Les Voies/Voix Radicales En Angleterre, 1789-1848

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Les Voies/Voix Radicales En Angleterre, 1789-1848 Les voies/voix radicales en Angleterre, 1789-1848. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam vorgelegt von Alexandre Netchaev-Bakinski Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Günther Lottes Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Bernard Cottret Potsdam, März 2014 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License: Attribution 4.0 International To view a copy of this license visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Published online at the Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam: URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75472 http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75472 Remerciements En premier lieu, je tiens à remercier le Professeur Cottret, Directeur de thèse, qui m’a donné le goût de la civilisation Britannique et encouragé à suivre cette voie. L’aboutissement de ce travail est le résultat d’un échange intellectuel qui a commencé il y a dix ans déjà. Il s’est toujours montré à l’écoute et s’est rendu disponible tout au long de la réalisation de cette thèse. Cette thèse est le fruit aussi de la grande générosité du Professeur Lottes, qui a supervisé mon travail avec le Professeur Cottret. Il est l'un des principaux instigateurs et le superviseur du projet ENGLOBE qui a permis de financer mon travail, et il n’a pas hésité à m’encourager et à m’apporter un soutien psychologique indispensable pour la réalisation de ce projet. Enfin, il m’a toujours consacré du temps et offert de précieux conseils. Je tiens à remercier tous les acteurs du projet ENGLOBE, grâce auxquels de nombreux jeunes chercheurs ont eu la possibilité de travailler dans les meilleures conditions possibles et voyager autour du monde afin de développer leurs connaissances. Je remercie particulièrement tout le personnel de l’université de Potsdam, qui s’est toujours rendu disponible et qui a permis que ce projet exceptionnel puisse voir le jour. Le Professeur Iwan-Michelangelo D'Aprile a été un élément indispensable pour la réalisation de ce projet, et je tiens à lui témoigner mes remerciements. Je remercie également tous les Professeurs qui ont participé au projet ENGLOBE pour leur bienveillance et leur aide. Mes remerciements s’adressent également à Frau Frank ; secrétaire du Professeur Lottes, qui s’est toujours montrée disponible et à l’écoute malgré les charges professionnelles. J’exprime ma gratitude aux personnels de l’Université de Potsdam et l’Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines, qui m’ont toujours accueilli chaleureusement, répondu favorablement à mes requêtes et qui ont fait preuve de grande patience? De même, je tiens à saluer le Professeur Borm de l’Université de Versailles, membre actif du projet ENGLOBE et qui m’a toujours soutenu depuis ces dix dernières années. Enfin, je tiens à exprimer ma reconnaissance envers Michelle Delorme et Alain Girard- Daudon de leur relecture et remarques sur ce travail. Je remercie également Alexandra Strelow pour la traduction du résumé. Je n'oublie pas mes parents pour leur contribution, leur soutien et leur patience ainsi que tous mes proches et amis, qui m'ont toujours soutenu et encouragé au cours de la réalisation de cette thèse. SOMMAIRE (Inhaltsübersicht) Remerciements ............................................................................................... 2 Die radikalen Strömungen in England von 1789 bis 1848 ............................. 4 Les voies/voix radicales en Angleterre, 1789-1848 ...................................... 22 Introduction .................................................................................................. 22 Chapitre I. Le procès Hardy et la question des libertés anglaises. ........... 55 Chapitre II. Cobbett, le contre-exemple des romantiques. ........................ 92 Chapitre III. Hunt et les manifestations de masse .................................... 147 Chapitre IV. William Lovett, au cœur du chartisme ................................ 192 Chapitre V. Feargus O’Connor, le champion du peuple ......................... 253 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 309 Bibliographie ............................................................................................. 345 Selbständigkeitserklärung .......................................................................... 355 Die radikalen Strömungen in England von 1789 bis 1848 Formulierung der Problematik Was ist ein Radikaler? Eine Person die vorgefassten Meinungen zuwiderhandelt? Ein Agitator, der die Gesellschaft verändern will und dabei das Risiko eingeht, sie aus dem Gleichgewicht zu bringen? Im politischen Kontext, in dem sich die britischen Inseln am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts befanden, hatte dieser Begriff eine negative Konnotation. Er erinnert nämlich an die levellers1 und an den Bürgerkrieg. Diese historische Epoche, die als traumatisches Erlebnis empfunden wurde, hat bei den politischen Führern Stigmata hinterlassen, die immer noch vorhanden sind. Die Herrschaft Cromwells hatte bestimmt einen direkten Einfluss auf die Aversion der Engländer gegen jede heftige Form des Protestes gegen die herrschende Macht, vor allem wenn er politisch vereinnahmt wird. Im politischen Kontext in England versteht man unter Radikalismus verschiedene Versuche, eine Parlamentsreform durchzusetzen, die das allgemeine Wahlrecht einführen sollte. Natürlich bedeutet dies nicht, dass die Befürworter solch einer Reform eine gesellschaftliche und ideologische Nähe verband. In der Tat waren sich die reformistischen Verbände oft untereinander nicht einig und ihre jeweiligen Führer hatten wenige Gemeinsamkeiten. Edward Royle und Hames Walvin erläutern, dass der Radikalismus historisch nicht wie ein Konzept analysiert werden kann, da er keine einheitliche Bewegung war, da sich die Führer untereinander nicht einig waren und da keine eindeutige Ideologie vorhanden war. Der Radikalismus war ihrer Meinung nach nur eine vage Ansammlung bunter Ideen. Er sei « eher eine Einstellung als ein Aktionsplan» gewesen. 2 Am Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts verwendete die Zeitung Northern Star den Begriff « radikal » in einem positiven Sinne, um eine Person oder eine Gruppe zu bezeichnen, deren Ideen mit den Ihrigen im Einklang standen. Gegner der Parlamentsreformbewegungen haben diesen Begriff im negativen Sinne verwendet. Der Radikale wurde dann also als Bedrohung wahrgenommen. Der Gebrauch des Begriffes radikal scheint kein semantisches Problem darzustellen im Vergleich zur Verwendung des Wortes Radikalismus dessen Suffix -ismus eine Doktrin bzw. eine Ideologie voraussetzt. 1 Leserhinweis: Die Zitate wurden im Rahmen des Möglichen in der Originalfassung angeführt, um die damalige Atmosphäre so gut es geht wiederzugeben, und um den authentischen Charakter der Texte und Reden, die Gegenstand unserer Untersuchung sind, zu vermitteln 2 Edward Royle and Hames Walvin, English radicals and reformers 1760-1848 , Sussex: The Harvester Press Limited, 1982, p.9. 4 Die Tatsache, dass die Radikalen so unterschiedliche Gesinnungen vertraten, scheint eine Definition des Radikalismus unmöglich zu machen. Trotzdem wird sein Gebrauch heute von allen Historikern akzeptiert. Man könnte also behaupten, dass es seit der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts gängig wurde, mit dem Begriff Radikalismus jede Bewegung zu bezeichnen, die Ideen durchsetzen wollte, die nach unserem heutigen Verständnis als demokratisch verstanden werden. Wir können den Begriff Radikalismus zwischen 1792 und 1848 also erst einmal als eine praktische Bezeichnung für die verschiedenen radikalen Volksbewegungen, die das Ziel verfolgten, das allgemeine Wahlrecht einzuführen, betrachten. Diese radikale Einstellung findet man bei einer ganzen Reihe von Menschen und Organisationen wieder. Cartwright, Horne Tooke, Thomas Hardy, Francis Burdett, William Cobbet, Henry Hunt, William Lovett, Bronterre O’Brien Feargus O’Connor, die London Society for Constitutional information (CSI), die London Corresponding Society, die Hampden Clubs, die Chartisten, usw. Man kann viele Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den Protagonisten erkennen, die sie sich auch eingestanden haben. Au erdem wird auch der Einfluss erkennbar, den sie aufeinander ausgeübt haben, um ihre Aktionen zu gestalten. Diese Einflüsse findet man sowohl in der Sprache und in der politischen Ideologie wieder, die von den britischen Historikern als « konstitutionalistisch » bezeichnet wurden, als auch in der politischen Organisation von au erparlamentarischen Gruppierungen. Alle Radikalen wollten die Ungerechtigkeiten beheben, und in der Praxis haben sie sich von einem Aktionsplan anregen lassen, den sie im 18. Jahrhundert in den Pamphleten der true whigs gefunden haben. Wir müssen teilweise das Argument zurückweisen, dass die Radikalen nicht kohärent und einfallsreich waren, oder dass sie nicht genau wussten, wie sie ihre Ziele umsetzen konnten. Ganz im Gegenteil: Die innovativen Formen des Protestes, die ihnen zuzuschreiben sind, waren bezeichnend und haben eine Spur in der Geschichte hinterlassen. Das Zaudern der Radikalen war erstens auf die prohibitive Gesetzgebung zurückzuführen, der die Verbände unterlagen und zweitens auf die kategorische Ablehnung der Behörden zu kooperieren. Die Zeitgenossen der Epoche, die sich von der Französischen Revolution bis zum Chartismus erstreckt, haben nie über den Sinn des Begriffs radikal debattiert. Dies bedeutet allerdings nicht, dass alle Radikalen gleich waren, oder dass sie zu derselben Einheit gehörten. Horne Tooke und der Priester Stephens waren beide Radikale, so wie der Schuster Hardy
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