Thomas Morus E a Abertura Humanista*

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Thomas Morus E a Abertura Humanista* Thomas Morus e a abertura humanista* Marie-Claire Phélippeau Editora da revista Moreana Traduzido por Emerson Tin Resumo Este artigo trata do humanista inglês Thomas Morus. Confrontado com as novas ideias vindas do resto da Europa, Morus é influenciado pela redescoberta de textos gregos. Com seus amigos humanistas William Lily e Erasmo, foi tradutor, poeta, polemista e autor de ficção. Após uma definição do Renascença e do humanismo, que enfatiza a laicização do pensamento, o artigo discute o trabalho de Thomas Morus contra a rigidez da Universidade de Oxford, no que se chamou de “a batalha do grego”. O retrato do humanista prossegue com a evocação de suas qualidades de pedagogo, poeta e autor de diálogos; em seguida, completa-se com o papel de reformador e de epicurista, que Morus demonstrou em sua obra principal, Utopia. A conclusão concentra-se na nova afirmação do lugar do homem no mundo renascentista. Palavras-chave Thomas Morus, humanismo, Renascença, Epicurismo, prazer, batalha do grego, Luciano de Samósata, Utopia Marie-Claire Phélippeau foi professora de Literatura Inglesa em Montpellier, na França, e atualmente é editora da revista Moreana. Em seu livro recentemente publicado, Pour l’amour du ciel, ela analisa o lugar de Thomas More nas concepções de morte, pecado e vida após a morte formuladas na Idade Média e no início da era moderna. * Este texto se baseia na conferência “Thomas Morus e a abertura humanista”, que foi apresentada no Forum Universitaire de l’Ouest Parisien, em Boulogne-Billancourt em 12 de novembro de 2013, em um ciclo de conferências sobre “O ideal humanista no Renascença”. Para ouvir a gravação da conferência, ver o site do FUDOP: http://www.forumuniversitaire.com/Joumela/index.php/les-conferences/la-saison-2013-2014/saison-2013-2014-1er- trimestre/conf-en-ecoute-1er-trim-2013-14. MORUS – Utopia e Renascimento, 9, 2013 Thomas More and the dawn of humanism* Marie-Claire Phélippeau Editor of Moreana Translated by Emerson Tin Abstract This article evokes the English humanist, Thomas More. Confronted with the new ideas coming from the rest of Europe, More is influenced by the rediscovery of Greek texts. With his humanist friends, William Lily and Erasmus, he becomes a translator, a poet, a polemicist and a fiction writer. The article starts by defining the terms Renaissance and Humanism, laying the stress on the secularization of thought, and continues by recalling Thomas More’s action against the rigidity of Oxford University in the battle about Greek. The humanist’s portrait then continues with the evocation of More’s qualities as a pedagogue, a poet and a dialogue writer to finish with More’s role as a reformer and an Epicurean in his major work Utopia. The conclusion insists on the re- affirmation of man in the Renaissance world. key words Thomas More, humanism, Renaissance, epicureanism, pleasure, battle about Greek, Lucian of Samosata, Utopia Marie-Claire Phélippeau was professor of English Literature in Montpellier, France, and is now the editor of the journal Moreana. In her recent publication, Pour l’Amour du Ciel, she analyses the place of Thomas More in the medieval and early modern conceptions of death, sin, and afterlife. * This text is based on the conference “Thomas More et l'ouverture humaniste”, presented at the Forum Universitaire de l’Ouest Parisien, in Boulogne-Billancourt on 12th November 2013, in a series of conferences about "The humanist ideal in the Renaissence”. To listen to the recording of the conference, visit the website of FUDOP: http://www.forumuniversitaire.com/Joumela/index.php/les-conferences/la-saison-2013-2014/saison-2013- 2014-1er-trimestre/conf-en-ecoute-1er-trim-2013-14. MORUS – Utopia e Renascimento, 9, 2013 Thomas Morus e a abertura humanista e considerarmos que a Renascença começou com Petrarca no século XIV, na Itália, então ali se desenvolveu durante o Quattrocento, à Inglaterra ele chegou apenas um século mais tarde. O período humanista da Inglaterra é, então, o século XVI, e Thomas Morus, um de seus representantes de primeira ordem. Morus, que viveu em Londres de 1478 a 1535, deixou um nome na história por três razões: ele é o autor de Utopia, da qual inventou o nome; foi um grande político, chanceler do reinado sob Henrique VIII, e é um santo mártir para a Igreja Católica, canonizado em 1935. Evocaremos aqui o humanista que viveu em uma Inglaterra confrontada pela efervescência de novas ideias vindas do continente. Tentaremos, em uma primeira parte, definir os conceitos de Renascença e humanismo, antes de evocar o humanista Thomas Morus sob diversos aspectos, desde seus primeiros poemas, em seguida através de sua ação na defesa do grego e até a escrita de Utopia, em que se descobrirá o reformador e o epicurista. 1. Definição da Renascença e do humanismo Se chamamos este estudo “Thomas Morus e a abertura humanista”, foi para destacar a transformação que ocorria na época de Morus. Essa abertura do mundo devia ser muito palpável para quem viveu no final do século XV e encontrava-se em uma posição social ou intelectual capaz de apreciar as mudanças que ocorriam na Europa. Bernard Cottret dá esta definição: “O que se chamou de uma fórmula indispensável da Renascença existiu. A Renascença é, de fato, uma mudança de percepção”1. É verdade que Erasmo e seus confrades humanistas tiveram a nítida impressão de que eles viviam uma ruptura com a época de seus pais e reatavam com os Antigos. Cottret acrescenta: “e, como todos os grandes adolescentes um pouco tolos, [eles] acreditavam se emancipar da cultura de seus pais quando eles a ela estão amalgamados”2. Explicarei minha compreensão da Renascença assim: a sociedade se laiciza imperceptivelmente e percebe o mundo um novo olhar, ao mesmo tempo menos encantado – o que seria o apanágio da Idade Média – e mais pessoal. Pouco a pouco, o indivíduo ganha importância comparado com a comunidade. Sente-se a morte de maneira mais pessoal, mais solitária também. Thomas Morus defende a consciência 1 Cottret, 2012, p. 44. 2 Ibid. 159 MORUS – Utopia e Renascimento, 9, 2013 Marie-Claire Phélippeau pessoal do indivíduo, que logo compreende o bem e o mal, sem o auxílio de um confessor. Lutero afirma que o indivíduo, sozinho, deve encontrar Deus, lendo a Bíblia em sua língua, em vernáculo, e não mais em latim, sem o apoio dos sacerdotes. Parece, de repente, haver outra verdade que aquela transmitida pela Igreja, que também, de qualquer modo, perde pouco a pouco a sua autoridade, como se o indivíduo se emancipasse e se permitisse pensar sozinho. Outros fatos históricos concorrem igualmente para essa mudança de percepção. O mundo ocidental cristão se abre aos mundos de outros lugares: o Grão Turco, ou o infiel, esse exótico muçulmano combatido até então pelos cruzados em suas terras, introduziu-se na Europa cristã. A ameaça turca, iniciada no século XIII, torna-se, no século XVI, uma agressão real quando os otomanos sitiam Viena em outubro de 1529, o mesmo mês em que Thomas Morus é nomeado chanceler da Inglaterra. Desde a queda de Constantinopla, em 1453, os turcos representavam uma ameaça cada vez mais séria e continuarão a ser até a famosa batalha de Lepanto, em 1571, quando a Santa Liga lhes imporá uma derrota memorável. Apesar disso, o pagão, até então distante, penetra no seio do império dos Habsburgo. Mudança de percepção ainda: a imagem que se faz do mundo não é mais a mesma desde que os navegadores intrépidos sulcaram os oceanos, demonstrando que a Terra era redonda e descobrindo um novo continente. Graças à imprensa, os relatos de viagem dos exploradores tornam-se acessíveis e revelam a existência de mundos e de povos muito diferentes, que viveram sem o cristianismo. A nova consciência de um mundo alargado não é somente geográfica, mas também histórica. Passamos, então, da Renascença ao humanismo. Ao desejo de descobrir culturas distantes no espaço corresponde uma sede nova de reatar com os tempos antigos. O olhar sobre os escritos gregos e latinos se torna objeto de uma ávida curiosidade. Chamam-se aqueles que praticam os studia humanitatis de humanistas. Mas é apenas o século XIX que dará ao fenômeno o nome de humanismo. Sem rejeitar o Deus dos cristãos, os primeiros humanistas que se alimentam de cultura antiga querem retornar à fonte de sua civilização. Eles não são os primeiros a fazê-lo. Os grandes pensadores medievais, como Tomás de Aquino ou Alberto Magno3, baseavam já sua reflexão sobre os filósofos gregos, notadamente sobre Aristóteles, que eles contribuíram para redescobrir; no entanto, os humanistas dos séculos XIV a XVI 3 Alberto Magno (ou Albrecht von Bollstadt, c.1200-1280) era um frade dominicano muito letrado (filósofo, teólogo, químico e naturalista), cujo principal discípulo foi Tomás de Aquino. MORUS – Utopia e Renascimento, 9, 2013 160 Thomas Morus e a abertura humanista estudam os Antigos de uma nova maneira. São, de início, os italianos que querem encontrar o latim original de seu país; em seguida, o grego, que precedeu o latim, e graças a isso fazem reviver os textos fundadores em sua verdade e sua nudez, desembaraçados das muito numerosas exegeses dos clérigos medievais, que impunham um filtro à sua compreensão. Ousemos esse paralelo: abordam-se, então, os textos antigos como se faz, em nossos dias, com documentos históricos, com rigor e respeito, em uma atitude científica. Outro aspecto do humanismo, raramente mencionado, é sua finalidade – um aspecto que Francisco Rico soube demonstrar por esta fórmula muito justa: O amor das belas letras levou a desenvolver os studia humanitatis, que, fazendo renascer a Antiguidade, deviam acabar por produzir uma nova civilização [...] um mundo novo, reconstruído sobre uma palavra antiga4. Esta afirmação tem o seu valor quando se evoca o humanista inglês Thomas Morus, que, escrevendo Utopia, desenha os contornos e determina os valores de uma cidade ideal.
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