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Home , Alfetamine, Amfecloral, Amfepentorex, Amfepramone, Benzphetamine, Clobenzorex

66 H. ISBELL & T. L. CHRU§CIEL

AMPHETAMINES

This subgroup includes 31 different compounds REFERENCES with variable abuse potential (Table XIII). Four of the , (S 167), dexamphetamine 227. Abdullah, A. H. (1968) Arch. int. Pharmacodyn., (S 171), (S 180) and phen- 176, 395-402 (Comparative study of metrazine (S 186), have been extensively abused in activity of d-amphetamine, and various countries (for references see Table XIII), in autothioglucose obese and non- both orally and intravenously. The dependence obese mice) potential of these four compounds has to be regarded 228. Bell, D. S. & Trethowan, W. H. (1961) J. nerv. ment. Dis., 133, 484-496 (Amphetamine addic- as very high. The great degree of risk also has to be tion) considered in relation to the limited proven therapeu- 229. Bell, D. S. (1967) Med. J. Aust., 1, 41-45 ( tic usefulness of these compounds. to ) A small number of cases of abuse of 230. Brit. med. J., 1962, 1, 670 (Purple Hearts) (S 166) has been reported in some countries,231e 232, 231. Caplan, J. (1963) Canad. med. Ass. J., 88, 943-944 260, 261, 275 and compound S 193 (SPA) was misused (Habituation to diethylpropion-Tenuate) fairly extensively in Japan as long as it was available 232. Clein, L. (1957) Brit. med. J., 1, 282 (Toxic psychoses without prescription. Thus both amfepramone and caused by " Preludin") SPA must be assessed as having moderate depen- 233. Clein, L. S. & Benady, D. R. (1962) Brit. med. J., 2, 456 (Case of diethylpropion addiction) dence potential which, however, is less than the 234. Connell, P. H. (1958) Amphetamine psychosis, abuse liability of the four compounds described in Chapman & Hall Ltd, London the preceding paragraph. 235. Connell, P. H. (1966) J. Amer. med. Ass., 196, 718 There is insufficient information concerning the (Clinical manifestations and treatment of amphe- dependence liability of some compounds sold as tamine type dependence) anorexiants: (S 165), 236. Connell, P. H. (1968) Proc. roy. Soc. Med., 61, (S 164), (S 168), (S 170), 178-181 (Amphetamine dependence) chlorphentermine (S 169), fenfluramine (S 172), 237. Connell, P. H. (1968) Practitioner, 200, 234-243 (S 173), (S 174), (The use and abuse of ) 238. Darling, H. F. (1961) Amer. J. Psychiat., 118, 558 (S 177), (S 178), (Addiction to hydrochloride) (S 179), (S 182), (S 183), 239. Durrant, B. W. (1965) Practitioner, 194, 649 (S 184), (S 185), phen- (Amphetamine addiction) termine (S 188) and 1-phenyl-2-nicotinylamino- 240. Edison, C. R. (1968) J. Amer. med. Ass., 205, propion (S 189). All of these anorexiant drugs must, 882-883 (Abuse of amphetamine) by chemical and pharmacological analogy, be 241. Foxwell, M. H., Funderburk, W. H. & Ward, J. W. suspected of being potentially capable of causing (1969) J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 165, 60-70 dependence of the amphetamine type. (Studies on the site of action of a new anorectic as agent, fenfluramine) Levamfetamine (S 176) is much less potent 242. Gagnon, M. A., Bordeleau, J. M. & Tetreault, L. a central than dexamphetamine but is as (1969) Int. Z. klin. Pharmakol. Ther. Toxikol., 2, active as dexamphetamine as a peripheral sympatho- 74-82 (Fenfluramine: Study of its central action mimetic. No instance of abuse was found. The through its effects on sleep) abuse potential of levamfetamine seems to be quite 243. Glatt, M. M. (1968) Lancet, 2, 215-216 (Abuse of low. The remaining amphetamines (, methylamphetamine) S 163; hydroxyamphetamine, S 175; methoxy- 244. Goldberg, L. H. (1968) Bull. Narcot., 20, No. 1, phenamine, S 181; , S 187; 1-31, Part I; Bull. Narcot., 20, No. 2, 9-36, , S 190; , S 191 Part II ( abuse in ) 245. Griffith, J. (1966) Amer. J. Psychiat., 123, 560 and , S 192) have only feeble central (A study of illicit amphetamine drug traffic in nervous system stimulant properties and are used Oklahoma City) primarily for peripheral sympathomimetic effect. 246. Gylyp, J. A., Hart, J. J. D. & Warren, M. R. (1962) They are judged to have quite low or no dependence J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 137, 365-373 (Chlor- potential. , a new anorectic agent) cn - o - ui 0 z 0

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247. Hart, R. (1968) Brit. med. J., 2, 432 (Problems in 269. Moorehead, N. C. (1968) J. Irish med. Ass., 61, amphetamine usage) 80-84 (Amphetamine consumption in Northern 248. Hawks, D., Mitcheson, M., Ogborne, A. & Ireland) Edwards, G. (1969) Brit. med. J., 2, 715-721 270. Nemetz, P. S. (1968) Brit. med. J., 3, 803-804 (Abuse of methylamphetamine) (Phenmetrazine psychosis) 249. Hauffman, M., Gylling, B. & Graubner, W. (1966) 271. Nemirovskii, D. E. (1965) Vrach. Delo., 7, 145-147 Lak.-tidn., 63, 213-216 (Disregard for Preludin (On gradicinomania) addiction) 272. Ney, P. S. (1967) Canad. med. Ass. J., 97, 1026-1029 250. Herold, E., Kemper, F. & Opitz, K. (1965) Arznei- (Psychosis in a child, associated with ampheta- mittel-Forsch., 15, 657-659 (Einfluss appetit- mine administration) hemmender Substanzen auf Kohlenhydrat- und 273. Oehme, P. & Lock, W. (1966) Z. drztl. Fortbild., 60, Fettsaurestoffwechsel) 781-790 (Drug misuse and addiction) 251. Herulf, B. & Sunesson, T. (1967) Liik.-tidn., 64, 274. Ogborne, H. (1969) New Society, 13, 995-996 (The 1936-1942 (Young drug addicts in Stockholm) methedrine scene) 252. James, J. P. (1968) Lancet, 1, 916 (A methyl- 275. Oswald, I., Jones, H. S. & Mannerheim, J. E. amphetamine epidemic) (1968) Brit. med. J., 1, 796-799 (Effects of two 253. Jersild, T., Ott, C. & Thiede, J. (1967) Yng. Laeg., slimming drugs on sleep) 13, 1664-1665 (Inoculation hepatitis in narco- 276. Oswald, I. & Thacore, V. R. (1963) Brit. med. J., 2, maniacs and after tattooing) 427 (Amphetamine and phenmetrazine addiction: 254. Johnson, J. & Milner, G. (1966) Acta psychiat. Physiological abnormalities in the abstinence scand., 42, 252-263 (Psychiatric complications of syndrome) amphetamine substances) 277. Osuka, T., Shimizu, T. & Utena, H. (1966) Advanc. 255. Johnson, J. & Milner, G. (1966) Brit. J. Psychiat., neuroL Sci. (Tokyo), 10, 224-226 (Brain ATPase 112, 617-619 (Amphetamine intoxication and in chronic poisoning induced by amphetamine in dependence in admissions to a psychiatric unit) mice) 256. Kalant, 0. J. (1966) The amphetamines: toxicity 278. Pickens, R. & Harris, W. S. (1968) Psychopharmaco- and addiction (Brookside Monograph No. 5) logia (Berl.) 12, 158-163 (Self-administration of University of Toronto Press, Toronto d-amphetamine by rats) 257. Kiloh, L. G. & Brandon, S. (1962) Brit. med. J., 2, 279. Rosenberg, C. M. (1968) Med. J. Aust., 1, 1031-1033 40 (Habituation and addiction to amphetamines) (Young drug addicts: addiction and its conse- 258. Knoll, J., Vizi, E. S. & Ecseri, Z. (1966) Arch. int. quences) pharmacodyn., 159, 442-451 (Psychomimetic 280. Rossi, A. & Montanari, G. (1966) Mondo odonto- methylamphetamine derivatives) stomat, 8, 183-188 (Pathologic dental manifesta- 259. Kramer, J. C., Fischman, V. & Littlefield, D. C. tions in chronic poisoning with amphetaminic (1967) J. Amer. med. Ass., 201, 305-309 (Amphe- substances. Clinical and experimental studies) tamine abuse. Pattern and effects of high doses 281. Rylander, G. (1967) In: Proceedings of the Fourth taken intravenously) World Congress on Psychiatry, Madrid, 5-11 260. Kuenssberg, E. V. (1962) Brit. med. J., 2, 729-730 September 1966, pp. 1363-1365, Excerpta Medica (Diethylpropion) Foundation, International Congress Series No. 261. Kuenssberg, E. V. (1963) Brit. med. J., 2, 1406 150, Amsterdam (Addiction to preludin intra- (Diethylpropion and addiction) venously injected) 262. Lachnit, V. (1965) Wien. Z. inn. Med., 46, 248-254 282. Rylander, G. (1966) Ldk.-tidn., 63, 4973-4980 (On the use of so-called anorexigenic drugs) (Preludin addiction from the clinical and medical- 263. Ladewig, D., Battegay, R. & Labhardt, F. (1969) criminological point of view) Dtsch. med. Wschr., 94, 101-107 (Stimulantien: 283. Sadusk, J. F., Jr (1966) J. Amer. med. Ass., 196, 707 Abhangigkeit und Psychosen) (Non-narcotic addiction. Size and extent of the 264. Lancet, 1964, 2, 452 (Amphetamine and delin- problem) quency) 284. Sano, J. & Nagasaka, U. (1956) Fortschr. Neurol. 265. Lancet, 1965, 1, 1374 (Amphetamine) Psychiat., 24, 291 (Ueber chronischen Weckamin- 266. Lemere, F. (1966) Amer. J. Psychiat., 123, 569 sucht in Japan) (The danger of amphetamine dependency) 285. Scott, P. D. & Willcox, D. R. C. (1965) Brit. J. 267. Maffii, G. & Banfi, S. (1966) Vrach. Delo., 9, Psychiat., 111, 865 (Delinquency and the 739-745 (Experimental observations on addiction amphetamines) and abstinence phenomena in the rat treated 286. Silverstone, J. T. & Stunkard, A. J. (1968) Brit. J. with analgesics) Pharmacol., 33, 513-522 (The anoretic effect of 268. Maksimowska, M. (1966) Pol. Tyg. Lek., 21, dexamphetamine sulphate) 1938-1940 (Przypadek toksykomanii fenmetrazy- 287. Sjoqvist, F. & Tottie, M. (1969) Abuse of central nowej-A case of phenmetrazine addiction) stimulants, Almquist & Wiksell, Stockholm 76 H. ISBELL & T. L. CHRUSCIEL

288. Soria, J. (1967) Act. luso-esp. Neurol., 26, 32-45 292. Utena, H. (1966) Progr. Brain Res., 21B, 192-207 (Sobre la anfetamina en psiquiatria) (Behavioural aberrations in methamphetamine- 289. Takacs, L. (1965) Orv. Hetil., 106, 1611-1613 intoxicated animals and chemical correlates in the (Gracidin intoxication-Pondex psychosis) brain) 290. Teracka, A. (1967)Psychiat. Neurol.jap.,69,597-619 293. Vencovsky, E. & Nevole, S. (1965) Cs. Psychiat., (Prognostic and criminological studies on the 61, 411-414 (The problem of phenmetrazine mental disorder caused by the chronic meth- addiction) amphetamine intoxication) 294. Masaki, T. (1956) The amphetamine problem in 291. Tolentino, I. & D'Avossa, B. (1957) Arch. Psicol. Japan. In: Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., Neurol. Psichiat., 18, 127-168 (Psychotic reactions No. 102, Geneva, pp. 14-21 and psychosis due to phenylisopropylamine and 295. Wilson, C. W. M. (1968) Adolescent drug dependence, sympatho-mimetic drugs-amphetamine group) Pergamon Press, Oxford

PIPERIDINE DERIVATIVES

Methylphenidate (S 195; Table XIV) is marketed be judged, pending additional information, as being as an drug. It has limited usefulness definite if somewhat less than that of methylpheni- in the treatment of narcolepsy. For many years date. cases of abuse were rare but recently abuse of has occurred in the USA, 297-299 REFERENCES the United Kingdom and Sweden.244 When 296. Ditman, K. S. et al. (1969) Psychopharmacologia methylphenidate is taken intravenously in a high (Ber.), 14, 1-11 (Dimensions of the LSD, dose, it produces a clinical picture quite similar or methylphenidate and chlordiazepoxide experi- identical to that caused by intravenous use of meth- ences) amphetamine or phenmetrazine. Accordingly, it 297. McCormick, T. C. & McNeel, T. W. (1963) Texas must be regarded as having high dependence liability State J. Med., 59, 99 (Acute psychosis and Ritalin abuse) coupled with limited proven therapeutic usefulness. 298. Pollack, B. (1964) Amer. J. Psychiat., 121, 189 A few cases ofabuse ofpipradrol (S 196) occurred 244 (Report of an unusually large dosage of methyl- a number of years ago, but in recent years no new phenidate hydrochloride) cases have been reported. Thus it is difficult to 299. Rioux, B. (1969) Dis. nerv. Syst., 21, 346-349 (Is rate the dependence potential ofpipradrol but it must Ritalin an addiction-producing drug?)