 135 122 30 99 394 940 36.2 23.6 Jarah 100 60 125 105 30 212 350 982 37.8 24.6 Keisy 80 70 115 135 10 410 15.8 10.3 Muharej 41 10 50 75 176 6.8 4.4 Blenny 50 20 15 85 3.3 2.1 Meilak 18 35 53 2.0 1.3 Others 61 125 160 27 373 14.3 9.4 Total 540 260 705 782 120 484 1097 3988 153.5 100.0 n = number of collection days

Appendix 6(g). Total numbers of ornamental fish, and their relative abundance (RA), as counted by the surveying team during visits to commercial companies’ holding facilities in 2002.

Egypt Yemen Saudi Arabia Saif Red Sea Thoal Red Kamal Scientific Name Al-Tour Al-Bousi Isham Total RA Company Secrets Sea Imad Softa Ginglymostomatidae 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.01 Nebrius sp. 1 1 0.01 Carcharhinidae 1 1 0.01 Carcharhinus longimanus 1 1 0.01 Dasyatidae 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.01 Taeniura lymma 1 1 0.01 Muraenidae 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0.02 Echidna zebra 1 1 0.01 Gymnothorax sp. 1 1 0.01 Cyprinodontidae 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0.02 Aphanius dispar 2 2 0.02 Holocentridae 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 42 0.41 Neoniphon sammara 9 9 0.09 Sargocentron caudimaculatum 3 3 0.03 Sargocentron diadema 30 30 0.30 Scorpaenidae 0 0 0 5 11 6 4 26 0.26 Pterois miles 2 3 2 3 10 0.10 Pterois radiata 3 8 4 1 16 0.16 Serranidae 5 0 0 171 116 155 30 477 4.70 Cephalopholis argus 1 1 0.01 Cephalopholis hemistiktos 3 1 1 5 0.05 Cephalopholis miniata 3 3 0.03 Epinephelus summana 2 2 0.02 Variola louti 3 3 0.03 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 5 160 115 155 28 463 4.56 Pseudochromidae 0 0 0 1 26 130 76 233 2.30 Pseudochromis flavivertex 9 80 18 107 1.05 Pseudochromis fridmani 15 50 58 123 1.21 Pseudochromis olivaceus 1 2 3 0.03 Malacanthidae 0 0 0 2 26 130 76 234 0.02 Branchiostegus sawakinesis 1 1 0.01 Malacanthus brevirostris 1 1 0.01 Carangidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.01 Decapterus sp. 1 1 0.01 Lutjanidae 0 0 0 28 0 0 2 30 0.30 Lutjanus bohar 3 3 0.03 Lutjanus ehrenbergii 3 3 0.03 Lutjanus fulviflamma 22 22 0.22 Lutjanus kasmira 2 2 0.02 Haemulidae 2 0 0 4 1 0 5 12 0.12 Diagramma pictum 1 1 0.01 Plectorhinchus gaterinus 2 4 5 11 0.11 Mullidae 0 0 0 31 5 0 8 44 0.43 Parupeneus cyclostomus 24 3 3 30 0.30 Parupeneus forsskali 5 2 5 12 0.12 Parupeneus macronema 2 2 0.02 Ephippidae 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 0.03 Platax orbicularis 1 1 0.01 Platax teira 2 2 0.02 Chaetodontidae 88 44 97 203 92 36 210 770 7.59 Chaetodon auriga 1 18 12 5 36 0.35 Chaetodon austriacus 1 7 7 15 30 0.30 Chaetodon fasciatus 8 2 102 12 12 79 215 2.12 Chaetodon lineolatus 2 3 7 12 0.12 Chaetodon larvatus 14 35 1 9 1 25 85 0.84

Egypt Yemen Saudi Arabia Saif Red Sea Thoal Red Kamal Scientific Name Al-Tour Al-Bousi Isham Total RA Company Secrets Sea Imad Softa Chaetodon melannotus 2 2 0.02 Chaetodon melapterus 1 1 0.01 Chaetodon mesoleucos 3 7 3 6 7 26 0.26 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 1 13 11 25 0.25 Chaetodon semilarvatus 62 1 51 28 32 4 57 235 2.32 Chaetodon trifascialis 1 1 0.01 Heniochus diphreutes 2 2 0.02 Heniochus intermedius 8 30 33 6 3 20 100 0.99 Pomacanthidae 20 100 200 112 62 62 148 704 6.94 Apolemichthys xanthotis 1 1 0.01 Genicanthus caudovittatus 1 2 3 0.03 Pomacanthus imperator 8 3 1 3 9 24 0.24 Pomacanthus asfur 100 106 30 40 53 118 447 4.41 Pomacanthus maculosus 18 75 5 3 16 117 1.15 Pygoplites diacanthus 2 10 73 18 6 3 112 1.10 Pomacentridae 68 0 109 4558 288 0 571 5594 55.20 Abudefduf sexfasciatus 3 20 23 0.23 Abudefduf vaigiensis 22 22 0.22 Amphiprion bicinctus 30 94 105 229 2.26 Chromis dimidiata 60 60 0.59 Chromis viridis 57 100 4000 97 400 4654 45.88 Chromis weberi 3 3 0.03 Dascyllus aruanus 5 200 205 2.02 Dascyllus marginatus 1 9 28 45 83 0.82 Dascyllus trimaculatus 280 280 2.76 Neoglyphidodon melas 3 3 0.03 Pomacentrus sulfureus 20 10 30 0.30 Pomacentrus trilineatus 1 1 0.01 Stegastes nigricans 1 1 0.01 Labridae 19 8 37 168 39 62 145 478 4.71 Anampses caeruleopunctatus 1 1 0.01 Anampses meleagrides 3 3 0.03 Anampses twistii 1 6 7 0.07 Bodianus anthioides 8 4 14 9 35 0.35 Bodianus axillaries, Bennett, 1832 1 1 0.01 Cheilinus abudjubbe 1 3 1 3 8 0.08 Cheilinus diagrammus Lacepède, 6 6 0.06 Cheilinus fasciatus, Bloch, 1791 8 6 2 16 0.16 Cheilinus lunulatus, Forsskål, 1775 9 3 5 16 33 0.33 Cheilinus undulates, Rüppell, 1829 1 2 3 0.03 Coris africana 1 1 0.01 Coris aygula, Lacepède, 1801 1 1 0.01 Coris variegate, Rüppell, 1835 3 1 1 5 0.05 Epibulus insidiator, Pallas, 1770 1 1 0.01 Gomphosus caeruleus klunzingeri 4 1 44 3 30 82 0.81 Halichoeres hortulanus, Lacepède, 1 2 3 5 11 0.11 Halichoeres marginatus 21 21 0.21 Halichoeres scapularis 1 2 6 9 0.09 Hemigymnus fasciatus 3 3 0.03 Hemigymnus melapterus 2 2 0.02 Hologymnosus annulatus 2 2 0.02 Labroides dimidiatus 5 5 10 0.10 Larabicus quadrilineatus 1 33 3 20 57 0.56 Novaculichthys taeniourus 2 2 0.02 Paracheilinus octotaenia 18 18 0.18 Pseudodax molucanus 6 6 0.06 Stethojulis albovittata 2 2 0.02 Thalassoma purpureum 24 24 0.24

Egypt Yemen Saudi Arabia Saif Red Sea Thoal Red Kamal Scientific Name Al-Tour Al-Bousi Isham Total RA Company Secrets Sea Imad Softa Thalassoma rueppellii 7 30 2 6 45 0.44 Thalassoma lunare 1 50 3 9 63 0.62 Scaridae 4 0 0 11 2 0 1 18 0.18 Cetoscarus bicolor 6 1 7 0.07 Chlorurus sordidus 1 1 0.01 Chlorurus gibbus 1 3 2 6 0.06 Scarus niger 1 2 3 0.03 Scarus psittacus 1 1 0.01 Pinguipedidae 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0.02 Parapercis hexophtalma 2 2 0.02 Blenniidae 0 0 0 5 2 0 20 27 0.27 Meiacanthus nigrolineatus 2 20 22 0.22 Salarias fasciatus 5 5 0.05 Gobiidae 12 72 0.83 Amblygobius albimaculatus 9 72 81 0.80 Cryptocentrus caeruleopunctatus 3 3 0.03 Acanthuridae 34 391 160 249 130 66 261 1291 12.70 Acanthurus gahhm 3 4 7 0.07 Acanthurus nigrofuscus 5 10 15 0.15 Acanthurus sohal 1 170 25 25 36 3 87 347 3.42 Ctenochaetus striatus 5 4 9 0.09 Naso hexacanthus 8 8 0.08 Naso lituratus 1 85 16 10 1 113 1.11 Naso unicornis 9 12 21 0.21 Zebrasoma veliferum 10 95 40 91 236 2.33 Zebrasoma xanthurum 23 220 127 35 22 48 60 535 5.27 Siganidae 0 0 0 0 6 0 4 10 0.10 Siganus rivulatus 1 1 0.01 Siganus stellatus 6 3 9 0.09 Balistidae 0 0 0 98 31 0 82 211 2.08 Balistapus undulatus 5 5 0.05 Balistoides viridescens 2 2 0.02 Odonus niger 50 19 58 127 1.25 Pseudobalistes fuscus 3 3 0.03 Rhinecanthus assasi 43 12 19 74 0.73 Monacanthidae 1 0 0 28 0 0 0 29 0.29 Cantherhines pardalis 28 28 0.28 Oxymonacanthus halli 1 1 0.01 Ostraciidae 0 0 14 0 9 0 0 23 0.23 Ostracion cubicus 12 1 13 0.13 Ostracion cyanurus 2 8 10 0.10 Tetraodontidae 0 2 0 3 15 0 5 25 0.25 Arothron diadematus 2 1 14 5 22 0.22 Arothron immaculatus 1 1 2 0.02 Arothron stellatus 1 1 0.01 Chromis viridis, Cuvier, 1830 57 0 100 4000 97 0 400 4654 Total number of individuals 241 545 620 5735 839 518 1645 10143 Number of individuals without 184 545 520 1735 742 518 1245 5489 Chromis viridis RA = Relative Abundance

Collated results for the total numbers of fish and their relative abundance (RA) from Egypt, Yemen and Saudi Arabia calculated from data collected from commercial companies’ holding facilities in 2002.

Egypt Yemen Saudi Arabia All Countries Scientific Name Total RA Total RA Total RA Total RA Ginglymostomatidae 0.00 0.00 0.01 Nebrius sp. 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Carcharhinidae 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 0.01 Carcharhinus longimanus 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Dasyatidae 0 0.00 0.00 0 1.43 0.01 Taeniura lymma 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Muraenidae 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 0.02 Echidna zebra 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Gymnothorax sp. 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Cyprinodontidae 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 0.02 Aphanius dispar 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.02 Holocentridae 0 0.00 0.00 42 0.41 0.41 Neoniphon sammara 0.00 0.00 9 0.09 9 0.09 Sargocentron caudimaculatum 0.00 0.00 3 0.03 3 0.03 Sargocentron diadema 0.00 0.00 30 0.30 30 0.30 Scorpaenidae 0 0.00 0.00 26 0.26 0.26 Pterois miles 0.00 0.00 10 0.10 10 0.10 Pterois radiata 0.00 0.00 16 0.16 16 0.16 Serranidae 5 2.07 0.00 472 4.65 477 4.70 Cephalopholis argus 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Cephalopholis hemistiktos 0.00 0.00 5 0.05 5 0.05 Cephalopholis miniata 0.00 0.00 3 0.03 3 0.03 Epinephelus summana 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.02 Variola louti 0.00 0.00 3 0.03 3 0.03 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 5 2.07 0.00 458 4.52 463 4.56 Pseudochromidae 0.00 233 2.30 233 2.30 Pseudochromis flavivertex 0.00 0.00 107 1.05 107 1.05 Pseudochromis fridmani 0.00 0.00 123 1.21 123 1.21 Pseudochromis olivaceus 0.00 0.00 3 0.03 3 0.03 Malacanthidae 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.02 Branchiostegus sawakinesis 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Malacanthus brevirostris 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Carangidae 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Decapterus sp. 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Lutjanidae 0.00 0.00 30 0.30 30 0.30 Lutjanus bohar 0.00 0.00 3 0.03 3 0.03 Lutjanus ehrenbergii 0.00 0.00 3 0.03 3 0.03 Lutjanus fulviflamma 0.00 0.00 22 0.22 22 0.22 Lutjanus kasmira 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.02 Haemulidae 0.83 0.00 10 0.10 12 0.12 Diagramma pictum 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Plectorhinchus gaterinus 2 0.83 0.00 9 0.09 11 0.11 Mullidae 0.00 0.00 44 0.43 44 0.43 Parupeneus cyclostomus 0.00 0.00 30 0.30 30 0.30 Parupeneus forsskali 0.00 0.00 12 0.12 12 0.12 Parupeneus macronema 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.02 Ephippidae 0.00 3 0.26 0 0.00 3 0.03 Platax orbicularis 0.00 1 0.09 0 0.00 1 0.01 Platax teira 0.00 2 0.17 0 0.00 2 0.02 Chaetodontidae 88 36.51 141 12.10 541 5.33 770 7.59 Chaetodon auriga 1 0.41 0.00 35 0.35 36 0.35 Chaetodon austriacus 1 0.41 7 0.60 22 0.22 30 0.30 Chaetodon fasciatus 8 3.32 2 0.17 205 2.02 215 2.12 Chaetodon lineolatus 0.00 0.00 12 0.12 12 0.12

Egypt Yemen Saudi Arabia All Countries Scientific Name Total RA Total RA Total RA Total RA Chaetodon larvatus 14 5.81 36 3.09 35 0.35 85 0.84 Chaetodon melannotus 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.02 Chaetodon melapterus 0.00 1 0.09 0 0.00 1 0.01 Chaetodon mesoleucos 0.00 3 0.26 23 0.23 26 0.26 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 1 0.41 0.00 24 0.24 25 0.25 Chaetodon semilarvatus 62 25.73 52 4.46 121 1.19 235 2.32 Chaetodon trifascialis 1 0.41 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.01 Heniochus diphreutes 0.00 2 0.17 0 0.00 2 0.02 Heniochus intermedius 0.00 38 3.26 62 0.61 100 0.99 Pomacanthidae 20 8.30 300 25.75 384 3.79 704 6.94 Apolemichthys xanthotis 0.00 1 0.09 0 0.00 1 0.01 Genicanthus caudovittatus 0.00 0.00 3 0.03 3 0.03 Pomacanthus imperator 0.00 8 0.69 16 0.16 24 0.24 Pomacanthus asfur 0.00 206 17.68 241 2.38 447 4.41 Pomacanthus maculosus 18 7.47 75 6.44 24 0.24 117 1.15 Pygoplites diacanthus 2 0.83 10 0.86 100 0.99 112 1.10 Pomacentridae 68 28.22 100 8.58 5417 53.41 5594 55.20 Abudefduf sexfasciatus 3 1.24 0.00 20 0.20 23 0.23 Abudefduf vaigiensis 0.00 0.00 22 0.22 22 0.22 Amphiprion bicinctus 0.00 0.00 229 2.26 229 2.26 Chromis dimidiata 0.00 0.00 60 0.59 60 0.59 Chromis viridis 57 23.65 100 8.58 4497 44.34 4654 45.88 Chromis weberi 0.00 0.00 3 0.03 3 0.03 Dascyllus aruanus 5 2.07 0.00 200 1.97 205 2.02 Dascyllus marginatus 1 0.41 9 0.77 73 0.72 83 0.82 Dascyllus trimaculatus 0.00 0.00 280 2.76 280 2.76 Neoglyphidodon melas 0.00 0.00 3 0.03 3 0.03 Pomacentrus sulfureus 0.00 0.00 30 0.30 30 0.30 Pomacentrus trilineatus 1 0.41 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.01 Stegastes nigricans 1 0.41 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.01 Labridae 19 7.88 45 3.86 414 4.08 478 4.71 Anampses caeruleopunctatus 0.00 1 0.09 0 0.00 1 0.01 Anampses meleagrides 0.00 0.00 3 0.03 3 0.03 Anampses twistii 0.00 0.00 7 0.07 7 0.07 Bodianus anthioides 0.00 0.00 35 0.35 35 0.35 Bodianus axillaries, Bennett, 1832 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Cheilinus abudjubbe 1 0.41 3 0.26 4 0.04 8 0.08 Cheilinus diagrammus Lacepède, 0.00 0.00 6 0.06 6 0.06 Cheilinus fasciatus, Bloch, 1791 0.00 0.00 16 0.16 16 0.16 Cheilinus lunulatus, Forsskål, 1775 0.00 0.00 33 0.33 33 0.33 Cheilinus undulates, Rüppell, 1829 0.00 0.00 3 0.03 3 0.03 Coris africana 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Coris aygula, Lacepède, 1801 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Coris variegate, Rüppell, 1835 3 1.24 1 0.09 1 0.01 5 0.05 Epibulus insidiator, Pallas, 1770 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Gomphosus caeruleus klunzingeri 0.00 5 0.43 77 0.76 82 0.81 Halichoeres hortulanus, Lacepède, 0.00 1 0.09 10 0.10 11 0.11 Halichoeres marginatus 0.00 0.00 21 0.21 21 0.21 Halichoeres scapularis 0.00 0.00 9 0.09 9 0.09 Hemigymnus fasciatus 3 1.24 0.00 0 0.00 3 0.03 Hemigymnus melapterus 2 0.83 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.02 Hologymnosus annulatus 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.02 Labroides dimidiatus 0.00 0.00 10 0.10 10 0.10 Larabicus quadrilineatus 1 0.41 33 2.83 23 0.23 57 0.56 Novaculichthys taeniourus 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.02 Paracheilinus octotaenia 0.00 0.00 18 0.18 18 0.18 Pseudodax molucanus 0.00 0.00 6 0.06 6 0.06 Stethojulis albovittata 2 0.83 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.02

Egypt Yemen Saudi Arabia All Countries Scientific Name Total RA Total RA Total RA Total RA Thalassoma purpureum 0.00 0.00 24 0.24 24 0.24 Thalassoma rueppellii 7 2.90 0.00 38 0.37 45 0.44 Thalassoma lunare 0.00 1 0.09 62 0.61 63 0.62 Scaridae 4 1.66 0.00 14 0.14 18 0.18 Cetoscarus bicolor 0.00 0.00 7 0.07 7 0.07 Chlorurus sordidus 1 0.41 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.01 Chlorurus gibbus 1 0.41 0.00 5 0.05 6 0.06 Scarus niger 1 0.41 0.00 2 0.02 3 0.03 Scarus psittacus 1 0.41 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.01 Pinguipedidae 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.02 Parapercis hexophtalma 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.02 Blenniidae 0.00 0.00 27 0.27 27 0.27 Meiacanthus nigrolineatus 0.00 0.00 22 0.22 22 0.22 Salarias fasciatus 0.00 0.00 5 0.05 5 0.05 Gobiidae 0.00 0.00 84 0.83 84 0.83 Amblygobius albimaculatus 0.00 0.00 81 0.80 81 0.80 Cryptocentrus caeruleopunctatus 0.00 0.00 3 0.03 3 0.03 Acanthuridae 34 14.11 551 47.30 706 6.96 1291 12.70 Acanthurus gahhm 0.00 3 0.26 4 0.04 7 0.07 Acanthurus nigrofuscus 0.00 0.00 15 0.15 15 0.15 Acanthurus sohal 1 0.41 195 16.74 151 1.49 347 3.42 Ctenochaetus striatus 0.00 5 0.43 4 0.04 9 0.09 Naso hexacanthus 0.00 0.00 8 0.08 8 0.08 Naso lituratus 0.00 1 0.09 112 1.10 113 1.11 Naso unicornis 0.00 0.00 21 0.21 21 0.21 Zebrasoma veliferum 10 4.15 0.00 226 2.23 236 2.33 Zebrasoma xanthurum 23 9.54 347 29.79 165 1.63 535 5.27 Siganidae 0.00 0.00 10 0.10 10 0.10 Siganus rivulatus 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Siganus stellatus 0.00 0.00 9 0.09 9 0.09 Balistidae 0.00 0.00 211 2.08 211 2.08 Balistapus undulatus 0.00 0.00 5 0.05 5 0.05 Balistoides viridescens 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.02 Odonus niger 0.00 0.00 127 1.25 127 1.25 Pseudobalistes fuscus 0.00 0.00 3 0.03 3 0.03 Rhinecanthus assasi 0.00 0.00 74 0.73 74 0.73 Monacanthidae 1 0.41 0.00 28 0.28 0.29 Cantherhines pardalis 0.00 0.00 28 0.28 28 0.28 Oxymonacanthus halli 1 0.41 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.01 Ostraciidae 0.00 14 1.20 9 0.09 23 0.23 Ostracion cubicus 0.00 12 1.03 1 0.01 13 0.13 Ostracion cyanurus 0.00 2 0.17 8 0.08 10 0.10 Tetraodontidae 0.00 2 0.17 23 0.23 25 0.25 Arothron diadematus 0.00 2 0.17 20 0.20 22 0.22 Arothron immaculatus 0.00 0.00 2 0.02 2 0.02 Arothron stellatus 0.00 0.00 1 0.01 1 0.01 Total 241 1165 8737 10143

Egypt - Egypt Company; Yemen - Al-Bousi and Saif companies; Saudi Arabia - Isham, Red Sea Secrets, Thoal Red Sea and Al-Lith Imad Kamal Softa

Appendix 6(h). Percentage number of fishes being counted at holding facilities in different ornamental fish trade companies at countries along the Red Sea coast.

Company / Country Percentage Al-Tour / Egypt 2.38 Total Egypt 2.38 Al-Bousi / Yemen 5.37 Saif / Yemen 6.11 Total Yemen 11.48 Isham / Saudi Arabia 56.54 Red Sea Secrets / Saudi Arabia 8.27 Thoal Red Sea / Saudi Arabia 5.11 Imad Softa / Al-Lith, Saudi Arabia 16.22 Total Saudi Arabia 86.14 Totals 100 100

PART 2

Guidelines for a Self-financing Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Programme for the Ornamental Fish Trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden with Proposals for Quotas

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68 Part 2

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART 2 ...... 71 GUIDELINES FOR A MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR THE ORNAMENTAL FISH TRADE...... 73 MARINE AQUARIUM COUNCIL STANDARDS...... 75 Core Standard I: Ecosystem and Fishery Management (EFM): ...... 76 Core Standard II. Collection, Fishing and Holding (CFH):...... 76 Core Standard III. Handling, Husbandry, and Transport (HHT): ...... 77 MAC CERTIFICATION...... 79 Costs of MAC certification...... 79 Benefits of MAC certification ...... 79 Record keeping and additional data needs to assist monitoring of sustainability...... 81 PROPOSALS FOR QUOTAS FOR PERSGA MEMBER COUNTRIES ...... 86 Calculation of quotas for PERSGA countries...... 86 Species which need special consideration ...... 94 MAC procedures for developing a list of species unsuitable for the trade...... 95 Summary...... 96 CONCLUSION ...... 97 REFERENCES...... 98 ANNEX 1. MARINE AQUARIUM COUNCIL ...... 99 Marine Aquarium Council Core Standards...... 99 Marine Aquarium Council Best Practice Guidance Documents...... 99 Marine Aquarium Council Core Standards Interpretation Document ...... 99 List of MAC Accredited Certifiers ...... 100 Industry Operators Committed to Becoming MAC Certified...... 101 MAC Certified Industry Operators (as of 18 January 2003) ...... 102 ANNEX 2. PRINCIPAL FISH SPECIES EXPLOITED ...... 103 ADDITIONAL LITERATURE...... 107

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LIST OF FIGURES FOR PART 2

LIST OF TABLES FOR PART 2

Table P2.1 Cumulative mortality allowance: exporters...... 78 Table P2.2 Pro forma list of fish species utilised by the marine aquarium fish trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region ...... 82 Table P2.3 Estimates of densities of key marine aquarium fish species (numbers per square kilometre) based on data of KHALAF AND ABDALLAH (2003) ...... 88 Table P2.4 Instantaneous rates of natural mortality (M) for marine aquarium fish species from northern (23°C), central (26°C) and southern Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (29°C)...... 89 Table P2.5 Quota estimates as numbers per square kilometre of collection area (rounded to nearest 10 for 1-999; rounded to two significant figures for numbers >1000) for five PERSGA countries...... 90 Table P2.6 Estimates of coral reef areas and lengths of coastline for PERSGA countries taken from SPALDING et al. (2001)...... 92 Table P2.7 Comparison of quota estimates for Egypt with numbers being exported per year based on average of 1998-2000 exports (export data from Awadallah in Annex 7 of EDWARDS 2002)...... 92 Table P2.8 Comparison of quota estimates for Saudi Arabia with numbers being exported per year based on averages of 1998–1999 exports (export data from Annex 9 in EDWARDS 2002) ...... 93 Table P2.9 Marine aquarium fish species for which quotas might be needed. Species which appear to be at highest risk of over-collection are shaded and indicated by an H in the risk column ...... 97

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART 2

The objectives for the preparation of this report were (i) to develop guidelines for a management strategy for the ornamental fish trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, including self-financing monitoring, control and surveillance, and (ii) to propose marine aquarium fish species quotas for PERSGA member countries – in so far as previous data allowed.

Given that the goal of any management strategy for the ornamental fish trade in the region is to promote sustainable use of ornamental fish, and that the relatively small economic value of the trade does not merit use of significant government resources to monitor it, it is recommended that PERSGA member countries adopt the international Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) certification scheme as the most cost-effective way to ensure both best-practice and sustainability of the marine aquarium trade.

The Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) approach to certification of the marine aquarium trade and their Core Standards on (i) Ecosystem and Fishery Management (EFM), (ii) Collection, Fishing and Holding (CFH), and (iii) Handling, Husbandry and Transport (HHT) are outlined, and the chain of custody concept underlying them is described.

Supporting materials for the three Core Standards are also suggested for consideration. These are currently the three Best Practice Guidance documents for each Core Standard and the MAC Core Standards Interpretation document that clarifies how the Core Standards will operate.

The process of MAC certification, the potential benefits to government authorities concerned with sustainable use of reef resources in the region, and the current status of international uptake of MAC certification are reviewed. Companies that are currently registered as MAC Accredited Certifiers are listed in Annex 1 with their contact details.

In order to make progress towards a self-financing monitoring, control and surveillance system for the ornamental fish trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, it is recommended that a regional workshop take place where relevant government representatives and stakeholders (industry operators) from the member countries can meet with MAC staff to build awareness, partnerships and discuss the modalities for implementation of MAC certification within the region.

It is recommended that pro forma lists of exported species are established in collaboration with exporting/collecting companies in each PERSGA country to standardise record keeping required under MAC certification. In addition to the logbook data required under MAC certification, the length of time spent collecting should be entered above the column for each batch of fish collected. This would allow independent analysis of daily catch data to study catch per unit effort (CPUE) and thus monitor sustainability of the trade. This would be in addition to the monitoring required under MAC Collection Area Management Plans which is called the Marine Aquarium Trade Coral Reef Monitoring Protocol (MAQTRAC).

Proposals for fish collection quotas for PERSGA countries and methods by which they might be calculated are presented. The analysis indicates that there is considerable variation in fish densities from country to country and site to site necessitating potentially costly research in setting quotas.

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To be effective, quotas would have to be calculated on a per species basis for each designated collection area based on surveys of average densities in each country and the area of reef within each collection area. However, analysis indicates that it would only be necessary to consider quotas for, at most, 20 species of marine aquarium fish.

If MAC certification were fully implemented along with required Collection Area Management Plans (CAMPs), then quotas would not be needed as MAQTRAC monitoring (and possibly additional monitoring as suggested above) should ensure sustainability. If, nonetheless, the relevant government authorities favoured some sort of quota system once MAC certification was established, then the data from MAQTRAC and MAC logbooks would make it relatively easy to arrive at quotas for the species of concern.

In conclusion, the MAC certification scheme, if fully implemented in the region, would provide a robust self-financing monitoring, control and surveillance programme for the ornamental fish trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED IN PART 2

CAMP Collection Area Management Plan CFH Collection, Fishing and Holding CPUE Catch per unit effort DAA Dead after arrival DOA Dead on arrival EFM Ecosystem and Fishery Management HHT Handling, Husbandry and Transport LRP Limit reference point MAC Marine Aquarium Council MAQTRAC Marine Aquarium Trade Coral Reef Monitoring Protocol MSY Maximum sustainable yield PERSGA Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden TRP Target reference point

72 Part 2

GUIDELINES FOR A MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR THE ORNAMENTAL FISH TRADE

The goal of any management strategy for and government authorities on interpretation the ornamental fish trade in the Red Sea and of the three MAC Core Standards1. Gulf of Aden is to promote sustainable use of ornamental fish as a valuable marine resource These documents provide a clearly in the region. defined management framework for the marine aquarium trade in the Red Sea and Although the total annual import value of Gulf of Aden region as well as other countries marine aquarium organisms worldwide is supplying marine aquarium organisms. estimated at around US$28-44 million with Essentially the burden of management some 14-30 million fish being caught each regulation is undertaken by MAC using year (WOOD 2001), in individual countries independent third-party accredited certifiers the marine aquarium trade tends to be to ensure compliance with the MAC economically insignificant compared to other standards. If governments only allow MAC marine resource based sectors such as food certified collectors and exporters to operate in fisheries and tourism. Thus it makes little their country, then the authorities in each economic sense for governments to divert country should be able to rest assured that significant resources to monitoring and best practice is being followed and regulating the marine aquarium trade. The exploitation is sustainable. trade is vulnerable to environmental concerns about their activities and thus the trade is In summary, the most effective way to generally positive about efforts at self- manage the marine aquarium trade in the regulation and positive steps towards this PERSGA region will be for the relevant have already been taken at an international authorities in each country to insist that, as a level. condition of being licensed to carry out collection and export of marine aquarium The Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) organisms, all companies should be MAC has been set up with the support of certified. This minimises the government international conservation agencies and the resources that need to be deployed to regulate aquarium industry as an independent not-for- this economically relatively insignificant profit NGO with a mission to conserve coral sector, whilst achieving the goal of reefs by creating standards and certification sustainable use of those marine resources for those involved in the collection and care being collected for the aquarium trade. of ornamental marine life from reef to aquarium. At present, MAC has produced This section outlines: three Core Standards and three sets of Best Practice Guidance documents that cover all • The MAC Core Standards and the aspects of the marine aquarium trade and chain of custody concept which which, if followed, should ensure sustainable underlies them. use of those marine resources utilised by the • The process of MAC certification. aquarium trade. In addition, MAC has published a MAC Core Standards

Interpretation document which provides 1 Core Standards, Best Practices and Interpretation detailed guidance to both industry operators documents can be downloaded in PDF format from the MAC website at www.aquariumcouncil.org following links to ‘MAC Standards’ and to the ‘Aquarium Industry’.

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• The benefits of MAC certification • Simple additional measures which for government authorities would allow independent back-up concerned with sustainable use of monitoring of the sustainability of reef resources and their regulation the ornamental fish trade. in the PERSGA region.

Chain of custody

Aquarist

Order Fish instructions

Monitor Holding DOA/ Retailer facilities DAA

Order Fish instructions

Monitor Wholesaler Holding DOA/ /Importer facilities DAA

Order Fish instructions

Monitor Holding DOA/ Exporter facilities DAA

Order instructions

Fish Collectors/fishers

Collection Area Management Plan COLLECTION AREA (Destructive collection and fishing practices PROHIBITED)

FIGURE P2.1 Diagram to show concept of the MAC Chain of Custody.

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MARINE AQUARIUM COUNCIL STANDARDS

The Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) industry not covered by EFM and Core Standards and Best Practice Guidance CFH standards. documents outline the MAC certification process. Underlying the approach to The three MAC Core Standards are certification is the concept of a chain of currently supported by three Best Practice custody (Figure P2.1). Marine aquarium Guidance documents: organisms can only be MAC certified if they • Best Practice Guidance for the pass through the whole chain of custody in Core Ecosystem and Fishery accordance with the MAC Core Standards. Management International MAC certification covers both practices Performance Standard for the (industry operators, facilities and collection Marine Aquarium Trade. areas) and products (marine aquarium organisms). • Best Practice Guidance for the Core Collection, Fishing, and Certification of Practices: Industry operators Holding International Performance at any link in the chain of custody (collectors, Standard for the Marine Aquarium exporters, importers, retailers, etc.) can seek Trade. to be certified by being evaluated for • Best Practice Guidance for the compliance with the appropriate MAC Core Handling, Husbandry and Standard. Transport International Performance Standard for the Marine Aquarium Certification of Products: MAC certified Trade. marine ornamentals must be harvested from a certified collection area and pass from one The first two standards essentially cover certified operation to another, e.g., from aquarium fish collecting, holding and export collector to exporter to importer to retailer. activities that occur in the region. The third MAC certified marine organisms bear the relates to the chain of custody from exporter ‘MAC Certified’ label on the tanks and boxes to retailer but is still relevant in that MAC in which they are kept and shipped. certified fish must complete the full chain of custody under MAC certification The three MAC Core Standards are: requirements. 1. Ecosystem and Fishery Management (EFM): including collection area Each core standard contains identical ecosystem management and information on: conservation. MAC standards review and committees 2. Collection, Fishing and Holding responsible for this standard, Foreword, (CFH): including fish, coral, live rock, Introduction, Scope, Terminology, Definitions, other coral reef organisms, and Bibliography, Annex 1 – Contents of a associated harvesting and related Collection Area Management Plan, Annex 2 – activities, e.g. field handling and MAC approved training courses, Annex 3 – holding practices, etc. MAC approved chemical detection methods and providers, and Annex 4 – MAC 3. Handling, Husbandry and Transport unsuitable species. (HHT): including holding, husbandry, packing, transport, etc. at wholesale, Two to six pages of additional retail, and all other components of information define each core standard. The

75 Part 2

‘definitions’ section is crucial in terms of Optimal health: Dead on arrival (DOA) and understanding the proposed standards. Dead after arrival (DAA) rates at each and every stage in chain of custody <1%. Core Standard I. Ecosystem and Fishery The most contentious issue related to Management (EFM) Core Standard II centres around the definition Purpose: To verify that the collection area is of optimal health. This has recently been managed according to principles of clarified by MAC following representations ecosystem management in order to ensure from the industry. Mortality rates provide ecosystem integrity and the sustainable use of relevant government authorities, the marine aquarium fishery. environmental organisations, MAC, the industry and hobbyists with a simple, Collection area: for MAC certification equitable, transparent and marketable system purposes, is the physical space covered by the to evaluate whether industry operators are Collection Area Management Plan. maintaining the best practices in the capture, handling, holding, husbandry and transport Sustainable use: collection of marine that ensure the optimal health of marine aquarium organisms does not lead to long- aquarium organisms. MAC indicates that it term decline of biological diversity. had substantial input from all stakeholder Core Standard I proposes that all MAC groups in the entire marine aquarium industry certified organisms must he collected from chain of custody regarding the level of defined collection areas – for each of which mortality that could be considered reasonable defined Collection Area Management Plans and responsible. (CAMPs) are implemented. These CAMPs The MAC Core Standards set the seek to ensure sustainable use of the allowable limits of marine aquarium aquarium fish resources. The Best Practice organism mortality at the species level at 1% Guidance associated with the EFM core dead on arrival (DOA) and 1% dead after standard provides management principles arrival (DAA) per species and per shipment related to i) live rock, ii) coral, and iii) marine for each link in the chain of custody. The fish, all of which promote sustainability and typical links in the chain of custody occur minimise the impacts of collection on the reef between 1) the collection area and the ecosystem. collector/fisher; 2) the collector/fisher and the Ornamental fish companies are already exporter; 3) the exporter and the importer; granted permits to collect in certain and 4) the importer and the retailer. DOA designated areas in many countries and MAC refers to organisms that are no longer alive certification would extend the information upon receipt and opening of the shipping made available from collection sites as well container at the beginning of the as improving the management of those sites. acclimatization period. DAA refers to organisms that are no longer alive from acclimatization through the holding period Core Standard II. Collection, Fishing and until the organism is packed for onward Holding (CFH) shipping. The detail of how these limits are Purpose: To verify that the collection, interpreted (e.g., Table P2.1) and how excess fishing, holding, and pre-exporter handling, mortality might affect certification of batches packing and transporting of marine aquarium of organisms is important. For example, if in organisms ensure the ecosystem integrity of a shipment containing 12 different species of the collection area, sustainable use of the marine aquarium organisms, one species has marine aquarium fishery, and optimal health a mortality rate of over 1%, it is the only part of the harvested organisms. of the shipment to be affected by loss of

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MAC certification. The other species batches a major part of natural mortality is due to can continue on in the chain of custody as predation, which should be zero in captivity being MAC certified. This is an important with proper husbandry. Thus mortality rates detail. in aquaria should be significantly less than in the wild. Dead on arrival (DOA) rates in exporting countries primarily refers to receipt of Clearly, for small fish with high natural organisms from fishers/collectors, such as mortality rates the holding times need to be as receipt at a holding facility for short as feasible, allowing acclimatization, acclimatization prior to export. DOA can be but with prompt dispatch down the chain of determined at the time of opening the custody once acclimatized. shipment from collectors, or at any time within 24 hours of opening the shipment. One Core Standard III. Handling, Husbandry percent (1%) DOA rates appear feasible with and Transport (HHT) best practice given the short period under which assessed. Dead after arrival (DAA) Purpose: To verify that the handling, rates of less that 1% may be more husbandry, packing and transport of marine problematic for short-lived species with high aquarium organisms ensures the optimal rates of natural mortality as suggested by health of organisms. Figure P2.2 below, which shows the expected This standard largely applies to the chain percentage of fish dying under a range of of custody from exporter to retailer. natural mortality rates corresponding to those predicted for the 48 aquarium fish species in Table P2.4 (0.34–3.91). However, in the wild

20 per month 15

10 Expected % dying per week 5

0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Natural mortality (M)

FIGURE P2.2 Estimated expected percentage of fish dying per month and per week for instantaneous natural mortality rates (M) between 0.3 and 4.0.

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Maintaining the certified status of a Recommendation: The MAC Core Standards species batch is based on a cumulative DOA and supporting documents (Best Practice + DAA mortality allowance. The mortality Guidance and MAC Core Standards allowance is related to species batch size Interpretation) provide the framework for (Table P2.1). MAC certification. This management system provides a robust self-financing monitoring, This standard ensures that exporting control and surveillance programme for the companies adopt best practice in their ornamental fish trade in the Red Sea and Gulf handling and transport and, with the other of Aden. two standards, ensures that the whole chain of custody operates according to best practice.

TABLE P2.1 Cumulative mortality allowance: exporters. Cumulative (DOA + DAA) mortality Species batch size allowance 1–5 organisms 0 organisms 6–20 organisms 1 organism 21–100 organisms 2 organisms 101–200 organisms 4 organisms 201–300 organisms 6 organisms

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MAC CERTIFICATION

To ensure that the MAC certification MAC Accredited Certifiers is provided in scheme is credible and internationally Annex 1. Industry operators who wish to be acceptable, the Marine Aquarium Council certified are asked to contact the certifiers does not verify compliance with its Core directly, not MAC. To minimise costs of Standards itself. Instead, it accredits certification it is recommended that groups of independent third-party certification operators in a country should undertake companies, which in turn assess industry certification at the same time. operators and evaluate their compliance with the appropriate MAC Standards. Costs of MAC Certification MAC Accredited Certifiers indicate that A MAC Accreditation Committee directly for certification to all three Core Standards, a oversees MAC accreditation in accordance period of training would be offered to with the international standard ISO Guide 60 industry operators prior to the certification Series. This ensures that accreditation is fair, process. This would generally take two days. equitable and carried out internationally in a This training would look at current practices consistent manner. and determine changes in procedures required in order to attain the MAC standards. To ensure that the certification companies have the necessary technical expertise and Following a period of time to allow competence and have employees capable of changes identified during the training to be undertaking certification assessments at implemented, assessment for certification consistently high levels, all certification would take place over a period of company personnel are required to participate approximately four days. in the MAC certifier-training programme. Annually there would be a one-day The certification process is relatively surveillance visit to ensure continued new; as of January 2003 a only small number compliance with the Core Standards. of industry operators had completed the process; however, by May 2003 almost 100 Charges would be in the order of US$650- operators from 18 countries had signed 950 per day plus all expenses. There would Statements of Commitment to become MAC be the opportunity for individual operations certified as soon as possible (Annex 1). This to pool together to receive the training and indicates the broadscale support for MAC certification as well as sharing the travel and certification that is building in the world’s expenses costs, although there would need to leading ornamental fish trade exporting and be visits to all individual operations (holding importing countries. This process is currently facilities, collection areas). gathering momentum and once a significant part of the trade is certified it is likely that Thus initial certification carries a pressure from aquarists and retailers to deal in significant overhead but once an industry MAC certified organisms will increase, operator is certified annual costs are modest, exerting a downward pressure on the price particularly if industry operators group which may be obtained for non-MAC together to arrange annual surveillance visits. certified organisms. No operators in PERSGA member countries have yet signed up to Benefits of MAC Certification become MAC certified. There are several benefits to MAC certification of all industry operators within A list of organizations, all operating fish exporting countries in the PERSGA internationally, that are currently listed as region. Certification is both beneficial to

79 Part 2 relevant government authorities concerned • Improved tracking and with the marine environment and sustainable documentation: MAC use of marine resources, and ultimately to the certification requires standardized industry operators themselves. written documentation of the purchases, sales and mortality of Among benefits are the following: organisms, allowing tracking • Quality assurance: MAC certified throughout the chain of custody organisms are selected, caught, and improved documentation of handled, held and transported marine aquarium harvesting according to internationally activities in export countries. accepted standards that include the • Monitoring information: MAC- following requirements among associated collectors and exporters others: are required to gather trade data. 1. Prohibition of chemicals for These data if submitted in organism collection, confidence to relevant authorities would allow ready monitoring of 2. Packing systems to maintain catch and effort trends in organisms in optimum health, designated collection areas. 3. Water quality monitoring, 4. Organism acclimatization, • International branding and marketing: The MAC label 5. Control of holding facility provides certified industry operations, and operators with global branding for 6. Staff qualifications and training. quality which should ensure premium prices. • Healthier fish and lower mortality: MAC certified marine • Improved business relationships: organisms are caught without use MAC certification allows industry of chemicals and meet minimum operators to readily identify other mortality rates, reducing inventory businesses whose operations meet loss and the costs due to quality standards, reducing the quarantine of sick and stressed need to rely on word-of-mouth and fish. trial-and-error. • Market-driven supply: MAC • Alleviates burden and cost of certified marine organisms are regulation to governments: MAC collected only after a specific certification reduces the need for order has been placed, removing government restriction or costs associated with capturing regulation of the marine aquarium and disposing of unordered, industry and enables governments unwanted, low-value species and to identify responsible industry associated wasteful mortality of operators who are utilising reef marine resources. fish resources in a sustainable manner. • Sustainable supplies: MAC certification requires collection From the point of view of conservation of area management plans (CAMPs) the environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of and reef monitoring (MAQTRAC) Aden, these benefits promote sustainability of to ensure the continued health of the marine aquarium trade by minimising the stocks and ecosystems that wastage through mortality with minimal sustain them.

80 Part 2 costly bureaucratic involvement for information to calculate catch per unit effort governments. and allow simple modelling of catch and effort to act as an independent check on the Crucially, if governments make it a sustainability of the marine aquarium fishery. requirement that all collectors/fishers and To ensure data availability, all that relevant exporters (and any other parties involved in government authorities would need to do the chain of custody in PERSGA member would be to make the extra recording (and the states) are MAC certified, they will, by this annual or six-monthly filing of logbook simple expedient, have effectively established information) a provision of permits to operate a self-regulating regime. To achieve adequate in the ornamental fish trade. “monitoring and control” once MAC certification is established is then a relatively To make monitoring even easier operators simple matter. could be required to enter such data on a pro forma spreadsheet such as that shown in Recommendation: To make progress towards Table P2.2. Such lists should be reviewed the development of a self-financing annually by companies and monitoring monitoring, control and surveillance authorities with species never collected being programme for the Red Sea and Gulf of deleted and additional species being Aden, a regional workshop should be held incorporated into the main list as required. where relevant government representatives This is easily done if the list is kept as a from the member countries and stakeholders spreadsheet. Analysis of the data could be (industry operators) can meet with MAC staff done rapidly by appropriate authorities or by to build awareness, partnerships and discuss a consultant. modalities for implementation of MAC certification within the region. For MAC certification, numbers of each species taken annually from each collection Record keeping and additional data needs area would need to be recorded. These could to assist monitoring of sustainability be entered after each day’s collection and summed on a monthly or annual basis for The Core Standards require that fish are reporting purposes. For more detailed collected from designated collection areas analysis of catch per unit effort, each day’s and that collectors/fishers maintain logbooks data would need to be available to those which show when, where and what species conducting the analysis. This is simple if data they have collected. (In practice buyers may are stored on a spreadsheet (or database). maintain such logbooks on behalf of the Once a system is in place such a system fishers/collectors). should not be burdensome on an industry operator such as an exporting company or If one additional piece of information is buyer. However, it is recognised that buyers known, that is the length of time spent by would need to maintain records for collectors in collecting each consignment, fishers/collectors who could not generally be then the logbook would contain enough expected to do this themselves.

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TABLE P2.2 Pro forma list of fish species utilised by the marine aquarium fish trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region. Three butterflyfish species which are likely to be on the MAC Unsuitable Species List are given in boldface. Only three columns for entering numbers caught are shown but if data were to be collected on each visit to each collection area then many such columns would be needed in the spreadsheet (which allows 256 columns). Additional or alternative common names can be found at www.fishbase.org.

Genus Species Common names Acanthuridae No. No. No. Acanthurus gahhm Black/Whitetail surgeon(fish) Acanthurus nigrofuscus Brown surgeon(fish) Acanthurus sohal Sohal (tang), Red Sea surgeon(fish) Ctenochaetus striatus Lined/Brown bristletooth Naso brevirostris Long-nose/Spotted unicornfish Naso hexacanthus Sleek unicornfish Naso lituratus Orangespine/Lipstick unicornfish, Blonde naso Naso unicornis Short-nose/Bluespine unicornfish Zebrasoma desjardinii Sailfin tang Zebrasoma xanthurum Yellowtail/Purple tang Apogonidae Apogon aureus Golden cardinalfish Balistidae Balistapus undulatus Orange-striped/Undulate triggerfish Balistoides viridescens Titan triggerfish Odonus niger Red-tooth/Niger triggerfish Pseudobalistes fuscus Yellow-spotted/Blue-lined triggerfish Rhinecanthus assasi Picasso triggerfish, Assasi Sufflamen albicaudatus Bluethroat triggerfish Blenniidae Ecsenius aroni Aron's blenny Ecsenius frontalis Smoothfin blenny Ecsenius gravieri Red Sea mimic blenny Exallias brevis Short-bodied blenny Blenniella periophthalmus Blue-dashed rockskipper, False mudskipper Meiacanthus nigrolineatus Blackline fangblenny Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auriga Threadfin butterfly(fish) Chaetodon austriacus Exquisite/Melon butterfly(fish) Chaetodon fasciatus Red Sea raccoon/Striped butterfly(fish) Chaetodon larvatus Orangeface butterfly(fish) Chaetodon lineolatus Lined butterfly(fish) Chaetodon melannotus Blackback butterfly(fish) Chaetodon melapterus Arabian butterfly(fish) Chaetodon mesoleucos Whiteface/Red Sea butterfly(fish) Chaetodon paucifasciatus Redback butterfly(fish) Chaetodon semilarvatus Golden/Redlined/Masked butterfly(fish) Chaetodon trifascialis Chevroned butterfly(fish) Chaetodon vagabundus Vagabond butterfly(fish) Heniochus diphreutes Schooling bannerfish Heniochus intermedius Red Sea bannerfish Cirrhitidae

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Paracirrhites forsteri Blackside/Forster's hawkfish Dasyatidae Himantura uarnak Spotted longtail ray Taeniura lymma Blue-spotted stingray Ephippidae Platax orbicularis Circular spadefish Gobiidae Amblygobius albimaculatus Tailspot goby Amblygobius hectori Hector's goby Cryptocentrus caeruleopunctatus Blue-and-red-spotted goby Cryptocentrus lutheri Luther's goby Valenciennea puellaris Maiden/Orange spotted goby Haemulidae Plectorhinchus gaterinus Black-spotted sweetlips, Yellow grunt Holocentridae Myripristis murdjan Crimson soldierfish Neoniphon sammara Bloodspot/Spotfin squirrel(fish) Sargocentron caudimaculatum Tailspot/Silver squirrel(fish) Sargocentron spinifer Longjaw squirrel(fish) Labridae Anampses caeruleopunctatus Bluespot wrasse Anampses meleagrides Spotted/Yellowtail wrasse Anampses twistii Yellow-breasted wrasse Bodianus anthioides Lyretail hogfish Bodianus axillaris Axilspot hogfish Bodianus diana Diana's hogfish Cheilinus abudjubbe Abudjubbe Cheilinus fasciatus Red-breasted Maori wrasse Cheilinus lunulatus Broomtail wrasse Cheilinus mentalis Mental wrasse Cheilinus undulatus Humphead wrasse Cheilio inermis Cigar wrasse Coris africana African coris Coris aygula Clown/Twin-spot coris/wrasse Coris caudimacula Spottail (sand) coris Coris variegata Dapple/Variegated coris Epibulus insidiator Slingjaw/Yellow-longjaw wrasse Gomphosus caeruleus Red Sea bird/Greenbird/Brownbird wrasse Halichoeres hortulanus Chequerboard/Chequered wrasse Halichoeres marginatus Dusky wrasse Halichoeres scapularis Zigzag wrasse Hemigymnus fasciatus Barred (thicklip) wrasse Hologymnosus annulatus Ring wrasse Labroides dimidiatus (Bluestreak) Cleaner wrasse Larabicus quadrilineatus Arabian/Four-line cleaner (wrasse) Macropharyngodon bipartitus Divided/Vermiculate wrasse Novaculichthys taeniourus Rockmover/Dragon wrasse Oxycheilinus digramma Cheek-lined Maori wrasse Paracheilinus octotaenia Eight-stripe/Eight-line wrasse Pseudodax moluccanus Chiseltooth wrasse

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Stethojulis albovittata Blue-lined wrasse Stethojulis interrupta Cutribbon wrasse Thalassoma lunare Moon/Lunare wrasse Thalassoma purpureum Surge wrasse Thalassoma rueppellii Rüppell’s/Rainbow wrasse Lutjanidae Lutjanus kasmira Blueline/Bluestripe snapper Microdesmidae Ptereleotris evides Twotone dartfish, Scissortail goby Ptereleotris zebra Zebra dartfish/goby Monacanthidae Amanses scopas Broom filefish Cantherhines pardalis Wire-net filefish Monodactylidae Monodactylus argenteus Silver moony Mullidae Parupeneus cyclostomus Yellow-saddle/Yellow goatfish Parupeneus forsskali Forsskål’s/Dot-dash goatfish Parupeneus macronema Pink and black goatfish Parupeneus rubescens Redstriped/Rosy goatfish Muraenidae Gymnothorax undulatus Undulated moray Gymnothorax griseus Grey/Peppered/Geometric moray Ophichthidae Myrichthys colubrinus Ringed/Harlequin snake eel Ostraciidae Ostracion cubicus Yellow boxfish Pinguipedidae Parapercis hexophtalma Spotted sandperch Plotosidae Plotosus lineatus Striped eel catfish Pomacanthidae Centropyge multispinis Manyspined/Dusky angelfish Genicanthus caudovittatus Zebra angel(fish) Pomacanthus asfur Arabian angel(fish) Pomacanthus imperator Emperor angel(fish) Pomacanthus maculosus Yellow-bar/Bluemoon angelfish Pygoplites diacanthus Royal/Regal angel(fish) Pomacentridae Abudefduf sexfasciatus Scissor-tail/Stripetail sergeant Amphiprion bicinctus Two-banded anemonefish, Red Sea clown Chromis dimidiata Half-and-half/Chocolate-dip chromis Chromis viridis Blue-green chromis Chrysiptera annulata Footballer demoiselle Dascyllus aruanus Humbug/Threestripe dascyllus/damsel Dascyllus marginatus Black-banded dascyllus, Halfmoon damsel Dascyllus trimaculatus Three-spot/Domino dascyllus/damsel Neoglyphidodon melas Royal/Bowtie damselfish Pomacentrus sulfureus Sulphur damsel Pomacentrus trilineatus Three-line damsel

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Pseudochromidae Pseudochromis flavivertex Yellow-back/Sunrise dottyback Pseudochromis fridmani Orchid/Fridman's dottyback Pseudochromis olivaceus Olive dottyback Pseudochromis springeri Springer's dottyback Scaridae Cetoscarus bicolor Bicolor parrotfish Scarus ferrugineus Rusty parrotfish Scarus fuscopurpureus Purple-brown parrotfish Scarus ghobban Blue-barred parrotfish Scarus gibbus Steep-headed parrotfish Scarus niger Swarthy/Dusky parrotfish Scarus psittacus Palenose parrotfish Scorpaenidae Pterois miles Soldier turkeyfish, Lionfish Pterois radiata Clearfin turkeyfish, Tailbar lionfish Scorpaenopsis barbata Bearded scorpionfish Synanceia verrucosa Stonefish Serranidae Cephalopholis argus Peacock grouper Cephalopholis hemistiktos Half-spotted grouper Cephalopholis miniata Coral grouper Cephalopholis oligosticta Vermilion grouper Cephalopholis sexmaculata Sixspot grouper Diploprion drachi Yellowface/Yellowfin soapfish Epinephelus summana Whitespot/Summana grouper Pseudanthias squamipinnis Scalefin/Lyretail anthias Variola louti Lunartail grouper Tetraodontidae Arothron diadematus Masked puffer Arothron hispidus White-spotted puffer/Stars and stripes puffer Canthigaster coronata Crown toby, Crowned puffer, Longnose puffer Canthigaster margaritata Pearl toby Torpedinidae Torpedo panthera Leopard torpedo, Panther electric ray Additional species

Recommendation: Each country should with length of time spent collecting entered establish pro forma lists of exported species above the column for each batch of fish. The in collaboration with exporting/collecting same lists can be used for export of batches as companies. These lists should be used to well. record catch data from each collection area

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PROPOSALS FOR QUOTAS FOR PERSGA MEMBER COUNTRIES

A draft report by KHALAF & ABDALLAH process collectors/buyers are required to (2003), summarised in part 1 of this produce Collection Area Management Plans publication, provides information on the and to maintain logbooks of when, where and densities of 48 key marine aquarium fish what species are collected. Thus, under these species (see EDWARDS (2002) for selection proposals the areas being collected will criteria). These species were surveyed at sites definitely be known to the relevant authorities along the coasts of Jordan, Egypt, Saudi in each country (if not already known). Arabia, Yemen and Djibouti in 2002. Therefore we present quotas expressed per Continued monitoring of the same sites over square kilometre of coral reef area permitted several years would allow an objective for collection under Collection Area assessment of whether aquarium fish Management Plans. To arrive at quotas the collection is resulting in any depletion of the relevant authorities need only to multiply our stocks of the fish species targeted by the quota/square kilometre by the area in square aquarium trade. An alternative and cheaper kilometres of each Collection Area. approach to monitoring of sustainability, which (although less effective) ought to To translate this information on provide a useful indicator of the status of abundance (numbers km-2) to crude estimates marine aquarium fish stocks, would be to of potential (maximum sustainable) yields or analyse MAC logbook data collected on quotas requires a number of assumptions. individual daily collections at designated Firstly, a collection area will consist of reef collection areas. This would require using the habitat but also may include expanses of recommended addition of data on time spent sand, seagrass, rubble, etc. with low densities collecting each batch of fish in order that of fish. The surveys of fish densities catch per unit effort (CPUE) data can be obviously select coral reef habitat and will derived for selected species on an annual or tend to focus on this part of the mosaic of twice-yearly basis. The issue of quotas and habitats. Thus when considering broader how these might be calculated is explained collection areas, estimates of densities from using data collected by KHALAF & ABDALLAH surveys focused on reef habitat will tend to be (2003). optimistic. We thus make the assumption that only 50% of collection areas is occupied by Calculation of quotas for PERSGA appropriate reef fish habitat. Densities of key countries marine aquarium species as measured by For the purposes of this report the detailed transects laid on coral reefs (Table P2.3) are data of Khalaf and Abdallah have been thus halved when considering whole summarised to provide estimates of densities collection areas. of key marine aquarium species per square kilometre of coral reef habitat (Table P2.3). The data of Khalaf and Abdallah in Table From these data one can in theory estimate P2.3 illustrate a number of important issues approximate sustainable quotas for key related to setting quotas. Firstly, they show species using the method of EDWARDS & how heterogeneous the reefs of the PERSGA SHEPHERD (1992) if one knows the extent of region are in terms of supporting fish the area in which collection is occurring. populations. Thus densities of individual species may vary by 50 fold or more between Data on the extent of collection areas is collection areas in different countries. In unavailable to us at present (although these some cases species do not occur throughout data may already be available to authorities the region. For example, the butterflyfishes issuing permits to collect in each country). Chaetodon melapterus and C. vagabundus However, under the MAC certification only occur in the south (mainly Gulf of

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Aden), whilst the two dottybacks Using the life-history tool of FishBase Pseudochromis fridmani and P. springeri are (www.fishbase.org) and with knowledge of not found in the Gulf of Aden. In other cases, mean annual sea temperatures in the region, species may be commoner in the southern we have been able to estimate natural Red Sea (e.g. the angelfishes Pomacanthus mortality rates for each of the fish species for asfur and P. m a c u l o s us ) or commoner in the the northern, central, and southern Red Sea north of the region (e.g. the butterflyfishes and Gulf of Aden (Table P2.4). A point to Chaetodon austriacus and C. paucifasciatus). note is that the warmer waters of the southern This means that if quotas are to be set, they Red Sea mean that species will tend to have would need to be specific to each designated higher rates of natural mortality toward the collection area. This would require surveys of south, which in turn means that potential those areas to establish local species densities yields could be about 20-30% higher for the and thus would tend to be expensive. same density of a species in Yemen as Secondly, the data show that quotas would compared to Jordan. Hence, for a given fish only need to be applied for a relatively density, estimated quotas will tend to be limited number of species as the majority of higher in the southern part of the region. key marine aquarium fish species are present at densities of thousands to tens or hundreds If the average weight of fish in the of thousands per square kilometre whereas population does not decrease significantly total annual exports from countries are in the due to collection, which is likely to be the order of hundreds to thousands of individuals case for aquarium fish collection although not (Annexes 7–10 in EDWARDS 2002). Given for food fish fisheries, then we may expect that countries (apart from Jordan where there MSY at half unexploited densities. We stress is no export of aquarium fish at present) have that maximum sustainable yield should not be hundreds to thousands of square kilometres of regarded as a target but as a Limit Reference coral reef, for most species there is little Point (LRP) beyond which the fishery must chance of the trade making a significant not go and at which the fishery will have little impact. This is explored in more detail below. resilience in the face of global climate change, normal environmental fluctuations The data of Khalaf and Abdallah show no (e.g., in annual recruitment) or anthropogenic consistent differences between exploited and impacts. A more appropriate Target Reference unexploited sites and so we assume that Point (TRP) would be 66–75% MSY current levels of exploitation are reasonably depending on the level of uncertainty in the low and that the overall densities for each input data and the economic benefits of fish country equate to abundances of unexploited capture. A precautionary 66% MSY has been populations (except for rarer species which adopted for the purposes of this report. were not adequately sampled is some cases due to habitat variability). We assume that Thus three assumptions have been made species are not being collected for food or in calculations of quotas: other purposes in significant numbers, which for most important marine aquarium species 1. That estimates of fish densities made is generally the case. Thus, under fisheries with a focus on coral reef habitat need theory, assuming a logistic model for to be multiplied by 0.5 when applied population growth, maximum sustainable to broader Collection Areas. yield (MSY) may be obtained when the 2. That our Target Reference Point instantaneous rate of fishing mortality (F) should be 66% MSY. (i.e. rate of capture by the marine aquarium 3. That the rate of marine aquarium fish trade) is equal to the instantaneous rate of capture which would give MSY is natural mortality (M) for each species, equal to the natural mortality rate for resulting in an exploitation ratio (E = each species. F/[F+M]) of 0.5 (PAULY 1983).

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TABLE P2.3 Estimates of densities of key marine aquarium fish species (numbers per square kilometre) based on data of KHALAF AND ABDALLAH (2003). * no data due to rarity; - not recorded in country.

Genus Species Jordan Egypt Saudi Arabia Yemen Djibouti Acanthurus sohal * 82774 31273 21667 27667 Naso lituratus 111 8645 9273 2889 45556 Zebrasoma desjardinii 2222 9677 23394 6111 11000 Zebrasoma xanthurum 8222 7419 8909 2667 60556 Balistapus undulatus 1556 1677 4788 * 1222 Balistoides viridescens - 65 424 * 222 Rhinecanthus assasi * 968 1818 222 * Chaetodon auriga 333 27548 5030 * * Chaetodon austriacus 16444 21742 11030 * - Chaetodon fasciatus 4444 6516 5333 889 4778 Chaetodon larvatus - 129 9758 116222 23222 Chaetodon lineolatus - 387 182 * * Chaetodon melannotus 1111 6194 2848 * 444 Chaetodon melapterus - - - - 14222 Chaetodon mesoleucos - * 848 1778 2889 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 49000 15226 3030 * * Chaetodon semilarvatus * 2581 1636 4111 4556 Chaetodon trifascialis 333 18581 1273 1111 4111 Chaetodon vagabundus - - - * 5889 Heniochus intermedius 2111 5419 7455 16333 17111 Paracirrhites forsteri * 13742 12364 * * Anampses twistii 19556 13613 4303 * 1667 Bodianus anthioides 4000 2710 970 * * Cheilinus lunulatus 667 3871 2182 7000 2778 Coris aygula 667 9290 364 111 * Gomphosus caeruleus 16556 26581 31091 778 33111 Labroides dimidiatus 3444 22258 12606 889 5889 Larabicus quadrilineatus 13667 7097 30606 229222 116333 Novaculichthys taeniourus * * 1212 * * Paracheilinus octotaenia 239778 34194 121212 11111 35222 Thalassoma lunare 1556 4065 19091 88778 124444 Thalassoma rueppellii 84000 158581 35273 * - Ostracion cubicus 1000 65 242 111 * Pomacanthus asfur * * 2727 19556 7556 Pomacanthus imperator 111 516 61 111 111 Pomacanthus maculosus * 710 1394 40444 4333 Pygoplites diacanthus 333 2839 6727 * 6889 Amphiprion bicinctus 50444 5355 2606 222 2111 Dascyllus aruanus 251444 21161 632970 48000 20889 Dascyllus marginatus 223667 34839 2121 841889 4444 Dascyllus trimaculatus 14333 2000 5576 145889 2111 Pseudochromis fridmani 26556 55161 9576 - - Pseudochromis springeri 4556 1613 6242 6556 - Pterois miles 333 1161 * * * Pterois radiata 889 903 61 * 444 Arothron diadematus 222 4258 606 * * Schooling species Chromis viridis 900000 1702194 5566848 12822222 5392222 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 1332444 12389806 203333 * *

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TABLE P2.4 Instantaneous rates of natural mortality (M) for marine aquarium fish species from northern (23°C), central (26°C) and southern Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (29°C).

Family Genus Species 23°C 26°C 29°C Acanthuridae Acanthurus sohal 0.73 0.84 0.96 Acanthuridae Naso lituratus 0.67 0.71 0.77 Acanthuridae Zebrasoma desjardinii 0.73 0.84 0.96 Acanthuridae Zebrasoma xanthurum 1.11 1.28 1.46 Balistidae Balistapus undulatus 0.89 1.02 1.18 Balistidae Balistoides viridescens 0.47 0.54 0.62 Balistidae Rhinecanthus assasi 0.89 1.02 1.18 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auriga 1.08 1.24 1.42 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon austriacus 1.61 1.85 2.13 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon fasciatus 1.11 1.28 1.46 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon larvatus 1.70 1.95 2.24 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lineolatus 0.89 1.02 1.18 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon melannotus 1.46 1.67 1.92 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon melapterus 1.61 1.85 2.13 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon mesoleucos 1.61 1.85 2.13 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon paucifasciatus 1.53 1.75 2.01 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon semilarvatus 1.08 1.24 1.42 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifascialis 1.28 1.47 1.69 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon vagabundus 1.08 1.24 1.42 Chaetodontidae Heniochus intermedius 1.28 1.47 1.69 Cirrhitidae Paracirrhites forsteri 1.11 1.28 1.46 Labridae Anampses twistii 1.28 1.47 1.69 Labridae Bodianus anthioides 0.99 1.13 1.30 Labridae Cheilinus lunulatus 0.62 0.71 0.82 Labridae Coris aygula 0.34 0.38 0.44 Labridae Gomphosus caeruleus 0.89 1.02 1.18 Labridae Labroides dimidiatus 1.76 2.02 2.32 Labridae Larabicus quadrilineatus 1.76 2.02 2.32 Labridae Novaculichthys taeniourus 0.89 1.02 1.18 Labridae Paracheilinus octotaenia 2.09 2.40 2.76 Labridae Thalassoma lunare 1.02 1.17 1.34 Labridae Thalassoma rueppellii 1.19 1.37 1.57 Ostraciidae Ostracion cubicus 0.67 0.71 0.77 Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus asfur 0.73 0.84 0.96 Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus imperator 0.67 0.71 0.77 Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus maculosus 0.58 0.67 0.77 Pomacanthidae Pygoplites diacanthus 0.94 1.08 1.24 Pomacentridae Amphiprion bicinctus 1.53 1.75 2.01 Pomacentridae Dascyllus aruanus 1.94 2.22 2.55 Pomacentridae Dascyllus marginatus 2.77 3.18 3.65 Pomacentridae Dascyllus trimaculatus 1.61 1.85 2.13 Pseudochromidae Pseudochromis fridmani 2.68 3.08 3.53 Pseudochromidae Pseudochromis springeri 2.97 3.41 3.91 Scorpaenidae Pterois miles 0.80 0.92 1.06 Scorpaenidae Pterois radiata 1.04 1.20 1.38 Tetraodontidae Arothron diadematus 0.89 1.02 1.18 Schooling species Pomacentridae Chromis viridis 2.50 2.87 3.29 Serranidae Pseudanthias squamipinnis 1.46 1.67 1.92

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TABLE P2.5 Quota estimates as numbers per square kilometre of collection area (rounded to nearest 10 for 1-999; rounded to two significant figures for numbers >1000) for five PERSGA countries. Genus Species Jordan Egypt Saudi Arabia Yemen Djibouti Acanthurus sohal - 10,000 4,300 3,400 4,400 Naso lituratus 10 960 1,100 370 5,800 Zebrasoma desjardinii 270 1,200 3,200 970 1,700 Zebrasoma xanthurum 1,500 1,400 1,900 640 15,000 Balistapus undulatus 230 250 810 - 240 Balistoides viridescens - 10 40 - 20 Rhinecanthus assasi - 140 310 40 - Chaetodon auriga 60 4,900 1,000 - - Chaetodon austriacus 4,400 5,800 3,400 - - Chaetodon fasciatus 810 1,200 1,100 210 1,200 Chaetodon larvatus - 40 3,100 43,000 8,600 Chaetodon lineolatus - 60 30 - - Chaetodon melannotus 270 1,500 780 - 140 Chaetodon melapterus - - - - 5,000 Chaetodon mesoleucos - - 260 620 1,000 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 12,000 3,800 870 - - Chaetodon semilarvatus - 460 330 960 1,100 Chaetodon trifascialis 70 3,900 310 310 1,100 Chaetodon vagabundus - - - - 1,400 Heniochus intermedius 450 1,100 1,800 4,600 4,800 Paracirrhites forsteri - 2,500 2,600 - - Anampses twistii 4,100 2,900 1,000 - 460 Bodianus anthioides 650 440 180 - - Cheilinus lunulatus 70 400 260 950 380 Coris aygula 40 520 20 10 - Gomphosus caeruleus 2,400 3,900 5,200 150 6,400 Labroides dimidiatus 1,000 6,500 4,200 340 2,300 Larabicus quadrilineatus 4,000 2,100 10,000 88,000 45,000 Novaculichthys taeniourus - - 200 - - Paracheilinus octotaenia 83,000 12,000 48,000 5,100 16,000 Thalassoma lunare 260 680 3,700 20,000 28,000 Thalassoma rueppellii 16,000 31,000 8,000 - - Ostracion cubicus 110 10 30 10 - Pomacanthus asfur - - 380 3,100 1,200 Pomacanthus imperator 10 60 10 10 10 Pomacanthus maculosus - 70 150 5,100 550 Pygoplites diacanthus 50 440 1,200 - 1,400 Amphiprion bicinctus 13,000 1,400 750 70 700 Dascyllus aruanus 80,000 6,800 230,000 20,000 8,800 Dascyllus marginatus 100,000 16,000 1,100 510,000 2,700 Dascyllus trimaculatus 3,800 530 1,700 51,000 740 Pseudochromis fridmani 12,000 24,000 4,900 - - Pseudochromis springeri 2,200 790 3,500 4,200 - Pterois miles 40 150 - - - Pterois radiata 150 150 10 - 100 Arothron diadematus 30 620 100 - - Schooling species Chromis viridis 370,000 700,000 2,600,000 7,000,000 2,900,000 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 320,000 3,000,000 56,000 - -

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Given these assumptions the equation of and the protected areas will provide a large GULLAND (1971) is modified to: reservoir of fish to seed those areas being exploited. It has the drawback that collection Quota (potential yield per square kilometre is concentrated on relatively limited collection area) = M x 0.5 x Density x 0.5 x collection areas so that a few key target 0.66 species may be prone to local over-collection. (Density from Table P2.3) Using data from Annex 7 and 9 in Using this formula quota estimates EDWARDS (2002) we compare annual exports (numbers per square kilometre of collection to quotas to see if there are indications of area) have been generated for those species species that may be at risk of over-collection and countries for which Khalaf and Abdallah in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. For Egypt, export provided density data (Table P2.5). and quota estimates can be compared for about 30 marine aquarium species and the Estimates of total coral reef areas in the necessary collection area required to support PERSGA member countries (Table P2.6) exports can be estimated (Table P2.7). If we should be used with caution when deducing assume reef areas are approximately 100- likely collection pressures on reefs. There are 200 m wide (this will vary from site to site), a number of reasons for this: then 1 km² of coral reef may extend along • Each country has marine protected 5-10 km of coastline. On this basis, areas or marine parks where one requirements for 2 km² coral reef collection assumes that marine aquarium fish area to support exports will mean exploitation collection will not be allowed or of approximately 10-20 km of coastline. This will be severely restricted. These could result in significant pressures on fish areas are extensive in Egypt and resources from a collection base on the coast. Saudi Arabia, in each country In Table P2.7 we note that four species covering over 7,000 km² much of (Chaetodon larvatus, C. semilarvatus, which is not coral reef but still Pomacanthus asfur, P. m a c u l o s us ) require including a substantial part of the collection areas in excess of 2 km² and are country’s coral reefs. thus likely to be under pressure. Most worrying is Pomacanthus asfur which was • Collection is likely to be localised too rare at the sites visited in Egypt by Khalaf around coastal towns where and Abdallah to be recorded and yet was holding facilities can be collected in large numbers in 1998-2000. maintained and from where there Quotas for such species for each licensed is reasonably quick access to an collection area would seem essential if MAC airport for export. certification is not adopted. Other species which may need to be monitored are those Thus the area of reef along the coast requiring 5-10 km of coastline to support which is, in reality, accessible for aquarium capture. These include: Zebrasoma fish collection is a small proportion of the desjardinii, Z. xanthurum, Ostracion cubicus total reef area for most of the countries. This and Amphiprion bicinctus. has the benefit that impacts will be localised

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TABLE P2.6 Estimates of coral reef areas and lengths of coastline for PERSGA countries taken from SPALDING et al. (2001).

Country Reef areas Coastline in PERSGA area Djibouti 450 km² 372 km Egypt 3,800 km² 1,800 km Jordan <50 km² 27 km Saudi Arabia 6,660 km² 1,840 km Somalia <300 km² 1,300 km Sudan 2,720 km² 750 km Yemen 700 km² 2,200 km (1/3 Red Sea, 2/3 Gulf of Aden)

TABLE P2.7 Comparison of quota estimates for Egypt with numbers being exported per year based on average of 1998-2000 exports (export data from Awadallah in Annex 7 of EDWARDS 2002). Genus Species Estimated quota per Numbers exported Estimated km² of km² per year collection area required Acanthurus sohal 10,000 1,445 0.14 Zebrasoma desjardinii 1,200 2,365 1.97 Zebrasoma xanthurum 1,400 2,257 1.61 Rhinecanthus assasi 140 85 0.61 Chaetodon auriga 4,900 1,210 0.25 Chaetodon austriacus 5,800 605 0.10 Chaetodon fasciatus 1,200 862 0.72 Chaetodon larvatus 40 732 18.29 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 3,800 998 0.26 Chaetodon semilarvatus 460 3,528 7.67 Heniochus intermedius 1,100 347 0.32 Anampses twistii 2,900 270 0.09 Bodianus anthioides 440 53 0.12 Coris aygula 520 105 0.20 Gomphosus caeruleus 3,900 77 0.02 Larabicus quadrilineatus 2,100 298 0.14 Thalassoma lunare 680 157 0.23 Ostracion cubicus 10 13 1.33 Pomacanthus asfur - 753 ? Pomacanthus imperator 60 32 0.53 Pomacanthus maculosus 70 1,272 18.17 Pygoplites diacanthus 440 360 0.82 Amphiprion bicinctus 1,400 1,665 1.19 Dascyllus marginatus 16,000 5,010 0.31 Pseudochromis fridmani 24,000 288 0.01 Pseudochromis springeri 790 573 0.73 Pterois radiata 150 55 0.37 Arothron diadematus 620 140 0.23 Schooling species Pseudanthias squamipinnis 3,000,000 5,872 <0.01

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A similar analysis for Saudi Arabia (Table Chaetodon lineolatus and C. mesoleucos, the P2.8) suggests considerably lower pressure wrasse Coris aygula, the angelfish but indicates that a few species may require Pomacanthus imperator, the lionfishes 5-10 km of coastline to support the capture Pterois miles and P. radiata and the pufferfish levels seen in 1998-1999. These were: Arothron diadematus. Thus, if quotas are to Chaetodon semilarvatus, Pomacanthus asfur be utilised as a management tool then only a and P. m a c ul o s u s . It is instructive that the relatively small number of species would same relatively high value species appear to require quotas assigned to them on the basis be at most risk of potential over-collection in of sustainability and these would primarily be both countries. the highly sought-after angelfishes (Pomacanthidae) and butterflyfishes Table P2.5 indicates that a number of (Chaetodontidae). PERSGA and member species are rather rare and thus ought to be states may wish to assign quotas for other subject to collection-area-based quotas (in the species for other special reasons. These are absence of MAC certification) as well as discussed in the following section. those species noted above. These include: the triggerfishes Balistoides viridescens and Rhinecanthus assasi, the butterflyfishes

TABLE P2.8 Comparison of quota estimates for Saudi Arabia with numbers being exported per year based on averages of 1998–1999 exports (export data from Annex 9 in EDWARDS 2002). Genus Species Estimated Numbers exported Estimated km² of collection quota per per year area required km² Acanthurus sohal 4,300 687 0.16 Naso lituratus 1,100 428 0.39 Zebrasoma desjardinii 3,200 512 0.16 Zebrasoma xanthurum 1,900 565 0.30 Rhinecanthus assasi 310 307 0.99 Chaetodon austriacus 3,400 134 0.04 Chaetodon fasciatus 1,100 399 0.36 Chaetodon larvatus 3,100 160 0.05 Chaetodon paucifasciatus 870 262 0.30 Chaetodon semilarvatus 330 433 1.31 Gomphosus caeruleus 5,200 192 0.04 Larabicus quadrilineatus 10,000 627 0.06 Thalassoma lunare 3,700 142 0.04 Pomacanthus asfur 380 549 1.44 Pomacanthus maculosus 150 160 1.06 Amphiprion bicinctus 750 556 0.74 Dascyllus marginatus 1,100 990 0.90 Dascyllus trimaculatus 1,700 144 0.08 Pseudochromis fridmani 4,900 840 0.17 Pseudochromis springeri 3,500 194 0.06 Schooling species Chromis viridis 2,600,000 2,587 <0.01 Pseudanthias squamipinnis 56,000 939 0.02

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Species which need special consideration The first three species are corallivores which tend to die after a few months in Four categories of species may need captivity unless kept in large aquaria special consideration (EDWARDS 2002). MAC containing live corals on which they can feed. certification should deal with most of these. Many responsible companies already refuse The categories are: to import such species unless specially 1. Fish species showing poor ordered for large public aquaria where they survivorship in captivity (e.g. easily can survive. The final species apparently stressed, obligate corallivores, those releases potent toxins into the water killing that release toxins), any other species in the same aquarium. 2. Fish species that are easily There seems to be significant export of overexploited (rare, endemic), Chaetodon austriacus and C. melapterus from the region despite their apparent 3. Fish species whose collection may unsuitability. MAC certification would result in collateral damage (for presumably not allow export of these species example, species which shelter in or restrict export to special aquaria. It is branching coral), perhaps best to leave such decisions to the 4. Fish species which are the subject of sub-committee of the MAC Standards ecological concerns (cleaners). Committee.

The type of special treatment that might Species in the region where some concern be envisaged ranges from export being has been expressed about suitability for banned, through species-specific quotas, normal marine aquaria: export only being allowed to public aquaria, • Orange-faced butterflyfish, to careful monitoring (either of numbers Chaetodon larvatus collected and collection effort, or numbers per unit area on the reef in collected and • Regal/Royal angelfish, Pygoplites comparable uncollected areas). The Marine diacanthus Aquarium Council (MAC) has a sub- committee of its MAC Standards Committee Chaetodon larvatus feeds largely on which will identify species which are branching coral polyps and is a difficult inappropriate to be collected, handled, or species to keep in aquaria. It is likely to have transported. Examples of species in the region low survivorship in the average marine whose collection and export might be aquarium. An ornamental fish company severely restricted or banned under MAC operating in the region indicated that they had certification are considered below. reports of poor survivorship of Pygoplites diacanthus and indicated that they did not Species in the region which have been recommend this species to customers despite identified as not suitable for normal marine the demand for it. These species will no doubt aquaria include: be carefully assessed by MAC in terms of their suitability (see next section). • Exquisite butterflyfish, Chaetodon austriacus Ecosystem health and ecological issues • Arabian butterflyfish, Chaetodon focus primarily on the collection of cleaner melapterus wrasse. If over-collected, the parasitism loads on larger fish (many of them commercial • Chevroned butterflyfish, Chaetodon importance as food fish) which cleaner trifascialis wrasse such as Labroides dimidiatus and Larabicus quadrilineatus service, could • Bluetail trunkfish, Ostracion potentially increase with adverse cyanurus

94 Part 2 consequences. Thus levels of these species will likely include organisms for which the need to be monitored to ensure they are not requirements for keeping in captivity are well overexploited. known and clearly impractical to fulfil. This will undoubtedly include: The final issue relates to collateral damage to the coral reef. This centres on • organisms that get too large for destructive fishing practices. These are most home aquariums (e.g., sharks banned by MAC so that MAC certification and rays), should prevent such practices if properly • organisms that are obligate feeders implemented. The main problem relates to the on food that is difficult or collection of small fishes, such as Dascyllus, expensive to obtain (e.g., obligate Chromis and Pseudanthias that take shelter in coral polyp or sponge feeders such branching corals when under threat. As as the butterflyfish identified indicated by WOOD (1985), some collectors above), and destroy the corals to get the fish out. In Yemen collectors are reported to blow a jet of • organisms that are dangerous or air into such corals to eject the fish into dip- highly venomous (e.g., trunkfish nets. It has been suggested that these air jets identified above or blue ring could be of such force as to strip the coral octopus). tissue from the coral skeleton causing at least partial death of the colony so treated. MAC The sub-committee will develop criteria certified collectors would not be allowed to for reasonable and responsible exceptions to use such techniques if these were shown to be allow for the small number of these harmful to corals. organisms that should be able to go to: • public aquaria and scientific The following section outlines the institutions (e.g., documentation procedures which the MAC would use to that the end buyer is a public develop a list of species that are unsuitable aquarium accredited to the for the marine aquarium trade, in order to appropriate body, such as the deal with the concerns mentioned above. American Zoo and Aquarium Association), and MAC procedures for developing a list of • home aquarium keepers who are species unsuitable for the trade conducting research into the MAC is at present moving forward with conditions required to successfully the procedures to develop a list of species keep these organisms in captivity. deemed inappropriate for the marine aquarium trade. A sub-committee of the MAC The sub-committee will periodically Standards Committee will, in 2004, identify review and revise the list. The sub-committee marine aquarium organisms that are will delete organisms from the list if and inappropriate to be collected, handled, or when they are determined to be viable in a transported by anyone in the chain of custody certified trade and will add other animals to seeking certification. Criteria for identifying the list when they are shown not to be viable. such organisms will be based on a variety of inputs (e.g.: expert opinion of committee The sub-committee will review and revise members, expert opinion sought by the the criteria for identifying unsuitable species committee, Global Marine Aquarium Database as more information becomes available. This data, MAC documentation on mortality). will likely include information on:

The initial designation of a marine • the ability of a species to survive aquarium organism as an ‘unsuitable species’ collection, handling and transport,

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• the ability of a species to survive making on species that may need to be listed captivity for a considerable portion and at what scale. In the case of species that of its potential life span, and are locally abundant, but rare on a broader geographic scope, the sub-committee will • life history traits that make a develop a process for requiring the species particularly vulnerable to management plan for harvesting in the area of over-exploitation (e.g., intrinsic local abundance to take account of the low growth or recruitment rates). broader rarity of the species.

The sub-committee on unsuitable species In summary, the initial MAC Unsuitable will include a range of stakeholders with Species List will include species that do not relevant experience and information from survive well in captivity, that grow too big, science, conservation, industry and the and that are poisonous. In addition, the sub- aquarium hobby. committee will develop a process for listing species that are rare and/or particularly At the collection area level, the evaluation vulnerable to over-exploitation. From the and management of rare species can be point of view of sustainability of the trade in effectively implemented through existing the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, the MAC procedures. The Ecosystem and Fishery certification process and in-built controls thus Management (EFM) Core Standard and the appear to provide a robust self-financing development and implementation of the monitoring system. Collection Area Management Plan (CAMP) already require standardised resource assessment and monitoring of species Summary abundance using the Marine Aquarium Trade It is clear from the above considerations Coral Reef Monitoring Protocol that the setting of meaningful quotas requires (MAQTRAC). This is a high-level considerable field survey to establish fish monitoring protocol with a high taxonomic densities in proposed or existing collection content developed to assess the ecological areas. Overall quotas are of no value, because impacts associated with the removal of pressures on different species vary ornamentals for the aquarium trade. If species enormously: thus quotas have to be species- are found to be in very low abundance (i.e. specific. However, such quotas are only likely ‘rare’ in that collection area) and/or there is a to be needed for a maximum of 20 species on significant trend of decreasing abundance, the the basis of over-collection (Table P2.9). monitoring will recommend that the CAMP Collection of a few other species might also revisions require reducing or stopping be restricted for special reasons discussed in collecting those species until they are the previous section but it would be prudent documented as increasing in abundance to to rely on MAC to identify these to ensure viable population levels. This provides a very that international norms are applied to the clear method to ensure species that are locally industry in the region. rare or depleted will not be subject to continued harvest. Recommendation: Given the difficulty of calculating quotas, a more cost-effective The Unsuitable Species Sub-committee approach would be to utilise the logbook will develop a process for evaluating, and records which MAC certification requires to considering for listing, species that are monitor collection from designated collection proposed to be rare at other geographic areas. If records were kept on spreadsheets, levels, i.e. sub-national, national, total catches for each species and catch per international. This will include a process for unit effort (e.g. per unit collecting time) for receiving submissions (scientific and species could be calculated fairly easily and stakeholder review and input) and decision- at far less cost than the cost of field surveys.

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Analysis of such records would give early time is envisaged as part of MAC Collection warning of any sustainability problems if Area Management Plans using the reviewed at least annually. Monitoring of MAQTRAC monitoring system. species rarity and changes in abundance over

TABLE P2.9 Marine aquarium fish species for which quotas might be needed. Species which appear to be at highest risk of over-collection are shaded and indicated by an H in the risk column. The remainder may be considered as medium risk.

Family Genus Species Common name Risk Acanthuridae Zebrasoma desjardinii Sailfin tang M Acanthuridae Zebrasoma xanthurum Yellowtail/Purple tang M Balistidae Balistoides viridescens Titan triggerfish M Balistidae Rhinecanthus assasi Picasso triggerfish M Chaetodontidae Chaetodon larvatus Orangeface butterfly(fish) H Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lineolatus Lined butterfly(fish) H Chaetodontidae Chaetodon mesoleucos Whiteface/Red Sea butterfly(fish) M Chaetodontidae Chaetodon semilarvatus Golden/Redlined/Masked butterfly(fish) H Labridae Coris aygula Clown/Twin-spot coris/wrasse M Ostraciidae Ostracion cubicus Yellow boxfish M Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus asfur Arabian angel(fish) H Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus imperator Emperor angel(fish) H Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus maculosus Yellow-bar/Bluemoon angel(fish) H Pomacentridae Amphiprion bicinctus Two-banded anemonefish M Scorpaenidae Pterois miles Soldier turkeyfish, Lionfish M Scorpaenidae Pterois radiata Clearfin turkeyfish, Tailbar lionfish M Tetraodontidae Arothron diadematus Masked puffer M

CONCLUSION

In terms of enabling sustainable terms of data collection (including the utilisation of marine aquarium organisms recording of time spent collecting) and (and ornamental fish in particular) in the Red transfer to independent scientists for analysis, Sea and Gulf of Aden, MAC certification of or in terms of quotas based on collection and all industry operators provides the simplest monitoring data from designated MAC route to self-financing monitoring, control collection areas. and surveillance. All that government authorities need to do is to make MAC Essentially this approach lifts most of the certification a condition of licensing of burden of monitoring, control and industry operators who wish to collect and/or surveillance from government and places it export marine aquarium organisms from on the industry and ensures that the industry PERSGA member countries. operates to internationally accepted standards of best practice. Government authorities might also wish to stipulate additional safeguards either in

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REFERENCES

ABDALLAH, M. 2000. Current status of the PAULY, D. 1983. Some simple methods for ornamental fish trade. PERSGA, Jeddah. the assessment of tropical fish stocks. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 234: viii + 52 pp. ABDUL GHANI, M.M.S. & GAZZAZ, M.A. 2000. Marine ornamental fish in Kingdom of SPALDING, M.D., RAVILIOUS, C. & GREEN, Saudi Arabia in the Red Sea. Fishery E.P. 2001. World Atlas of Coral Reefs. Department, Ministry of Agriculture and University of California Press, Berkeley, Water. Fishery Research Centre Red Sea. USA. 424 pp. BARRANIA, A. 2000. Report on the ornamental fish trade in Egypt. PERSGA, WOOD, E.M. 1985. Exploitation of Coral Reef Jeddah. Fishes for the Aquarium Trade. Marine Conservation Society, Ross on Wye, England. EDWARDS, A.J. 2002. Guidelines for ornamental fish sampling, data collection and WOOD, E.M. 2001. Collection of Coral Reef analysis of the aquarium fish trade. PERSGA Fish for Aquaria: Global trade, Conservation Training Workshop Report 2002, No. 2: 1- Issues and Management Strategies. Marine 171. PERSGA, Jeddah. (Printed as Conservation Society, Ross on Wye, England. PERSGA/GEF 2002 with the same title.) 80 pp.

EDWARDS, A.J. & SHEPHERD, A.D. 1992. Environmental implications of aquarium-fish collection in the Maldives, with proposals for regulation. Environmental Conservation 19 (1): 61-72.

GULLAND, J.A. (ed.) 1971. The Fish Resources of the Ocean. Fishing News (Books) Ltd., West Byfleet, Surrey, UK. 255 pp.

HARIRI, K.I., NICHOLS, P., KRUPP, F., MISHRIGI, S., BARRANIA, A., ALI F.A. & KEDIDI, S.M. 2000. Status of the living marine resources in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region and their management. PERSGA, Jeddah. (Printed as PERSGA/GEF 2002. Strategic Action Programme for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: Volume 3b. Living Marine Resources in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden and their Management. World Bank, Washington, D.C.)

KHALAF, M.A. & ABDALLAH, M. 2003. Current status of the ornamental fish trade: their assemblages, collection practices, export, conservation issues and management in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Draft report to PERSGA. (Edited and printed as part 1 of this volume.)

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ANNEX 1. Marine Aquarium Council

Marine Aquarium Council Core Standards2

Core Standard I. Ecosystem and Fishery Management (EFM): including collection area ecosystem management and conservation.

Core Standard II. Collection, Fishing and Holding (CFH): including fish, coral, live rock, other coral reef organisms, and associated harvesting and related activities, e.g. field handling and holding practices, etc.

Core Standard III. Handling, Husbandry and Transport (HHT): including holding, husbandry, packing, transport, etc. at wholesale, retail, and all other components of industry not covered by EFM and CFH standards.

Marine Aquarium Council Best Practice Guidance Documents

Best Practice Guidance for the Core Ecosystem and Fishery Management International Performance Standard for the Marine Aquarium Trade. (Relates to Core Standard 1).

Best Practice Guidance for the Core Collection, Fishing and Holding International Performance Standard for the Marine Aquarium Trade. (Relates to Core Standard II).

Best Practice Guidance for the Core Handling, Husbandry and Transport International Performance Standard for the Marine Aquarium Trade. (Relates to Core Standard III).

Marine Aquarium Council Core Standards Interpretation Document

This document clarifies how the Core Standards will operate.

All documents are available in Portable Document Format (PDF) from the Marine Aquarium Council website at www.aquariumcouncil.org.

2 Core Standards are also printed in Annex 6 of PERSGA/GEF 2002. PERSGA Training Workshop Report 2002 No. 2. (EDWARDS 2002).

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List of MAC Accredited Certifiers

Company Contact Notes IMS International London Sales Office Mr. Graham O'Geran Business Development Director IMS International Limited 3-4 Sherlock Mews London W1M 3RH Email: [email protected] Moody Marine Dr. Andrew Hough This company is able to operate Moody Marine through the Moody c/o Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies International network of The University of Liverpool offices, spanning 60 countries Vanguard Way in five continents. Birkenhead. CH41 9HX UK Email: [email protected] Scientific Certification Dr. Chet Chaffee Systems (SCS) Marine Conservation Program Scientific Certification Systems 1939 Harrison St. Suite 400 Oakland, CA 94612 Phone: +1 510 832-1415 Fax: +1 510 832-0359 Email: [email protected] SGS Group Mr. Aldin Hilbrands SGS operates a network of over Programme Manager Aquaculture and 850 offices and subsidiaries Fisheries and 330 laboratories in 140 SGS Product & Process Certification countries. PO Box 200 3200 AE Spijkenisse The Netherlands Phone: +31 181 693292 Fax: +31 181 693572 Email: [email protected] Shizen Megumi Katrina Kucey, President Shizen Megumi Pacific Certification Services 101-1188 Cardero Street Vancouver BC V6G 3C4 CANADA Phone: +1 604 633 2701; +1 604 250 0606; +1 604 731 7291 Email: [email protected] TAVEL TAVEL Certification Inc. 2000 Barrington Street Suite 502, Cogswell Tower Halifax, NS, Canada B3J 3K1 Email: [email protected]

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The Marine Aquarium Council would be pleased to engage with PERSGA, as well as with relevant government authorities in the member countries and a network of stakeholders (e.g. marine ornamental companies), to build awareness of its role and move towards the establishment of partnerships so that MAC can become active in the region.

The Marine Aquarium Council contact representative is: Paul Holthus Executive Director and President Marine Aquarium Council 923 Nu'uanu Avenue, Honolulu Hawaii, 96187 USA

Phone: +1 808 550-8217 Fax: +1 808 550-8317

Industry Operators Committed to Becoming MAC Certified

The trade associations listed below are committed to promoting MAC certification among their members: TRADE ASSOCIATIONS American Marinelife Dealers Association (AMDA) Asosiasi Koral Kerang dan Ikan Hias Indonesia (AKKII) (Indonesia Coral, Shell and Ornamental Fish Association) Ornamental Fish International (OFI) Philippine Tropical Fish Exporters Association (PTFEA)

Many industry operators have signed ‘Statements of Commitment’ to become MAC certified as soon as possible. A full list of these operators is available from the Marine Aquarium Council website at www.aquariumcouncil.org.

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MAC Certified Industry Operators (as of 18 January 2003)

MAC CERTIFIED COLLECTION AREAS MAC CERTIFIED IMPORTERS

PHILIPPINES CANADA Batasan Tropical Fish Collectors Association Coast Mountain Aquatics Batasan Island, Bohol, Philippines #19 12871 Bathgate Way Tel. +63 919 488-1898 Richmond, British Columbia V6V 1Y5 Canada Tangaran Aquarium Fish Gatherers Association Tel. +1 604 244-0670 Tangaran, Clarin, Bohol, Philippines Email [email protected] Tel. +63 920 779-3095 UNITED STATES MAC CERTIFIED COLLECTORS A&M Aquatics 16260 National Parkway PHILIPPINES Lansing, Michigan 48906 USA Batasan Tropical Fish Collectors Association Tel. +1 517 321-7258 Batasan Island, Bohol, Philippines Email [email protected] Tel. +63 919 488-1898 Quality Marine Tangaran Aquarium Fish Gatherers Association 5420 West 104th Street Tangaran, Clarin, Bohol, Philippines Los Angeles, California 90045 USA Tel. +63 920 779-3095 Tel. +1 310 645-1107 Email [email protected]

MAC CERTIFIED EXPORTERS MAC CERTIFIED RETAILERS

PHILIPPINES UNITED STATES AquaEx Buyo, Binongkalan Living Sea Aquarium Catmon 811 West Devon Avenue Cebu 6006, Philippines Park Ridge, Illinois 60068 USA Tel. +63 32 4290009, +63 917 626-0023 Tel. +1 847 698-7258 Email [email protected] Email [email protected]

Aquarium Habitat All Wet Pets, Inc. 812 S. Laurel Street Gill-Roy's Plaza Mandaluyong City 1501 G-6429 W. Pierson Road, Suite #8 Manila, Philippines Flushing, Michigan 48433 USA Tel. +63 2 723-8174 Tel. +1 810 487-2033 Email [email protected] Email [email protected] HD Marine World Preuss Animal House 12 Munich Street 2119 Haslett Road Merville ParkParañaque City 1700 Haslett, Michigan 48840 USA Manila, Philippines Tel. +1 517 339-1762 Tel. +63 2 824-7568 Email [email protected] Email [email protected] The Reef Shop Aquascapes Philippines Co. 6527 Naomi Street 7346 A. Bonifacio Extension Portage, Michigan 49002 USA San Dionisio, Parañaque City Tel. +1 269 323-3721 Manila, Philippines Email www.thereefshop.com Tel. +63 2 715-1036 Email [email protected]

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ANNEX 2. Principal Fish Species Exploited

List of scientific, trade and English common names of principal fish species exploited by the marine aquarium trade in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.

Price range: H = ≥$10; M = $2 – $10; L = <$2. Status: O = only occasionally collected by the trade; C = commonly collected by the trade (although often in very low numbers). Prices for a species will vary with the size of the fish. Family Genus Species Common names Concerns Price Status range Acanthuridae Acanthurus gahhm Black/Whitetail Endemic M O surgeon(fish) Acanthuridae Acanthurus nigrofuscus Brown surgeon(fish) M O Acanthuridae Acanthurus sohal Sohal (tang), Red Sea Endemic H C surgeon(fish) Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus striatus Lined/Brown bristletooth M C Acanthuridae Naso brevirostris Long-nose/Spotted C unicornfish Acanthuridae Naso hexacanthus Sleek unicornfish O Acanthuridae Naso lituratus Orangespine/Lipstick M-H C unicornfish, Blonde naso Acanthuridae Naso unicornis Short-nose/Bluespine C unicornfish Acanthuridae Zebrasoma desjardinii Sailfin tang M C Acanthuridae Zebrasoma xanthurum Yellowtail/Purple tang Endemic M C Apogonidae Apogon aureus Golden cardinalfish M O Balistidae Balistapus undulatus Orange-striped/Undulate M C triggerfish Balistidae Balistoides viridescens Titan triggerfish M-H C Balistidae Odonus niger Red-tooth/Niger M C triggerfish Balistidae Pseudobalistes fuscus Yellow-spotted/Blue-lined M C triggerfish Balistidae Rhinecanthus assasi Picasso triggerfish, Assasi Endemic M C Balistidae Sufflamen albicaudatus Bluethroat triggerfish Endemic M C Blenniidae Ecsenius aroni Aron's blenny Endemic O Blenniidae Ecsenius frontalis Smoothfin blenny L C Blenniidae Ecsenius gravieri Red Sea mimic blenny Endemic L C Blenniidae Exallias brevis Short-bodied blenny O Blenniidae Blenniella periophthalmus Blue-dashed rockskipper L O Blenniidae Meiacanthus nigrolineatus Blackline fangblenny Endemic L C Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auriga Threadfin butterfly(fish) M C Chaetodontidae Chaetodon austriacus Exquisite/Melon Endemic, C butterfly(fish) Low survival Chaetodontidae Chaetodon fasciatus Red Sea raccoon/Striped Endemic M-H C butterfly(fish) Chaetodontidae Chaetodon larvatus Orangeface butterfly(fish) Endemic M C Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lineolatus Lined butterfly(fish) M-H C Chaetodontidae Chaetodon melannotus Blackback butterfly(fish) M C Chaetodontidae Chaetodon melapterus Arabian butterfly(fish) Endemic C Chaetodontidae Chaetodon mesoleucos Whiteface/Red Sea Endemic M C butterfly(fish)

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Chaetodontidae Chaetodon paucifasciatus Redback butterfly(fish) Endemic M C Chaetodontidae Chaetodon semilarvatus Golden/Redlined/Masked Endemic H C butterfly(fish) Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifascialis Chevroned butterfly(fish) Low survival C Chaetodontidae Chaetodon vagabundus Vagabond butterfly(fish) ? Chaetodontidae Heniochus diphreutes Schooling bannerfish M-H C Chaetodontidae Heniochus intermedius Red Sea bannerfish Endemic M-H C Cirrhitidae Paracirrhites forsteri Blackside/Forster's M C hawkfish Dasyatidae Himantura uarnak Spotted longtail ray C Dasyatidae Taeniura lymma Blue-spotted stingray M-H C Ephippidae Platax orbicularis Circular spadefish M C Gobiidae Amblygobius albimaculatus Tailspot goby M C Gobiidae Amblygobius hectori Hector's goby L-M C Gobiidae Cryptocentrus caeruleopunctatusBlue-and-red-spotted goby Endemic M C Gobiidae Cryptocentrus lutheri Luther's goby Endemic M C Gobiidae Valenciennea puellaris Blue-band/Maiden goby M C Haemulidae Plectorhinchus gaterinus Black-spotted sweetlips, C Yellow grunt Holocentridae Myripristis murdjan Crimson soldierfish O Holocentridae Neoniphon sammara Bloodspot/Spotfin C squirrel(fish) Holocentridae Sargocentron caudimaculatum Tailspot/Silver C squirrel(fish) Holocentridae Sargocentron spinifer Longjaw squirrel(fish) O Labridae Anampses caeruleopunctatusBluespot wrasse O Labridae Anampses meleagrides Spotted/Yellowtail wrasse M O Labridae Anampses twistii Yellow-breasted wrasse M C Labridae Bodianus anthioides Lyretail hogfish M C Labridae Bodianus axillaris Axilspot hogfish C Labridae Bodianus diana Diana's hogfish M C Labridae Cheilinus abudjubbe Abudjubbe Endemic M C Labridae Cheilinus fasciatus Red-breasted Maori M C wrasse Labridae Cheilinus lunulatus Broomtail wrasse Endemic M-H C Labridae Cheilinus mentalis Mental wrasse M C Labridae Cheilinus undulatus Humphead wrasse M O Labridae Cheilio inermis Cigar wrasse M C Labridae Coris africana African coris M C Labridae Coris aygula Clown/Twin-spot M C coris/wrasse Labridae Coris caudimacula Spottail (sand) coris M C Labridae Coris variegata Dapple/Variegated coris O Labridae Epibulus insidiator Slingjaw/Yellow-longjaw M C wrasse Labridae Gomphosus caeruleus Red Sea bird/Greenbird/ M C Brownbird wrasse Labridae Halichoeres hortulanus Chequerboard/Chequered M C wrasse Labridae Halichoeres marginatus Dusky wrasse M C Labridae Halichoeres scapularis Zigzag wrasse M C Labridae Hemigymnus fasciatus Barred (thicklip) wrasse C Labridae Hologymnosus annulatus Ring wrasse C Labridae Labroides dimidiatus (Bluestreak) Cleaner M C

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wrasse Labridae Larabicus quadrilineatus Arabian/Four-line cleaner Endemic M C (wrasse) Labridae Macropharyngodon bipartitus Divided/Vermiculate M C wrasse Labridae Novaculichthys taeniourus Rockmover/Dragon M C wrasse Labridae Oxycheilinus digramma Cheek-lined/Maori wrasse M C Labridae Paracheilinus octotaenia Eight-stripe/Eight-line Endemic M C wrasse Labridae Pseudodax moluccanus Chiseltooth wrasse C Labridae Stethojulis albovittata Blue-lined wrasse M C Labridae Stethojulis interrupta Cutribbon wrasse M C Labridae Thalassoma lunare Moon/Lunare wrasse M C Labridae Thalassoma purpureum Surge wrasse M C Labridae Thalassoma rueppellii Rüppell’s/Rainbow wrasse Endemic M C Lutjanidae Lutjanus kasmira Blueline/Bluestripe M C snapper Microdesmidae Ptereleotris evides Twotone dartfish, M C Scissortail goby Microdesmidae Ptereleotris zebra Zebra dartfish/goby M C Monacanthidae Amanses scopas Broom filefish C Monacanthidae Cantherhines pardalis Wire-net filefish C Monodactylidae Monodactylus argenteus Mono M C Mullidae Parupeneus cyclostomus Yellow-saddle/Yellow M C goatfish Mullidae Parupeneus forsskali Forsskal’s/Dot-dash Endemic M C goatfish Mullidae Parupeneus macronema Pink and black goatfish O Mullidae Parupeneus rubescens Redstriped/Rosy goatfish C Muraenidae Gymnothorax undulatus Undulated moray M C Muraenidae Gymnothorax griseus Grey/Peppered/Geometric M C moray Ophichthidae Myrichthys colubrinus Ringed/Harlequin snake eel M C Ostraciidae Ostracion cubicus Yellow boxfish M C Pinguipedidae Parapercis hexophtalma Spotted sandperch M C Plotosidae Plotosus lineatus Striped eel catfish M C Pomacanthidae Centropyge multispinis Many spined/Dusky/ Red M C Sea dwarf angel(fish) Pomacanthidae Genicanthus caudovittatus Zebra angel(fish) M-H C Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus asfur Arabian angel(fish) Endemic H C Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus imperator Emperor angel(fish) H C Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus maculosus Yellow-bar/Bluemoon H C angel(fish) Pomacanthidae Pygoplites diacanthus Royal/Regal angel(fish) Low survival M-H C Pomacentridae Abudefduf sexfasciatus Scissor-tail/Stripetail L O sergeant Pomacentridae Amphiprion bicinctus Two-banded anemonefish, M C Red Sea clown Pomacentridae Chromis dimidiata Half-and-half/Chocolate- L C dip chromis Pomacentridae Chromis viridis Blue-green chromis L C Pomacentridae Chrysiptera annulata Footballer demoiselle L C

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Pomacentridae Dascyllus aruanus Humbug/Threestripe L C dascyllus/damsel Pomacentridae Dascyllus marginatus Black-banded dascyllus, L C Halfmoon damsel Pomacentridae Dascyllus trimaculatus Three-spot/Domino L C dascyllus/damsel Pomacentridae Neoglyphidodon melas Royal damsel(fish) O Pomacentridae Pomacentrus sulfureus Sulphur damsel L C Pomacentridae Pomacentrus trilineatus Three-line damsel L O Pseudochromidae Pseudochromis flavivertex Yellow-back/Sunrise Endemic M C dottyback Pseudochromidae Pseudochromis fridmani Orchid/Fridman's Endemic M C dottyback Pseudochromidae Pseudochromis olivaceus Olive dottyback Endemic M C Pseudochromidae Pseudochromis springeri Springer's dottyback Endemic M C Scaridae Cetoscarus bicolor Bicolor parrotfish M O Scaridae Scarus ferrugineus Rusty parrotfish M C Scaridae Scarus fuscopurpureus Purple-brown parrotfish M C Scaridae Scarus ghobban Blue-barred parrotfish M C Scaridae Scarus gibbus Steep-headed parrotfish M O Scaridae Scarus niger Swarthy/Dusky parrotfish M C Scaridae Scarus psittacus Palenose parrotfish M C Scorpaenidae Pterois miles Soldier turkeyfish, M C Lionfish Scorpaenidae Pterois radiata Clearfin turkeyfish, M C Tailbar lionfish Scorpaenidae Scorpaenopsis barbata Bearded scorpionfish O Scorpaenidae Synanceia verrucosa Stonefish O Serranidae Cephalopholis argus Peacock grouper M-H C Serranidae Cephalopholis hemistiktos Half-spotted grouper Endemic C Serranidae Cephalopholis miniata Coral grouper M-H C Serranidae Cephalopholis oligosticta Vermilion grouper O Serranidae Cephalopholis sexmaculata Sixspot grouper O Serranidae Diploprion drachi Yellowface soapfish M C Serranidae Epinephelus summana Whitespot/Summana O grouper Serranidae Pseudanthias squamipinnis Scalefin/Lyretail anthias M C Serranidae Variola louti Lunartail grouper M O Tetraodontidae Arothron diadematus Masked puffer Endemic M C Tetraodontidae Arothron hispidus White-spotted puffer/Stars M C and stripes puffer Tetraodontidae Canthigaster coronata Crown toby, Longnose L-M C puffer Tetraodontidae Canthigaster margaritata Pearl toby Endemic L-M C Torpedinidae Torpedo panthera Leopard torpedo/Panther M C electric ray

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ADDITIONAL LITERATURE

ADAMS, C.M., LARKIN, S.L. & LEE, D.J. HARMELIN-VIVIEN, M.L. & BOUCHON- 2001. Volume and value of marine NAVARO, Y. 1981. Trophic relationships ornamentals collected in Florida, 1990-98. among chaetodontid fishes in the Gulf of Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3: Aqaba (Red Sea). Proceedings of the 191-204. International Coral Reef Symposium No. 42: 537-544. BOUCHON-NAVARO, Y. 1980. Quantitative distribution of the Chaetodontidae on a KHALAF, M.A. & KOCHZIUS, M. 2002. fringing reef of the Jordanian coast (Gulf of Community structure and biogeography of Aqaba, Red Sea). Marine Biology 63: 79-86. shore fishes in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Helgoland Marine Research 55: 252-284. BOUCHON-NAVARO, Y. & BOUCHON, C. 1989. Correlations between chaetodontid ORMOND, R.F.G. 1972. Visual responses in fishes and coral communities of the Gulf of teleost fish. PhD Thesis, Cambridge Aqaba (Red Sea). Environmental Biology of University. 452 pp. Fishes 25/1-3: 47-60. PAULY, D. 1980. On the interrelationships BOUCHON-NAVARO, Y., BOUCHON, C., & between natural mortality, growth HARMELIN-VIVIEN, M.L. 1985. Impact of parameters and mean environmental coral degradation on a chaetodontid fish temperature in 175 fish stocks. Journal du assemblages (Moorea, French Polynesia). Conseil, Conseil Permanent International Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral pour l’Exploration de la Mer 39 (2): 175- Reef Congress 5: 427-432. 192.

CROSBY, M.P. & REESE, E.S. 1996. A manual REESE, E.R. 1981. Predation on coral by for monitoring coral reefs with indicator fishes of the family Chaetodontidae: species: butterflyfishes as indicators of implications for conservation and changes on Indo-Pacific reefs. Office of management of coral reef ecosystems. Ocean and Coastal Resources Management, Bulletin of Marine Science 31: 594-604. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD. REESE, E.S. & CROSBY, M.P. 1999. The use DAW, T.M., ROGERS, G.C.C., MAPSON, P. & of indicator species for coral reef KYNOCH, J.E. 2001. Structure and monitoring. In: Proceedings of the Hawai'i management issues of the emerging Coral Reef Monitoring Workshop, June 9-11, ornamental fish trade fish in Eritrea. 1998, Honolulu, Hawai'i (Maragos, J.E. & R. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3: 53-64. Grober-Dunsmore, eds): 121-128. Division of Aquatic Resources, Depart. of Land and DELBEEKER, J.C. 2001. Coral farming: past, Natural Resources, Hawaii State Government. present and future trends. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3: 171-181. ROBERTS, C.M. & ORMOND, R.F.G. 1987. Habitat complexity and coral reef fish FRIEDLANDER, A.M. 2001. Essential fish diversity and abundance on Red Sea fringing habitat and effective design of marine reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 41: 1-8. reserves; application for marine ornamental fishes. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation ROBERTS, C.M., ORMOND, R.F.G. & 3: 135-150. SHEPHERD, A.R.D. 1988. The usefulness of butterflyfishes as environmental indicators on coral reefs. Proceedings of the 6th

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International Coral Reef Symposium 2: 331-336.

RUBEC, P.J., PRATT, V.R. & CRUZ, F. 2001. Territorial use rights in fisheries to manage areas for farming coral reef fish and invertebrates for the aquarium trade. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3: 119-134.

ZAKARIA, Z.A., DAWIT, Y., GHEBREMEDHIN, S., NASER, M. & VIDELER, J.J. 2002. Resource portioning among four butterflyfish species in the Red Sea. Marine and Freshwater Research 53: 163-168.

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