A NEW WAY TO CONNECT TO TRAVEL Ryan Quast

Figure 1.1 A NEW WAY TO CONNECT TO TRAVEL

A Design Thesis Submitted to the Department of Architecture and Landscape Architecture of North Dakota State University

By

Ryan Quast

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture

Primary Thesis Advisor

Thesis Committee Chair

May 2015 Fargo, North Dakota List of Tables and Figures Table of Contents Figure 1.1 Train entering COR station 1 Cover Page...... 1 Taken by author Signature Page...... 3 Figure 1.2 Northstar commuter train 13 Table of Contents...... 4 www.northstartrain.org Tables and Figures...... 5 Thesis Proposal...... 10 Figure 2.1 Render of The COR 15 Thesis Abstract...... 11 coratramsey.com/node/23 Narrative of the Theoretical Aspect of the Thesis...... 12 Figure 2.2 Development plan for COR 15 Project Typology...... 13 coratramsey.com/sites/default/files/COR-Development-Plan-6.0.pdf Typological Research (Case Studies)...... 14 Figure 2.3 COR residences with train 16 The COR...... 15 theresidenceatthecor.com/#page-1 D.A.R.T...... 21 Figure 2.4 Pool-side bar at The COR 17 Raleigh Union Station...... 24 theresidenceatthecor.com/#page-1 Hiawatha Rail Apartments...... 28 Figure 2.5 Interior pool space at The COR 17 Typological Summary...... 31 theresidenceatthecor.com/#page-1 Major Project Elements...... 33 Figure 2.6 Massing diagram 18 User/Client Description...... 34 Created by author The Site...... 35 Figure 2.7 Structure diagram 18 Project Emphasis...... 39 Created by author Goals of the Thesis Project...... 40 Figure 2.8 Natural light diagram 18 A Plan for Proceeding...... 42 Created by author Figure 2.9 Plan to elevation diagram 19 Thesis Program...... 44 Created by author Results from Theoretical Premise Research...... 46 Figure 2.10 Circulation diagram 19 Research Summary...... 54 Created by author Project Justification...... 56 Figure 2.11 Hierarchy diagram 19 Historical, Social and Cultural Context of the Thesis...... 59 Created by author Site Analysis...... 66 Figure 2.12 Walkway from COR to station 20 Final Building Program...... 77 Taken by author Figure 2.13 Northstar platform crossover 20 Design Process...... 82 Taken by author Design Solution...... 86 Figure 2.14 D.A.R.T. service map 21 Performance Analysis...... 87 www.dart.org/maps/pdfmaps/DARTSystemMap18aug14.pdf Installation...... 89 Figure 2.15 D.A.R.T. logo 22 Final Boards...... 90 www.dart.org/riding/dartrail.asp Thesis Appendix...... 102 Figure 2.16 D.A.R.T. train at station 22 Reference List...... 103 www.dart.org/riding/dartrail.asp Previous Studio Experience...... 104 Figure 2.17 D.A.R.T. platform layout 23 Personal Identification ...... 105 www.dart.org/riding/levelboarding.asp

4 5 Figure 2.18 Raleigh circulation and mass 24 Figure 2.38 The Metro two bedroom 30 www.themetroapartments.com/FloorPlans www.raleighnc.gov/home/content/PlanUrban Design/Articles/UnionStation.html Figure 2.39 Northstar train leaving station 31 Figure 2.19 Raleigh plan to section 25 Taken by author Refer to figure 2.18 for URL Figure 2.40 Residences at The COR front 32 Figure 2.120 Raleigh looking downtown 25 Taken by author Refer to figure 2.18 for URL Figure 2.21 Raleigh ticket counter 25 Figure 3.1 Midwest regional map 35 Refer to figure 2.18 for URL Created by author Figure 2.22 Raleigh plaza 26 Figure 3.2 City of Coon Rapids map 35 Refer to figure 2.18 for URL Created by author Figure 2.23 Raleigh west entrance 26 Figure 3.3 Site street map 36 Refer to figure 2.18 for URL Retrieved from google earth Figure 2.24 Raleigh Natural light 27 Figure 3.4 Site satellite map 36 Created by author Retrieved from google earth Figure 2.25 Raleigh Structure 27 Figure 3.5 Station signage 37 Created by author Taken by author Figure 2.26 Raleigh Hierarchy 27 Figure 3.6 Existing station structure 38 Created by author Taken by author Figure 2.27 Station 38 studio apartment 28 Figure 3.7 Program timeline 43 www.station38apartments.com/FloorPlans Created by author Figure 2.28 Hiawatha Flats studio 28 www.hiawathaflats.com/FloorPlans Figure 4.1 Northstar Commuter Train 46 Figure 2.29 Oaks Properties studio 28 www.northstartrain.org/aboutus.html www.oaksproperties.com/Profile_Floor.asp?AID=17441&title=Floor Figure 4.2 Raleigh Transit Station 48 Figure 2.30 The Metro studio apartment 28 Refer to figure 2.18 for URL www.themetroapartments.com/FloorPlans Figure 4.3 Raleigh Train Platform 49 Figure 2.31 Station 38 one bedroom 29 Refer to figure 2.18 for URL www.station38apartments.com/FloorPlans Figure 4.4 The COR Crossing 50 Figure 2.32 Hiawatha Flats one bedroom 29 Taken by author www.hiawathaflats.com/FloorPlans Figure 4.5 Twin Cities Station 52 Figure 2.33 Oaks Properties one bedroom 29 www.northstartrain.org www.oaksproperties.com/Profile_Floor.asp?AID=17441&title=Floor Figure 4.6 Coon Rapids Platform 64 Figure 2.34 The Metro one bedroom 29 Taken by author www.themetroapartments.com/FloorPlans Figure 4.7 Coon Rapids Platform 65 Figure 2.35 Station 38 two bedroom 30 Taken by author www.station38apartments.com/FloorPlans Figure 4.8 Site Soil Sample 69 Figure 2.36 Oaks Properties two bedroom 30 Taken by author www.oaksproperties.com/Profile_Floor.asp?AID=17441&title=Floor Figure 4.9 Topography Map 70 Figure 2.37 Hiawatha Flats two bedroom 30 Created by author www.hiawathaflats.com/FloorPlans

6 7 Figure 4.10 Site Boundaries 71 Figure 5.1 Property Account Summary 75 Retrieved from google earth Figure 4.11 Site Massing 71 Figure 5.2 Site Analysis Sketch 75 Retrieved from google earth Created by Author Figure 4.12 Average Humidity Graph 72 Figure 5.3 Beginning Site Design Sketch 76 http://www.usa.com/coon-rapids-mn-weather.htm Created by Author Figure 4.13 Average Precipitation Graph 72 Figure 5.4 First Site Design Sketch 76 http://www.usa.com/coon-rapids-mn-weather.htm Created by Author Figure 4.14 Average Temperature Graph 73 Figure 5.5 Final Site Design Sketch 77 http://www.usa.com/coon-rapids-mn-weather.htm Created by Author Figure 4.15 Average Cloudy Days Graph 73 Figure 5.6 Apartment Design Iterations 77 http://www.usa.com/coon-rapids-mn-weather.htm Created by Author Figure 4.16 March Wind Rose 74 Figure 5.7 Courtyard Concept Sketch 78 www.mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/ Created by Author Figure 4.17 June Wind Rose 74 Figure 5.8 Courtyard Design Sketch 78 www.mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/ Created by Author Figure 4.18 September Wind Rose 74 Figure 5.9 Parking Structure Sketch 78 www.mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/ Created by Author Figure 4.19 December Wind Rose 74 Figure 5.10 Transit Center Iterations 78 www.mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/ Created by Author Figure 4.20 Yearly Wind Rose 74 Figure 5.11 Transit Center Roof Design 78 www.mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/ Created by Author Figure 4.21 Average Wind Speed Graph 74 Figure 5.12 Installation 78 http://www.usa.com/coon-rapids-mn-weather.htm Created by Author Figure 4.22 Sun Path Diagram 75 Figure 5.13 Final Board #1 79 www.gaisma.com/en/location/coon-rapids-minnesota.html Created by Author Figure 4.23 Site Photo Grid 75 Figure 5.14 Final Board #2 79 Retrieved from google earth Created by Author Figure 4.24 Site Node 5 Facing North 76 Figure 5.15 Final Board #3 80 Taken by author Created by Author Figure 4.25 Site Node 5 Facing East 76 Figure 5.16 Final Board #4 80 Taken by author Created by Author Figure 4.26 Site Node 5 Facing South 76 Figure 5.17 Final Board #5 80 Taken by author Created by Author Figure 4.27 Site Node 5 Facing West 76 Figure 5.18 Final Board #6 80 Taken by author Created by Author Figure 4.28 Site Node 20 Facing North 76 Figure 5.19 Picture of Author 80 Taken by author Taken by author Figure 4.29 Parking Lot View from the South 76 Taken by author Figure 4.30 Adjacency Matrix 79 Created by author Figure 4.31 Interaction Net 81 8 Created by author 9 Thesis Abstract

This thesis examines how architecture can make mass transit more accessible and desirable to the public and how the public’s wants and needs can improve a transportation center’s design. It examines how making Thesis Proposal downtown areas accessible through public transportation and creating an on- site living population enhances the lives of those that would use the system the most. A key focus is creating a community of these on-site commuters that has ways of connecting to each other, while also connecting with the community around it. This transportation hub and multi-family living complex in the suburbs will also look at enhancing the image of public transportation to that of an advanced transportation system that is safe and reliable.

10 11 Narrative of the Theoretical Aspect of the Thesis Project Typology (Building Typology)

In today’s modern lifestyle, downtown living has a great many perks to the young with the energy and will to experience all that a major metropolitan center’s nightlife has to offer. There are also those that work in these epicenters of industry and business that find it to be the most convenient solution to make their way into the working world by being located as close to work as possible, in order to be called in at a moment’s notice if necessary. There’s one substantial problem with living in a place like that, everyone else wants it as well. This makes it one of the most expensive places to live in any given state. This has driven many apartment/condo seekers out to the The building typology that this thesis will be using to explore the premise suburbs to stay close to the action via cheap public transportation or long is a transit center with an emphasis on multi-family apartment living close to arduous commutes, while also enjoying very reduced rent/mortgage prices. the center and on the same site. The types of transportation in use at this transit center include both commuter train access and an area for bus lane Not only has this created a large need for more mass transit stations, it access. The Northstar Corridor, specifically, is the rail line that will be used, as has also made living close-by to one of such terminals a high priority for those this leads directly from the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul) of Minnesota looking for quick access to the heart of the downtown lifestyle. These transit to Saint Cloud all by train, going through the Coon Rapids- Riverdale Station stations need to be accessible to both of these public transportation users, used by many for quick access to downtown Minnesota’s metropolitan centers. ones that commute to a transit hub, and the ones (in this case) who will be living on-site to have the most access to downtown. This effect can be seen in many places around the county, but specifically in areas such as the area around the D.A.R.T. (Dallas Area Rapid Transit) in Dallas, Texas. Dallas was ahead of the curve on this trend, and there is much that can be learned from this case (more in-depth analysis below in Case Studies). One of the biggest takeaways from the D.A.R.T. program is that it works, the Dallas area has seen a huge increase in the amount of anti-sprawl currently in the area. Figure 1.2 People are flocking to the areas where rail stations are being built, and even going to locations where stations are being considered for future use.

There is another part to this design problem, and that is the fact that there are a large number of people that are intimidated or don’t know much about public transportation and all the positives it can offer. Another aspect of this project will be creating an atmosphere that makes mass transit a comfortable experience, and not a scary or hidden affair. There’s no reason that taking a train downtown has to be something that’s hidden, this is an activity that exemplifies what it means to live in a modern era. Taking public transportation to a large metropolitan area is an experience that should be accessible and desirable to every possible user of the system.

12 13 The COR Ramsey, Minnesota

Project Type: Mixed-Use/Residential/Transit Size: 230 units on 4 levels

Figure 2.1 The planned COR community in Ramsey, Minnesota is a great case study that follows along a lot of the same lines of thought as this thesis. This was a piece of architecture that was supposed to serve as the center of Typological Research a larger community of schools, stores, and residences. “The Residences at the COR” is the name of the main focus of this study, as well as the station almost directly adjacent to it. The Residences at the COR were built along the commuter rail lines that have brought in a huge influx of workers into the Twin Cities of Minnesota called the Northstar Commuter Rail. This railway allows people that work anywhere around its many stations, but specifically its downtown stops, to board the train anywhere between the Twin Cities and St. Cloud and get to work in a timely and efficient manner. While the initial intention of this rail system was to have a “Park-and-Ride” type of system where commuters/riders would park their cars at these stations and take the train to work, another way to more effectively utilize public transportation has come into public favor, and that is living right next to or on the station’s site.

Figure 2.2 14 15 Figure 2.3 This concept of residing directly on or right next to these stations has become such a huge hit to its users that the COR decided to build a large, Figure 2.4 multi-family complex almost right beside the tracks. The idea is that you are able to go almost completely without a car for a lot of your daily living. Something else that becomes readily apparent to a visitor to the However, this is where the COR facilities run into a problem. Since the site Residence at the COR is the sense of community the interior of the building that they built on was supposed to be developed in the future, but hasn’t brings. Everything from the large outdoor/pool space in the interior of the been because of the economic downturn in the late 2000’s, many residents design, to the indoor bike storage for tenants, to group fitness centers, the have been forced to live their lives as if they were any other regular suburban building was designed to help people meet their neighbors and have an resident. A way around this would be to have all of this small commercial environment to explore with them. While the building itself does provide a development directly on-site and readily available to everyone. One of the bountiful amount of cultural identities for the tenants, a real connection to biggest keys to a project such as this, however, is a smooth connection the outside world seems lost, with no other real development close by, thus between the residences and the train station, which the COR has. This is requiring those interior connections to be stronger. what people are paying to live in these residences for, to be able to wake up and walk to the train station unhindered by weather, traffic, or other such nuisances to morning travel.

Also at the top of the list of what prospective tenants are looking for in a place such as this is the train station itself. The COR is not only meant for those that live on-site and can walk to the station, but also has a large parking structure that can house the residents as well as those that would be driving to the station. This is why the station, while needing to be integrated into the architecture of the residences, also needed to be a part of the parking structure as well, in order to make it safe and convenient for all users.

In keeping with this philosophy of unity between the building and the adjacent train station/platform, the COR shows that it is necessary to not only have a physical connection, but mental one as well. It is important that these two structures don’t appear to be separate entities, but rather one whole piece Figure 2.5 of architecture used to solve two different needs of its users. 16 17 Figure 2.6 Massing

Figure 2.9 Plan to Elevation

Figure 2.7 UP Structure

Figure 2.10 Circulation

Figure 2.8 Figure 2.11 Natural Light Hierarchy 18 19 Figure 2.12 Dallas Area Rapid Transit (D.A.R.T.) Dallas, Texas Project Type: Development Around Transit System Size: 62 Rail Stations

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514 SHILOH FERGUS MACARTHUR E BRITAIN DALLAS NORTH TOLLWAY 1 TRANSIT CENTER OAKBROOK 31 CITYPLACE/UPTOWN 514 GRAUWYLER TITAN GARLAND RD GOVERNORS ROW EMPIRE CENTRAL ES MAPLE STATION L 283 378, 385 the winter. However, one thing the extension to the garage does is it maintains NEER LOOP 12 164 283 24 BROOKRIVER INWOOD/LOVE FIELD 31, 36, 409, 521, M-Line A 526 FOREST PA 39 527 409 STATION OATES IRVING McKinney Ave Streetcar 504 507 527 R ST AN 508 55 39, 524, 526, REGAL ROW 39 T MATILDA AMBASSADOR 39 McMILLAN R 527, 529 McKINNEY AVE LAKELAND BLVD 526526 RD ABRAMS CONFLANS 408 K N 401 527 527 404 SKILLM 525 31 521 E 823 AVE GREENVILLE EASTFIELD COLLEGELE DIPLOMACY RECORD CROSSING 19

NURSERY 703 C 467 BELT LINE RD BELT STORY RD STORY 527 60 525 . 24 GASTON PROFIT 1 HERMOSA RIVERBEND SWMD/PARKLAND STATION N 110 IH-635 LBJ FRWY 30 76 LA VISTA LA PRADA BLACKBURN 5 24 LA PRADA ® 525 27, 29, 49, 404, 405, 408, 409, 453, 409 the character of the existing platform crossing and ties it into the building, 822 525, 544, 703, 822 UTSW Shuttle 7 SHADYSIDE 408 183 - DALLAS S 501 549 LESTON JOHN WEST IRVING BLVD CAPITOL 110 N 840 521U 164 840 IRVING IRVING BLVD 27 31

BRITAIN 63 6TH 63 TENISON MEMORIAL 5TH 408 MARKET CNTR. STATION 27 110 DOWNTOWN IRVING/ 7659562#7.*152+6#.r 409409 501 HERITAGE CROSSING 49 ROSS GASTON 60 SCOTTISH 39 STATION 7659/'&+%#.%640%#/275r LIVE OAK 19 IH-30 R.L. THORNTON FRWY. NURSERY RITE HOSP. SENATE TRE, 63, 401, 408, 501, 504, 76592#4-.#0&*152+6#.r 76 283 507, 508, 514, 549, 840 FLEX MEDICAL/MARKET6363 CTR. 29 51DEEP ELLUMPEAK STATION M 164 SHADY GROVE STATION TRE, 822/823 cKINNON 11, 19 EAST GRAND FERGUSON RD something that this thesis should strive to do as well. %*+.&4'0o5/'&+%#.%64r 825 LINDSLEY 110 840 UTSW Shuttles WASHINGTON WOODHUE HASKELL COLUMBIA HIGHLAND US-800 840 McKINNEY 111 LOOP 12 404 4949 BAYLOR UNIVERSITY MED. CENTER STATION 11, 19, 76 DALLAS ROSS OAKDALE 110 SAMUELL

SENTER 475 52N 283 111 467 405 INDUSTRIAL HAMPTON RD 549 BAYLOR UNIV. 111 S FAIRVIEW T .

111 UNNICUT 2 MEDICAL CTR. F

453 GASTON H R LEATH SYLVAN AV 59 A Figure 2.13 59 31 N FAIR PARK STATION STORY RD STORY 31 11 C VICTORY STATION 60, 111, 409, 111595 IS BICKERS 49, TRE-Green Line 595 Orange Line 39 CHARIOT 110, 164 FAIR PARK HUNTER FERRELL BERNAL59 52N

TUMALO 52 MILLER JIM CONTINENTAL MLK, JR STATION/J.B. JACKSON JR FORNEY 840 IRVING FUREY 59 63 12 TRANSIT CENTER 12, 26, 409, 595

ESMALDA 283 BERNAL/SINGLETON SINGLETON 52W 59 52 111

35 VD TRANSFER LOCATION UNION STATION 35 MILITARY PKWY Mesquite 35, 59, 549 CHALK HILL 11 59 TRE, 11, 19, 21, 51, 60, 76 12 SPRING GRAND 2 DOLPHIN

CLYMER COMMERCE ESTMORELAND RD ESTMORELAND NORWICH 26 597 155 BL UCKNER FEW W 35 CONVENTION CENTER STATION 282 LAGOW B LAWNVIEW STATION SAM HOUSTON MACARTHUR 722 HATCHER STATION SCYENE RD 35 YORKTOWN 722 282, 593, 595, 597 MILITARY PKWY 597 12 12 282 FRENCH 42

SETTLEMENT MILITARY PKWY 549 1 19 M HANBY CEDARS STATION MLK BLVD ALCOLM X 282 SCYENE RD FRWY. FT WORTH AVE 21 26 35 282 595 SCYENE RD 597 282 STADIUM IH-30 TOM LANDRY FRWY. 11 26, 722 GOOD LATIMER 12 HATCHER METHODIST EADES 593 JEFFERSONVIADUCT 11 HOOD IH-30 TOM LANDRY 12 HOSPITOL DIXON LAMAR 475 AV SYLVAN 12 MIDDLE 161 MER 2 PIEDMONT 12 2 CROZIERCR SCHOOL 467 COLORADO OZIE COLORADO US 75 206 155 R 549 453 278 404 42 522 19 MALCOLM X TRANSFER LOCATION COCKRELL 2,11 DR MASTERS 35 405 11 TOWNVIEW CORINTH ST 595

278 EWING MAGNET BURN HARD ST AUGUSTINE

BISHOP SCHOOL IC

568 BECKLEY AV HAMPTON RD HAMPTON HILL BRUTON HILL 8TH PR 593 21 722 BRUTON

CEDAR CREST HARTSDALE WESTMORELAND 542542 SH-180 542 SH-180 DAVIS 376 542 IH-45 JULIUS SHEPPS FRWY. US-175 409 C.F SAMUELL DAVIS ADAMSON H.S. MARSALIS . HA WN HIGH 722 SCHOOL

GILPIN 8TH & CORINTH STATION F 597 BOND R JEFFERSON POLK 444, 541, 542 542 TYLER 11 W

11 MILLER 549 MEREDITH ROOSEVELT Y 467 DALLAS HIGH SCHOOL 11 . COCKRELL HILL ZOO JIM MERRIFIELD 542 1 TRANSFER LOCATION 21 161 593 11, 376, 444, 542, 549 JEFFERSON BLVD 568 42 DELAWARE DALLAS ZOO STATION 155 475 444 19, 515, 522 MORRELL STATION 592 LAKE JUNE 376 KEENELAND LLEWELLYN

444 TYLER/VERNON STATION ADAMS 592 568 CLARENDON DR 21, 405, 444 155 591591LAKE JUNE STATION 595 DALLASAS 1551 475, 591, 592, 594 19 541 597 453 405 MOUNTAIN VIEW

COLLEGE HAMPTON STATION CHEYENNE

42, 453, 21 DR MASTERS PEACHTREE RD PEACHTREE ST AUGUSTINE

COMSTOCK BLVD BUCKNER 42 ILLINOIS STATION RD CREEK PRAIRIE 592 445 HILL PEMBERTON MIDDLE 568 515 SOUTHERNERN OAKS POLK 409, 444, 445, 515, 538

TYLER 1 SCHOOL 594 ELAM RD 547 594 842

BECKLEY AV OX 445 LOOP 12 COCKRELLL HILL COC 549 ILLINOIS AV 445 405 ELAM RD KNOXVILLE KN IH-635 LBJ FRWY

N WOODIN GRADY ILLINOIS AV 404 LACEWOOD 594 WRIGHT 19 BUCKNER STATION SPRUCE

161 EWING 466, 467, 591, 594, 597 HIGH DUNCANVILLE DUNCANVILLE 515 541 ILLINOIS 5685 522 FELLOWSKISKA SCHOOL D 415 LOOP 12 466 595, 597, 842 Balch HUMPHREY SEAGOVILLE SANER SUNNYVALE 574 CAR OVERTON WESTMORELAND 206 LINFIELD B STATION ONDALE LEDBETTER WALTON WALKER GARAPAN 278 155 591 404, 445, 547, 549, VERNON VILLAGE WAY FORDHAM VAND Springs 21 AV MARSALIS GAYGLEN HAMPTON RD HAMPTON 1 IH 35E R.L. THORNTON FRWY. 842 568, 574 GARRISON 466 GROVEVIEW KOMALTY 547 CRANFILL ERVOORT CHERBOURG POTTER’S HOUSE 453 538E MURDOCK OLD SEAGOVILLE PENTAGON 405 594

WILHURT FORSYTYHE KIEST BLVD 538 H KIEST BLVD 574 ALE SH-30 547 PIERCE KIEST BLVD 405 KIEST STATION BONNIE VIEW 161 405, 444, 522, 541 IH-20 541 CUSTER ANN ARBOR 155 444 538W LEDBETTER FAWN RIDGE SOUTH LANCASTE VA MEDICAL US-175 OAK CLIFF H.S. 404 CENTER STATION H 278 AAS BOW & 206 444 RUGGED ARROW DEW R RD 541 MORNING A. MACEO SMITH 4084 PENTAGON 19AA 57574 VA MEDICAL 466 HIGH SCHOOL COUNTRY 21 515 STAG 415 IH-45 CREEK CENTER LEDBETTER KUSHLA 842 SEAGO 466 466 16161 ST AUGUSTINE 842 PENTAGON 554 842 547 ATLAS V SPUR 466 ILLE 466 415 155 BONNIE VIEW BROOK SPRINGS BROOK WAL-MART HORTENSE MAP LEGEND E Y JOSEPH HARDIN

WOOD BRONZE WAY BEBELTLIN RED BIRD TRANSIT CENTER LOOP 12 US-175 466 DALLAS PAUL QUINN Shared Rail Lines EXECUTIVETIVE 21, 278, 453 LEDBETTER STASTATION COLLEGE IH-20 TEAGARDEN AIRPORTRT Hutchins 278 405, 415, 444, 466, COCKRELL HILL 547 19P 515, 553, 554 547 161 J.J. LEMMON 554 842 VINE PLATINUM WAY Red Line RED BIRD LN 553K 155 466 to Denton (operated by DCTA) SASSAFRASS BONNIE VIEW Blue Line Seagoville 554

SINGING HILLS SIMPSON STUART RD

HOUSTON SCHOOL RD SCHOOL HOUSTON POLK ST POLK INDEPENDANCE 21 RECREATION CINNAMON F Green Line 453 415 CENTER 554 RITZ MEMORY LN 515 TIOGA IH-20 OAKS PACESETTER US-67 MARVIN D. LOVE FRWY 20206 453 CAMP WISDOM RD FRWY. THORNTON R.L. 35E IH 553T Orange Line CAMP WISDOMWISDO CAMP WISDOM RD GE 19P 415 TIOGA ST. GEORGE PREFFERRED UNT CAMPUS 155 574 278 IH-20 Orange Line 415 415 161E (Selected Weekday Trips Rush Hour Only)

CHAUCER 453 BAINBRIDGE 553T Trinity Railway Express (TRE)

HAMPTON RD HAMPTON SOCIAL MORGAN 404 161W RD OOL KIRNWOOD SECURITY (No Sunday Service on TRE) 466 404 415 ADMINISTRATION WHEATLAND RD WHEATLAND WHEATLAND

IH-20 SCH HOUSTON 000 404 Local Bus Route 415 278 000 LANCASTER RD Rail Feeder & Transit Center Bus Route Duncanvilleanvillen e CEDARDALE 000 Express Bus Route

00SA 00SU Weekend Only (consult schedule) IH 35E IH 553CV (C) 000 Shuttles/Employer Shuttles

574 CEDAR VALLEY COLLEGE Flex Service (See Service Overview Section) WHTIE ASH FLAMELEAF GLENN HEIGHTS PARK AND RIDE 987 206, 278 DART ON-CALL Rapid Ride P WINTERGREEN 722 BEAR CREEK D-Link/Downtown Dallas ShuttleIH-45

US-67 MARVIN D. LOVE FRWY GLENN HEIGHTS Transit Center (parking available) P Park & Ride DART ON-CALL ZONE Point of Interest Hospital DeSoto Transfer Location School Figure 2.14 Fare Zone Boundary (See Ticket Pricing)

206 Lancaster This map will help you use the DART Bus & Rail System. For specific 278 route and schedule information, please refer to individual route timetables or visit us at www.dart.org or www.transportedart.org

GLENN HEIGHTS 214.979.1111 SCALE IN MILES

ROUTES CONTINUED ON INSET MAP (C) ABOVE IH 35E IH 20 21 One of the added benefits of this D.A.R.T. system, beyond the residential development has been the commercial boom that the companies on and around the stations have had since its inception. Specifically, the noon crowds that take these trains to grab a bite during their lunch break have increased sales dramatically for the food industry in the area, who “reported a boost in their lunchtime business - some by as much as 40%” (Light Rail Progress). Figure 2.15 This type of transportation revolution is not only affecting small businesses, even “Blockbuster Entertainment, one of the area’s largest relocations, cites DART as major factor in establishing its headquarters in the central business Figure 2.16 district” (Light Rail Progress) in downtown Dallas. As is evidenced, these types of stations and suburban-connecting rail lines help create booms in the cash-flow for many facets of the downtown economy. The Dallas Area Rapid Transit, commonly known as D.A.R.T., system of public transportation (as briefly discussed in the narrative) has been a These rail and bus stations don’t just bring developers, however, once huge success in the world of transportation. Dallas was one of the earliest to the land around them is developed, whole communities flock to the area. hop on the idea of this type of large scale public transportation, because of This type of residential arrangement creates strong ties in the community that the large, sprawling cities forming around its growing center of business and bring many different people of differing lifestyles, but still with many things in tourism in the city’s center. This concentration of workers and visitors traveling common revolving around their shared use of the public transportation system, to the city from the suburbs, something that is becoming a trend in many cities to live together. Not many places have this type of connection between its now, put a high value on the city’s ability to bring them quickly to and from residents, where a majority work or at least frequently visit a downtown area, their places of employment. and get there using the same mode of transportation. Leaving for work at the same time every day alongside others waiting for the same train is a Something happened, however, that not many city officials thought great place to meet your neighbors and bond over a mutual use of the public would happen right away. That is that many people and developers would transportation system. Not only do the communities have this common trait begin moving and building around the areas where these large suburban of taking the same train every day, but they would also share the same living transportation centers were being built. These developments became the residence in this thesis project as well, creating an even deeper connection center of new growth around the city. This has lead to large amounts of anti- to all that one could meet at the station. One thing that the Dallas area has sprawl occurring in cities with these types of quick and reliable transportation as an advantage over its Minneapolis/St. Paul counterpart, is that Texas has systems, and is why stations like the one in this thesis are possible. People always been an open and accepting place for public transportation. Residents that live on the outskirts of town or in the suburbs surrounding large cities have in the Twin Cities suburbs, however, are more hesitant to hop on board with decided that they’d rather have the larger floor plans of housing that they offer, the idea. This thesis, as stated earlier, looks to bring the same community instead of the more cramped and expensive lifestyle of living downtown. A spirit and accepting environment of public transit by making the system seem study shows that “through early 2000, more than $800 million in private funds much more clean, modern, and inviting to newcomers. has been invested in development along DART’s $860-million, 20-mile Light Rail Starter System.” (Light Rail Progress) This shows the amount of demand that these types of development have on a community and the real estate in an area. Also, “Dr. Bernard Weinstein of the University of North Texas’s Center for Economic Development and Research determined that ‘Values of properties adjoining DART light rail stations are 25 percent higher than for similar properties not served by the rail system’...” (Light Rail Progress) This again shows the enormous positive impacts of these rail stations.

Figure 2.17 22 23 Union Station: Raleigh’s Multi-Modal Transit Center Raleigh, North Carolina Project Type: Transit Center Size: 82,000 square feet

Figure 2.19 Plan to Section and Circulation

Figure 2.18 Site Circulation and Massing The city of Raleigh, North Carolina is developing plans for the construction of a new transit center that will play host to a lot of the needs that the city has been building up over the years. After winning a substantial federal grant from the USDOT, Raleigh has finalized plans for a new station set for construction in 2015. The city had found some space that they thought would be great to connect the current rail lines and their “Amtrak” line. They then decided to use some historical buildings, along with some great new modern designs, to give the area a revitalized feel with a whole new purpose to bring back a struggling sector. Figure 2.20 A few key things were explored and answered with this site that mirror some key concerns that have to do with the thesis topic and site of this proposal. Firstly is the introduction of the bus system going in and out of the site for those using either multiple forms of transportation, or just the bus system, and making it convenient for both. Also, circular driving patterns to load/unload cars in front of the station and around a core area of parking was crucial as well for those that must take their own vehicle as well to and from the station. This allows for both modes of transportation to coexist on most of the same driving path, while still giving clear access to the bus routes, which Figure 2.21 are a primary way of getting to an individual’s train. 24 25 Figure 2.24 Natural Light Figure 2.22

Figure 2.23

The design of the transit center itself has a great modern feel to it, Figure 2.25 and looks to give way to functionality and leaving it open to possible future uses and possible larger number of users. The large, open ceilings and Structure clean lines that define these modern public transportation centers are helping change public opinion that these buildings are dark areas that get to be cluttered and dirty. This is a misconception that this thesis is also looking to correct, using these same clean lines for the transit center, and keeping the spaces open and visible to the public to maintain some transparency. A feature that could also be a big factor in this thesis coming from this transit center design is the two-story design that allows for the trains to lower down to the level of the lower level, while also allowing the vehicular and foot traffic coming to the station to come in at the main level.

Not only does this station have some great interior plaza-type public spaces, but it also has a large outdoor plaza that has some great exterior, modern, sun shading devices. These very simple, but elegant devices create not only an interesting space for an outdoor environment, but also make it livable by reducing wind in colder months and sun glare in the Figure 2.26 warmer months. Since this thesis site will have such a large base site, Hierarchy there will be an increased precedence for making these outdoor spaces wide-ranging to support multiple uses, but also comfortable for those that would use the spaces every day. 26 27 Apartments Along the Hiawatha Light Rail Minneapolis, Minnesota Figure 2.27 Figure 2.28 Figure 2.29 Figure 2.30

Figure 2.31 Figure 2.32 One bedroom apartments are the most- sold unit sizes for apartment complexes, especially for the targeted age group of younger professionals. These unit sizes offer the comforts of single family home living with separated rooms and defined living Project Type: Downtown Apartment Units environments. This is something crucial for To get a good idea at what the difference is between living downtown those moving up to one bedroom apartments and living in multi-family living facilities in the suburbs, one must first research from a studio-sized one, room definition. and analyze the different arrangements and accommodations that are offered Defined living areas is something about a in the downtown area. In an analysis of the differences between these two one bedroom that really helps those that are different living styles, these examples from around the Hiawatha Light Rail coming from college after graduation and lived will be compared to The COR living facility right off the Ramsey Station for in dorms throughout their time there or had the Northstar Commuter Rail as mentioned in a previous case study. First to roommates the whole time that they shared a be analyzed is the studio apartment arrangements offered by all parties. The place with. This is their chance to go out on Figure 2.33 studio apartment is, a lot of the time, what the young professional is able, but their own, or with a significant other, and feel even nowadays, willing to purchase with their paychecks. They sometimes like they are renting a small home instead of opt-out of owning a larger property of their own, by instead having smaller real an apartment unit. So, while the studio unit estate on hand of their own in order to help fund their larger outgoing lifestyle environment was meant to be more of an of bars, theaters, or other entertainment venues. These studio apartments edgy and fun place to be, one bedroom units downtown range from $850-$1,000, and the ones at The COR in the suburbs are the more comforting and inviting units that are around $915, however, these also come with approximately 100 more can bring a sense of accomplishment to those square feet per unit compared to downtown. But the biggest difference between that have moved up in the world. This does, these small dwellings is not in price or in square feet, but in amenities. This however, not eliminate the need of amenities is what makes a good apartment complex great in these small “planned in these buildings, but only changes the types communities” of apartment buildings with units this size, is the amount, variety, of amenities needed. Now, things like bike and style of its amenities. This is where these students, young professionals, or storage, group (yoga or pilates) workout other single people meet new friends in these communities and have a chance sessions, doggy day-care, and regular child to socialize away from all the work of going out. day-care start to become incredibly important to the residents of these larger units. Figure 2.34 28 29 FigFigureure 2.35 Typological Research Summary

The COR development, D.A.R.T. system, Raleigh multi-modal transit center, and the example apartment buildings along the Hiawatha light rail lines were all great examples of the things that come from a project such as this thesis. The theoretical premise has adapted to the incoming information from these case studies, moving from a simple investigation of how to create a better and more publicly accepted public transportation system and evolved into much more. This project, especially after the case studies of The COR and the D.A.R.T. systems effects on their surroundings brought this more towards continuing a revolution in design and making it an overall wonderful experience for those tenants and riders involved. FFigureigure 22.3636 Two bedroom units are the catch-all The COR development, while being slightly too ambitious for its time forf apartment units. These units can house (as well as coming at an unlucky time around the economic downturn), had anyone from a family with kids that work a lot of great ideas on bringing some concepts of what it means to bring and go to school downtown, to two-four improved downtown living to the suburbs. The development’s attitude towards older students or young professionals that amenities and placing such a high importance on them really sets the complex are splitting the rent with roommates to get apart from any living situation downtown Minneapolis might have to offer, not by for a couple of years. Either way, these to mention the extra square footage that it has to offer as well. Also, the spaces need to be versatile for all uses in a apartment layouts that were analyzed gave an insight into what is desired household, from raising a family, to hosting in that downtown living and what might attract those living in these smaller social gatherings on a regular basis, these apartments out to the suburbs. The Raleigh transit center also provided units have to do it all. This is why these invaluable perspective as to the extents a designer needs to go to bring all that apartments sometimes have multiple floor is required for such a facility, and what the possibilities are when created to treatments across open concept plans, to bring a truly positive experience to all riders. Figure 2.39 Figureg 2.37 keep the separation of spaces that one bedroom concepts have, but still have it remain open enough for these larger living arrangements. Two bedroom designs need to be much more open to be successful than a one bedroom or studio ever would need to be. In order for the residents of units this size to play host to the social gatherings that units of this size usually have, space is what is seen as the conduit with which they create that atmosphere. Large spaces, open concepts, and even just taller ceilings go a long way to making these users’ experiences much more desirable and makes living in an apartment feel like living in a full size house. 30 Figure 2.38 31 Figure 2.40 Major Project Elements

Multi-Family Living Elements - Large entrance - 4 stories of apartments/condominiums - Mostly 1 and 2 Bedroom units with some studio or 3 Bedroom units - 2 story units as penthouse suites on top of building with a double- height element included in layout - Community pool and hot tub area - Community fitness room - Offices for employees of building developer/property manager - Accessible vertical circulation throughout - Laundry in units - Balconies and other outdoor space The Raleigh transit center did, however, have a unique idea for its - Child and pet daycare services station. This unique trait was an additional floor above the main terminal - Club rooms for more interior communal space that would function as a meeting place, as well as an additional place to - Inner courtyard space to build a sense of community among tenants wait for a connection bus route or an indoor spot to wait for your train. This was something not yet considered and really adds an even more in-depth Transit Center Elements community feel that became a focus halfway through this research process. - Small to medium-sized bus station/terminal Both sites of the transit stations, The COR and the Raleigh transit station, - Access to downtown and neighboring cities took on the best attributes of the sites that they were presented. The Raleigh - Large train station station was born into an old warehouse district, and took on many of that - Boarding platform districts historic characteristics, while still maintaining a modern vibe to the -Safe access to station station. However, The Residences at the COR was built on a completely blank - Open concept and clean lines to create modern and clean feel slate field in a smaller suburban town, and was therefore built with a much - Large space to sit indoors and wait for the next train to arrive more open feel to the plans involved and a very suburban looking aesthetic being applied to the residences. Shared/Outdoor Elements - Large parking structure As with the sites, the different social contexts of the areas made the - Separate public parking from tenant parking different developers utilize much different types of parking. For example, - Large outdoor plaza as The COR was based around a suburb that expected almost all travelers - Includes water feature, area for pets to roam, small trails for walking (expect those living on site) to travel by car, hence the large parking structure. - Small commercial developments accessible to both tenants and public users However, the Raleigh transit center is more about picking up/dropping off - Coffee Shop individuals, and grabbing a connecting bus route to make it to your destination. - Deli The residential units from the apartments along the Hiawatha line show the - Future larger commercial development close-by to provide for tenants and spatial relations that those looking for a downtown vibe hope to find, and surrounding neighborhoods the D.A.R.T. system shows how all of these types of construction can be - Bike racks implemented with huge success in a large metropolitan area, and truly shows -Dual purpose parks in both urban and suburban halves of the site the functional relationships between the varied building types being described. 32 33 User/Client Descriptions The Site

Residents- These are the users that are at the heart of this thesis. These Northstar Commuter Rail Station - Riverdale Station inhabitants will live and be connected to the mass transit system that will Coon Rapids, Minnesota bring them the downtown lifestyle with the affordability of the suburbs. These FFigureigure 3.13.1 residents will be expecting all of the modern living effects of downtown living, with the extra living square footage and amenities that downtown could never offer.

Transit Users- The main focus of this thesis is to create a successful integration of a mass transit center into the lives of the people that most want/ need to take advantage of it. However, these users will be comprised of both the general population that commute to the site, as well as those that will be living in the facilities on-site and a short walk’s distance to the terminals. Therefore, it is imperative that these park-and-ride commuters are taken care of as well with both their parking and travel considerations.

Visitors- Residents of the living facilities adjacent to the transit center will most likely have guests over at some point to socialize with either their downtown or suburban friends and family. There will also be some residents of the nearby neighborhoods that will utilize the outdoor and public spaces provided by the complex. The spaces, even now as an open field, are used by dog owners and some outdoor enthusiasts, but a surge of visitors to the area can be expected once it is improved upon for the new residents.

Employees/Facility Management- There are also the workers that will have Figure 3.2 MinnesotaMi iin theh MMidwestid RRegioni off theh UUnitedi d SStates to manage both the living facilities and the public workers that are required to man the transit station that need to be taken into account. Without them, none of this would be possible.

Peak Usage- Apartments: 5:00 p.m. - 7:00 a.m. Transit Station: 4:30 a.m. - 8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m. - 7:00 p.m. Shops: 5:00 p.m. - 10:00 p.m.

Parking- Requirements for parking will be dependent on the number of units of apartments provided, which will be added to the current number of parking spots that are provided for the station as of now. A large parking structure will most likely be required to accommodate all of the vehicles.

CityCity ofof CoonCoon Rapids in Anoka CountyCounty 34 35 This site was chosen because of its many traits that will allow for Owner: Anoka County Regional Railroad Authority growth of this type of community, as well as its location on an already Site Area: 15.18 acres just south of Riverdale shopping center established train station. Finding a site that had an already established Zoning: “Riverdale Station Transit District” - station was a high priority, because of the amount of planning, extra cost, Townhouses, Apartments, Retail, Restaurants, Commercial, etc. and risk that would go along with creating a new station in a new area, Tax Classification: 5-E Exempt Properties while also trying to keep bus routes in mind. However, while that was an initial limiting factor to potential sites, this site specifically met all of the major site criteria to make for a viable site for this thesis topic. The northern suburbs were chosen around the Twin Cities because of their recent rapid growth and popularity, and because of the large number of its citizens that travel every day for both work and pleasure, growing by “12 percent...from 700,276 to an estimated 784,000” from 2012 to 2013 (Doyle).

Another key component to this site’s viability was its proximity to many big box retailers within walking distance through the Riverdale Village shopping area, as well as the established single-family residential neighborhoods around most of the site. This brings together ideal conditions of proximity to shopping for the tenants, and a stronger connection to the Figure 3.3 larger network of the residential communities that will allow the smaller Streets Map community of the on-site dwellers to thrive. This gives these tenants the best of both worlds of living in the suburbs, while still having this site continue to be a connection between the large commercial center and the neighborhoods. This connection means there will be more traffic through the site, and therefore more and more potential users of the railway walking past it every day. Figure 3.5

Figure 3.4 Satellite View Site Map The site off of Northdale Boulevard is blocked to the North by the Riverdale shopping center, to the East by the road and a large residential neighborhood, and to the southwest by the train tracks and a large row of evergreen trees to shield the residential neighborhood behind it. The main view is that large greenscape of trees along the border, as well as the established neighborhood to the East. The commuter train and bus access that is directly accessible on-site is a part of the main form of public transport in the area. 36 37 This site has the potential to not just bring another option for commuters with more mass transit, but it can also be a beacon for those in the area as to what the real possibilities are with public transportation. With the large amount of foot traffic and vehicular traffic in the area, this site is in a prime location that if it succeeds, it could persuade more and more of these commuters to give mass transit a chance. This gives another reason for such a bold piece of architecture needing to be built on the site, as this is what will be an example of the high-class type of public transportation that is available in today’s cities.

A great way that this site can positively effect the local community is by The Project Emphasis bringing this group of riders that will be visiting the site every work day at the very least, and with some strategic commercial development will bring in even This thesis project will focus on creating a sense of community more cash inflow. Also along with this inflow of income for local businesses, within the small community that inhabits the site, while also keeping a would be the sense of community that a group that takes the train every day connection to the city that the site is within. However, it is crucial that together builds. Even just the action of taking the train together, shopping the transit center has a downtown connection as well. around the same area, and living in the same area (or even the same building) builds such strong relationships and helps communities really connect Material selection and construction detail development will aid to each other. This sense of community is what suburban areas really need. the user in feeling comfortable with using public transportation for What they lack is a sense of identity, which is what a building such as this those that are either intimidated or ignorant of the advantages of public would foster between its tenants. transportation. Landscape assessment and development is also an important emphasis of the project, because this is one thing that the suburbs will always have as an advantage to big city living, and that is readily available large open green spaces.

Ranking of Project Emphases: 1. Creating a sense of community for residents 2. Large transit center that appeals to potential new riders 3. Modern, downtown feel through material development 4. Detailed site development focusing on strengths of both areas

Figure 3.6 38 39 Self-Oriented Goals of the Thesis Project Project Goals of the Thesis Project

Academic Goals One of the major academic goals that I wish to accomplish with this thesis is to develop myself as a designer, while still keeping up with the trend of high performance renders. I will be pushing myself to not only design a building that will hold the required spaces for the owner and its tenants, but to construct a piece of architecture Theoretical Goals that truly has a wow factor. One way to acquire this wow factor is by The idea behind this thesis is exploring transportation centers utilizing the most of the technological hardware and software provided and how they are affected by the wants and needs of the public. It to me. I will be fully utilizing render programs and advancing my is therefore key to tie this building to the downtown lifestyle in the degree of mastery with architectural programs such as Revit to best minds of those that would use it, in order to gain a connection to the convey my ideas of a huge and impressive transportation center. larger world of mass transit and the life that a large city has to offer.

Professional Goals Physical Goals There are many facets of the professional world that I Physically, this project hopes to create an easily accessible will still need to improve upon, even after a summer internship and highly desirable way to access public transportation. Its goals, experience, but I believe the best way to improve is to design the therefore, would be to look as open and transparent as possible most comprehensive building I can. This is what is required in to the common passerby, and to make a transportation center that the profession, and this is what should be expected of me when I is engaging. Also, it is important that it has an aesthetic and an am designing a capstone to my education before entering into that attitude that makes going to work in the morning or meeting friends profession. I will take the knowledge I have learned from my time downtown late at night an enjoyable experience. in a practicing firm and apply it to this project, while still focusing on learning more and more about the field of architecture and how I can Social Goals best learn from it to improve the quality of this thesis project. One of the more important parts of this project aims to create an appreciation for public transportation centers and the system Personal Goals as a whole by making users feel safe, comfortable, and relaxed. The biggest goal for this thesis project (besides obtaining my Another important social goal for this project, is to create a sense of Masters degree in Architecture) is to create a thesis project that I can community within the on-site living quarters and its tenants. These be proud of, and that showcases the best of my abilities so far as an tenants are those who benefit most from a building project such as architecture student. While getting high marks on the project is of this, they gain the ease of access to all cities around them, while still huge concern for my academic standing in the school, a project that maintaining a lifestyle that is not overly costly to live. I can show off to employers, as well as friends, is more important for me personally. Also, another goal of this thesis would be for me to work on all of the areas that I feel as a student that I could use some improvement, such as time management and improving my final products from good to great work.

40 41 A Plan for Proceeding i. Definitions of Research Direction iii. A Plan for Documenting the Design Process

A further study or even a poll should be conducted in order to ascertain The process of documenting this thesis will begin with the creation of what the public truly wants (furthering the research about the theoretical hand crafted models and drawings/diagrams, which will be complied through premise) from a transportation center and connected apartment complex such photo or scanning documentation. Digital models and renderings will also be as this. This will have to do with things from amenities to how much small created for the design and analysis of the thesis. These models will include, scale commercial development is wanted/required on-site. With regards to but are not limited to, BIM software such as Revit, computer aided drafting project typology, this could change slightly based on the previous research/ programs like AutoCAD, and some work involving quick 3D modeling with poll, but I could see a possible investigation into small scale master planning SketchUp. Throughout the design, projects and model iterations will be saved for the entire site if the public wants it completely infilled. An investigation into and collected at either a week-to-week basis or at the completion of a category the parking requirements of a project of this scale and typology will also need of work, whichever comes first, and then backed up on an external hard drive to be conducted to acquire an accurate count, as this is something crucial for to prevent loss. At the end of the project, all of these workable documents the transit center and the attached apartment complex. will be brought up to presentation quality and presented through either a board layout, or as a part of the slideshow at the thesis presentation. After the The location of this thesis proposal does not have any great history presentation, all files will be uploaded to the institutional repository, where all of surrounding it, but it would be greatly beneficial to look into the history of the those with permission will be able to access it and learn from the work. area and what the residents in the area have traditionally preferred. Also, an investigation into the history of the transit system in general would also provide great depth to this project. The site currently is a blank slate, as it is a large, open field. However, an analysis of what has been proposed for this land in the past would help give further insight into this site, as well as a study into iv. A Specific Schedule for the Project (using Microsoft Project) how this station and residential units could effect the nearby single-family homeowners. ii. A Plan for your Design Methodology

The design methodologies will be a mix of quantitative and qualitative analysis. Initially, public involvement through a poll, questionnaire, or interview will be utilized to gauge public opinion on what exactly might be required of a facility such as this. Also an important question that will need to be answered is how they see a transportation center might become more accessible and desirable to them to use in the future. This will produce statistical data that can be analyzed and interpreted alongside the qualitative data that this public involvement will bring. A digital and graphic methodology will also be implemented, as this is what will truly help decipher what sets these successful transit centers, apartment complexes, and site designs apart from the mundane. Figure 3.7 After all of this data has been analyzed and reported, a design that truly works for the public and works efficiently overall will be achieved.

42 43 Thesis Program

44 45 Results from Theoretical Premise Research

The Positives of Mass Transit When strictly speaking about economical affordability and getting the most out of every dollar spent in real estate, the suburbs win hands down. Mass transit has become the lifeblood of downtown accessibility in This is actually one of the main reason that people have moved away recent years. For mainly economical reasons, as well as some social from downtown city centers and into these areas. One of the biggest aspects of the need to take care of the environment, people in suburban arguments against this trend towards suburban living has been that travel areas have been moving towards large-scale public transportation. Each to and from the city is less than ideal, especially if one works conventional case is different in the final reasoning one decides to switch from single hours like everybody else (which most users do), which makes the automobile travel to public transportation, but the amount of reasons argument even more persuasive. However, with mass transit gaining more presented to travelers over time is quite persuasive. Even in just economic popularity in recent years, this is beginning to have less and less of an terms, anything from the amount of money saved each time users would effect on people’s decision on whether or not to move into or away from have to fill up their gas tank compared to a one month transit pass, to the the big city. This project looks to further erode that line of thought from amount of extra work that these workers traveling on public transportation the decision-making process by making these forms of public transportation are able to accomplish by not having to wait through rush-hour traffic downtown as, or even more, accessible and encouraging of an option than twice a day. Also a benefit of this mode of travel is that now that rush- driving to work in traffic every day, which has become so ingrained in our hour traffic is no longer a concern, working during peak business hours is society today. no longer a problem, whereas some employees are forced to orient their work schedules around the hectic traffic hours to avoid spending too much Social Advancements time getting to and from work. This is especially the case for the people that this thesis project would be affecting, as these workers that would be As society has steadily progressed upwards in its thinking about traveling to the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN) have some of how it conducts itself, one large contributor to the rise in mass transit has the longest commutes in the area since the site is located within the outer been the adoption of green thinking in today’s average citizen. Green suburbs of these cities. technology and green thinking have become a mainstream way of thinking in the United States. People are finally putting away their car keys in the morning to take a bus to work, or to go further by stopping at a train station. The green aspects of modern public transportation have been noticed by the public and it is not going unnoticed. Being able to shuttle around people visiting or working within the city at this scale, and removing the same number of cars from the roads has led to much less congested traffic for those that do still drive, and also removed a huge portion of our carbon footprint that everyone’s daily commute contributes to.

Another aspect of modern public transportation that has helped excite the populace is the actual improvement in their ride to and from the city, whether for work or social gatherings. Not only does this allow users to let their focus stray from their destination to more fruitful endeavors like reading or other productive work, but it also allows them to converse and network with other individuals riding these modes of transportation. This has been one of the great things to come from this transit revolution. Figure 4.1

46 47 Figure 4.3

When people started driving to work on their own, a large disconnect became a reality for many commuters. People ceased to meet new people, talk with other individuals, or interact with others at all besides at home and at work. This is something that, from a long time ago, has been lost due to the simplicity of the automobile and the deteriorated image of public transportation, and something that this project hopes to inject back into society by not only having these transit users ride together, but also potentially live together and connect even deeper.

The social aspect of commuting with others and living alongside other human beings is something that will help bridge this gap of singularity that many individuals experience in today’s society. Mass transportation will be a common influence in all of the lives of those that will live on-site, and will therefore help these individuals connect with each other, while also having a large amount of community amenities that would help start to change the social landscape of society today. By having these individuals create this community of mass transit commuters, transit Advancing the Image of Public Transportation stations become a lot less intimidating for all involved, even those not living on-site and next to the station. The introduction of local, small-scale An important goal for this project is to bring a way to bring about the commercial shops will also bring about another avenue that would help advancement of public transportation as a leader in the discussion of the bring those in outside communities in order to help blend the city of Coon most effective daily commute system. A problem that some users come Rapids with those of this smaller community, and with the Twin Cities as across with these types of transit systems, is that they are not fully aware well. of how to become informed about the system enough to begin using it on a daily basis. A major factor in this fear of information is how most people nowadays are so set in their ways of driving to work on their own, that they don’t even investigate other possibilities when they are presented. This project looks to undermine that deeply rooted fear of change from the familiar by showing the public how safe, convenient, and positive the public transportation system is nowadays.

Something as complex as getting someone to notice a new transit terminal and to get them to investigate further into the services it provides requires something that architects are uniquely capable of providing to the situation: intrigue. In order to pique someone’s curiosity about the possibilities of mass transit, they have to feel impressed with what it has to offer. But, more importantly, these potential users have to feel comfortable in the spaces provided to them. A large misconception that has arisen about these transit stations is that they are cheaply built, dark, and dirty

Figure 4.2 48 49 places as time has not been kind to the spaces. The project will shatter Green living at its finest this ideas of a forgotten and passed over space the moment it is seen, as it will be a space that is grand and caters to the needs of those that would A huge positive of this lifestyle is the amount of energy is conserved be using it, the public - the average user. This goal is crucial to the from either driving to ones work and back or even just driving to project in the fact that suburban areas such as these are the areas that the transit station and back home. The reduction of the carbon need the most convincing to use these types of systems, whereas those in footprint of all of those involved would be enormous if even half of cities are already used to using public transportation in their daily lives. the tenants in the building commuted daily to and from the Twin Cities just once before moving to this location. As stated before, On-Site Communities congestion would be slightly reduced with the few commuters removed from rush-hour traffic, but this could have an even greater Ease of access to mass transit effect if station communities began to take off and become part of other transit stations as well. The biggest advantage of these types of on-site communities living right next to a transit station is the incredibly easy access that is Great Neighbors provided to them to travel to almost all major cities around the area. Most importantly, tenants of this type of community would have a As was discussed earlier, a project of this variety would need to moment’s walk to a station that would bring them along the lifeline improve the popularity of these stations, but on-site communities of downtown travel, and bring about immediate access to everything such as these would also bring about notoriety of the kind of lifestyle that downtown living has to offer. This immediate access to places that comes with living directly next to said stations. Common public of work all over the Twin Cities, as well as bars, sports venues, and thinking about transit stations has been that they are not ideal other popular entertainment options downtown means that tenants neighbors, as people believe that the commotion of a station would would not be sacrificing much to live in the suburbs, where prices be too much to live next to for the average tenant. However, this is per square foot are much cheaper and spaces are much larger. one of the great things about stations such as these. This activity (which is not overpowering all the time, with peak activity around 8 A.M. and 6 P.M.) is what gives the place some life, especially for the commercial interests involved, but also for the people that live in the adjacent buildings. This is what downtown lifestyle is like, and is what most of those living in these units would be looking for. Inside of the units and the living complex there will be enough places to relax, that the outdoors need to have some life and activity to keep the community from going stagnant and being forgotten. The traffic that would be coming through the area would not be disturbing to those that do not seek it, as the units would be far enough to avoid noise and human activity distractions, but would be accessible to those that would like to even seek it further out in a downtown setting. These transit centers are not just areas to avoid living near, but rather, are members of the community that bring with them access to downtown and all that urban centers have to offer. Figure 4.4 50 51 Small business development Bountiful parks and green space

Along with improvements to the lives of those living nearby in the If there is one thing that suburban living will always have to hold multi-family complex, there would be an influx of new customers over urban living, it is the large volume of open space available and more frequent visits from existing ones for the area businesses. and the amount of parks and green spaces calling suburbia home. While the area’s big box retailers would also see some more volume While it is true that almost all downtown centers have some sort of in the traffic in their stores, the businesses that would see the green space or park area, most of the time they feel as if they have greatest impact from a community such as this one would be ones overcome the small amount of space that they were given. This is integrated into the community. These small businesses would be a contrary to the thinking outside the city’s center, which embraces the special part of this group of new tenants. The added functionality large amount of open space that is provided to it. Suburban parks that these smaller businesses bring to the community would be an and green spaces are typically much more expansive than their invaluable asset. They bring the stability of accessible goods and urban counterparts and have a much more “roaming” feel to them services to those on the grounds, while also bringing a face for the where one is able to walk or run for a long period of time without transit center along with them, as these businesses would be the having to converge with too many others using the space. At the bulk of who most visitors would be meeting with on a daily basis same time, suburban parks are still able to maintain that “meeting within the community. These small businesses would also keep the place” feel that urban parks have captured so well, by having specific flow of people within the community going slightly even in off-peak points in the spaces that are meant for more public gatherings or hours of travel, as local people would also want to visit these shops, meetings between associates/friends. which helps keep that downtown feel of vibrance and activity going for the tenants living and shopping there. Giving back to the community

Transit stations such as these not only provide access to great modes of transportation to and from the city for those living in suburban cities, they also can be used in reverse by those living downtown. Whether it’s a big box retailer that draws them at first, or meeting their friend/family member that lives adjacent or nearby the station, transit hubs are great ways to bring more friends, more potential neighbors, and for businesses, more customers. While the station is great for the suburban city it is built in, the amount of potential growth both economically and in population for the city is a huge asset. In the particular case of this project, there are also commuters taking the transit system coming and going from further north as well. These riders from Anoka, Big Lake, and soon to be from St. Cloud, are all also potential guests to the area. All of these riders have easy access to the city of Coon Rapids, just as much as they do to their final destination of (for the most part) the Twin Cities. It is a transit hub and residential center such as this project that could Figure 4.5 convince people to get off at a different stop and explore the city that values its public transportation and those that use it so highly.

52 53 Research Summary

This research was designed to systematically document the viability The biggest feature that will be a part of this project, next to the of the different aspects that this project seeks to bring together into one transit terminal, will be the on-site, multi-family, residential community. well-functioning community and transit system. First and most importantly This is where the research had a large focus, because of how important was the need to get more well acquainted with all that modern day mass it is that these two elements (the transit terminal and the housing) mesh transit has to offer the public. This was a crucial first step to help get in and work together to bring out the best in each other. Therefore, it was the mind of those that use the system every day, and to know what types important to research why it is people would look to live in a community of transit stations (such as those reviewed in the case studies above) that is directly adjacent to a transit station in a suburban sector. The are preferred by users and what kinds of functionalities are required for first reason is obvious, these tenants would be looking for direct access optimal use. It was also important to know, deep down, what makes to downtown for either personal or professional needs. This makes people investigate public transportation as an option for their daily work connecting these two built elements incredibly important both physically commute or for their trips downtown for entertainment or other various and thematically, especially designing for the harsh Minnesotan winters. purposes. This gives an insight into what can be improved upon for the station and the community living on-site as well, such as a clean design Then the research examined why people would not just live that is comfortable to spend time waiting for a train. downtown, compared to living in the suburbs and commuting to their final destination. One of the major factors for these tenants is economical, The progressing social advancement that our country, and the they don’t want to pay the ever-increasing rate to live downtown while world as a whole, has been moving through this past decade or two getting substantially less space and features in the apartment itself. towards a widely accepted and strived for green thinking society has Another reason is the environment that a suburb provides, with its huge done wonders for both the environment and the mass transit system as a amount of parks, open spaces, and even undeveloped land. These whole. Another reason public transportation has begun to change is the spaces are not only more abundant than in downtown centers, but also public looking for more from their commuting experience. Major changes larger than most, with a much different park setting than there would be in society that were meant to better socialize the populace has had a in an urban park. Where urban parks are much more meant on relaxing reverse effect where people now socialize less, and go out and meet new in place or small areas, suburban parks are all about getting out, moving people even less. For this reason, taking the train and/or bus to work or around, and enjoying the large amount of space that it holds, perfect for for trips downtown has begun to take hold in people’s minds, as it allows the increasingly mobile and active lifestyle that social trends and society them to expand their network of professional or personal relationships, all are moving towards. while not having to worry about the road or congestion on the way home. Lastly, the research looked into why a suburban city would want to The image of public transportation has been an issue in the past, but play host to such a community as well. Again, a big reason would be it is something that has been slowly coming around, and is an issue that economical. These types of more dense residential construction would this project seeks to rectify. One of the biggest misconceptions with a bring in more business for the city and its business entities, big and mass transit terminal that people have is that they are not a well-designed small. However, a station and community like this would do more than place to get around easily for a newcomer, and that they are not welcome draw in more money, it would draw in more people. People taking the and comfortable places to spend any time at. This project would see train through the city from another station, as well as those that have ever those misconceptions removed from people’s minds when they first see thought of mass transit as a viable alternative to their boring automobile or step into the modern facility design that will be a main focus of the commute, would be very excited to live in a city that values public design. This clean, modern look will enhance the many positive features transportation and those that would use it just as much as they do. This that public transportation has to offer. would be a great draw to the city in both population, and popularity.

54 55 Important to society

This thesis project sets out to improve the relations and image that many suburban citizens have of large-scale public transportation systems through the implementation of an up and coming community style that revolves around the accessibility that a transit system has to offer. A project such as this has large implications. It looks to set a trend in the acceptance, instead of alienation of transit centers in suburban areas that have seen them as something to put in the background instead of front and center. Once completed, this would begin a trend that would help make these cities functional for more than the family lifestyle seekers that currently dominate the area. It would allow for more diverse construction in suburban cities, and even more functional city centers that would become much more accessible to and from downtown. This could even allow for the more free flow of money from city to city as people are able to go from different business centers easily. The reason that this is not possible now, is that these transit centers are not near the sectors of the city that would make it even more profitable for the city and its businesses, such as the large and small scale commercial sectors or even up to the 3URMHFW-XVWL¿FDWLRQ more dense residential sectors.

Not only would this architecture help cities and businesses in the areas where they would be implemented, they would also improve quality of life for individuals looking for a more mobile and convenient lifestyle. The multi-family residential that would be on-site and immediately adjacent to the transit station creates a special kind of community that very few others can create organically. In very limited ways can other facilities create an instant bond that collective use of a shared transit station is able to create. Tenants would not only enjoy both the positive aspects of suburban livings; larger living quarters for a better value, as well as bigger and more abundant green or open spaces to enjoy, but are also able to enjoy all that downtown city centers have to offer; an active nightlife and enormous business and working opportunities. Being able to enjoy the positives of both lifestyles by only having to walk to the adjacent transit station presents amazing options to those seeking a community supportive of such a way of living. Most of the people that would take advantage of such a community would be like-minded individuals that would push the uses and revolutionary aspects of the community even further.

56 57 Important to the author

The importance of this project that I was able to make a connection with was the idea that I was helping better suburban lifestyle, as I had grown up in the town of Andover, MN. I have also always had a respect for all that mass transit brings to our communities and have also wondered why more of these types of adjacent-to-transit communities didn’t already exist in the state of Minnesota. The deeper meaning and connection to this project came during the site selection process. The only criteria that was initially used was that it had to have an existing station from a commuter rail network and that it be somewhere around the Twin Cities area in Minnesota. This, however, led me to a site that I was unaware existed only a few hundred feet from where I had been doing my shopping for the past decade. The station, at the moment, does not have much to it besides the actual station and parking, but it was the perfect way for me to contribute to my own hometown area.

Viable capstone demonstration Historical, Social and Cultural Context The scale of this project alone will be quite the undertaking to make it a applicable final project to demonstrate my knowledge and skills. But, more importantly, there is a range of complexities that will need solving in this project. One of the bigger issues will be space adjacencies, as a majority of the tenants of the multi-family residential complex are living there for the ease of access to the transit center, as well as the small- scale commercial that will be on-site as well. My designs will also be put to the test, as this will be a facility that is meant to bring people to it that have not thought about taking public transportation ever or for some time. It has to have a sort of draw to it that brings people out of their shells and help them change with the times of green technology and sustainable thinking that our society is now chasing. Lastly, creating a community feel in a multi-family living complex is something that will be essential to this project, and will be a force to sway many critical decisions in the design process to best create what is best for both the casual users of the transit system, as well as those that would live on-site and immediately adjacent to it. These many facets of the design process are what will make it a challenge to complete, and a greater reward when completed.

58 59 Historical Context

Moving out of the city History of mass transit

Once people moved to the suburbs over a century ago en masse Large-scale public transportation is a concept in human history from the city’s center, a need was created for something to bring this that is almost recognized from the beginning. From its earliest stages large population of suburban dwellers to their jobs, friends hanging out, or in civilization as ferry rides, to modern day light rail and bullet trains, other entertainment downtown. This trend of large-scale dispersion into mass transit has had a rich history and integral involvement in the daily the suburban areas emanating from downtown districts started for both lives of many individuals and cities. Historically, mass transit has been a economic and social reasons many years ago, and many of those reasons commodity in high demand and has also had a higher price tag to match. remain to this day. Historically, abundant, cheap land/space has been In recent history, however, around the time of the earlier subway systems the draw pulling many city-dwellers out into the suburbs. To this day, in the United States in major metropolitan centers, that trend began to that abundance and the idea of “getting more for ones money” remains change. These services provided to the public became much cheaper to the biggest factor in the movement trend. Another reason for this trend operate because of subpar standards of construction and maintenance, and was the type of lifestyle that a suburban lifestyle brings to a family, as brought about a lower standing of public transportation in the public’s eyes. compared to one found downtown. City centers and places of major urban This has given many people the now-false impression that mass transit development have become epicenters of business development and a hasn’t and will never change from the low brow, cheap transportation higher class lifestyle living in high-rise condos. On the contrary, suburban service that it had been so many years ago. living provides a great place for those looking to start a family, as there is a much family-friendly environment where there are more parks and space Nowadays, this service for the public has become an advanced for growth. network of buses, railways, and even ferries and trolleys that has evolved over time to best suit their needs. Due to rising concerns about the Over the years, this general movement away from downtown centers amount of carbon emissions that we have all been emitting and the brought a decline in the quality of living there. However, in recent years, general trend towards the acceptance of green technologies, the popularity urban living has become much more attractive because of rising amounts of these technologies has been increasing. People are finally getting over of amenities and a social trend returning towards the increase in value of their initial ignorance and trepidations surrounding this system, and they character and history in a place of residence. This increase in the quality are liking what they see. With the rise of large-scale public transportation of living in these areas has also been trailed by a large increase in the systems, specially bus and rail systems, the ability of cities to move cost of living. Many people that would prefer the active urban lifestyle people efficiently from place to place (even long distances) has drastically are priced out of the market, even with the smallest of places. This has increased through increased funding from state and national levels of forced some potential residents to move/stay outside of these expensive government. This increase in budget in recent history has been what cities areas in the cheaper suburban cities and commute to the city for work and have needed, and they are wasting no time in implementing their new the lifestyle that that kind of city provides. This is a major reason for this cash intake. This has opened the door to a small, modern revolution as project, and that is to provide access to all that a downtown center has to compared to recent years, because this has allowed the creation of many offer, while still maintaining the affordability that a smaller, suburban area more transit stations than there have been, and the funding to continue can offer to its citizens. This way, those living close to mass transit can this trend into the future. This has allowed many new users to begin still feel a very close connection to the lifestyle they’re looking for, but also utilizing the new network of public transportation, as it is now affordable get other positive aspects from living away from the city, such as larger and convenient for those further away from these downtown centers. It is and more abundant green spaces/parks. also allowing these stations to run more often as well, making it that much more efficient to take a ride, instead of waiting on the roads to clear up.

60 61 Social Context

Green thinking Target market: Young professionals

Green technology and the trend towards a more sustainable society The user-base that a project such as this depends on is that of the has been one of the greatest advancements in the history of public young professional that is just entering the job market. These are the transportation. Green thinking has started a movement towards a society people that are eager to make a good impression at work by being on-call that is ditching their car and all of the carbon emissions that it creates, and ready to help the office at a moment’s notice. They want the most for a more sustainable way to travel. This has led to a revolution in the direct access to their workplace that they can afford in order to best serve travel sector, where the positives again outweigh the negatives in favor of and move up the corporate ladder as quickly as possible. At the same mass transit. With the modern and clean designs that accompany most time, however, these are the people that have the least amount of income transit centers being built, and the amount of day-to-day congestion that (most likely) within their corporate structure, as they are just starting out has been building over the years during rush hour in almost all major at or have not been at their jobs for very long. Also, these potential metropolitan centers, citizens are finding more and more reasons to take clients are the ones that have little-to-no savings after college and are also the bus or train than ever before. saddled with student debt, making owning a single family home incredibly difficult. These are the perfect clientele for the on-site living facility being As the historical analysis mentioned, many people have moved from proposed here. the big city to close-by suburbs for economic and social reasons. But, with the advancement of sustainable thinking in the general population, Not only do these young professionals want to work hard and people are looking for ways to best eliminate their use of fossil fuels, impress on the job, but they want to play hard after work. The nightlife specially from their travel to and from work. This has sparked increases is very sought after for those in this target demographic, especially since in mass transit travel in recent years not just for economic reasons, but for some of their friends will be living in that area as well. This is even the social aspect as well. It is a positive thing in today’s culture to live a more reason why those in this market need direct access to everything green lifestyle, and taking public transportation is definitely seen positively. downtown, all of the time.

A mobile society One thing that urban life does have over suburban life is the amount of people that you meet in a day is greater there than it could be in an In today’s modern lifestyle, everything is constantly moving at a area of limited pedestrian traffic like the suburbs. This is what an active quicker and quicker pace. People today are ever-vigilant about their need multi-family living community such as this would be great for. With the for an “I need it now” society, and that especially has to do with how they amount of different and open amenities that a place like this would offer, travel. A century ago, one might have found all that they needed to do the chance for these individuals that are sometimes moving from a far- within an effective range of only a couple miles (because of horseback off city, to meet new people and socialize. Another great opportunity in travel restrictions), but nowadays the effective range that one might need such a community is the networking possibilities that exist with living with to travel on a day-to-day basis is over ten-fold of that. We travel much like-minded tenants who have many of the same wants and needs that a more than we have ever before, which is especially true for those living in specialized housing location like this project provides. Overall, this does the suburbs. Most people that live in suburban areas work at or around more than to help just a few individuals meet new people and expand their downtown centers, and travel that long distance every day. This has made social boundaries, it helps build and cement into each of their daily lives quick, reliable transportation such as those provided at a transit center the feeling that they are a part of a community. This feeling of inclusion such as this project, an invaluable piece to a community’s functionality. and all of the activity around the complex makes for a great place to grow as a person, and create lasting relationships with those around them.

62 63 Cultural Context

Coon Rapids, MN

The city of Coon Rapids is a rapidly developing suburb, and is home to one of the largest commercial sectors in the area, the Riverdale mall. This sector is located directly north of the site, and offers many promising prospects for potential development, as shopping through both big box retailers and smaller, family-owned businesses are easily accessible from the site. It is also ideally situated amongst a large population of potential mass transit riders, as it is far enough from the Twin Cities to warrant special travel accommodations for riders, especially because of the large amount of back-up that almost all major roadways experience during peak hours of travel (and even some non-peak hours). The city of Coon Rapids is no stranger to the perks of mass transit, but is still not fully embracing the technology of what it already has. The city has already dedicated a large space for the station and neighboring development to help fix the transportation problem that suburban areas like this one have. However, the city has been unable to find a solution that best fits the culture of the area and its citizens. These factors all make it the perfect case to bring the appreciation of public transportation full circle, and to create a special community to allow these citizens to realize how great this service is for them and their city, and how they might best utilize its services. Figure 4.7

Coon Rapids - Riverdale Station

The Coon Rapids - Riverdale station along the Northstar Commuter Rail, the site of this project, is ideally located for such a design, as it acts as the “gateway to the northern suburbs” (Northstar Corridor Development Authority). The rail station is at the edge of the outer suburban cities, leading along the lines to Anoka, Ramsey, Elk River, and Big Lake. Only one other station along the Northstar Commuter Rail line has attempted to integrate it into the city’s design, but (as noted in the previous case study of The COR) because of poor insight and unfortunate timing around a financial crisis, has done quite poorly overall. This site and this station of the railway line has been set up perfectly to lead the movement towards an even greener suburban lifestyle and to set the trend on the best way to manage these complex public transportation systems by best integrating them into the city’s inner workings.

Figure 4.6 64 65 Qualitative Aspects The Northstar Rail, Coon Rapids - Riverdale Station has a very unassuming site at the moment, as only about one-thrid of the site is currently in use. The fraction in use by the station and its users is mostly comprised of a large parking lot needed to house the cars for the day, as their owners transit to and from the Twin Cities for the day. This section also contains the small cross-over structure for users to cross the tracks. This small structure is modern in appearance and is also accompanied by other, smaller structures for standing in while waiting for the train or bus.

Running along the southwest edge of the property (one of the sides of the right triangle-shaped property lines) are the railroad tracks that define one border of the property, along with the large numbers of trees in a row behind the tracks and on the residential side of the rail lines. To the north is a line of the backs of big box retailers, and to the east is the street needed to access the property, Northdale Boulevard, and the large residential area on the other side of the road from the property. The commercial to the north is made up of entirely stone buildings of brown or tan color schemes. Also, the homes to the east are in traditional suburban Site Analysis neighborhoods with the typical construction of that type as well. The site itself, other than the one-third used by the station and its parking, is covered in a field of short, stubble grass, and a slightly more luscious and thicker grass around the north and east borders of the site. The ground is a bit rough, as it is not cared for at the moment, and is mostly only used by dogs and their owners to play in. The triangle shape and the flow of the train tracks do give the site some very interesting angles and views. The site is has huge potential to have a flowing, active feel to it, something highly desirable for the project type, because of this interesting site shape not being the standard square shape. The main views currently are south to the rail lines and the tree line behind it, which is also a great angle, because it is the furthest from the commercial backing to the north that is something that will have truck activity during the day and nothing to look at throughout the day.

Being an open site in a suburban area means that there is an abundance of light falling onto the site. The only source of real shade and shadow comes from the tree line separating the south residential from the rail lines, the station crossover structure, and the various trees planted

66 67 Quantitative Aspects

in and around the parking lot and station area. These trees scattered Figure 4.8 Soil on the site is composed around the parking lot are the only major forms of vegetation that inhabit of Hubbard coarse sand, which the site, as this is mostly a grassy field. There is a small cluster of trees is a very clean sand and has in the south-eastern area of the site, but are small, young trees. The only a very organic topsoil. This area that has sustained any sort of other growth is the small depression in soil type is a well-graded, well the northwest corner. In this area there is a small amount of shrubbery, drained sand with little to no a few wild flowers scattered about, and small taller grass that makes it fines, formed in sandy glacial difficult to navigate in the depression. The sunken area is only about five outwash of the Late Wisconsin feet below the rest of the site, and it is clear that it is the only place that Glaciation. Constructability using water really collects on the site, because of this growth of other plant- this soil is excellent with regards life. The water does not stay long, as it is quickly absorbed into the soil. to compactibility, permeability, and Amongst the site as a whole, the ground maintains a more brown color, shear strength. Since the soil is as the grass is spread out and not as dense as would be desired if the of such good quality for foundation site were inhabited. The borders of the site have a ridge or berm feature work, no excess soil will be required that is raised about 4 feet from the average site level, and acts as a great to supplement the strength of the divider from the commercial to the north and the road to the east. These ground, thus saving on cost. berms are much more dense in grass, which makes it much greener on and around these areas. The middle of the site does show some signs of The Water table fluctuates depending on the season but remains distress, as the grass and general landscape has been taken care of. The relatively constant, only fluctuating a few inches annually. As stated earlier, trees in the area, as well as the building elements of the area have been this type of soil drains quite well both on the surface and internally, because of well maintained, however, and are still serving their users well. its sandy qualities.

With the lack of structures or major vegetation growth on the site, Access to utilities would not be a concern for this project, as the site is there is no real alteration made to the wind’s path or velocity on a micro within a commercially and residentially developed area. Electricity is already level. The time of year does, however, affect the direction that the wind on-site for the pre-existing parking lot and other small-scale transit station comes from. As seen below with wind roses, winter winds come from features such as the ticketing machines and loudspeakers. Like most new the north-eastern direction, drawing form the cold Canadian air, while the construction, sewer, gas, and water would need to be brought on-site, but as summer draws from the southeast, pulling in warmer air. stated earlier, are easily accessible. Even though there is already electricity on site for the current site, there would need to be improvements to the site’s As stated earlier, the only real activity on the field part of the site system and an increase in amount and voltage requirements for the new build. are dog walkers, people playing with their dogs as a park, and people from nearby neighborhoods taking a walk. However, the station and parking lot The main vehicular traffic that this site will be concerned about is what are very active during the week, and have minor activity throughout the will be happening on-site, as the train traffic will be running on the south end weekend. Users park their car, either wait on the near side of the station of the site, and busses will be running in and around the transit station. There to be taken to Ramsey or further north, or cross the rails to travel to the is also a road to the east of the site, Northdale Boulevard, that has an average Twin Cities. Most users arrive only minutes before the train arrives, but amount of vehicular traffic. This road is also the only access to the site via a few do show up a while before their designated time and spend time automobile, so the traffic could potentially increase as more tenants would be reading or relaxing while they wait. living in the area, as well as the potential increase in mass transit use.

68 69 Pedestrian traffic around the site is quite minimal. Most people that do venture onto the site drive there in order to use the transit system. There are, however, a few visitors every once and a while that use the wide open space that the field portion of the site provides to use as a makeshift dog park to let their dogs run around. On multiple site visits, this was the only real user of the field besides those just passing through it. The transit station, did get a few people that would walk to take the train, and would sit outside and read a book or talk with other riders while waiting for their train. This could be attributed to the fact that this portion of the site is the most developed and therefore is easier to enjoy using the space.

Figure 4.10 Site Aerial View and Boundaries

The site’s character at the moment has a modern feel with the steel and glass structure being used by the transit station at the moment. However, beyond that scope, the site has a very empty feeling currently, as the rest is a large parking lot and an empty field that has not been maintained over the years. It is, however, at least quieter than one would think a transit station would be, with the train and busses only coming once and a while, and the traffic from the nearby street not being too busy.

Figure 4.9 As can be seen above, the site does not have Contour Map Legend much slope to it, besides the small depression to the northwest (shallower than 10’ so not : Major Roads : Minor Roads visible here) and the small berms on the north : Contour Lines Massing Around Site Figure 4.11 and east (also smaller than 10’). : Site Property Lines 70 71 This graph below illustrates the average percent humidity changes The temperature in Coon Rapids, MN fluctuates quite drastically throughout throughout the year in Coon Rapids. As is seen, the summer months tend to the year, from an average of 70.5 degrees to a low of 11.4. This is further have a higher humidity, and the winters having a lower percentage, making for accentuated by the fact that winters in the area have much lower wind chills than a dry winter standard for the city. are measured by temperature, and make them feel much colder. Figure 4.12 Figure 4.14

Figure 4.15 Figure 4.13

The time of year that snow starts to fall instead of rain is different every year by a large margin, and even stays longer or shorter depending on the Clear days are considered days that had 30% or fewer cloud cover, year. As evidenced by the chart above, there is a large amount of snowfall partly cloudy up to 70%, and anything above being considered a cloudy day. each year (on average) compared to the amount of rain, and a lot of the time As evidenced above, summer days tend to be much clearer, while winter comes down in large bursts instead of in low amounts steadily throughout. months have a higher than average amount of cloud cover. 72 73 Figure 4.16 Figure 4.17 Sun Path Diagram

Yearly Wind Rose

March Wind Rose June Wind Rose

September Wind Rose December Wind Rose

Figure 4.22 Figure 4.20

Site Photo Grid 12345

Figure 4.18 Figure 4.19 67 8910

Figure 4.21

11 12 13 14 15 With prevailing summer winds from the southeast and prevailing winter winds from the west- 16 17 18 19 northwest, the average wind speed in Coon Rapids is 7.3 mph. There percent of calm (no wind) is 19.2%. 20 21 22

23 24 Figure 4.23

74 75 Figure 4.24 Figure 4.25

Node 5 - Facing North Node 5 - Facing East

Building Program

Figure 4.26 Figure 4.27

Node 5 - Facing South Node 5 - Facing West

Figure 4.28 Figure 4.29

Node 20 - Facing North Near Node 24 - Facing Northwest

76 77 Space Allocation Adjacency Matrix

Residential Public Lobby 1,000 s.f. Mail 100 s.f. Administrative Offices 1,500 s.f. Transit- Open Entrance Daycare Service 1,625 s.f. Ticketing Essential Pet Daycare Service 1,625 s.f. Commercial Platform Desireable Fitness Center 2,000 s.f. Bus Stop Unnecessary Club Rooms 1,000 s.f. Storage Outdoor Courtyard 26,000 s.f. Residential- Lobby Circulation and Mechanical 45,000 s.f. Mail Private Offices Studio Apartments Fitness Center @ 650 s.f. each 13,000 s.f. Club Room One Bedroom Apartments Outdoor Courtyard @ 850 s.f. each 93,500 s.f. Apt. Entry/Living Room Two Bedroom Apartments Dining Room @ 1,150 s.f. each 80,500 s.f. Kitchen Total: 266,850 s.f. Bathroom Bedroom Transit Station Storage Public Outdoor- Parking Structure Quiet/Open Space 7,500 s.f. Plaza Restaurant/Dining 4,000 s.f. Bike Storage Private Dog Park Bathrooms 350 s.f. Park/Open Space Mechanical 500 s.f. Mail Plaza Offices

Total: 12,350 s.f. Kitchen Storage Storage Platform Ticketing Bedroom Bus Stop Bathroom Dog Park

Shared Outdoor Space Club Room Commercial Bike Storage Parking Structure 200,000 s.f. Dining Room Fitness Center Outdoor Plaza 22,000 s.f. Open Entrance Outdoor Courtyard Park/Open Space Bike Storage 100 s.f. Residential- Lobby Transit- Dog Park 20,000 s.f. Apt. Entry/Living Room

Park/Open Space Remainder of site Outdoor- Parking Structure Total: 242,100 s.f. Figure 4.30

Overall Total: 521,300 s.f. 78 79 Peak Usage Interaction Net

Dog Park

Residential Park/Open Space Public Lobby Moderate use throughout Plaza Mail Low use throughout Administrative Offices 8 a.m.-5 p.m. Daycare Service 8 a.m.-5 p.m. Outdoor Courtyard Pet Daycare Service 8 a.m.-5 p.m. Fitness Center 6 a.m.-8 a.m., 6 p.m.-10 p.m.

Club Room 6 p.m.-12 p.m. Storage Club Room

Outdoor Courtyard 6 p.m.-12 p.m. Ticketing Bus Stop Circulation and Mechanical Moderate use throughout Fitness Center Private Studio Apartments 6 p.m.-8 a.m., all day weekends Offices One Bedroom Apartments 6 p.m.-8 a.m., all day weekends Two Bedroom Apartments 6 p.m.-8 a.m., all day weekends Platform Mail Transit Station Residential- Lobby Public

Ticketing Area 7 a.m.-9 a.m., 5 p.m.-7 p.m. Transit- Open Entrance Lobby Apt. Entry/Living Room Quiet/Open Space 7 a.m.-9 a.m., 5 p.m.-7 p.m.

Commercial 7 a.m.-9 a.m., 5 p.m.-10 p.m. Outdoor- Parking Structure and Bike Storage Private Storage Low use throughout Mechanical Low use throughout Shared Outdoor Space Commercial Parking Structure 7 a.m.-9 a.m., 5 p.m.-7 p.m. Kitchen

Outdoor Plaza 7 a.m.-9 a.m., 5 p.m.-10 p.m. Dining Room Bathroom

Bike Storage 7 a.m.-9 a.m., 5 p.m.-7 p.m. Bedroom Storage Dog Park 5 p.m.-7 p.m. Park/Open Space 7 a.m.-9 a.m., 5 p.m.-7 p.m.

Figure 4.31 80 81 Figure 5.1

Design Process

82 83 Apartment Design Iterations Figure 5.6

Figure 5.2

Site Analysis Sketch Figure 5.3

Figure 5.7 Courtyard Design Sketches Figure 5.8

Beginning Site Design Sketch

Final Site Design Sketch Figure 5.9 Parking Structure Design Sketch Figure 5.11 Figure 5.4 First Site Design Sketch

Figure 5.5 Transit Center Iterations 84 85 Figure 5.10 Transit Center Roof Design Performance Analysis Response to the site: One of the greatest attributes that this site has to offer was the vast amount of space that it provides. This space was harnessed by preserving the unique open/field quality that suburban parks tend to offer, while also bringing a more human-scale environment with the urban park and walkways between the three structures. A major point of this project was to connect with potential users of the transit center, and to help garner attention for the on-site residential community. A connection was provided for the nearby neighborhood of single-family homes to better connect people to both the site and all of the amenities that it has to offer. The duality of the site (both suburban and urban functionality) that it has to offer helps to provide a bridge between the downtown epicenter that the train is connected to, while also bringing even more functionality to the site as residents and users have access to all varieties of open green space and parks.

Response to the typological research and program: Through research, it was determined that this thesis was economically feasible when regarding case studies such as the massive suburban sprawl that has been occurring around Dallas, Texas utilizing the D.A.R.T system. The Design Solution major success of that transit system is apparent both in its utilization numbers by the public and the vast amount of economic and building development centered around areas that house transit hubs very similar to the one designed Typology: Transit Center and On-Site Residential Community in this thesis. Another important aspect of research was determining what Size: Apartments - 266,850 ft2 and Transit Center - 12,350 ft2 types of apartment units and amentities would this thesis be compared to if potential tenants were also researching units downtown. Through this study, it was determined that the units needed to have high-end finishes in order to compete with their downtown counterparts, while also providing larger open- concept designs that would lend itself better to entertaining and living in general. Also required to put this building on top was a vast assortment of amenities that no downtown complex would ever be able to provide, especially on the scale that the indoor courtyard, pools, and vast amounts of outdoor green space that this site has offer for tenants. Finally, the transit center was a major focus of this thesis, as it was really what the ultimate draw for tenants was to live there. The transit center is open enough to accommodate any activity users of the system would need while waiting for their train or bus. The station also offers things that both tenants and park & ride users would need inside, connectivity to downtown at a convenient location (close to large commercial shopping center and larger neighborhoods of residential) while also providing food and drink for riders before and after their rides, and the space to enjoy it. 86 87 Response to goals and project emphasis: Installation A large goal of the site was to have a very interconnected community of tenants living on-site with this transit center. A major way that this was accomplished was the use of a very large inner courtyard space that provides a multitude of amenities (as well as a fair number of indoor ones as well) to get users to venture out of their units and visit with each other. With the base connection of all living next door to this transit center and most of the tenants taking advantage of that system would provide a groundwork for them to start a dialogue, as they all have similar experiences sharing this public system. Another large emphasis with this project was that the transit center would be fully functional for both visitors and tenants next door to it. This was accomplished by creating a very large, open space that had a more urban feel with very clean lines to encourage use of the station, and was away the notion that public transportation was in any way dark and/or dirty, a notion that is finally begin to fade away from the public mind set. The large, open, and multi- functional spaces are not just a feature for the interiors of this project, but the exterior spaces as well. The outdoor plaza and water feature connected to the transit center is just another space that provides more versatile space for people to enjoy their wait at the station and to encourage other public uses as well to bring about more visitors to the site and visibility of this open and modern transit center. Materiality was another important feature of this thesis, as this is what is the most basic and deep connection to a downtown environment that a suburban building can bring. A coarse limestone pattern was chosen to match the stone materiality that best exemplifies downtown environments, as well as to use the stone native to Minnesota and many of its downtown Minneapolis and St. Paul buildings. The large wood framing and columns used in the transit center are another call to the downtown building style, as these building typically bring these two materials together. The wood also helps to create a much more hospitable space in such a large space, while adding intrigue to the space at the same to bring even more visual interest in the space. The site was a key element of this thesis project, as a large site was selected, and the fact that it was what would best connect the built elements together. The site provides a dual functionality to visitors, as it has two very distinct zones at either end. Near the transit station is a much more human scale site plan, with pathways lined with trees and urban lamp posts, with some more intimate spaces for picnics or smaller-scale outdoor activities. In contrast, the site to the North is a much more suburban park with winding paths, clusters of trees scattered about, lake and stream features throughout, and a dog park to accommodate for those users that were previously using the site as it is now (an empty field), for play with their dogs. These features gives visitors and tenants the best of both worlds, and provides yet another feature that downtown units would never be Figure 5.12 able to give their tenants. 88 89 Final Boards

This thesis examines how architecture can make mass transit Current Link Station/ Proposed St. Cloud Station more accessible and desirable to the public, while also taking the Current Northstar Line Proposed considerations of the public to mould the design into a more Phase 2 - Proposed St. Cloud Line Becker Station improved form and function. Specifically, it examines how Current Stations Proposed Stations creating downtown areas accessible through public Location of Thesis Big Lake Station transportation and creating an on-site living population would Elk River Station ƙΎƦƝƯΎƯƙƱΎƬƧΎƛƧƦƦƝƛƬΎƬƧΎƬƪƙƮƝƤ enhance the lives of those that would be using the system. Ramsey Station A key focus was to create a community of these on-site mass Anoka Station ƦȽɀɂȶɁɂȯɀΎƛȽȻȻɃɂȳɀΎƪȯȷȺΎƛȽȻȻɃȼȷɂɇ transit commuters that has ways of connecting amongst each Coon Rapids - other, while also connecting with the urban and suburban Riverdale Station communities it connects to. This transportation hub and multi-family living complex in the suburbs also looks to enhance ƛȽȽȼΎƪȯȾȷȲɁ˴ΎƥƦ the image of public transportation to that of an advanced Fridley Station transportation system that is both safe and reliable for the public.

Target Field Station Northstar Commuter Rail Route

90 Figure 5.13 91 Riverdale Commercial Development To Big Lake/St. Cloud

Suburban Park

Relaxing Lake Space

Large Dog Park

Small Dog Park

Large, Open Neighborhood Activity Space Development A defining factor of the site is its distinct areas utilizing Parking Structure the positives of both the Urban Plaza Space tighter knit urban and the free-flowing and open Platform Crossover Structure suburban lifestyles. This merging of spaces is what Pedestrian Access brings about cohesion To Neighborhood between the separate stations downtown and the one here in the suburbs. It is Transit Center also a major factor that Neighborhood Development Multi-Family Units would draw users to live Urban Park on-site, being able to draw the best from both separate Future Commercial lifestyles. N Development Site Plan To Twin Cities Urban Skywalk and Parking Garage

Active Urban Sidewalk Between Apartments and Transit Center

Sealant Backer Rod Weld Plate Cast into Beam Prestressed Tendons Stirrups

Double Tees

Bearing Pads on Corbels East Parking Garage Elevation

Reinforcing for Concrete Column

N Parking Garage Floor Plan Scale: 3/8” = 10’-0” Pretopped Tee- Haunch Bearing Detail Scale: 5/8” = 1’-0”

92 Figure 5.14 93 North Transit Center Elevation

Relaxing Urban Transit Center Plaza Open Concept Transit Center

Energy Efficient Roof Overhang

Parking Structure and Apartment from Suburban Park Transit Center Transverse Section Perspective

94 Figure 5.15 95 2 4

6

1 8 1 Urban Plaza 2 Large, Open Seating 2 6 3 Mechanical Room 4 Coffee Shop 5 Deli Shop 3 5 6 Restaurant Seating 9 7 Crossover Platform 8 Bus Pick-up/Drop-off 9 Ticket Kiosk

7

7

N Transit Center Floor Plan Scale: 1/2 = 10’-0”

Transit Center Skywalk to Platform

The most important feature of the transit center was that it needed to be functional for many different types of users. Those that would be using the site as a park-and-ride service, or those living on-site both need to be catered to. The space is open in both height and floor space to accommodate wide ranging uses for those that would get to the station early and need to sprawl out somewhere. There is also a lower and more confined space with the coffee shop and deli seating areas that lends itself to singular work and eating. There are even multiple outdoor spaces for users to visit that are both large and public or small and more secluded. Transit Center Structure Diagrams

Supply Ductwork Return Ductwork Plumbing Lines

Transit Center Longitudinal Section Perspective Transit Center HVAC and Plumbing Diagram

Figure 5.16 96 97 Light Gauge Steel Decking

PackagedPackaged TTerminalerminal Radiant Floor Steel K Joist - Angle Web Air CoConditionernditioner UUnitsnits Heating In Units Hollow Structural Section

Structural Steel Column 4 Gypsum Wall Board 8 Apartment Fifth Floor Plan Metal Channel Studs Thermal Insulation

5 Exterior Gypsum Sheathing

Water Resistant Barrier 6 Metal Lath Type S Mortar Scratch Coat Type S Mortar Setting Bed 1 Limestone Veneer 7 8 Stone Veneer on Metal Studs Detail

Supply Air Ducts 2 Return Air Ducts 1 Pet Daycare Apartmentp Fourth Floor Plan 2 Child Daycare 3 Owner Office Space 4 Fitness Room 5 Indoor Pool 6 Outdoor Pool and Patio 3 7 Outdoor Firepit 8 Outdoor Grills and Bars

N Apartment First Floor Plan with HVAC Scale: 3/8” = 10’-0”

Club Room

ApartmentA SSecondd FloorFl PlanPl Open 2-Story Unit Looking Over Park Basement Storage Units Mechanical Rooms

These modern apartment units define open living plans and are designed to Under Pool (no storage) attract young professionals looking to stay connected to their jobs downtown at a moment’s notice, and their friends and night life downtown as well. The courtyard and communal spaces are meant to foster a community environment amongst the tenants. The style of the apartments reflect the style of modern downtown living with the space and price only available from living in a suburban area, giving these professionals more financial freedom. All standard units are also equipped with PTAC units to give tenants better control over their climate, as well as radiant floor heating for the most energy ARCH 772 Design Thesis Ryan M. Quast efficient heating and cooling of the units Ganapathy Mahalingam Revit, SketchUp 0 10’ 30’ 60’ Modern Standard Unit Layout Apartment Basement Floor Plan

98 Figure 5.17 99 Active and Social Interior Courtyard Open Coffee Shop Design

Quiet Suburban Park, Lake and Path

North Apartment Elevation Interior Courtyard and Apartments Section

100 Figure 5.18 101 Reference List City of Raleigh. (2014, September 30). Union Station: Raleigh's Multi-Modal Transit Center. Retrieved from City of Raleigh: http://www.raleighnc.gov/home/content/PlanUrbanDesign/ Articles/UnionStation.html

Dallas Area Rapid Transit. (2014). About DART. Retrieved from DART: https://www.dart.org/about/aboutdart.asp

Flaherty & Collins Properties. (2014). Retrieved from The Residence at the COR: http://flco.com/company-properties/residenceatthecor/

Hagen, E. (2013, September 21). Ramsey luxury apartment building open for tenants. Retrieved from ABC Newspapers: http://abcnewspapers.com/2013/09/21/ramsey-luxury- apartment-building-open-tenants/

Hiawatha Flats. (2014). Floor Plans. Retrieved from Hiawatha Flats: http://www.hiawathaflats.com/FloorPlans

Light Rail Progress. (2000, April 18). Dallas Light Rail Sparks Development Boom. Retrieved from Light Rail Now!: http://www.lightrailnow.org/features/f_000003.htm

Light Rail Progress. (2000, August). Dallas: Light Rail Fuels Anti-Sprawl Urban Boom in Suburbs. Retrieved from Light Rail Now!: http://www.lightrailnow.org/news/n_dal004.htm

Thesis Appendix NCDA. (2010). Spotlight on Coon Rapids - Riverdale. Retrieved from Northstar Corridor: http://www.northstartrain.org/station_coonrapids.html

Northstar Corridor Development Authority. (2010). Spotlight on Cood Rapids - Riverdale. Retrieved from Northstar Corridor: http://www.northstartrain.org/station_coonrapids.html

Oaks Properties LLC. (2011). Floor Plans. Retrieved from Oaks Hiawatha Station: http://www.oaksproperties.com/Profile_Floor.asp?AID=17441&title=Floor

Station 38 Apartments. (2014). Floor Plans. Retrieved from Station 38 Apartments: http://www.station38apartments.com/FloorPlans

Suarez, L. (2008, July 22). What Should The Multi-modal Transportation Center Be Like? Retrieved from The Raleigh Connoisseur: http://dtraleigh.com/2008/07/what-should-the-multi- modal-transportation-center-be-like/

Suarez, L. (2010, April 26). Multimodal Station Will Be Raleigh Union Station, Report Summarized. Retrieved from The Raleigh Connoisseur: http://dtraleigh.com/2010/04/multimodal- station-will-be-raleigh-union-station-report-summarized/

The Metro Apartments. (2014). Floor Plans. Retrieved from The Metro Apartments: http://www.themetroapartments.com/FloorPlans

Doyle, P. (2013, December 17). Ridership grows but subsidies stay high on Northstar commuter line. Retrieved from Star Tribune: http://www.startribune.com/local/north/236136121.html 102 103 Previous Studio Experience 3HUVRQDO,GHQWL¿FDWLRQ

Picture:

Studio Year Professor Projects

Arch Design Studio I Fall 2011 Rhett Fiskness Tea House Boat House

Arch Design Studio II Spring 2012 Daryl Booker Dance Studio Birdhouse Dwelling

Arch Design Studio III Fall 2012 Steve Martens Mortuary Chapel YMCA Lodge Figure 5.19

Arch Design Studio IV Spring 2013 Milton Yergins Interpretive Center Permanent Address: Restaurant/School 1147 137th Lane NW Andover, MN 55304 Arch Design Studio V Fall 2013 Don Faulkner High Rise Telephone Number: (763)-354-4273 Arch Design Studio VI Spring 2014 Steve Martens Adaptive Re-Use Permanent E-mail Address: [email protected] Arch Design Studio VII Fall 2014 Ganapathy M. Research - App Hometown: Andover, Minnesota Arch Design Studio VIII Spring 2015 Ganapathy M. Thesis Design Inspirational Quote: “Always remember: your focus determines your reality” -Jedi Master Yoda

104 105