DOCSLIB.ORG

Progressive Protestants: Representation and Remembrance in France, 1685-1815 Bryan Banks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2014 Progressive Protestants: Representation and Remembrance in France, 1685-1815 Bryan Banks Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PROGRESSIVE PROTESTANTS: REPRESENTATION AND REMEMBRANCE IN FRANCE, 1685-1815 By BRYAN BANKS A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2014 Bryan Banks defended this dissertation on October 3, 2014. The members of the supervisory committee were: Darrin M. McMahon Professor Directing Dissertation Amanda Porterfield University Representative Rafe Blaufarb Committee Member George S. Williamson Committee Member François Dupuigrenet-Desroussilles Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Since this dissertation questions the changing and capacious meaning of a word, a concept, and an identity, I would like to begin these acknowledgements in a similar way, albeit for a different term. While authorship today implies independent creation, many historians have questioned the autonomy of the author. The acknowledgements section of any work evidences the dependent nature of such an endeavor. While I may be the “author” of this dissertation, this in no way implies that I am independently responsible for everything that follows. Financial, academic, and moral support have made this dissertation possible just as much as my own drive. In the process of researching and writing this dissertation, I have benefitted from the support of many institutions. Without the financial support of the Institute on Napoleon and the French Revolution, in the form of a Ben Weider Fellowship and travel grant, and the history department at Florida State University, this project would have staggered and disappeared at its earliest stages. Their support has allowed me to visit archives and libraries on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. While researching and writing, I have acquired untold academic debts. To the archivists and librarians at Florida State University’s Special Collections and Archives, Emory University’s Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, the British Library, the British National Archives, the Library of the Religious Society of Friends in London, the Bibliothèque nationale de France, the Archives nationale in Paris, and especially the Bibliothèque de la Société de l’histoire du Protestantisme français, I owe you all my utmost gratitude. Countless hours were saved with your assistance. In addition, I have also benefitted from the invaluable assistance of my mentors and colleagues. Darrin M. McMahon advised this dissertation with a high level of erudition, iii analytical precision, and most importantly, patience. He provided the perfect balance of intellectual freedom and guidance. Rafe Blaufarb, François Dupuigrenet-Desroussilles, George S. Williamson, and Amanda Porterfield read the entire dissertation and provided critical and crucial advice for revisions. Material drawn from this project has been delivered at several conferences. I am grateful for the comments that I have received from colleagues at the Consortium on the Revolutionary Era, 1750-1850 (2010, 2011), the Western Society for French History (2010, 2013), the Society for the Study of French History (2013), and the American Society for Church History/American Historical Association (2014). Sage advice has come from Joseph Clarke, Bernard Cottret, Denise Z. Davison, Carol E. Harrison, Jeff Horn, Colin Jones, Annie Jourdan, Bertrand van Ruymbeke, Timothy Tackett, and so many others, in addition to the dozens of my fellow students who have offered their knowledge and shared in the experience of graduate school. I am especially thankful to Kim Beaver, Tim Best, Jonathan Deverse, Cindy Ermus, Shane Hockin, Erica Johnson, Joshua Meeks, and Weston Nunn who have all read portions of this dissertation in either chapter or conference presentation form. The real champions of my work are the members of my family. My wife has listened to many unprompted lectures, read the roughest of my drafts, and been a constant source of support. My mother and sister have been great sounding boards and have lifted my spirits when writing this dissertation had taken its toll. More than any other, I owe my father a great deal. He has read every word of this dissertation and has done so with a close and eager eye. A recently retired high school English educator, my father continues to teach me new things on a regular basis. From an early age, he imparted to me an appreciation of history and the English language, but most importantly, he taught me the joy of learning. This dissertation is dedicated to him. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: PROTESTANTS OF OLD REGIME FRANCE ................................................... 23 The “Calvinist Crescent”.......................................................................................................... 24 Lutherans and Other Protestants .............................................................................................. 48 CHAPTER 2: PROTESTANTS AND PHILOSOPHERS ........................................................... 54 Violence, Vitriol, and Veneration in the Writings of Voltaire ................................................. 56 Persians and Protestants in the Works of Montesquieu ........................................................... 65 Protestant Multivalence in the Encyclopédie ........................................................................... 71 The Reformed and Rousseau ................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 3: PROTESTANTS AND CITIZENSHIP................................................................. 86 “Contrapuntal Readings” in the Apologetic Corpus of Antoine Court .................................... 87 Cause célèbre: Voltaire and the Calas Affair .......................................................................... 95 Turgot’s Separation of Church and State, Thought and Practice ........................................... 105 Law and Toleration in Malesherbes’s Mémoires ................................................................... 112 Rabaut Saint-Étienne: A Protestant Pastor and the Politics of Protestantism ........................ 117 CHAPTER 4: PROTESTANTS AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION ................................... 124 Liberating the Patriotic Protestant .......................................................................................... 126 Counter-Revolutionary Constructions of Protestants............................................................. 140 Reconciling Religion and Revolutionary Ideology: The Case of the Quaker ........................ 148 CHAPTER 5: PROTESTANTS AFTER REVOLUTION ......................................................... 163 Ending the Revolution (and the Wars of Religion?) .............................................................. 164 Revolution as the Realization of the Reformation ................................................................. 169 National Religion, Christian Reunion .................................................................................... 182 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 192 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 203 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...................................................................................................... 226 v ABSTRACT This dissertation examines representations of Protestantism during a crucial period of legal persecution initiated by Louis XIV’s Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) and concluded during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era. Drawing on a vast variety of printed sources by Enlightenment writers, social reformers, priests, pastors, revolutionaries, and even Napoleon Bonaparte, this dissertation examines the versatile and fungible nature of Protestantism in the wake of the Revocation. Consideration of Protestantism permitted the exploration of a variety of pressing issues, including the role of religion in society, the perfectibility of human nature, the characteristics of an ideal citizen, secularism, pluralism, and human rights. This study of representations of Protestants in France during the long eighteenth century— by both Protestants and non-Protestants — offers new insights on the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Era, and the history of Protestantism in general. It crosses traditional chronological boundaries, building off of the latest historical scholarship and cultural theory, to argue that an understanding of modern, progressive Protestantism emerged over the course of the eighteenth century, alongside and intertwined with the more
Recommended publications
  • The Boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18Th Century Nova Scotia*

    The Boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18Th Century Nova Scotia*

    GEOFFREY PLANK The Two Majors Cope: The Boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18th Century Nova Scotia* THE 1750S BEGAN OMINOUSLY IN Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1750 a company of French soldiers constructed a fort in a disputed border region on the northern side of the isthmus of Chignecto. The British built a semi-permanent camp only a few hundred yards away. The two armies faced each other nervously, close enough to smell each other's food. In 1754 a similar situation near the Ohio River led to an imperial war. But the empires were not yet ready for war in 1750, and the stand-off at Chignecto lasted five years. i In the early months of the crisis an incident occurred which illustrates many of *' the problems I want to discuss in this essay. On an autumn day in 1750, someone (the identity of this person remains in dispute) approached the British fort waving a white flag. The person wore a powdered wig and the uniform of a French officer. He carried a sword in a sheath by his side. Captain Edward Howe, the commander of the British garrison, responded to the white flag as an invitation to negotiations and went out to greet the man. Then someone, either the man with the flag or a person behind him, shot and killed Captain Howe. According to three near-contemporary accounts of these events, the man in the officer's uniform was not a Frenchman but a Micmac warrior in disguise. He put on the powdered wig and uniform in order to lure Howe out of his fort.
  • Liberal Catholicism in France, 1845-1670 Dissertation

    Liberal Catholicism in France, 1845-1670 Dissertation

    LIBERAL CATHOLICISM IN FRANCE, 1845-1670 DISSERTATION Presented Is fbrtial Ftalfillaent of the Requlreaents for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By JOHN KEITH HUOKABY, A. £., M. A, ****** The Ohio State University 1957 Approved by: CONTENTS Chapter Page I INTRODUCTION......................... 1 The Beginnings of Liberal Catholicism in F r a n c e ....................... 5 The Seoond Liberal Catholic Movement . 9 Issues Involved in the Catholic-Liberal Rapprochement . • ......... > . 17 I. The Challenge of Anticierlealism. • 17 II. Ohuroh-State Relatione........ 22 III.Political Liberalism and Liberal Catholic la n .................. 26 IV. Eeoncttlc Liberalism and Liberal Catholiciam ..... ........... 55 Scope and Nature of S t u d y .......... 46 II THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE UNIVERSITS.... 55 Lamennais vs. the Unlveralte........ 6l Oniv era it a under the July Monarchy. 66 Catholic and Unlversite Extremism .... 75 The Liberal Catholio Campaign ......... 61 III CHURCH-STATE RELATIONS................ 116 Traditional Attitudes ................. 117 The Program of L*Avaiilr........... 122 The Montalembert Formula* Mutual Independence but not Separation .... 129 Freedom of Conscience and Religion . 155 Syllabus of Errors ........... 165 17 GALL ICANISM AND ULTRAMONTANISM........... 177 Ultramontanism: de Maistre and Lamennais 160 The Second Liberal Catholic Movement. 165 The Vatican Council............. 202 V PAPAL SOVEREIGNTY AND ITALIAN UNITY. .... 222 71 POLITICAL OUTLOOK OF LIBERAL CATHOLICS . 249 Democracy and Political Equality .... 257 ii The Revolution of 1848 and Napoleon . 275 Quarantiem and Ant 1-etatlaae.............. 291 VII CONCLUSIONS.............................. 510 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY............................ 525 ill Chapter X INTRODUCTION In the aftermath of the French Revolution the Roman Catholic Church placed itself in opposition to the dynamic historical forces in nineteenth-century France.
  • From Oppression to Freedom

    From Oppression to Freedom

    FROM OPPRESSION TO FREEDOM John Jay and his Huguenot Heritage The Protestant Reformation changed European history, when it challenged the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century. John Calvin was a French theologian who led his own branch of the movement. French Protestants were called Huguenots as a derisive Conflict Over the term by Catholics. Protestant Disagreements escalated into a series of religious wars Reformation in seventeenth-century France. Tens of thousands of Huguenots were killed. Finally, the Edict of Nantes was issued in 1598 to end the bloodshed; it established Catholicism as the official religion of France, but granted Protestants the right to worship in their own way. Eighty-seven years later, in 1685, King Louis XIV issued the Edict of Fontainebleau, which reversed the Edict of Nantes, and declared the public practice of Protestantism illegal. Louis regarded religious pluralism as an obstacle to his achieving complete power over the French people. By his order, Huguenot churches were demolished, Huguenot schools were The Revocation of closed, all newborns were required to be baptized as Roman Catholics, and it became illegal for the the Edict of Nantes Protestant laity to emigrate or remove their valuables from France. A View of La Rochelle In La Rochelle, a busy seaport on France’s Atlantic coast, the large population of Huguenot merchants, traders, and artisans there suffered the persecution that followed the edict. Among them was Pierre Jay, an affluent trader, and his family. Pierre’s church was torn down. In order to intimidate him into converting to Catholicism, the government quartered unruly soldiers called dragonnades in his house, to live with him and his family.
  • THE CAMISARD UPRISING of the FRENCH PROTESTANTS. The

    THE CAMISARD UPRISING of the FRENCH PROTESTANTS. The

    THE CAMISARD UPRISING OF THE FRENCH PROTESTANTS. BY REV. PROF. HENRY MARTYN BAIRD, D.D., LL.D., University of the City of New York. The movement known as the War of the Camisards is an episode of the history of Protestantism in France which, though rarely studied in detail and perhaps but partially understood, was not devoid of significance.1 1 On the Camisard uprising see Louvreleuil, " Le Fanatisme renouvelle, ou Histoire des Sacrileges, des incendies . que les Calvinistes revoltez ont commis dans les Sevenes " (Avignon, 1704, 3 vols.). Concluded in a fourth volume under the title " L'Obstination confondue" (Avignon, 1706). Brueys, "Histoire du Fanatisme de notre terns" (3d edition, Utrecht, 1737, 3 vols.). Cavalier, " Memoirs of the Wars of the Cevennes " (2d edition, London, 1727). Though ostensibly written by Cavalier himself, the true author is said to be Pierre Henri Galli, who gives the results of conversations with the Camisard chief, but with such frequent errors as to diminish greatly the value of the narrative. The anonymous " Histoire des Camisards" (London, 1754) is inaccurate and rarely deserving of confidence. The pastoral letters of Bishop Fle'chier in the 5th volume of his " CEuvres completes " (Paris, 1828), and his correspondence in the 10th volume are of great interest. Antoine Court, '' Histoire des troubles des Cevennes ou de la guerre des Camisards, sous le regne de Louis XIV." (Villefranche, 1760, and Alais, 1S19, 3 vols.). By far the most faithful and complete history of the entire war. Although Court was a child at the time of the events described^ and is compelled to make use of the narratives of Louvreleuil, Brueys, etc., he had great familiarity with the region of the Cevennes, where he labored as a minister from 1715 onwards.
  • Researching Huguenot Settlers in Ireland

    Researching Huguenot Settlers in Ireland

    BYU Family Historian Volume 6 Article 9 9-1-2007 Researching Huguenot Settlers in Ireland Vivien Costello Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byufamilyhistorian Recommended Citation The BYU Family Historian, Vol. 6 (Fall 2007) p. 83-163 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in BYU Family Historian by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. RESEARCHING HUGUENOT SETTLERS IN IRELAND1 VIVIEN COSTELLO PREAMBLE This study is a genealogical research guide to French Protestant refugee settlers in Ireland, c. 1660–1760. It reassesses Irish Huguenot settlements in the light of new findings and provides a background historical framework. A comprehensive select bibliography is included. While there is no formal listing of manuscript sources, many key documents are cited in the footnotes. This work covers only French Huguenots; other Protestant Stranger immigrant groups, such as German Palatines and the Swiss watchmakers of New Geneva, are not featured. INTRODUCTION Protestantism in France2 In mainland Europe during the early sixteenth century, theologians such as Martin Luther and John Calvin called for an end to the many forms of corruption that had developed within the Roman Catholic Church. When their demands were ignored, they and their followers ceased to accept the authority of the Pope and set up independent Protestant churches instead. Bitter religious strife throughout much of Europe ensued. In France, a Catholic-versus-Protestant civil war was waged intermittently throughout the second half of the sixteenth century, followed by ever-increasing curbs on Protestant civil and religious liberties.3 The majority of French Protestants, nicknamed Huguenots,4 were followers of Calvin.
  • Michelet and Natural History: the Alibi of Nature1

    Michelet and Natural History: the Alibi of Nature1

    Michelet and Natural History: The Alibi of Nature1 LIONEL GOSSMAN Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures Princeton University In Honor of Per Nykrog The hard-working molluscs make up an interesting, modest people of poor, little workers, whose laborious way of life constitutes the seri- ous charm and the morality of the sea. Here all is friendly. These little creatures do not speak to the world, but they work for it. They leave it to their sublime father, the Ocean, to speak for them. He speaks in their place and they have their say through his great voice. (Michelet, La Mer 1.iii)2 I had come to look on the whole of natural history as a branch of the political. All the living species, each in its humble right, came knock- ing at the door and claiming admittance to the bosom of Democracy. Why should their more advanced brothers refuse the protection of law to those to whom the universal Father has given a place in the harmony of the law of the universe? Such was the source of my renewal, the belated vita nuova which led me little by little to the nat- ural sciences. (Michelet, L’Oiseau, Introduction)3 1 This text replaces that which was published in 1999 by Editions Rodopi, B.V., Amsterdam (Netherlands) in a volume entitled The World and its Rival: Essays on Literary Imagination in Honor of Per Nykrog. 2 “Peuple intéressant, modeste, des mollusques travailleurs, pauvres petits ouvriers dont la vie laborieuse fait le charme sérieux, la moralité de la mer.
  • GERMAN LITERARY FAIRY TALES, 1795-1848 by CLAUDIA MAREIKE

    GERMAN LITERARY FAIRY TALES, 1795-1848 by CLAUDIA MAREIKE

    ROMANTICISM, ORIENTALISM, AND NATIONAL IDENTITY: GERMAN LITERARY FAIRY TALES, 1795-1848 By CLAUDIA MAREIKE KATRIN SCHWABE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2012 1 © 2012 Claudia Mareike Katrin Schwabe 2 To my beloved parents Dr. Roman and Cornelia Schwabe 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisory committee chair, Dr. Barbara Mennel, who supported this project with great encouragement, enthusiasm, guidance, solidarity, and outstanding academic scholarship. I am particularly grateful for her dedication and tireless efforts in editing my chapters during the various phases of this dissertation. I could not have asked for a better, more genuine mentor. I also want to express my gratitude to the other committee members, Dr. Will Hasty, Dr. Franz Futterknecht, and Dr. John Cech, for their thoughtful comments and suggestions, invaluable feedback, and for offering me new perspectives. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge the abundant support and inspiration of my friends and colleagues Anna Rutz, Tim Fangmeyer, and Dr. Keith Bullivant. My heartfelt gratitude goes to my family, particularly my parents, Dr. Roman and Cornelia Schwabe, as well as to my brother Marius and his wife Marina Schwabe. Many thanks also to my dear friends for all their love and their emotional support throughout the years: Silke Noll, Alice Mantey, Lea Hüllen, and Tina Dolge. In addition, Paul and Deborah Watford deserve special mentioning who so graciously and welcomingly invited me into their home and family. Final thanks go to Stephen Geist and his parents who believed in me from the very start.
  • Desiring Myth: History, Mythos and Art in the Work of Flaubert and Proust

    Desiring Myth: History, Mythos and Art in the Work of Flaubert and Proust

    Desiring Myth: History, Mythos and Art in the Work of Flaubert and Proust By Rachel Anne Luckman A thesis submitted for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of French Studies College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham August 2009 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract Previous comparative and parallel ‘genetic criticisms’ of Flaubert and Proust have ignored the different historical underpinnings that circumscribe the act of writing. This work examines the logos of Flaubert and Proust’s work. I examine the historical specificity of A la recherche du temps perdu, in respect of the gender inflections and class-struggles of the Third French Republic. I also put forward a poetics of Flaubertian history relative to L’Education sentimentale. His historical sense and changes in historiographic methodologies all obliged Flaubert to think history differently. Flaubert problematises both history and psychology, as his characterisations repeatedly show an interrupted duality. This characterization is explicated using René Girard’s theories of psychology, action theory and mediation. Metonymic substitution perpetually prevents the satisfaction of desire and turns life into a series of failures.
  • Curriculum Vitae (Updated August 1, 2021)

    Curriculum Vitae (Updated August 1, 2021)

    DAVID A. BELL SIDNEY AND RUTH LAPIDUS PROFESSOR IN THE ERA OF NORTH ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Curriculum Vitae (updated August 1, 2021) Department of History Phone: (609) 258-4159 129 Dickinson Hall [email protected] Princeton University www.davidavrombell.com Princeton, NJ 08544-1017 @DavidAvromBell EMPLOYMENT Princeton University, Director, Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies (2020-24). Princeton University, Sidney and Ruth Lapidus Professor in the Era of North Atlantic Revolutions, Department of History (2010- ). Associated appointment in the Department of French and Italian. Johns Hopkins University, Dean of Faculty, School of Arts & Sciences (2007-10). Responsibilities included: Oversight of faculty hiring, promotion, and other employment matters; initiatives related to faculty development, and to teaching and research in the humanities and social sciences; chairing a university-wide working group for the Johns Hopkins 2008 Strategic Plan. Johns Hopkins University, Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities (2005-10). Principal appointment in Department of History, with joint appointment in German and Romance Languages and Literatures. Johns Hopkins University. Professor of History (2000-5). Johns Hopkins University. Associate Professor of History (1996-2000). Yale University. Assistant Professor of History (1991-96). Yale University. Lecturer in History (1990-91). The New Republic (Washington, DC). Magazine reporter (1984-85). VISITING POSITIONS École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Visiting Professor (June, 2018) Tokyo University, Visiting Fellow (June, 2017). École Normale Supérieure (Paris), Visiting Professor (March, 2005). David A. Bell, page 1 EDUCATION Princeton University. Ph.D. in History, 1991. Thesis advisor: Prof. Robert Darnton. Thesis title: "Lawyers and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Paris (1700-1790)." Princeton University.
  • Pictorial Collection at the Huguenot Library

    Pictorial Collection at the Huguenot Library

    The Huguenot Library University College London Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT Tel: 020 7679 2046 [email protected] Pictorial collection at the Huguenot Library Whilst some of the pictures held at the Library are quite old, not all of them are originals. As a consequence, the Library may not be able to provide copies for reproduction purposes or copyright permissions for some of the images listed below. The Library’s policy concerning copyright and images is available for consultation on the website, and the Librarian will happily answer any enquiries. More pictorial material (mostly related to crafts and Huguenot buildings) is held in the Subject Folders at the library, and these are listed at the Library. Please contact the Librarian if you are looking for a specific image. Enquiries relating to copyright permissions should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary of the Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland ([email protected]). People Subject Format Call number Portraits of Louis XIV and others; scene of the destruction of heresy Line engraving HL 146 Chauvet family Photograph HL 148.1 “The critics of St Alban’s Abbey”, Joshua W. Butterworth, George Photograph HL 153 Lambert, Charles John Shoppee Scene including Henry VIII of England Line engraving HL 253 Cardinal of Lorraine, Duke of Guise and Catherine de Medici concerning Line engraving HL 264 the conspiracy of Amboise 1 Popes Paul III and Eugene IV Line engraving HL 284 Susanna Ames (resident of the French Hospital) Pencil drawing HL 1 Pierre Bayle Line engraving HL 4 Charles Bertheau (1657-1732) Line engraving HL 8 Theodore de Beze Lithograph HL 9 Samuel Bochart (1599-1667) Line engraving HL 137 Louis de Bourbon, prince de Condé (1621-1686) Line engraving HL 10 Claude Brousson (1647-1698) Line engraving HL 11 Claude Brousson (1647-1698) Photograph of painting by Bronckhorst HL 165.1, 165.2 Arthur Giraud Browning Photograph HL 140 Frederick Campbell (1729-1816) Mezzotint HL 13 Jacques-Nompar de Caumont, duc de la Force (1558-1652) Line engraving HL 91 Charles IX of France (d.
  • History of the Presbyterian Churches of the World, Adapted for Use in the Class Room

    History of the Presbyterian Churches of the World, Adapted for Use in the Class Room

    History of the Presbyterian Churches of the World Adapted for use in the Class Room BY R. C. REED D. D. Professor of Church History in the Presbyterian Theological Seminary at Columbia, South Carolina; author of •• The Gospel as Taught by Calvin." PHILADELPHIA Zbe TKIlestminster press 1912 BK ^71768 Copyright. 1905, by The Trustees of the I'resbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath-School Work. Contents CHAPTER PAGE I INTRODUCTION I II SWITZERLAND 14 III FRANCE 34 IV THE NETHERLANDS 72 V AUSTRIA — BOHEMIA AND MORAVIA . 104 VI SCOTLAND 126 VII IRELAND 173 VIII ENGLAND AND WALES 205 IX THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . 232 X UNITED STATES (Continued) 269 XI UNITED STATES (Continued) 289 XII UNITED STATES (Continued) 301 XIII UNITED STATES (Continued) 313 XIV UNITED STATES (Continued) 325 • XV CANADA 341 XVI BRITISH COLONIAL CHURCHES .... 357 XVII MISSIONARY TERRITORY 373 APPENDIX 389 INDEX 405 iii History of the Presbyterian Churches CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION WRITERS sometimes use the term Presbyterian to cover three distinct things, government, doctrine and worship ; sometimes to cover doctrine and government. It should be restricted to one thing, namely, Church Government. While it is usually found associated with the Calvinistic system of doctrine, yet this is not necessarily so ; nor is it, indeed, as a matter of fact, always so. Presbyterianism and Calvinism seem to have an affinity for one another, but they are not so closely related as to be essential to each other. They can, and occasionally do, live apart. Calvinism is found in the creeds of other than Presby terian churches ; and Presbyterianism is found professing other doctrines than Calvinism.
  • The Historian As Novelist

    The Historian As Novelist

    Bryn Mawr College Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr College Publications, Special Emeritus Papers Collections, Digitized Books 2001 The iH storian as Novelist John Salmon Bryn Mawr College Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/emeritus Recommended Citation Salmon, John, "The iH storian as Novelist" (2001). Emeritus Papers. 7. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/emeritus/7 This paper is posted at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/emeritus/7 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Historian as Novelist John Salmon Delivered March 1, 2001 To start with, let me say that the title of the novel that is the subject of this talk is misleading. It reads: "The Muskets of Gascony: The Revolt of Bernard d'Audijos by Armand Daudeyos, translated by J. H. M. Salmon." This is false. When you write a historical novel things do seem to become falsified at times. I am the actual author, and Armand Daudeyos, the supposed descendant of the hero (Daudeyos is the Gascon form of d'Audijos) is a faction. I adopted this device for several reasons. First, it adds an air of mystery to pretend that one has discovered the manuscript of a historical novel based on real events in the seventeenth century and written in the Romantic vogue of the nineteenth century. Second, it allows me to insert a "translator's preface" explaining how close the book is to what actually happened. And third, it protects me from the reproaches of my colleagues for betraying my profession.