POPULATION, DISTRIBUTION and FOOD HABITS of INDIAN PANGOLIN (Manis Crassicaudata) in POTOHAR PLATEAU

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POPULATION, DISTRIBUTION and FOOD HABITS of INDIAN PANGOLIN (Manis Crassicaudata) in POTOHAR PLATEAU POPULATION, DISTRIBUTION AND FOOD HABITS OF INDIAN PANGOLIN (Manis crassicaudata) IN POTOHAR PLATEAU NAUSHEEN IRSHAD 07-arid-1192 Department of Wildlife Management Faculty of Forestry, Range Management and Wildlife Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan 2015 POPULATION, DISTRIBUTION AND FOOD HABITS OF INDIAN PANGOLIN (Manis crassicaudata) IN POTOHAR PLATEAU by NAUSHEEN IRSHAD (07-arid-1192) A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Wildlife Management Department of Wildlife Management Faculty of Forestry, Range Management and Wildlife Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan 2015 ii CERTIFICATION I hereby undertake that this research is an original one and no part of this thesis falls under plagiarism. If found otherwise, at any stage, I will be responsible for the consequences. Student Name: Nausheen Irshad Signature: ____________ Registration No: 07-arid-1192 Date: ____________ Certified that contents and form of thesis entitled “Population, Distribution and Food Habits of Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in Potohar Plateau” submitted by Ms. Nausheen Irshad have been found satisfactory for the requirement of degree. Supervisor: ______________________________ (Dr. Tariq Mahmood) Member: ______________________________ (Prof. Dr. Iftikhar Hussain) Member: ______________________________ (Dr. Muhammad Sajid Nadeem) Chairman: _________________________ Dean, FRW: __________________________ Director Advanced Studies: __________________________ iii iv CONTENTS Page List of Table xi List of Figure xvi List of Abbreviations xix ACKNOWLEDEMENT xx ABSTRACT xxi 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1.1 Pangolin Species 1 1.1.2 Physical Characteristics 2 1.1.3 Nocturnal Species 2 1.1.4 Food Habits 2 1.1.5 Sexual Dimorphism 3 1.1.6 Breeding Biology 3 1.1.7 Economic Importance 3 1.1.8 International Trade 4 1.1.9 Predators of Indian pangolin 5 1.1.10 Status of Indian Pangolin and Conservation Need 5 1.2 STUDY AREA 5 1.2.1 District Chakwal 6 1.22 District Jhelum 8 1.2.3 District Attock 8 1.2.4 District Rawalpindi 8 1.3 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY 8 1.4 STUDY OBJECTIVES 9 2 DISTRIBUTION OF INDIAN PANGOLIN (Manis crassicaudata) IN 10 POTOHAR PLATEAU 2.1 INTRODUCTION 10 2.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 11 2.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 12 2.4 RESULTS 14 2.4.1 Distribution in District Chakwal 14 2.4.2 Distribution in District Jhelum 17 v 2.4.3 Distribution in district Attock 18 2.4.4 Distribution in district Rawalpindi 24 2.4.5 Success Rate of Different Techniques used in the Study of Distribution of 28 Indian Pangolin. 2.5 DISCUSSION 33 2.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY 36 3 VEGETATION ANALYSIS OF THE HABITAT OF INDIAN 38 PANGOLIN 3.1 INTRODUCTION 38 3.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 39 3.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 39 3.3.1 Point Centered Quarter Method 40 3.3.2 Quadrate Method 40 3.3.3 Statistical Analysis 41 3.4 RESULTS 42 3.4.1 Vegetation Analysis of District Chakwal 42 3.4.1.1 Tree species 42 3.4.1.2 Shrub species 44 3.4.1.3 Herb species 44 3.4.2 Vegetation analysis in District Jhelum 44 3.4.2.1 Tree species 47 3.4.22 Shrub species 47 3.4.2.3 Herb species 47 3.4.3 Habitat evaluation of District Attock 48 3.4.3.1 Tree species 48 3.4.3.2 Shrub species 55 3.4.3.3 Herb species 56 3.4.4 Vegetation analysis of District Rawalpindi 57 3.4.4.1 Tree species 57 3.4.4.2 Shrub species 57 3.4.4.3 Herb species 65 3.4.5 Statistical Analysis 65 vi 3.5 DISCUSSION 65 3.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY 68 4 POPULATION ESTIMATION OF INDIAN PANGOLIN IN 70 POTOHAR PLATEAUE 4.1 INTRODUCTION 70 4.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 71 4.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 72 4.3.1 Estimation of Population of Indian Pangolin in the Study Area 72 4.3.2 Statistical Analysis 73 4.4 RESULTS 74 4.4.1 District Chakwal 74 4.4.1.1 Burrow characteristics 74 4.4.1.2 Population density 75 4.4.2 District Jhelum 75 4.4.2.1 Burrow characteristics 75 4.4.2.2 Population density 80 4.4.3 District Attock 80 4.4.3.1 Burrow characteristics 80 4.4.3.2 Population density 80 4.4.4 District Rawalpindi 84 4.4.4.1 Burrow characteristics 84 4.4.4.2 Population density 84 4.4.5 Statistical Analysis 91 4.5 DISCUSSION 91 4.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY 98 5 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF INDIAN PANGOLIN 100 5.1 INTRODUCTION 100 5.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 101 5.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 102 5.3.1 Body Weight 102 5.3.2 Tail Length 102 5.3.3 Total Body Length 102 vii 5.3.4 Ear Length and Hind Foot Length 102 5.3.5 Numbers and Size of Scales; 102 5.3.6 Relative Tongue Weight and Relative Tongue Length 103 5.3.7 Weights and Linear Measurements of the Viscera 103 5.3.8 Statistical Analysis 103 5.4 RESULTS 103 5.4.1 General Body Measurements 103 5.4.2 Scale Measurement 104 5.4.3 Relative tongue weight and relative tongue length 110 5.4.4 Weights and linear measurements of the viscera 110 5.4.5 Relative lengths of digestive and reproductive systems 110 5.4.6 Statistical Analysis 111 5.5 DISCUSSION 111 5.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY 123 6 DIET COMPOSITION OF INDIAN PANGOLIN 123 6.1 INTRODUCTION 123 6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 124 6.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 126 6.3.1 Collection of Samples 126 6.3.2 Faecal Pellet Analysis 126 6.3.3 Identification of Prey Species 128 6.3.4 Statistical Analysis 128 6.4 RESULTS 129 6.4.1 Collection of Fecal Samples 129 6.4.2 Measurements of Faecal Samples 130 6.4.3 Faecal Analysis 132 6.4.5 Identification of Prey Species 133 6.4.6 Statistical Analysis 133 6.5 DISCUSSION 139 6.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY 142 7 GENERAL DISCUSSION 144 viii SUMMARY 152 RECOMMENDATIONS 155 LITERATURE CITED 157 APPENDICES 174 ix LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page 2. 1 Records of the road surveys conducted on motor vehicle to 15 determine the distribution of Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) throughout district Chakwal of the Potohar Plateau from March 2010 to July 2012. 2.2 Records of the surveys conducted on motor vehicle to 19 determine the distribution of Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in district Jhelum of the Potohar Plateau from March 2010 to July 2012. 2.3 Records of the surveys conducted on motor vehicle to 21 determine the distribution of Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in district Attock of the Potohar Plateau from March 2010 to July 2012. 2.4 Records of the surveys conducted on motor vehicle to 25 determine the distribution of Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in Rawalpindi district of the Potohar Plateau during the current study period from March 2010 to July 2012. 3.1 Density, frequency, relative cover and IVI of tree species 43 quantified at two sampling sites (Jubair Pur and Mureed) in district Chakwal during the current study period. 3.2 Density, frequency and relative cover of shrub species 45 quantified at two selected sampling sites (Jubair Pur and Murreed) of the district Chakwal in the Potohar Plateau. 3.3 Density, frequency and relative cover of herb species 46 occurring at two selected sampling sites (Jubair Pur and Mureed) of the district Chakwal in the Potohar Plateau. 3.4 Density, frequency, relative cover and IVI of tree species 49 recorded at two selected sampling sites (Moza Frash Pamal and Dongi) in district Jhelum of the Potohar Plateau. x 3.5 Density, Relative frequency and relative cover of shrub species 50 recorded at two selected sampling sites (Moza Frash Pamal and Dongi) in district Jhelum of the Potohar Plateau. 3.6 Density, frequency and Relative cover of herb species 49 recorded at two selected sampling sites (Moza Frash Pamal and Dongi) in district Jhelum. 3.7 Density, frequency, relative cover, relative frequency and IVI 51 of tree species recorded at two selected sampling sites (Jand and Hadowali) in district Attock of the Potohar. 3.8 Density and frequency and relative cover of shrub species 52 recorded at two selected sampling sites (Jand and Hadowali) in district Attock of the Potohar Plateau. 3.9 Density, frequency and Relative cover of herb species 54 recorded at two selected sampling sites (Jand and Haddowali) in district Attock of the Potohar Plateau. 3.10 Density and frequency and relative cover of tress species 57 recorded at two selected sampling sites (Kallar Syedan and Sihal) in district Rawalpindi of the Potohar Plateau. 3.11 Density and frequency and relative cover of shrub species 58 recorded at two selected sampling sites (Kallar Syedan and Sihal) in district Rawalpindi of the Potohar Plateau. 3.12 Density, frequency and cover of herb species recorded at two 59 selected sampling sites (Kallar Syedan and Sihal) in district Rawalpindi of the Potohar Plateau. 3.13 Statistical analysis for association between numbers of active 64 living burrows of Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) with different vegetation species in the study area by using One- way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Mean ± SE of the parameters are shown along with the significance calculated by Ducan Post Hoc test. 4.1 Quantification of the two types of burrows of Indian pangolin 77 recorded at different sampling sites of the district Chakwal of xi Potohar Plateau during the study period. 4.2 Characteristics of feeding and living burrows of Indian 78 pangolin in district Chakwal.
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