Phd Tim Haesebrouck

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Phd Tim Haesebrouck EU Member State Participation in Military Operations Tim Haesebrouck Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science April 2016 Supervisor: Prof. dr. Rik Coolsaet For Emma and Jos i © 2016 Tim Haesebrouck 2016 Uitgeverij University Press Leegstraat 15 B-9060 Zelzate Tel +32 9 342 72 25 E-mail: [email protected] Cover image: © European Defence Agency Cover Design: Peter Debaere All rights reserved. No parts of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. ii Abstract Contrary to what Europe’s image as a civilian or soft power suggests, the EU member states have had 50,000 – 100,000 troops deployed outside of their home countries for most of the post-Cold War period. Although the vast majority of these troops was active in operations with a strong European presence, the member states’ patterns of military engagement varies considerably. What explains this variation? What conditions motivate and block EU member state contributions to military operations? This dissertation addresses these research questions. More specifically, it aims to arrive at a generalizable and parsimonious explanation for the member states’ differing levels of contribution to five military operations: EUFOR RD Congo, the 2006 reinforcement of UNIFIL, EUFOR Chad/RCA, the 2011 military intervention in Libya and the air strikes against the self-proclaimed Islamic State (IS). Building on Qualitative Comparative Analysis, this study tests the explanatory value of conditions derived from research on military burden sharing, democratic peace, third-party intervention in internal conflicts and participation in peacekeeping operations. The main body of the dissertation consists of five articles. The first, co- authored with Alrik Thiem, presents an analysis of the determinants of member state contributions to two CSDP operations: EUFOR Congo and EUFOR Chad. The subsequent three articles respectively aim to explain the pattern of contributions to the 2006 reinforcement of UNIFIL, the 2011 air campaign over Libya, and the airstrikes against IS. The fifth article examines member states’ contributions across the five operations. The results of the articles suggest that member states were inclined to participate in the five operations under investigation if sizeable military resources were combined with country-specific benefits related to regional trade, geographic proximity or the threat posed by foreign fighters. In addition, states with a high level of prior involvement in UN peacekeeping operations were inclined to participate in operations deployed in support of the UN peacekeeping system, irrespective of their military resources. However, actual contributions only materialized in the absence of significant competing deployments, while proximate elections and parliamentary veto power, in turn, resulted in lower levels of military support. Finally, depending on the goals of an operation and the national interests at stake, the ideological orientation of the member states’ governments also had an impact on their military commitments. iii Abstract (Dutch) In tegenstelling tot wat Europa’s imago als civiele macht doet vermoeden, zijn de lidstaten van de Europese Unie bijzonder actief in militaire operaties. Sinds het einde van de Koude Oorlog waren er bijna voortdurend 50,000 tot 100,000 Europese troepen ontplooid buiten de grenzen van de Europese Unie. Er zijn echter grote verschillen tussen de militaire engagementen van de EU lidstaten. Zo namen Frankrijk en Groot-Brittannië de leiding over de militaire interventie die in 2011 het Qaddafi-regime ten val bracht, waaraan belangrijke lidstaten als Polen en Duitsland niets bijdroegen. Duitsland en Frankrijk leverden dan weer het merendeel van de troepen voor de EU-geleide operatie die in 2006 in Congo werd ontplooid, waaraan Groot-Brittannië enkel met twee stafofficieren deelnam. Twee jaar later besloten zowel Duitsland als Groot-Brittannië om niet deel te namen aan de EUFOR Tsjaad operatie, waaraan kleinere lidstaten Ierland en Oostenrijk respectievelijk 400 en 180 soldaten bijdroegen. Wat verklaart deze verschillen? Onder welke omstandigheden neemt een EU-lidstaat deel aan een militaire operatie? Dit doctoraatsonderzoek zoekt een antwoord op deze vragen. De empirische focus ligt op vijf recente operaties: EUFOR Congo, EUFOR Tsjaad, de versterking van de UNIFIL-operaties, de militaire interventie in Libië en de luchtaanvallen tegen de zogenaamde Islamitische Staat. Met behulp van “Qualitative Comparative Analysis” tracht dit doctoraal proefschrift de verschillende bijdragen van de EU-lidstaten aan deze operaties te verklaren. Het proefschrift bestaat uit vijf wetenschappelijke artikels. Het eerste artikel focust op twee operaties ontplooid onder het Gemeenschappelijk Veiligheids- en Defensiebeleid van de EU: EUFOR Congo en EUFOR Tsjaad. De daaropvolgende drie artikels onderzoeken de bijdragen van de lidstaten aan de versterking van de UNIFIL-operatie, de militaire interventie in Libië en de luchtaanvallen tegen de Islamitische Staat. In het laatste artikel worden de militaire bijdragen van de lidstaten aan de vijf operaties vergeleken in één analyse. De resultaten van de artikels geven aan dat lidstaten deelnamen aan de onderzochte operaties als ze over redelijke militaire middelen beschikten en economische belangen hadden in de ruime regio van de operatie. Specifiek voor de interventies in Libië en de luchtaanvallen tegen de Islamitische Staat speelden respectievelijk ook de geografische ligging van de lidstaten en de potentiële dreiging van terugkerende Syriëstrijders een rol. Verder namen de lidstaten die traditioneel veel bijdragen aan VN-vredeshandhaving deel aan de operaties die een VN- vredesoperatie ondersteunden. Lidstaten droegen daarentegen niet bij aan operaties iv als een groot deel van hun troepen al ontplooid was in andere militaire missies. Afhankelijk van de specifieke doelstellingen van een operatie, speelde ook de ideologie van de regeringen van de lidstaten een rol. Ten slotte, zorgden parlementaire betrokkenheid bij beslissingen over militaire ontplooiing en nabije verkiezingen voor een lagere bijdrage aan militaire operaties. v Acknowledgements While completing this PHD, I was fortunate to get help and support from many people. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Rik Coolsaet for his support throughout the process. My gratitude also goes to my wonderful colleagues at the Ghent Institute for International Studies, who contributed to a great working atmosphere and provided valuable advice throughout the work on this dissertation: Thijs, Sven, Dries, Mattias, Jennifer, Sacha, Goedele, Wouter, Aram and Mathieu. I specifically want to thank Melanie for proofreading the introduction of this dissertation and Peter for designing the great cover of this book. My gratitude also goes to the other colleagues of the political science department that I had the pleasure to meet and work with over the last five years. I also owe thanks to Patrick Mello and Alrik Thiem for serving in my examination commission. Moreover, I want to thank Alrik for collaborating on the first article of this dissertation. Most importantly, I want to thank Emma Didier, the love of my life, for proofreading everything I have written over the last ten years, for putting up with me and for being amazing. Finally, I want to thank Jos for being awesome. vi Contents Part 1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3 2 Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 8 3 Empirical Domain .......................................................................................................... 33 4 Methodology and Research Design ............................................................................. 53 Part 2 Articles................................................................................................. 61 5 Article 1: Burden Sharing in CSDP Military Operations .......................................... 63 6 Article 2: Democratic Contributions to UN Peacekeeping Operations - A Two-Step Fuzzy Set QCA of UNIFIL II ......................................... 123 7 Article 3: NATO Burden Sharing in Libya - A Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis.............................................................................. 171 8 Article 4: Democratic Participation in the Air Strikes against Islamic State - A Qualitative Comparative Analysis ................................................ 217 9 Article 5: EU Member State Participation in Military Operations - A Configurational Comparative Analysis .......................................... 255 Part 3 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 309 10 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 311 References..................................................................................................... 331 vii Part 1 Introduction 1 1 Introduction When looking at the record of European troop deployments, it becomes apparent
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