Perceptions of Carbon Pricing in Canada a Survey of 2250 Canadians

PERCEPTIONS OF CARBON PRICING IN CANADA A SURVEY OF 2250 CANADIANS

FEB 2018 METHODOLOGY

Survey was conducted online with Canadians aged 18 and over. A random sample of panelists were invited to Online survey complete the survey from a set of partner panels based on the Lucid exchange platform.

2,250 Canadians Sample Size Margin of error for a comparable probability-based random sample of the same size is +/- 2.1%, 19 times out of 20.

Field dates February 9th to 15th, 2018

Data was weighted according to census data to ensure Statistical Weighting that the sample matched Canada's population according to age, gender, educational attainment, and region. KEY FINDINGS LARGE MAJORITY WANT A TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY, BUT WITH CARE TO MANAGE IMPACTS . • This goal is broadly embraced, including in Alberta.

• The caution about the pace of ambition is clear, and not only in Alberta. Most people believe we should continue to develop oil and gas resources while transitioning.

• Most Canadians believe climate change is happening, is caused by human behaviour. While 75% say action on climate change should be a high priority, it trails a range of other economic and social issues in terms of perceived urgency.

• 60% want governments to take more action to combat climate change. Only 16% want less action, but this number has doubled in three years.

• Most Canadians prefer regulations and subsidies to carbon pricing, but also prefer carbon pricing to doing nothing at all. FAMILIARITY WITH CARBON PRICING REMAINS LIMITED YET SUPPORT HAS GROWN SINCE 2015.

• Less than half feel familiar with carbon pricing. This hasn’t changed much in three years - the discussion is still largely an elite level discussion.

• People have vague, but directionally accurate ideas of the purpose of a carbon price. Most people are supportive or open to the idea of a carbon price, support is up 7 points over 3 years.

• Majorities in Quebec, Ontario and BC do not know that there is a carbon price in their province.

• Majorities in those provinces planning to have a carbon price do not know that this is the plan. PERCEIVED IMPACT OF CARBON PRICING

• 47% think it might only cause the cost of living to go up without changing energy use. But when probed on a series of possible specific reactions large majorities think behaviour would occur.

• Few perceive negative impacts from carbon pricing in those provinces where it is in place. But conviction that it has had really positive effects is also limited.

• In many cases the plurality say they have seen no real impact.

• Carbon pricing can gain more votes than it can lose. 37% prefer to vote for a candidate who promises to price carbon compared to 26% who prefer a candidate opposed to a price on carbon. 37% said it would have no impact on their vote. VIEWS ON CLIMATE CHANGE MOST WANT CLIMATE ACTION, BUT IT IS NOT A DOMINANT ISSUE COMPARED TO OTHER PRIORITIES.

• Most Canadians believe climate change is happening and is caused by human behaviour.

• While 75% say action on climate change should be a high priority, it trails a range of other economic and social issues in terms of perceived urgency. IS THE EARTH WARMING?

61% YES 11% NO

33% 28% 27%

6% 5%

Conclusive evidence Solid evidence Some but not conclusive Little evidence No evidence evidence

In your view, is there conclusive evidence, solid evidence, some but not conclusive evidence, little evidence, or no evidence that the average temperature on earth has been getting warmer over the past few decades, or not? IS THE EARTH WARMING?

All 28% 33% 27% 6%5% All 28% 33% 27% 6%5% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 27% 35% 25% 7%6% Left 49% 27% 18% 2%4% Female 30% 31% 29% 6%5% Centre 27% 35% 28% 6%4%

AGE Right 16% 19% 28% 16% 20% 18 - 29 35% 30% 22% 7% 7% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 25% 33% 30% 6%7% Liberal Party 39% 36% 20% 3%2% 45 - 59 28% 35% 26% 7%4% Conservative Party 16% 29% 37% 10% 9% 60 and over 28% 33% 29% 6%4% NDP 27% 36% 20% 11% 7% REGION Green Party 47% 23% 26% 2%2% BC 32% 37% 23% 5%3% Bloc Quebecois 41% 35% 15% 4%5% AB 23% 29% 33% 11%5% SK/MB 24% 29% 35% 6%7% EDUCATION ON 25% 32% 29% 6% 8% HS or less 24% 32% 32% 6%6% QC 33% 37% 21% 6% College 27% 33% 27% 8%5% ATL 37% 31% 26% 3% University 35% 34% 21% 5%5% Conclusive evidence Solid evidence Some but not conclusive evidence Little evidence No evidence

Sept 2015 29% 36% 26% 6% 3%

> 61%

Feb 2018 28% 33% 27% 6% 5%

Conclusive evidence Solid evidence Some but no conclusive evidence Little evidence No evidence

Because of human and industrial activity such as burning fossil fuels

70% 30%

Because of natural patterns in the earth’s environment

If the earth is warming, do you believe that cause is mostly…? WHY IS THE EARTH WARMING?

All 70% 30% All 70% 30% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 66% 34% Left 79% 21% Female 74% 26% Centre 72% 28%

AGE Right 41% 59% 18 - 29 78% 22% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 67% 33% Liberal Party 80% 20% 45 - 59 70% 30% Conservative Party 42% 58% 60 and over 68% 32% NDP 74% 26% REGION Green Party 76% 24% BC 72% 28% Bloc Quebecois 89% 11% AB 54% 46% SK/MB 64% 36% EDUCATION ON 68% 32% HS or less 71% 29% QC 82% 18% College 68% 32% ATL 73% 27% University 72% 28%

Because of human and industrial activity such as burning fossil fuels Because of natural patterns in the earth’s environment

If the earth is warming, do you believe that cause is mostly…? WHY IS THE EARTH WARMING? 2015 VS. 2018

71% Because of human activity such as burning fossil fuels 70%

29% Because of natural patterns in the earth's environment 30%

Sept 2015 Jan 2018

Some governments have discussed or implemented a price or a charge on carbon as a way of reducing emissions. Would you say you are …? PUBLIC POLICY PRIORITIES 50% 75%

Improving health care 46% 31% 18% 5%0%

Controlling government spending, deficits and debts 37% 30% 23% 8% 1%

Helping stimulate the creation of good quality jobs 27% 37% 26% 8% 1%

Keeping the cost of living from rising 35% 30% 25% 8% 1%

Reducing poverty and income inequality 31% 30% 26% 10% 2%

Ensuring housing is affordable 32% 28% 27% 12% 2%

Expanding trading opportunities for Canadian goods and services 22% 32% 32% 12% 1%

Attracting investment into Canada 24% 32% 28% 14% 2%

Cutting taxes 28% 26% 26% 15% 5%

Improving the state of the environment 22% 28% 30% 16% 4%

Combating terrorism 26% 23% 28% 16% 7%

Shifting our economy to a clean energy economy 21% 26% 29% 18% 6%

Ensuring childcare is affordable 20% 24% 30% 19% 5%

Taking action to solve climate change 21% 26% 27% 18% 9%

A top priority A very high priority A high priority A moderate priority A low priority

Below is a list of possible public policy priorities. How much of a priority do you feel each one should be? ENVIRONMENT/CLIMATE POLICY PRIORITIES

50% % who say it’s at least a “high priority”

Improving the state of the environment 22% 28% 30% 16% 4% 80%

Shifting our economy to a clean energy 21% 26% 29% 18% 6% 76% economy

73% Taking action to solve climate change 21% 26% 27% 18% 9%

A top priority A very high priority A high priority A moderate priority A low priority

Below is a list of possible public policy priorities. How much of a priority do you feel each one should be? PUBLIC POLICY PRIORITIES: IMPROVING THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

All 22% 28% 30% 16% 4% All 22% 28% 30% 16% 4% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 19% 28% 32% 17% 4% Left 42% 22% 24% 9%3% Female 25% 29% 27% 16% 3% Centre 20% 30% 30% 17% 3%

AGE Right 12% 17% 33% 23% 15% 18 - 29 34% 29% 26% 8%3% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 20% 27% 30% 19% 4% Liberal Party 25% 33% 25% 14% 2% 45 - 59 20% 30% 29% 17% 4% Conservative Party 11% 21% 32% 27% 9% 60 and over 17% 28% 32% 20% 3% NDP 23% 27% 29% 17% 4% REGION Green Party 38% 31% 23% 8%1% BC 18% 32% 32% 16% 2% Bloc Quebecois 9% 42% 40% 6%4% AB 14% 27% 30% 23% 6% SK/MB 19% 24% 31% 20% 6% EDUCATION ON 22% 28% 27% 19% 4% HS or less 22% 29% 30% 17% 3% QC 27% 29% 32% 10%2% College 22% 29% 28% 17% 4% ATL 28% 29% 27% 12% 4% University 22% 27% 31% 16% 4% A top priority A very high priority A high priority A moderate priority A low priority

Below is a list of possible public policy priorities. How much of a priority do you feel each one should be? PUBLIC POLICY PRIORITIES: TAKING ACTION TO SOLVE CLIMATE CHANGE

All 21% 26% 27% 18% 9% All 21% 26% 27% 18% 9% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 19% 25% 28% 18% 11% Left 40% 21% 21% 13% 5% Female 23% 27% 26% 18% 7% Centre 19% 28% 28% 18% 6%

AGE Right 12% 13% 22% 16% 36% 18 - 29 29% 25% 24% 15% 6% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 20% 27% 26% 18% 9% Liberal Party 24% 31% 25% 16% 4% 45 - 59 18% 26% 27% 19% 9% Conservative Party 10% 17% 25% 27% 22% 60 and over 19% 25% 29% 18% 10% NDP 23% 20% 33% 18% 7% REGION Green Party 41% 28% 10% 10% 11% BC 16% 32% 30% 17% 5% Bloc Quebecois 4% 42% 36% 9% 9% AB 13% 22% 25% 24% 16% SK/MB 19% 19% 25% 23% 13% EDUCATION ON 22% 24% 24% 19% 11% HS or less 20% 29% 28% 15% 9% QC 25% 30% 31% 12%3% College 23% 24% 25% 20% 9% ATL 28% 25% 26% 15% 6% University 20% 26% 28% 18% 8% A top priority A very high priority A high priority A moderate priority A low priority

Below is a list of possible public policy priorities. How much of a priority do you feel each one should be? PUBLIC POLICY PRIORITIES: SHIFTING OUR ECONOMY TO A CLEAN ENERGY ECONOMY

All 21% 26% 29% 18% 6% All 21% 26% 29% 18% 6% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 19% 26% 29% 19% 8% Left 35% 30% 22% 8%4% Female 23% 27% 29% 17% 5% Centre 20% 27% 31% 18% 5%

AGE Right 16% 18% 19% 25% 21% 18 - 29 32% 24% 23% 16% 6% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 19% 28% 31% 17% 5% Liberal Party 22% 31% 29% 14% 4% 45 - 59 19% 28% 30% 16% 7% Conservative Party 11% 16% 25% 31% 17% 60 and over 17% 25% 31% 21% 6% NDP 19% 24% 34% 20% 3% REGION Green Party 45% 22% 27% 5%1% BC 22% 28% 31% 14% 5% Bloc Quebecois 6% 65% 4% 16% 9% AB 13% 22% 28% 27% 9% SK/MB 15% 23% 30% 24% 7% EDUCATION ON 20% 25% 28% 19% 9% HS or less 23% 26% 29% 17% 4% QC 26% 32% 29% 12%2% College 21% 28% 26% 19% 6% ATL 26% 22% 31% 16% 4% University 18% 25% 32% 16% 9% A top priority A very high priority A high priority A moderate priority A low priority

Below is a list of possible public policy priorities. How much of a priority do you feel each one should be? SEGMENTATION ON VIEWS TOWARDS CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE SEGMENTS

• In an effort to simplify analysis, we conducted a segmentation analysis that modeled responses to four questions: • Level of priority for governments to take action on climate change • Evidence that climate change is happening • Whether climate change is man-made or natural • The ranking of “doing nothing” to deal with climate change. • The statistical analysis produced 3 groups with members more similar to each other. • 42% are what we term “Climate Believers”. They believe there is conclusive evidence that climate change is happening, think its man-made, and are more likely to think government action on the problem should be a top or very high priority. • 47% are what we term “Climate Leaners”. They believe there is clear evidence that climate change is happening but only two-thirds believes its caused by man-made actions. Despite aligning closely with Believers on the existence and cause of climate change, they are less likely to prioritize government action. They are more concerned about other issues. • 11% are what we term “Climate Laggards”. They do not believe there is clear evidence that climate change is happening, most think it’s naturally caused, and most want government to do nothing to solve it. SEGMENTS BELIEVERS LEANERS LAGGARDS 42% 47% 11% Taking action to solve climate change 83% 24% 7% Top/Very High Priority Would like to see governments put more 88% 47% 6% emphasis on climate action Rank Carbon Pricing in Top 2 of ways to 47% 39% 21% reduce emissions

Carbon pricing is a very good/good idea 66% 34% 15%

Very/Pretty Familiar with Carbon Pricing 49% 34% 46%

Possible to price emissions without hurting 74% 59% 28% economy (Certain/Very Likely/Likely) Conclusive or solid evidence climate change 100% 41% 10% is happening

Regional QC (+5), AB (-4), SK/MB (-1) Even regional distribution AB (+10), SK/MB (+3), QC (-12)

Gender Male 46% | Female 54% Male 50% | Female 50% Male 59% | Female 41%

Age Highest concentration of under 30 Equal age distribution Only 14% are under 30

Current Federal Vote LPC 46% | CPC 17% | NDP 20% LPC 31% | CPC 37% | NDP 21% LPC 13% | CPC 63% | NDP 14%

Past Federal Vote LPC 54% | CPC 19% | NDP 18% LPC 36% | CPC 37% | NDP 21% LPC 19% | CPC 62% | NDP 15% PRIORITY: TAKING ACTION ON CLIMTE CHANGE

50% % who say it’s at least a “high priority”

Believers 47% 28% 18% 4% 2% 92%

Leaners 16% 11% 36% 36% 1% 63%

24% Laggards 8% 2% 14% 21% 55%

A top priority A very high priority A high priority A moderate priority A low priority

Below is a list of possible public policy priorities. How much of a priority do you feel each one should be? EVIDENCE THE EARTH IS WARMING

50%

Believers 78% 22%

Leaners 45% 48% 6%

Laggards 6% 8% 41% 29% 17%

Conclusive evidence Solid evidence Some but not conclusive evidence Little evidence No evidence

50%

Believers 97% 3%

Leaners 53% 47%

Laggards 17% 83%

Because of human and industrial activity such as burning fossil fuels Because of natural patterns in the earth’s environment

If the earth is warming, do you believe that cause is mostly GOVERNMENTS SHOULD “DO NOTHING” TO REDUCE EMISSIONS 50%

Believers 4% 9% 87%

Leaners 5% 20% 74%

Laggards 45% 20% 11% 25%

1 2 3 4

Do nothing to encourage emissions reductions :Rank the following choices for how you would prefer governments use policy to reduce emissions? CLIMATE CHANGE POPULATION SEGMENTS DISTRIBUTION BY GROUP

All 42% 47% 11% All 42% 47% 11% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 39% 48% 14% Left 56% 39% 6% Female 44% 47% 9% Centre 40% 51% 9%

AGE Right 24% 49% 27% 18 - 29 49% 42% 9% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 36% 50% 13% Liberal Party 54% 40% 5% 45 - 59 40% 49% 11% Conservative Party 22% 53% 25% 60 and over 42% 46% 12% NDP 40% 51% 9% REGION Green Party 56% 37% 7% BC 44% 49% 7% Bloc Quebecois 57% 38% 5% AB 29% 49% 22% SK/MB 34% 49% 16% EDUCATION ON 39% 48% 13% HS or less 40% 48% 12% QC 51% 43% 5% College 41% 48% 12% ATL 48% 43% 8% University 44% 45% 10%

Believers Leaners Laggards

Below is a list of possible public policy priorities. How much of a priority do you feel each one should be? GOVERNMENT ACTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE BY A FACTOR OF 4:1 PEOPLE PREFER MORE GOVERNMENT ACTION TO LESS GOVERNMENT ACTION ON CLIMATE.

• 60% want governments to take more action to combat climate change. Only 16% want less action, but this number has doubled in three years.

• The plurality of Alberta voters (46%) want more action. Conservatives are evenly split. GOVERNMENT EMPHASIS ON EMISSION REDUCTIONS

16%

More emphasis

Less emphasis

60% 24% Do nothing different from what is currently being done

Generally speaking, how would you like to see governments in Canada emphasize policies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions? GOVERNMENT EMPHASIS ON EMISSION REDUCTIONS SINCE 2015

69% Sept 2015 23% 8% Enthusiasm for more action to reduce emissions has not 56% waned much since before the 2015 Federal Election March 2016 31% and is up slightly since 13% March 2016.

60% February 2018 24% 16%

More emphasis Do nothing different from what is currently being done Less emphasis

Generally speaking, how would you like to see governments in Canada emphasize policies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions? GOVERNMENT EMPHASIS ON EMISSION REDUCTIONS BY FAMILIARITY WITH CARBON PRICING

60% Familiar 21% 18%

61% Heard about it, don't 13% understand 26%

55% Unaware 11% 33%

More emphasis Do nothing different from what is currently being done Less emphasis

Generally speaking, how would you like to see governments in Canada emphasize policies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions? GOVERNMENT EMPHASIS ON EMISSION REDUCTIONS

All 60% 24% 16% All 60% 24% 16% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 54% 27% 20% Left 73% 13% 14% Female 65% 22% 12% Centre 60% 26% 14%

AGE Right 37% 25% 38% 18 - 29 71% 19% 10% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 53% 27% 20% Liberal Party 70% 22% 8% 45 - 59 57% 26% 17% Conservative Party 33% 31% 36% 60 and over 60% 24% 16% NDP 59% 33% 7% REGION Green Party 67% 18% 15% BC 65% 23% 12% Bloc Quebecois 74% 15% 11% AB 46% 27% 27% SK/MB 56% 25% 19% EDUCATION ON 57% 26% 17% HS or less 61% 25% 14% QC 66% 22% 13% College 57% 24% 19% ATL 69% 21% 10% University 61% 24% 15%

More emphasis Do nothing different from what is currently being done Less emphasis

Generally speaking, how would you like to see governments in Canada emphasize policies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions? GENERALLY PEOPLE GRAVITATE TOWARDS REGULATION AND SUBSIDY OVER TAXATION AS A CLIMATE SOLUTION.

• Carbon pricing ranks third among these alternative policy approaches.

• But by far the least popular idea is “do nothing.” RANKING EMISSION REDUCTION POLICIES

RANKED IN TOP 2

Rules and regulations that require emissions reductions in specific ways or in specific sectors 44% 31% 19% 5% 75%

Subsidies to encourage the adoption of low-carbon technologies 35% 35% 24% 6% 70%

Carbon pricing uses the market to shift behaviour and the broader 58% economy 13% 27% 45% 14%

53% Do nothing to encourage emissions reductions 7% 7% 11% 74%

First Second Third Fourth

Rank the following choices for how you would prefer governments use policy to reduce emissions. RANKING EMISSION REDUCTION POLICIES RULES AND REGULATIONS

All 44% 31% 19% 5% All 44% 31% 19% 5% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 42% 31% 20% 7% Left 46% 28% 19% 6% Female 46% 31% 19% 4% Centre 45% 31% 19% 5%

AGE Right 36% 37% 21% 6% 18 - 29 43% 34% 19% 4% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 38% 31% 22% 8% Liberal Party 46% 30% 19% 3% 45 - 59 49% 28% 17% 6% Conservative Party 43% 33% 19% 6% 60 and over 46% 31% 19% 3% NDP 54% 27% 14% 5% REGION Green Party 34% 43% 21% 1% BC 52% 31% 15% 1% Bloc Quebecois 46% 31% 23% 0% AB 40% 33% 20% 7% SK/MB 47% 30% 17% 5% EDUCATION ON 42% 31% 20% 7% HS or less 44% 31% 19% 6% QC 41% 32% 23% 3% College 48% 30% 17% 4% ATL 55% 27% 12% 5% University 39% 32% 23% 6%

1 2 3 4

Rank the following choices for how you would prefer governments use policy to reduce emissions. RANKING EMISSION REDUCTION POLICIES: LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGY SUBSIDIES

All 35% 35% 24% 6% All 35% 35% 24% 6% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 32% 34% 26% 7% Left 31% 40% 24% 5% Female 37% 37% 22% 4% Centre 36% 35% 24% 5%

AGE Right 26% 31% 26% 17% 18 - 29 37% 31% 23% 9% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 36% 32% 23% 8% Liberal Party 35% 38% 24% 3% 45 - 59 32% 37% 26% 5% Conservative Party 34% 38% 20% 7% 60 and over 33% 40% 24% 2% NDP 26% 38% 31% 4% REGION Green Party 35% 35% 22% 8% BC 31% 34% 27% 7% Bloc Quebecois 41% 36% 23% 0% AB 38% 38% 16% 8% SK/MB 31% 41% 21% 6% EDUCATION ON 36% 35% 25% 4% HS or less 38% 33% 24% 5% QC 35% 32% 26% 7% College 32% 37% 24% 6% ATL 28% 39% 26% 6% University 34% 35% 25% 6%

1 2 3 4

Rank the following choices for how you would prefer governments use policy to reduce emissions. RANKING EMISSION REDUCTION POLICIES: CARBON PRICING

All 13% 27% 45% 14% All 13% 27% 45% 14% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 16% 28% 41% 15% Left 17% 27% 47% 9% Female 11% 26% 49% 13% Centre 13% 28% 45% 13%

AGE Right 10% 20% 40% 29% 18 - 29 14% 25% 46% 15% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 15% 28% 40% 16% Liberal Party 15% 27% 50% 8% 45 - 59 11% 30% 47% 12% Conservative Party 7% 21% 44% 28% 60 and over 14% 24% 47% 14% NDP 14% 30% 48% 9% REGION Green Party 25% 17% 46% 11% BC 11% 27% 50% 12% Bloc Quebecois 13% 33% 48% 5% AB 9% 20% 50% 20% SK/MB 11% 21% 49% 18% EDUCATION ON 12% 28% 42% 18% HS or less 11% 28% 47% 14% QC 20% 29% 42% 7% College 11% 27% 47% 15% ATL 10% 29% 50% 10% University 19% 25% 41% 14%

1 2 3 4

Rank the following choices for how you would prefer governments use policy to reduce emissions. RANKING EMISSION REDUCTION POLICIES DO NOTHING

All 7% 7% 11% 74% All 7% 7% 11% 74% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 9% 8% 13% 70% Left 5%5%11% 79% Female 6%6%10% 78% Centre 6%6% 11% 76%

AGE Right 27% 12% 13% 48% 18 - 29 7% 10% 11% 72% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 11% 9% 14% 66% Liberal Party 4%4%7% 85% 45 - 59 7%5%11% 77% Conservative Party 15% 8% 16% 60% 60 and over 5%5% 9% 80% NDP 6%5%7% 81% REGION Green Party 5%5% 11% 79% BC 5%8% 7% 80% Bloc Quebecois 0%5% 95% AB 12% 9% 15% 64% SK/MB 9% 8% 12% 70% EDUCATION ON 9% 6% 13% 71% HS or less 7% 8% 10% 75% QC 4%6% 9% 81% College 8%5% 13% 74% ATL 6%4%11% 79% University 8% 8% 11% 73%

1 2 3 4

Rank the following choices for how you would prefer governments use policy to reduce emissions. MORAL IMPERATIVE IS THE #1 RANKED REASON TO ACT, BUT ECONOMIC ARGUMENTS ALSO MATTER.

• 36% say they are most motivated by the moral imperative, led by women and NDP voters.

• However 64% said one of three economic arguments was most compelling (opportunities in transition, staying competitive with clean growth trend, cost of weather disasters) REASON TO ACT

RANKED IN TOP 2

We have a moral responsibility to pass on a planet that is safe and health to the next generation 36% 22% 21% 20% 58%

Fighting climate change by shifting to more efficient energy use and clean technologies will bring new economic opportunities for Canadians. 24% 29% 29% 17% 53%

The strongest economies in the future will be those that transition to 49% using more renewable energy, and Canada shouldn’t fall behind 20% 29% 27% 24%

Weather disasters (floods, hurricanes, wildfires) have become a financial 39% disaster we must do more to try to avoid 20% 19% 23% 38%

First Second Third Fourth

Rank the following reasons to do more to combat climate change from most important to least important to you. REASONS TO ACT: MORAL RESPONSIBILITY

All 36% 22% 21% 20% All 36% 22% 21% 20% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 32% 23% 23% 22% Left 40% 26% 20% 14% Female 40% 21% 19% 19% Centre 35% 22% 21% 22%

AGE Right 40% 20% 22% 18% 18 - 29 39% 24% 20% 18% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 32% 21% 26% 21% Liberal Party 35% 21% 20% 24% 45 - 59 39% 21% 19% 20% Conservative Party 31% 23% 26% 19% 60 and over 35% 23% 19% 22% NDP 45% 21% 11% 24% REGION Green Party 37% 14% 24% 25% BC 34% 21% 25% 20% Bloc Quebecois 22% 31% 27% 14% AB 38% 20% 21% 20% SK/MB 38% 23% 20% 19% EDUCATION ON 34% 26% 21% 19% HS or less 40% 23% 19% 17% QC 38% 17% 20% 24% College 37% 21% 21% 21% ATL 39% 20% 20% 20% University 31% 22% 24% 23%

1 2 3 4

Rank the following reasons to do more to combat climate change from most important to least important to you. REASONS TO ACT: SHIFTING TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CLEAN TECH

All 24% 29% 29% 17% All 24% 29% 29% 17% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 25% 31% 27% 17% Left 21% 29% 31% 19% Female 23% 27% 32% 17% Centre 25% 29% 29% 17%

AGE Right 20% 30% 30% 18% 18 - 29 23% 24% 33% 21% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 23% 30% 25% 21% Liberal Party 27% 31% 26% 15% 45 - 59 24% 32% 29% 16% Conservative Party 23% 25% 31% 20% 60 and over 25% 30% 32% 13% NDP 20% 34% 34% 12% REGION Green Party 38% 21% 19% 22% BC 24% 32% 30% 14% Bloc Quebecois 9% 30% 42% 19% AB 19% 32% 30% 19% SK/MB 28% 30% 25% 17% EDUCATION ON 25% 28% 26% 20% HS or less 21% 29% 30% 19% QC 23% 27% 35% 15% College 25% 29% 29% 16% ATL 24% 29% 30% 17% University 25% 29% 30% 16%

1 2 3 4

Rank the following reasons to do more to combat climate change from most important to least important to you. REASONS TO ACT: TRANSITION TO MORE RENEWABLES OR FALL BEHIND ECONOMICALLY

All 20% 29% 27% 24% All 20% 29% 27% 24% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 22% 29% 26% 23% Left 17% 27% 30% 26% Female 18% 30% 27% 24% Centre 20% 29% 27% 24%

AGE Right 23% 30% 22% 25% 18 - 29 19% 30% 24% 26% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 24% 28% 27% 22% Liberal Party 19% 28% 29% 23% 45 - 59 19% 29% 29% 23% Conservative Party 25% 28% 26% 21% 60 and over 18% 30% 27% 25% NDP 16% 29% 29% 25% REGION Green Party 13% 44% 30% 13% BC 22% 30% 25% 24% Bloc Quebecois 27% 29% 11% 33% AB 23% 29% 23% 25% SK/MB 19% 28% 32% 22% EDUCATION ON 21% 27% 28% 24% HS or less 17% 27% 30% 25% QC 16% 34% 25% 24% College 20% 31% 26% 22% ATL 20% 25% 29% 26% University 22% 29% 24% 24%

1 2 3 4

Rank the following reasons to do more to combat climate change from most important to least important to you. REASONS TO ACT: WEATHER DISASTERS ARE COSTLY

All 20% 19% 23% 38% All 20% 19% 23% 38% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 21% 17% 24% 38% Left 22% 19% 19% 40% Female 19% 22% 21% 39% Centre 20% 20% 23% 38%

AGE Right 16% 19% 25% 39% 18 - 29 19% 21% 24% 35% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 20% 22% 21% 37% Liberal Party 19% 20% 24% 38% 45 - 59 18% 19% 23% 40% Conservative Party 20% 23% 17% 39% 60 and over 21% 17% 22% 39% NDP 19% 16% 25% 39% REGION Green Party 12% 22% 26% 40% BC 20% 17% 20% 42% Bloc Quebecois 35% 10% 21% 34% AB 19% 19% 26% 36% SK/MB 14% 20% 23% 43% EDUCATION ON 20% 18% 24% 37% HS or less 21% 21% 20% 38% QC 22% 21% 20% 37% College 17% 18% 25% 40% ATL 17% 25% 20% 37% University 22% 20% 22% 36%

1 2 3 4

Rank the following reasons to do more to combat climate change from most important to least important to you. TRANSITIONING TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY LARGE MAJORITY WANT A TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY, BUT WITH CARE TO MANAGE IMPACTS .

• This goal is broadly embraced, including in Alberta.

• The caution about the pace of ambition is clear, and not only in Alberta. Most people believe we should continue to develop oil and gas resources while transitioning. IS A TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY A GOOD OR BAD GOAL?

In general, do you think a transition to a low-carbon economy (which uses less How about for your province? energy and more renewable forms of energy) is generally a good goal for Canada, a bad goal?

84% 82% Good goal Good goal Bad goal Bad goal 16% 18% IS A TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY A GOOD OR BAD GOAL? BY CLIMATE SEGMENTATION

Believers 93% 7%

Leaners 87% 13%

Laggards 57% 43%

Good goal Bad goal

In general, do you think a transition to a low-carbon economy (which uses less energy and more renewable forms of energy) is generally a good goal for Canada, a bad goal? IS A TRANSITION TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY A GOOD OR BAD GOAL FOR CANADA?

All 84% 16% All 84% 16% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 80% 20% Left 83% 17% Female 87% 13% Centre 86% 14%

AGE Right 63% 37% 18 - 29 83% 17% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 82% 18% Liberal Party 92% 8% 45 - 59 84% 16% Conservative Party 70% 30% 60 and over 85% 15% NDP 86% 14% REGION Green Party 95% 5% BC 92% 8% Bloc Quebecois 88% 12% AB 78% 22% SK/MB 83% 17% EDUCATION ON 81% 19% HS or less 84% 16% QC 86% 14% College 84% 16% ATL 88% 12% University 83% 17%

Good goal Bad goal

In general, do you think a transition to a low-carbon economy (which uses less energy and more renewable forms of energy) is generally a good goal for Canada, a bad goal? GOOD/BAD GOAL FOR YOUR PROVINCE?

All 82% 18% All 82% 18% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 78% 22% Left 86% 14% Female 85% 15% Centre 84% 16%

AGE Right 58% 42% 18 - 29 81% 19% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 79% 21% Liberal Party 90% 10% 45 - 59 84% 16% Conservative Party 64% 36% 60 and over 83% 17% NDP 84% 16% REGION Green Party 95% 5% BC 91% 9% Bloc Quebecois 84% 16% AB 68% 32% SK/MB 80% 20% EDUCATION ON 79% 21% HS or less 82% 18% QC 87% 13% College 81% 19% ATL 83% 17% University 83% 17%

Good goal Bad goal

How about for your province? IS A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY ACHIEVABLE?

73% Achievable

27% Unachievable

Do you think a transition to a low-carbon economy is generally achievable or unachievable for Canada? IS A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY ACHIEVABLE?

All 73% 27% All 73% 27% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 70% 30% Left 83% 17% Female 76% 24% Centre 74% 26%

AGE Right 47% 53% 18 - 29 76% 24% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 72% 28% Liberal Party 83% 17% 45 - 59 74% 26% Conservative Party 56% 44% 60 and over 70% 30% NDP 74% 26% REGION Green Party 79% 21% BC 75% 25% Bloc Quebecois 80% 20% AB 61% 39% SK/MB 70% 30% EDUCATION ON 74% 26% HS or less 72% 28% QC 75% 25% College 71% 29% ATL 79% 21% University 77% 23%

Achievable Unachievable

Do you think a transition to a low-carbon economy is generally achievable or unachievable for Canada? AGGRESSIVE OR MANAGED TRANSITION?

It is important to manage this transition in ways that are careful to not to drive up the cost of living too much or cost too many 75% jobs even if that means we take longer to reduce emissions

25% The climate problem is so severe that we need to act aggressively even if the impacts on jobs and the cost of living are greater

Some say that it is important to manage this transition in ways that are careful to not to drive up the cost of living too much or cost too many jobs even if that means we take longer to reduce emissions. Others say that the climate problem is so severe that we need to act aggressively even if the impacts on jobs and the cost of living are greater. Which is closer to your view? AGGRESSIVE OR MANAGED TRANSITION? BY CLIMATE SEGMENTATION

Believers 61% 39%

Leaners 82% 18%

Laggards 87% 13%

It is important to manage this transition in ways that are careful to not to drive up the cost of living too much or cost too many jobs even if that means we take longer to reduce emissions The climate problem is so severe that we need to act aggressively even if the impacts on jobs and the cost of living are greater

All 75% 25% All 75% 25% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 74% 26% Left 62% 38% Female 76% 24% Centre 77% 23%

AGE Right 77% 23% 18 - 29 65% 35% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 73% 27% Liberal Party 74% 26% 45 - 59 77% 23% Conservative Party 89% 11% 60 and over 82% 18% NDP 75% 25% REGION Green Party 68% 32% BC 71% 29% Bloc Quebecois 76% 24% AB 81% 19% SK/MB 82% 18% EDUCATION ON 79% 21% HS or less 73% 27% QC 67% 33% College 79% 21% ATL 76% 24% University 74% 26% It is important to manage this transition The climate problem is so severe that we need to act aggressively Some say that it is important to manage this transition in ways that are careful to not to drive up the cost of living too much or cost too many jobs even if that means we take longer to reduce emissions. Others say that the climate problem is so severe that we need to act aggressively even if the impacts on jobs and the cost of living are greater. Which is closer to your view? DEVELOP OR STOP RESOURCE ECONOMY?

Canada should continue to develop its oil and gas resources and get them to markets while we are using carbon pricing and other measures to transition 40% to a lower carbon future

60% We need to take measures to greatly slow or stop development and transmission of oil and gas in Canada, in order to meet our emissions reductions targets

Some say that Canada should continue to develop its oil and gas resources and get them to markets while we are using carbon pricing and other measures to transition to a lower carbon future. Others say that we need to take measures to greatly slow or stop development and transmission of oil and gas in Canada, in order to meet our emissions reductions targets. Which view is closer to yours? DEVELOP OR STOP RESOURCE ECONOMY?

All 60% 40% All 60% 40% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 62% 38% Left 42% 58% Female 58% 42% Centre 60% 40%

AGE Right 77% 23% 18 - 29 44% 56% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 56% 44% Liberal Party 61% 39% 45 - 59 66% 34% Conservative Party 80% 20% 60 and over 68% 32% NDP 55% 45% REGION Green Party 25% 75% BC 55% 45% Bloc Quebecois 45% 55% AB 80% 20% SK/MB 66% 34% EDUCATION ON 62% 38% HS or less 59% 41% QC 47% 53% College 60% 40% ATL 59% 41% University 61% 39% Canada should continue to develop its oil and gas resources We need to take measures to greatly slow or stop development

• Less than half feel familiar with carbon pricing. This hasn’t changed much in three years - the discussion is still largely an elite level discussion.

• People have vague, but directionally accurate ideas of the purpose of a carbon price. Most people are supportive or open to the idea of a carbon price, support is up 7 points over 3 years. FAMILIARITY WITH CARBON PRICING

42% FAMILIAR 18% UNFAMILIAR

40%

32%

12% 10% 6%

Very familiar Pretty familiar Heard about it but don’t really Know almost nothing about it Never heard of it understand it

Some governments have discussed or implemented a price or a charge on carbon as a way of reducing emissions. Would you say you are …? FAMILIARITY WITH CARBON PRICING TRACKING

FAMILIAR UNAWARE

Sept 2015 8% 28% 41% 14% 9% 36% 23%

March 2016 6% 29% 44% 16% 5% 35% 21%

Feb 2018 10% 32% 40% 12% 6% 42% 18%

Very familiar Pretty familiar Heard about it but don’t really understand it Know almost nothing about it Never heard of it

Some governments have discussed or implemented a price or a charge on carbon as a way of reducing emissions. Would you say you are …? FAMILIARITY WITH CARBON PRICING

All 10% 32% 40% 12% 6% All 10% 32% 40% 12% 6% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 13% 36% 38% 8%5% Left 12% 33% 40% 10%6% Female 7% 27% 42% 16% 8% Centre 9% 31% 41% 13% 6%

AGE Right 22% 37% 29% 7%5% 18 - 29 13% 29% 33% 14% 11% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 11% 27% 40% 15% 7% Liberal Party 10% 38% 39% 9%4% 45 - 59 9% 31% 42% 13% 4% Conservative Party 17% 40% 34% 5%3% 60 and over 8% 38% 42% 8%4% NDP 9% 30% 41% 12% 7% REGION Green Party 8% 36% 38% 13% 5% BC 12% 32% 41% 9% 5% Bloc Quebecois 10% 23% 51% 16%0% AB 22% 40% 30% 6%3% SK/MB 10% 31% 45% 10%4% EDUCATION ON 8% 31% 43% 10% 7% HS or less 7% 24% 45% 13% 11% QC 6% 29% 36% 22% College 11% 33% 38% 13% 5% ATL 9% 28% 45% 13% University 12% 38% 37% 10%4% Very familiar Pretty familiar Heard about it but don’t really understand it Know almost nothing about it Never heard of it

Some governments have discussed or implemented a price or a charge on carbon as a way of reducing emissions. Would you say you are …? KNOWLEDGE OF PROVINCIAL POLICY

A plurality of Canadians don’t know what approach their province is taking on carbon pricing.

41%

32%

21%

My province already has a carbon My provincial government is My provincial government is not Unsure what the situation is in my price in place planning on doing so planning on doing so province

To the best of your knowledge has the provincial government in your province put a carbon price in place already, is planning on doing so, or is not planning on doing so? KNOWLEDGE OF PROVINCIAL PRICING POLICY

All 32% 21% 6% 41% PROVINCES W/ PRICING BC 45% 19% 1% 35% AB 78% 8% 2% 12% ON 30% 26% 5% 40% QC 20% 18% 6% 56% PROVINCES PLANNING ON IMPLEMENTING A PRICE MB 8% 33% 9% 49% NB 16% 26% 5% 53% NS 11% 21% 11% 56% PE 9% 33% 6% 52% NL 3% 33% 10% 54% PROVINCES NOT PLANNING ON IMPLEMENTING A PRICE SK 4% 13% 55% 28%

My province already has a carbon price in place My provincial government is planning on doing so My provincial government is not planning on doing so Unsure what the situation is in my province

All 32% 21% 6% 41% All 32% 21% 6% 41% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 36% 22% 7% 35% Left 28% 24% 5% 43% Female 29% 19% 6% 46% Centre 31% 20% 6% 42%

AGE Right 48% 21% 8% 23% 18 - 29 24% 26% 5% 45% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 28% 21% 8% 43% Liberal Party 33% 23% 4% 40% 45 - 59 33% 20% 7% 39% Conservative Party 46% 24% 6% 24% 60 and over 40% 18% 4% 37% NDP 32% 18% 8% 42% REGION Green Party 36% 10% 6% 48% BC 45% 19% 1% 35% Bloc Quebecois 38% 8% 7% 47% AB 78% 8%2%12% SK/MB 6% 24% 31% 39% EDUCATION ON 30% 26% 5% 40% HS or less 30% 18% 6% 46% QC 20% 18% 6% 56% College 33% 18% 7% 42% ATL 10% 25% 9% 55% University 34% 27% 6% 33% My province already has a carbon price in place My provincial government is planning on doing so My provincial government is not planning on doing so Unsure what the situation is in my province

51%

27%

11% 12%

Carbon tax Carbon levy (tax + industrial standard) Cap-and-trade system I’m not entirely sure

Your province currently has a carbon pricing system in place Please select what system your province is using to reduce carbon emissions? n = 1306 KNOWLEDGE OF HOME PROVINCE CARBON PRICING SYSTEM

All 27% 11% 12% 51% All 27% 11% 12% 51% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 28% 13% 15% 44% Left 25% 10% 6% 59% Female 25% 8% 9% 58% Centre 26% 10% 12% 52%

AGE Right 33% 15% 17% 35% 18 - 29 30% 10% 9% 51% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 21% 16% 13% 50% Liberal Party 25% 10% 14% 51% 45 - 59 28% 12% 10% 50% Conservative Party 38% 11% 16% 35% 60 and over 28% 5% 14% 53% NDP 31% 7%5% 56% REGION Green Party 28% 8% 7% 57% BC 35% 14%2% 49% Bloc Quebecois 27% 7% 18% 48% AB 59% 14% 4% 23% SK/MB EDUCATION ON 19% 8% 18% 54% HS or less 26% 9% 7% 57% QC 17% 11% 10% 62% College 27% 10% 13% 50% ATL University 26% 13% 15% 46%

Carbon tax Carbon levy (tax + industrial standard) Cap-and-trade system I’m not entirely sure

Your province currently has a carbon pricing system in place Please select what system your province is using to reduce carbon emissions? n = 1306 CARBON TAX VERSUS CAP-AND-TRADE

61%

I have a very good understanding of the difference

I have a pretty good understanding of the difference

29% I don’t really know the difference between the two 10%

There are a few ways to put a price on carbon emissions One is called a cap-and-trade system while the other is called a carbon tax. Which of the following best describes how well you understand the difference between a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade system? CARBON TAX VERSUS CAP-AND-TRADE

All 10% 29% 61% All 10% 29% 61% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 13% 36% 51% Left 11% 24% 64% Female 8% 21% 71% Centre 10% 29% 61%

AGE Right 17% 32% 51% 18 - 29 16% 26% 57% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 13% 30% 57% Liberal Party 9% 31% 61% 45 - 59 9% 29% 62% Conservative Party 12% 36% 52% 60 and over 5% 29% 66% NDP 6% 25% 69% REGION Green Party 7% 39% 55% BC 9% 24% 67% Bloc Quebecois 21% 34% 44% AB 12% 25% 63% SK/MB 7% 25% 68% EDUCATION ON 11% 28% 61% HS or less 9% 21% 70% QC 11% 37% 52% College 8% 32% 60% ATL 7% 22% 71% University 15% 33% 51% I have a very good understanding of the difference I have a pretty good understanding of the difference I don’t really know the difference between the two There are a few ways to put a price on carbon emissions One is called a cap-and-trade system while the other is called a carbon tax. Which of the following best describes how well you understand the difference between a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade system? THE OBJECTIVES OF CARBON PRICING KNOWLEDGE OF CARBON PRICING OBJECTIVES IS MIXED.

• Canadians are not entirely clear on the objectives of carbon pricing. Half ranking “changing behavior” in the top two objectives while about one in three think it’s meant to raise revenue or punish polluters.

• Most don’t think carbon taxes are worse than other taxes. WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF CARBON PRICING?

RANKED IN TOP 2

Change the behaviour of businesses and individuals 26% 28% 21% 16% 9% 54%

Create incentives to reduce GHG emissions 20% 26% 25% 19% 10% 45%

Penalize polluters 20% 19% 17% 23% 21% 38%

Generate revenue for government 23% 9% 11% 16% 41% 34%

Spark low-carbon innovation 11% 18% 26% 26% 19% 28%

First Second Third Fourth Fifth

What do you think the most important objectives for carbon pricing policy are? CARBON TAX VERSUS OTHER TAXES

60%

Better

Not really different

21% Worse

18%

Compared with other taxes that governments might use to collect revenue and achieve policy outcomes (like personal and business income taxes and sales taxes), do you consider a carbon tax to be better, worse, or not really different to how you feel about other taxes? CARBON TAX VERSUS OTHER TAXES

All 18% 60% 21% All 18% 60% 21% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 21% 57% 22% Left 33% 51% 15% Female 16% 64% 20% Centre 17% 63% 19%

AGE Right 9% 43% 48% 18 - 29 28% 52% 21% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 16% 65% 19% Liberal Party 26% 59% 15% 45 - 59 17% 62% 21% Conservative Party 8% 53% 39% 60 and over 15% 60% 24% NDP 20% 62% 19% REGION Green Party 36% 41% 23% BC 20% 64% 16% Bloc Quebecois 27% 64% 10% AB 12% 52% 36% SK/MB 12% 55% 32% EDUCATION ON 16% 61% 23% HS or less 14% 65% 21% QC 27% 62% 11% College 18% 57% 25% ATL 18% 59% 23% University 24% 59% 17%

Better Not really different Worse

Carbon tax 58% 42%

Taxes on things like alcohol or tobacco 53% 47%

Gas tax 41% 59%

Sales taxes 30% 70%

Personal Income tax 27% 73%

Business Income tax 25% 75%

Change behaviour Raise revenue

For each of the following taxes, do you think its primary purpose is to change behaviour or to raise revenue? CHANGE BEHAVIOUR VS. RAISE REVENUE: CARBON TAX

All 58% 42% All 58% 42% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 58% 42% Left 63% 37% Female 57% 43% Centre 57% 43%

AGE Right 52% 48% 18 - 29 66% 34% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 56% 44% Liberal Party 63% 37% 45 - 59 56% 44% Conservative Party 46% 54% 60 and over 55% 45% NDP 66% 34% REGION Green Party 62% 38% BC 62% 38% Bloc Quebecois 48% 52% AB 52% 48% SK/MB 56% 44% EDUCATION ON 57% 43% HS or less 56% 44% QC 58% 42% College 57% 43% ATL 62% 38% University 60% 40%

Change behaviour Raise revenue

For each of the following taxes, do you think its primary purpose is to change behaviour or to raise revenue? POSITION ON CARBON PRICING MOST THINK CARBON PRICING IS AN ACCEPTABLE IDEA TO DEAL WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

• 46% think carbon pricing is a good idea, up 6 points since 2015. Another 33% feel it’s an acceptable idea.

• Those more familiar with carbon pricing are more polarized on support for carbon pricing. POSITION ON CARBON PRICING

78% POSITIVE 22% NEGATIVE

33% 28%

18%

13% 9%

Very good Good Acceptable Poor Very poor

For economists, the main idea of a carbon price is this: if it costs people and businesses money to generate carbon emissions, they will find ways to save money and reduce emissions. In general, do you think it is a… idea? POSITION ON CARBON PRICING

GOOD IDEA POOR IDEA

Sept 2015 14% 26% 35% 15% 9% 40% 24%

March 2016 13% 26% 37% 15% 9% 39% 24%

46% 21% Feb 2018 18% 28% 33% 13% 9%

Very good Good Acceptable Poor Very poor

GOOD IDEA POOR IDEA

Familiar 24% 30% 20% 13% 14% 54% 27%

Heard, but don't 14% 28% 39% 13% 6% 42% 19% understand

33% 8% Unaware 13% 20% 49% 3%5%

Very good Good Acceptable Poor Very poor

GOOD IDEA POOR IDEA

Believers 32% 34% 24% 6%3% 66% 9%

Leaners 8% 26% 40% 18% 7% 34% 25%

15% 55% Laggards 5% 10% 31% 16% 39%

Very good Good Acceptable Poor Very poor

GOOD IDEA POOR IDEA

Change 20% 30% 34% 10% 6% 50% 16% behaviour

Raise 39% 31% 15% 24% 30% 18% 13% revenue

Very good Good Acceptable Poor Very poor

All 18% 28% 33% 13% 9% All 18% 28% 33% 13% 9% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 17% 30% 28% 13% 12% Left 33% 28% 25% 7% 6% Female 19% 25% 37% 13% 6% Centre 16% 28% 35% 13% 7%

AGE Right 12% 19% 21% 17% 31% 18 - 29 21% 28% 36% 9% 6% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 16% 25% 38% 12% 9% Liberal Party 22% 36% 27% 11%5% 45 - 59 17% 31% 30% 13% 9% Conservative Party 9% 18% 24% 24% 24% 60 and over 18% 27% 28% 16% 12% NDP 18% 29% 34% 12% 7% REGION Green Party 34% 34% 20% 8%4% BC 15% 30% 37% 11% 8% Bloc Quebecois 28% 32% 26% 6% 8% AB 14% 24% 27% 19% 16% SK/MB 17% 20% 32% 17% 15% EDUCATION ON 16% 27% 32% 13% 11% HS or less 16% 24% 37% 14% 10% QC 25% 31% 33% 9% College 18% 30% 27% 15% 11% ATL 20% 28% 32% 12% University 20% 29% 35% 10% 6%

Very good Good Acceptable Poor Very poor

• 47% think it might only cause the cost of living to go up without changing energy use. But when probed on a series of possible specific reactions large majorities think behaviour would occur.

• 62% think it’s possible to do carbon pricing in a way that will not harm the economy, and 57% think by pricing carbon, Canada will end up with a stronger economy compared to places that don’t. 43% say our economy could end up weaker than other places. EFFECTS OF CARBON PRICE ON ENERGY USE

If it is more expensive to emit carbon, businesses and consumers will find ways to avoid paying more through using energy differently and using 47% more renewable energy

53% It will simply increase the cost of doing business and living, and that energy use won’t change

Do you believe that if it is more expensive to emit carbon, businesses and consumers will find ways to avoid paying more through using energy differently and using more renewable energy, or do you feel that it will simply increase the cost of doing business? EFFECTS OF CARBON PRICE ON ENERGY USE BY CLIMATE SEGMENTATION

Believers 65% 35%

Leaners 51% 49%

Laggards 36% 64%

If it is more expensive to emit carbon, businesses and consumers will find ways to avoid paying more through using energy differently and using more renewable energy It will simply increase the cost of doing business and living, and that energy use won’t change

Good idea 74% 26%

Acceptable idea 52% 48%

Poor idea 13% 87%

All 53% 47% All 53% 47% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 52% 48% Left 61% 39% Female 54% 46% Centre 54% 46%

AGE Right 31% 69% 18 - 29 59% 41% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 50% 50% Liberal Party 64% 36% 45 - 59 54% 46% Conservative Party 35% 65% 60 and over 51% 49% NDP 50% 50% REGION Green Party 68% 32% BC 54% 46% Bloc Quebecois 62% 38% AB 36% 64% SK/MB 39% 61% EDUCATION ON 54% 46% HS or less 49% 51% QC 63% 37% College 52% 48% ATL 54% 46% University 60% 40%

Businesses and consumers will find ways to avoid paying more through using energy differently Energy use won't change Do you believe that if it is more expensive to emit carbon, businesses and consumers will find ways to avoid paying more through using energy differently and using more renewable energy, or do you feel that it will simply increase the cost of doing business? EFFECTS OF MAKING CARBON MORE EXPENSIVE

Those who design and build buildings will find ways to create more 20% 29% 36% 11% 2% energy efficient buildings

A market for energy efficient products will grow more quickly 17% 30% 34% 13% 3%

Energy technology breakthroughs will be developed more quickly 16% 29% 35% 15% 4%

People will think harder about how to save money by reducing their 15% 28% 37% 14% 4% energy use or using more renewable energy

Transportation systems and vehicle manufacturers will find ways to 15% 26% 39% 14% 4% help reduce pollution

Companies will work at improving their processes to save money and 15% 28% 38% 14% 5% reduce emissions

Certainly Very likely Likely Unlikely Very unlikely Certainly not

How likely do you think it is that by making it more expensive to create carbon pollution that…? POSSIBILITY OF DOING NO ECONOMIC HARM

62% No Harm to Economy 38% Harm to Economy

37%

23%

16%

9% 9% 7%

Certainly Very likely Likely Unlikely Very unlikely Certainly not

Do you think it is possible to price carbon emissions in such a way that emissions come down, without harming the economy? POSSIBILITY OF DOING NO ECONOMIC HARM

Sept 2015 9% 15% 38% 23% 9% 6%

> NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE SINCE 2015

Feb 2018 9% 16% 37% 23% 9% 7%

Certainly Very Likely Likely Unlikely Very unlikely Certainly not

Do you think it is possible to price carbon emissions in such a way that emissions come down, without harming the economy? POSSIBILITY OF DOING NO ECONOMIC HARM

All 9% 16% 37% 23% 9% 7% All 9% 16% 37% 23% 9% 7% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 9% 17% 34% 21% 11% 8% Left 15% 22% 31% 20% 6%7% Female 8% 15% 39% 25% 6%6% Centre 8% 16% 39% 24% 8%5%

AGE Right 6% 12% 23% 21% 13% 25% 18 - 29 12% 18% 38% 20% 8%5% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 6% 15% 41% 24% 7% 6% Liberal Party 9% 20% 40% 23% 6%3% 45 - 59 7% 17% 36% 25% 8% 6% Conservative Party 4% 13% 27% 24% 15% 17% 60 and over 10% 15% 32% 25% 10% 9% NDP 10% 13% 38% 23% 11%5% REGION Green Party 16% 15% 41% 21% 4%3% BC 9% 16% 39% 23% 8%4% Bloc Quebecois 23% 14% 26% 27% 6%5% AB 7% 15% 27% 27% 12% 12% SK/MB 8% 12% 32% 29% 9% 9% EDUCATION ON 7% 15% 37% 24% 10% 8% HS or less 9% 14% 38% 23% 9% 7% QC 12% 19% 41% 19% 3% College 8% 16% 34% 26% 9% 8% ATL 11% 16% 38% 25% 6% University 9% 19% 40% 21% 7%4%

Certainly Very likely Likely Unlikely Very unlikely Certainly not

Do you think it is possible to price carbon emissions in such a way that emissions come down, without harming the economy? IMPACT ON CANADIAN ECONOMY

43% A stronger economy

57% A weaker economy

Do you think by pricing carbon emissions Canada will end up with a stronger economy compared to countries that don’t embrace this policy, or a weaker economy? IMPACT ON CANADIAN ECONOMY

All 57% 43% All 57% 43% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 54% 46% Left 69% 31% Female 60% 40% Centre 58% 42%

AGE Right 33% 67% 18 - 29 61% 39% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 54% 46% Liberal Party 67% 33% 45 - 59 58% 42% Conservative Party 36% 64% 60 and over 57% 43% NDP 60% 40% REGION Green Party 61% 39% BC 67% 33% Bloc Quebecois 79% 21% AB 44% 56% SK/MB 50% 50% EDUCATION ON 53% 47% HS or less 60% 40% QC 67% 33% College 51% 49% ATL 61% 39% University 63% 37%

A stronger economy A weaker economy

Do you think by pricing carbon emissions Canada will end up with a stronger economy compared to countries that don’t embrace this policy, or a weaker economy? IMPACT OF CARBON PRICING THOSE LIVING IN A PROVINCE WITH A CARBON PRICE IN PLACE VERSUS THOSE LIVING IN ONE WITHOUT A PRICE. PERCEIVED IMPACT OF CARBON PRICING IN PROVINCES

• Few perceive negative impacts from carbon pricing in those provinces where it is in place. But conviction that it has had really positive effects is also limited.

• In many cases the plurality say they have seen no real impact. IMPACT ON HOME PROVINCE THOSE IN PROVINCE WITH A PRICE The amount of innovation to find ways to change energy and use lower carbon energy 41% 49% 10%

The amount of effort businesses put into reducing emissions 37% 52% 11%

The amount of effort consumers put into reducing emissions 33% 56% 11%

The competitiveness of your provincial economy 25% 55% 20%

The overall performance of the provincial economy 25% 54% 21%

The number of jobs created 23% 59% 19%

Your cost of living 14% 43% 43%

A positive No real effect A negative

In your province there is currently a system to price carbon emissions. In your view, has this policy in your province had a positive, a negative or no real effect on each of the following? n = 1306 IMPACT ON HOME PROVINCE BY TYPE OF PRICE AND LENGTH POLICY IN PLACE

PROVINCES WITH CAP & TRADE (ONTARIO & QUEBEC) NET IMPACT

Overall performance of the provincial economy 25% 54% 21% +4 Your cost of living 15% 45% 40% -25 Effort businesses put into reducing emissions 41% 48% 11% +30 Effort consumers put into reducing emissions 35% 53% 12% +23 PROVINCES WITH TAX OR LEVY (BC & ALBERTA) Overall performance of the provincial economy 23% 54% 23% - Your cost of living 12% 38% 50% -38 Effort businesses put into reducing emissions 29% 60% 11% +18 Effort consumers put into reducing emissions 29% 53% 9% +20 PROVINCE WITH A CARBON PRICE FOR LONGER TIME (BC ONLY) Overall performance of the provincial economy 32% 58% 10% +22 Your cost of living 12% 45% 43% -31 Effort businesses put into reducing emissions 33% 59% 7% +26 +28 Effort consumers put into reducing emissions 33% 61% 5%

Positive No impact Negative

The amount of innovation to find ways to change energy and use lower carbon energy 53% 38% 10%

The amount of effort businesses put into reducing emissions 48% 41% 11%

The amount of effort consumers put into reducing emissions 41% 48% 10%

The number of jobs created 30% 45% 25%

The overall performance of the provincial economy 30% 41% 28%

The competitiveness of your provincial economy 29% 44% 27%

Your cost of living 15% 29% 55%

A positive No real effect A negative

There is currently a carbon price in place in 4 provinces (including Alberta, Quebec, Ontario and BC) but not yet in yours If your provincial government introduced a carbon price, do you believe this would have a positive, no real effect, or negative effect on…? n = 941 THE POLITICS OF CARBON PRICING DOES IT IMPACT VOTES? CARBON PRICING CAN GAIN MORE VOTES THAN IT CAN LOSE

• 37% prefer to vote for a candidate who promises to price carbon compared to 26% who prefer a candidate opposed to a price on carbon.

• 37% said it would have no impact on their vote. THE POLITICAL POWER OF CARBON PRICING

CARBON PRICE PULLS CARBON PRICE PUSHES FOR 37% FOR 26%

37% 30%

18%

7% 8%

Only vote for a candidate Prefer to vote for a The issue would have no Prefer to vote for a Only vote for a candidate who believes in putting a candidate that supports impact on my vote candidate that is opposedwho is opposed to putting price on carbon putting a price on carbon to putting a price on a price on carbon carbon

When it comes to how these questions affect how you will vote in the future, which of the following best describes you? THE POLITICAL POWER OF CARBON PRICING BY CLIMATE SEGMENTATION

PULL VOTES PUSHES VOTES

Believers 12% 43% 33% 11% 2% 55% 13%

Leaners 4% 25% 40% 24% 7% 29% 31%

8% 56% Laggards 2%6% 36% 19% 37%

Only vote for price Prefer to vote for price No impact Prefer to vote against price Only vote against price

When it comes to how these questions affect how you will vote in the future, which of the following best describes you? THE POLITICAL POWER OF CARBON PRICING

All 7% 30% 37% 18% 8% All 7% 30% 37% 18% 8% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 8% 32% 30% 19% 12% Left 15% 36% 30% 15% 4%

Female 7% 29% 43% 16% 5% Centre 6% 31% 38% 18% 6%

AGE Right 9% 14% 25% 18% 34% 18 - 29 16% 35% 30% 15% 4% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 4% 31% 38% 19% 8% Liberal Party 10% 41% 30% 14% 4% 45 - 59 6% 30% 37% 19% 8% Conservative Party 2% 18% 28% 30% 23% 60 and over 5% 27% 39% 17% 12% NDP 5% 28% 44% 14% 8% REGION Green Party 17% 32% 29% 15% 6% BC 8% 35% 38% 15% 4% Bloc Quebecois 16% 34% 38% 7%5% AB 6% 22% 27% 28% 16% SK/MB 7% 21% 37% 23% 12% EDUCATION HS or less 9% 21% 46% 16% 9% ON 7% 28% 36% 19% 10% College QC 9% 37% 39% 11%3% 4% 30% 36% 20% 9% ATL 4% 33% 42% 15% 6% University 9% 40% 27% 17% 7%

Only vote for a pro carbon pricing candidate Prefer to vote for a pro carbon pricing candidate No impact Prefer to vote for an anti carbon pricing candidate Only vote for an anti carbon pricing candidate

When it comes to how these questions affect how you will vote in the future, which of the following best describes you? REVENUE RECYLING PREFERENCES REVENUE RECYCLING

• If revenue is used to fund health or education, cut taxes, provide incentives to consumers to change behavior, or to invest in R&D, a majority of Canadians would be more supportive of carbon pricing.

• Among those who think it’s a poor idea to price carbon, a corresponding tax cut would make 6 in 10 more supportive of it. CARBON PRICING REVENUE RECECYLING

Use the money to help fund improvements in health care or education 60% 31% 9%

Giving the money back to citizens in the form of a dividend or cutting taxes by an amount equal to the amount raised by the carbon price 57% 31% 12%

Providing financial incentives to make it less costly for consumers to change their energy habits 57% 36% 7%

Investing the money in research and development and clean technologies 56% 36% 7%

Investing the money raised in infrastructure like public transit, rail networks, the electricity grid, roads and bridges 53% 38% 9%

Providing financial support to ease the transition and support the jobs in sectors that are the largest emitters of greenhouse gases 45% 42% 13%

Using the money to pay down government debt 37% 41% 22%

More supportive No impact More opposed

Governments can do different things with the revenue generated from putting a price on carbon emissions For each of the following, please indicate if the idea makes you more supportive, no impact, or more opposed? CARBON PRICING REVENUE RECECYLING AMONG THOSE WHO SAY CARBON PRICE IS AN ACCEPTABLE IDEA

Use the money to help fund improvements in health care or education 57% 36% 7%

Giving the money back to citizens in the form of a dividend or cutting taxes by an amount equal to the amount raised by the carbon price 52% 39% 8%

Providing financial incentives to make it less costly for consumers to change their energy habits 51% 43% 6%

Investing the money in research and development and clean technologies 50% 44% 7%

Investing the money raised in infrastructure like public transit, rail networks, the electricity grid, roads and bridges 47% 44% 9%

Providing financial support to ease the transition and support the jobs in sectors that are the largest emitters of greenhouse gases 38% 49% 13%

Using the money to pay down government debt 38% 44% 18%

More supportive No impact More opposed

Giving the money back to citizens in the form of a dividend or cutting taxes by an amount equal to the amount raised by the carbon price 63% 22% 15%

Use the money to help fund improvements in health care or education 49% 36% 14%

Providing financial incentives to make it less costly for consumers to change their energy habits 46% 40% 14%

Investing the money in research and development and clean technologies 39% 48% 13%

Investing the money raised in infrastructure like public transit, rail networks, the electricity grid, roads and bridges 38% 48% 14%

Using the money to pay down government debt 32% 39% 28%

Providing financial support to ease the transition and support the jobs in sectors that are the largest emitters of greenhouse gases 30% 50% 21%

More supportive No impact More opposed

Use the money to help fund improvements in health care or education 62% 33% 5%

Giving the money back to citizens in the form of a dividend or cutting taxes by an amount equal to the amount raised by the carbon price 57% 37% 6%

Providing financial incentives to make it less costly for consumers to change their energy habits 53% 43% 4%

Investing the money in research and development and clean technologies 52% 44% 4%

Investing the money raised in infrastructure like public transit, rail networks, the electricity grid, roads and bridges 51% 44% 6%

Providing financial support to ease the transition and support the jobs in sectors that are the largest emitters of greenhouse gases 40% 50% 10%

Using the money to pay down government debt 36% 47% 17%

More supportive No impact More opposed

Giving the money back to citizens in the form of a dividend or cutting taxes by an amount equal to the amount raised by the carbon price 27% 16% 13% 44%

Use the money to help fund improvements in health care or education 19% 19% 17% 46%

Providing financial incentives to make it less costly for consumers to change their energy habits 11% 17% 17% 55%

Investing the money raised in infrastructure like public transit, rail networks, the electricity grid, roads and bridges 11% 16% 18% 55%

Investing the money in research and development and clean technologies 16% 13% 13% 58%

Providing financial support to ease the transition and support the jobs in sectors that are the largest emitters of greenhouse gases 7% 12% 14% 68%

Using the money to pay down government debt 10% 7% 8% 75%

First Second Third Not Ranked

Rank your top three preferred ways of using the money generated by carbon pricing. FEDERAL CARBON PRICING POLICY FEDERAL CARBON PRICING POLICY

• Almost half of Canadians have not heard about the federal government’s approach to carbon pricing. Only 9% are very familiar with it.

• Among those in a province without a provincial carbon price, a majority support or could accept the federal government implementing a carbon tax on their province (65%) while 35% are opposed. Opposition was highest in SK. FAMILIARITY WITH FEDERAL CARBON PRICING POLICY

48% Very familiar

Somewhat familiar 43%

Have not heard about this before

The Federal Government has said that it will implement a carbon tax in provinces that do not have their own carbon pricing policy at the end of this year, in order to set a minimum standard to reduce emissions across the country How familiar are you with this plan? FAMILIARITY WITH FEDERAL CARBON PRICING POLICY

All 9% 43% 48% All 9% 43% 48% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 12% 46% 42% Left 9% 45% 46% Female 6% 40% 54% Centre 7% 43% 50%

AGE Right 22% 42% 36% 18 - 29 14% 43% 42% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 10% 42% 48% Liberal Party 8% 49% 43% 45 - 59 6% 42% 52% Conservative Party 14% 50% 36% 60 and over 7% 45% 49% NDP 4% 42% 53% REGION Green Party 10% 40% 49% BC 9% 48% 43% Bloc Quebecois 10% 28% 62% AB 12% 57% 32% SK/MB 11% 50% 38% EDUCATION ON 7% 45% 48% HS or less 8% 38% 55% QC 9% 28% 63% College 7% 45% 48% ATL 10% 46% 45% University 12% 47% 41%

Very familiar Somewhat familiar Have not heard about this before

65% POSITIVE 35% NEGATIVE

39%

17% 18% 17%

Strongly support Support Can accept Oppose Strongly oppose

Do you support or oppose the federal government implementing a carbon tax if your province does not put one in place? n = 941 POSITION ON FEDERALLY IMPOSED CARBON TAX PROVINCES WITHOUT A CARBON PRICE CURRENTLY

All 9% 17% 39% 18% 17% All 9% 17% 39% 18% 17% SEX POL SPECTRUM

Left 20% 22% 33% 15% 10% Male 10% 18% 36% 16% 20% Centre 7% 17% 42% 18% 16% AGE Female 8% 17% 42% 19% 14% Right 8% 11% 19% 17% 46% VOTE 2015

18 - 29 15% 23% 40% 14% 8% Liberal Party 10% 26% 38% 16% 10%

30 - 44 8% 19% 45% 13% 15% Conservative Party 3%4% 27% 24% 42% REGION NDP 13% 12% 44% 18% 12% 45 - 59 6% 11% 41% 21% 20% Green Party 9% 15% 49% 15% 13% 60 and over 8% 17% 32% 21% 23%

EDUCATION HS or less 7% 13% 39% 21% 20% SK/MB 8% 15% 35% 21% 22% College 8% 18% 40% 16% 18%

ATL 10% 19% 43% 15% 13% University 13% 22% 38% 15% 11%

Strongly support Support Can accept Oppose Strongly oppose

Do you support or oppose the federal government implementing a carbon tax if your province does not put one in place? n = 941 FEDERAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE REDUCING EMISSIONS FEDERAL GOVERNMENT RATING

66% POSITIVE 34% NEGATIVE

49%

24%

14% 10%

Excellent job Good job Acceptable job Poor job Terrible job

When it comes to handling the challenge of how to reduce carbon emissions, how well do you think the federal government is doing? FEDERAL GOVERNMENT RATING

All 14% 49% 24% 10% All 14% 49% 24% 10% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 16% 45% 24% 13% Left 19% 37% 28% 12% Female 13% 54% 25% 7% Centre 14% 53% 24% 7%

AGE Right 14% 32% 19% 32% 18 - 29 5% 15% 51% 23% 6% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 17% 49% 22% 9% Liberal Party 22% 53% 17% 5% 45 - 59 16% 50% 24% 9% Conservative Party 8% 37% 29% 24% 60 and over 10% 48% 28% 14% NDP 9% 56% 26% 9% REGION Green Party 6% 43% 37% 15% BC 14% 57% 19% 7% Bloc Quebecois 10% 42% 27% 22% AB 12% 42% 28% 16% SK/MB 12% 45% 27% 14% EDUCATION ON 15% 46% 27% 11% HS or less 13% 48% 27% 10% QC 15% 54% 21% 7% College 12% 47% 26% 13% ATL 12% 54% 23% 9% University 18% 54% 19% 7%

Excellent job Good job Acceptable job Poor job Terrible job

When it comes to handling the challenge of how to reduce carbon emissions, how well do you think the federal government is doing? PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RATING

63% POSITIVE 37% NEGATIVE

45%

25%

15% 12%

Excellent job Good job Acceptable job Poor job Terrible job

How about how your provincial government is doing? PROVINCE RATING

All 15% 45% 25% 12% All 15% 45% 25% 12% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 16% 41% 25% 15% Left 15% 34% 34% 12% Female 14% 50% 25% 8% Centre 15% 49% 25% 9%

AGE Right 14% 28% 20% 34% 18 - 29 7% 13% 51% 18% 11% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 16% 46% 24% 12% Liberal Party 20% 48% 22% 8% 45 - 59 17% 41% 27% 12% Conservative Party 10% 29% 32% 27% 60 and over 13% 45% 30% 12% NDP 13% 52% 25% 9% REGION Green Party 5% 46% 29% 20% BC 19% 53% 20% 5% Bloc Quebecois 10% 15% 52% 17% 6% AB 16% 31% 28% 21% SK/MB 7% 15% 43% 26% 9% EDUCATION ON 12% 43% 28% 15% HS or less 14% 46% 27% 10% QC 18% 53% 20% 6% College 13% 42% 28% 15% ATL 8% 44% 35% 12% University 18% 48% 20% 10%

Excellent job Good job Acceptable job Poor job Terrible job

How about how your provincial government is doing? APPENDIX ADDITIONAL CROSSTABS CHANGE BEHAVIOUR VS. RAISE REVENUE: PERSONAL INCOME TAX

All 27% 73% All 27% 73% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 26% 74% Left 25% 75% Female 29% 71% Centre 27% 73%

AGE Right 32% 68% 18 - 29 34% 66% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 32% 68% Liberal Party 22% 78% 45 - 59 28% 72% Conservative Party 22% 78% 60 and over 19% 81% NDP 29% 71% REGION Green Party 24% 76% BC 27% 73% Bloc Quebecois 16% 84% AB 25% 75% SK/MB 27% 73% EDUCATION ON 30% 70% HS or less 33% 67% QC 26% 74% College 25% 75% ATL 27% 73% University 25% 75%

Change behaviour Raise revenue

For each of the following taxes, do you think its primary purpose is to change behaviour or to raise revenue? CHANGE BEHAVIOUR VS. RAISE REVENUE: BUSINESS INCOME TAX

All 25% 75% All 25% 75% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 23% 77% Left 25% 75% Female 26% 74% Centre 24% 76%

AGE Right 25% 75% 18 - 29 34% 66% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 29% 71% Liberal Party 19% 81% 45 - 59 22% 78% Conservative Party 18% 82% 60 and over 16% 84% NDP 27% 73% REGION Green Party 27% 73% BC 19% 81% Bloc Quebecois 11% 89% AB 23% 77% SK/MB 25% 75% EDUCATION ON 28% 72% HS or less 32% 68% QC 24% 76% College 21% 79% ATL 23% 77% University 21% 79%

Change behaviour Raise revenue

For each of the following taxes, do you think its primary purpose is to change behaviour or to raise revenue? CHANGE BEHAVIOUR VS. RAISE REVENUE: SALES TAX

All 30% 70% All 30% 70% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 29% 71% Left 24% 76% Female 30% 70% Centre 30% 70%

AGE Right 33% 67% 18 - 29 41% 59% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 34% 66% Liberal Party 26% 74% 45 - 59 28% 72% Conservative Party 21% 79% 60 and over 19% 81% NDP 32% 68% REGION Green Party 19% 81% BC 30% 70% Bloc Quebecois 16% 84% AB 26% 74% SK/MB 28% 72% EDUCATION ON 31% 69% HS or less 36% 64% QC 31% 69% College 26% 74% ATL 26% 74% University 28% 72%

Change behaviour Raise revenue

For each of the following taxes, do you think its primary purpose is to change behaviour or to raise revenue? CHANGE BEHAVIOUR VS. RAISE REVENUE: GAS TAX

All 41% 59% All 41% 59% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 41% 59% Left 47% 53% Female 41% 59% Centre 40% 60%

AGE Right 38% 62% 18 - 29 51% 49% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 45% 55% Liberal Party 40% 60% 45 - 59 39% 61% Conservative Party 31% 69% 60 and over 31% 69% NDP 43% 57% REGION Green Party 38% 62% BC 44% 56% Bloc Quebecois 42% 58% AB 37% 63% SK/MB 38% 62% EDUCATION ON 42% 58% HS or less 46% 54% QC 41% 59% College 38% 62% ATL 35% 65% University 38% 62%

Change behaviour Raise revenue

For each of the following taxes, do you think its primary purpose is to change behaviour or to raise revenue? CHANGE BEHAVIOUR VS. RAISE REVENUE: TAXES ON THINGS LIKE ALCOHOL OR TOBACCO

All 53% 47% All 53% 47% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 51% 49% Left 59% 41% Female 56% 44% Centre 53% 47%

AGE Right 53% 47% 18 - 29 60% 40% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 56% 44% Liberal Party 57% 43% 45 - 59 54% 46% Conservative Party 46% 54% 60 and over 46% 54% NDP 55% 45% REGION Green Party 60% 40% BC 54% 46% Bloc Quebecois 53% 47% AB 57% 43% SK/MB 53% 47% EDUCATION ON 52% 48% HS or less 51% 49% QC 54% 46% College 54% 46% ATL 52% 48% University 55% 45%

Change behaviour Raise revenue

For each of the following taxes, do you think its primary purpose is to change behaviour or to raise revenue? RANKING CARBON PRICING POLICY OBJECTIVES: CHANGE THE BEHAVIOUR OF BUSINESSES AND INDIVIDUALS

All 26% 28% 21% 16% 9% All 26% 28% 21% 16% 9% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 26% 27% 20% 17% 10% Left 31% 21% 25% 16% 6% Female 25% 29% 22% 15% 9% Centre 27% 29% 19% 16% 9%

AGE Right 10% 28% 34% 14% 14% 18 - 29 28% 29% 16% 18% 10% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 26% 24% 24% 15% 12% Liberal Party 30% 27% 19% 16% 7% 45 - 59 24% 31% 21% 17% 8% Conservative Party 17% 31% 24% 15% 12% 60 and over 27% 29% 22% 14% 8% NDP 31% 24% 24% 15% 7% REGION Green Party 32% 28% 15% 21% 5% BC 26% 24% 21% 19% 9% Bloc Quebecois 32% 18% 37% 13%0% AB 24% 27% 21% 17% 12% SK/MB 29% 28% 21% 14% 8% EDUCATION ON 25% 28% 20% 17% 9% HS or less 25% 28% 23% 16% 8% QC 25% 31% 22% 13% 9% College 23% 28% 23% 17% 10% ATL 30% 27% 22% 14% 7% University 32% 28% 17% 13% 10%

1 2 3 4 5

What do you think the most important objectives for carbon pricing policy are? RANKING CARBON PRICING POLICY OBJECTIVES: CREATE INCENTIVES TO REDUCE GHG EMISSIONS

All 20% 26% 25% 19% 10% All 20% 26% 25% 19% 10% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 17% 26% 27% 20% 10% Left 17% 34% 25% 19% 5% Female 23% 26% 23% 18% 10% Centre 21% 25% 26% 18% 10%

AGE Right 19% 19% 20% 28% 15% 18 - 29 21% 27% 21% 20% 11% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 18% 25% 24% 21% 12% Liberal Party 23% 29% 24% 16% 8% 45 - 59 20% 24% 28% 19% 9% Conservative Party 15% 21% 26% 23% 15% 60 and over 22% 26% 26% 17% 8% NDP 21% 24% 25% 22% 8% REGION Green Party 23% 36% 29% 9%3% BC 20% 26% 25% 18% 10% Bloc Quebecois 8% 44% 27% 18% 3% AB 17% 22% 27% 24% 10% SK/MB 18% 27% 25% 21% 8% EDUCATION ON 18% 26% 24% 20% 12% HS or less 18% 27% 24% 20% 11% QC 25% 26% 26% 16% 7% College 19% 25% 25% 20% 11% ATL 19% 28% 25% 17% 11% University 24% 25% 25% 17% 9%

1 2 3 4 5

What do you think the most important objectives for carbon pricing policy are? RANKING CARBON PRICING POLICY OBJECTIVES: SPARK LOW CARBON INNOVATION

All 11% 18% 26% 26% 19% All 11% 18% 26% 26% 19% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 11% 18% 23% 27% 20% Left 11% 20% 27% 24% 18% Female 11% 17% 29% 25% 17% Centre 11% 18% 27% 26% 18%

AGE Right 9% 13% 22% 31% 25% 18 - 29 11% 19% 27% 23% 20% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 10% 19% 21% 29% 21% Liberal Party 12% 19% 32% 22% 15% 45 - 59 13% 16% 25% 26% 20% Conservative Party 6% 15% 23% 29% 26% 60 and over 10% 18% 32% 26% 14% NDP 10% 20% 25% 24% 20% REGION Green Party 12% 18% 24% 29% 17% BC 11% 16% 27% 27% 19% Bloc Quebecois 22% 16% 9% 33% 21% AB 9% 21% 26% 25% 20% SK/MB 8% 17% 28% 26% 20% EDUCATION ON 12% 18% 23% 26% 20% HS or less 10% 17% 29% 27% 18% QC 10% 17% 30% 27% 15% College 11% 18% 25% 27% 20% ATL 11% 19% 28% 26% 17% University 12% 19% 25% 25% 19%

1 2 3 4 5

What do you think the most important objectives for carbon pricing policy are? RANKING CARBON PRICING POLICY OBJECTIVES: PENALIZE POLLUTERS

All 20% 19% 17% 23% 21% All 20% 19% 17% 23% 21% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 20% 20% 17% 21% 22% Left 20% 17% 16% 23% 24% Female 20% 19% 16% 25% 20% Centre 20% 19% 17% 23% 21%

AGE Right 23% 24% 9% 19% 24% 18 - 29 23% 17% 19% 24% 17% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 20% 20% 18% 21% 20% Liberal Party 18% 16% 17% 28% 22% 45 - 59 20% 20% 17% 20% 23% Conservative Party 16% 25% 17% 22% 20% 60 and over 17% 20% 13% 26% 23% NDP 18% 24% 10% 22% 26% REGION Green Party 9% 18% 24% 20% 29% BC 19% 23% 13% 22% 22% Bloc Quebecois 21% 21% 22% 7% 28% AB 12% 21% 17% 20% 29% SK/MB 17% 20% 17% 24% 22% EDUCATION ON 19% 19% 20% 22% 20% HS or less 24% 18% 15% 23% 20% QC 26% 18% 13% 25% 18% College 21% 21% 18% 19% 22% ATL 21% 19% 13% 26% 21% University 14% 19% 18% 28% 22%

1 2 3 4 5

What do you think the most important objectives for carbon pricing policy are? CARBON PRICING POLICY OBJECTIVES: GENERATE REVENUE FOR GOVERNMENT

All 23% 9% 11% 16% 41% All 23% 9% 11% 16% 41% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 26% 9% 13% 15% 37% Left 21% 8% 6% 17% 47% Female 20% 9% 9% 17% 44% Centre 22% 8% 11% 17% 42%

AGE Right 39% 17% 14% 8% 22% 18 - 29 17% 9% 17% 15% 42% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 26% 12% 13% 14% 35% Liberal Party 17% 9% 8% 18% 48% 45 - 59 23% 9% 10% 18% 40% Conservative Party 46% 7% 9% 11% 27% 60 and over 25% 7%7% 16% 46% NDP 20% 8% 16% 16% 40% REGION Green Party 24% 1%8% 21% 45% BC 23% 10% 13% 14% 40% Bloc Quebecois 17% 0%5% 30% 48% AB 38% 9% 10% 14% 29% SK/MB 28% 8% 9% 15% 41% EDUCATION ON 25% 10% 12% 15% 38% HS or less 23% 11% 9% 14% 43% QC 13% 9% 8% 19% 51% College 27% 8% 10% 17% 38% ATL 19% 7% 12% 16% 45% University 19% 9% 14% 17% 41%

1 2 3 4 5

What do you think the most important objectives for carbon pricing policy are? EFFECTS OF CARBON TAX: ENERGY TECH BREAKTHROUGHS DEVELOP MORE QUICKLY

All 16% 29% 35% 15% All 16% 29% 35% 15% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 16% 31% 33% 14% Left 25% 26% 36% 8% Female 16% 26% 37% 16% Centre 15% 29% 36% 16%

AGE Right 13% 27% 26% 17% 9% 9% 18 - 29 20% 22% 37% 14% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 15% 26% 37% 18% Liberal Party 22% 35% 33% 9% 45 - 59 13% 31% 38% 13% Conservative Party 10% 26% 28% 23% 8% 60 and over 18% 34% 30% 14% NDP 12% 29% 34% 19% REGION Green Party 28% 41% 22% 6% BC 17% 29% 33% 17% Bloc Quebecois 13% 35% 30% 13% 10% AB 11% 26% 39% 18% SK/MB 11% 24% 38% 19% EDUCATION ON 15% 28% 35% 16% HS or less 17% 25% 38% 15% QC 21% 31% 35% 10% College 15% 28% 34% 17% ATL 18% 32% 34% 12% University 17% 33% 33% 12%

Certainly Very likely Likely Unlikely Very unlikely Certainly not

How likely do you think it is that by making it more expensive to create carbon pollution that…? EFFECTS OF CARBON TAX: PEOPLE WILL THINK HARDER ABOUT HOW TO REDUCE ENERGY

All 15% 28% 37% 14% All 15% 28% 37% 14% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 13% 27% 38% 14% Left 22% 25% 35% 11% Female 17% 28% 37% 14% Centre 14% 29% 38% 14%

AGE Right 15% 17% 37% 16% 6% 8% 18 - 29 22% 23% 35% 14% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 13% 25% 39% 16% Liberal Party 17% 34% 33% 13% 45 - 59 15% 30% 37% 12% Conservative Party 9% 19% 39% 18% 10% 60 and over 12% 31% 38% 14% NDP 10% 31% 39% 17% REGION Green Party 24% 37% 33% 3% BC 12% 29% 42% 13% Bloc Quebecois 5% 26% 33% 21% 16% AB 14% 20% 36% 20% SK/MB 15% 22% 38% 18% EDUCATION ON 13% 27% 37% 15% HS or less 16% 25% 39% 13% QC 18% 33% 37% 10% College 14% 27% 39% 15% ATL 22% 31% 32% 12% University 15% 32% 33% 14%

Certainly Very likely Likely Unlikely Very unlikely Certainly not

How likely do you think it is that by making it more expensive to create carbon pollution that…? EFFECTS OF CARBON TAX: COMPANIES WILL IMPROVE PROCESS TO SAVE MONEY

All 15% 28% 38% 14% All 15% 28% 38% 14% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 13% 29% 38% 13% Left 18% 27% 38% 9% Female 16% 26% 38% 14% Centre 14% 28% 38% 14%

AGE Right 11% 25% 32% 18% 7% 8% 18 - 29 17% 24% 36% 15% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 11% 27% 38% 18% Liberal Party 18% 30% 37% 11% 45 - 59 15% 28% 42% 11% Conservative Party 8% 26% 35% 19% 8% 60 and over 15% 31% 35% 13% NDP 11% 28% 43% 11% REGION Green Party 19% 31% 40% 2% BC 13% 28% 41% 13% Bloc Quebecois 23% 23% 23% 16% 16% AB 10% 25% 44% 16% SK/MB 14% 22% 41% 18% EDUCATION ON 15% 25% 36% 14% HS or less 14% 26% 38% 15% QC 17% 34% 35% 11% College 14% 25% 40% 12% ATL 16% 29% 35% 16% University 15% 32% 33% 15%

Certainly Very likely Likely Unlikely Very unlikely Certainly not

How likely do you think it is that by making it more expensive to create carbon pollution that…? EFFECTS OF CARBON TAX: MARKET FOR EFFICIENT PRODUCTS WILL GROW MORE QUICKLY

All 17% 30% 34% 13% All 17% 30% 34% 13% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 18% 31% 33% 12% Left 20% 35% 28% 12% Female 17% 29% 35% 14% Centre 17% 30% 36% 14%

AGE Right 19% 22% 30% 12% 7% 11% 18 - 29 19% 28% 33% 12% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 14% 30% 38% 15% Liberal Party 23% 40% 28% 8% 45 - 59 16% 32% 34% 14% Conservative Party 12% 24% 32% 20% 6% 60 and over 19% 31% 33% 11% NDP 16% 27% 39% 13% REGION Green Party 26% 30% 38% 5% BC 17% 34% 35% 11% Bloc Quebecois 10% 28% 31% 17% 10% AB 13% 29% 33% 19% SK/MB 14% 24% 40% 16% EDUCATION ON 17% 29% 35% 13% HS or less 16% 30% 37% 13% QC 18% 33% 34% 12% College 18% 28% 33% 15% ATL 23% 31% 31% 11% University 18% 33% 34% 11%

Certainly Very likely Likely Unlikely Very unlikely Certainly not

How likely do you think it is that by making it more expensive to create carbon pollution that…? EFFECTS OF CARBON TAX: TRANSPORTATION / VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS WILL REDUCE POLLUTION

All 15% 26% 39% 14% All 15% 26% 39% 14% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 15% 26% 39% 12% Left 17% 25% 39% 12% Female 14% 27% 39% 15% Centre 15% 27% 40% 14%

AGE Right 13% 21% 32% 17% 4% 12% 18 - 29 15% 22% 40% 15% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 11% 25% 39% 18% Liberal Party 17% 32% 36% 12% 45 - 59 15% 28% 39% 12% Conservative Party 9% 24% 38% 17% 6% 60 and over 18% 29% 38% 10% NDP 11% 27% 41% 15% REGION Green Party 22% 40% 26% 4% BC 13% 26% 47% 11% Bloc Quebecois 27% 20% 26% 11% 16% AB 12% 25% 39% 16% SK/MB 12% 27% 39% 16% EDUCATION ON 13% 25% 38% 17% HS or less 16% 25% 39% 14% QC 20% 28% 37% 9% College 12% 28% 39% 14% ATL 18% 28% 35% 14% University 16% 26% 39% 12%

Certainly Very likely Likely Unlikely Very unlikely Certainly not

How likely do you think it is that by making it more expensive to create carbon pollution that…? EFFECTS OF CARBON TAX: MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

All 20% 29% 36% 11% All 20% 29% 36% 11% SEX POL SPECTRUM Male 18% 29% 38% 10% Left 25% 33% 31% 7% Female 22% 28% 35% 12% Centre 19% 29% 37% 12%

AGE Right 19% 28% 32% 11%2%7% 18 - 29 22% 21% 38% 13% VOTE 2015 30 - 44 15% 28% 37% 15% Liberal Party 24% 33% 34% 7% 45 - 59 22% 29% 37% 9% Conservative Party 13% 29% 36% 12% 6% 60 and over 21% 35% 32% 9% NDP 17% 27% 42% 10% REGION Green Party 34% 31% 21% 12% BC 23% 29% 36% 10% Bloc Quebecois 9% 31% 30% 20% 10% AB 18% 30% 34% 15% SK/MB 16% 26% 41% 11% EDUCATION ON 19% 28% 38% 11% HS or less 23% 25% 36% 12% QC 21% 31% 35% 11% College 18% 31% 36% 12% ATL 25% 31% 30% 12% University 19% 31% 37% 9%

Certainly Very likely Likely Unlikely Very unlikely Certainly not

How likely do you think it is that by making it more expensive to create carbon pollution that…?