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George Orwell (1903 -1950) During Activation 6. Spitznagel JK. Antibiotic proteins of human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 1381­ HISTORY OF MEDICINE 1386. 7. Carlos TM. Harlan J. Membrane proteins involved in phagocyte adherence to endothelium. Immunol Rev 1990; 114: 5-28. 8. Borregard N, Heiple JM, Si mons ER, Clark RA. Subcellular localization of the b­ cytochrome component of the human neutrophil microbicidal oxidase. Translocation George Orwell (1903 -1950) during activation. J CeJ/ Bioi 1983; 97: 52-61. 9. Weiss SJ. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 365-376. 10. Butcher EC. Leukocyte-endothelial cell recognition: Three (or more) steps to - writer, socialist, eccentric specificity and diverSity. CeJ/1991; 67: 1033-1036. 11. Zimmerman GA. Prescott SM, Mclntyre T. Endothelial cell interactions with granulocytes: tethering and signaling molecules. Immunol Today 1992; 13: 93-100. and tuberculosis sufferer 12. Abo A, Boyhan A, West I, Thrasher AJ. Segal AW. Reconstitution of neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity in the cell-free system by four components: p67-phox, p47­ phox, p21racl, and cytochrome b ' J Bioi Chem 1992; 267: 16767-16770. 24s H.Dubovsky 13. Segal AW. West I. Wientjies F, Nugent JHA. Chavan AJ. Haley B, et al. Cytochrome b2<15 is a f1avocytochrome containing FAD and the NADPH-binding site of the microbicidal oxidase of phagocytes. Biochem J 1992; 284: 781-788. 14. Bauldry SA, Wykle RL. Bass DA. Phospholipase A..z activation in human neutrophils. J George Orwell, born Eric Blair in India in 1903, the third Bio/ Chem 1988; 263: 16787-16795. 15: Sadler KL, Badwey JA. Second messengers involved in superoxide production by generation of colonial service stock, joined the Indian neutrophils: function and metabolism. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1988; 2: 182­ 200. Imperial Police in Burma in 1922 after leaving school in 16. Fa-lIman M. GUllberg M. HeJlberg C. Andersson T. Complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis is associated with accumulation of phosphatidylcholine-derived England. Rejecting the racial and cultural barriers of diglyceride in human neutrophils. J Bioi Chem 1992; 267: 2656-2663. 17. Watson F. Robinson J, Edwards SW. Protein kinase C-dependent and -independent colonial rule he encountered there, he returned to England activation of the NADPH oxidase of human neutrophils. J Bioi Chem 1991; 266: to become a writer. He became allied to leftist '¥ld labour 7432-7439. 18. Ramos CL, Pou S, Britigan BE, Cohen MS, Rosen GM. Spin trapping evidence for causes and, based on personal participation, documented myeloperexidase-dependent hydroxyl radical formation by human neutrophils and monocytes. J Bio/ Chem 1992; 267: 8307-8312. the life and work of the underprivileged and w6r~ing 19. Steinbeck MJ. Khan AU. Karnovsky MJ. Intracellular singlet oxygen generation by phagocytosing neutrophils in response to particles coated with a chemical trap. J classes in England and Paris. He also fought w~th the Bioi Chem 1992; 267: 13425-13433. 20. Anderson R. Phacogyte-derived reactive oxidants as mediators of inflammation­ leftist alliance in the Spanish Civil War against Franco's associated tissue damage. S Atr J Sci 1991; 87: 594-596. 21. El-Hag A. Upsky PE, Bennett M, Clark RA. Immunomodulation by neutrophil army revolt against the Republican Government. Although myeloperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide: differential susceptibility of human a fine essayist and master of English prose, he is best Iymphocyte functions. J Immuno/1987; 139: 2406-2413. 22. Templeton AC. Acquired diseases. In: Fraumeni JF jun, ed. Persons at High Risk of known for Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, two Cancer: An Approach to Cancer Etiology and Control. New York Academic Press, 1975: 69-84. political satires on the Soviet system and totalitarianism 23. Weitzman SA. Weitberg AB, Clark EP, Stossel TP. Phagocytes as carcinogens: malignant transformation produced by human neutrophils. Science 1985; 227: 1231­ respectively. These brought him fame and financial 1233. 24. Jackson JH. Gajewski E, Schraufstatter IU, Hyslop PA, Fuciarelli AFt Cochrane CG, security shortly before his death of tuberculosis at the age Dizdaroglu M. Damage to the bases in DNA induced by stimulated human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 1644-1649. of 47, after a life of recurrent ill health and economic 25. Van Rensburg CEJ, Van Staden AM, Anderson R. Inactivation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase by hypochlorous acid. Free Radical Bioi Med 1991; 11; 285-291. hardship. 26. Rice WG, Weiss SJ. Regulation of proteolysis at the neutrophil substrate interface by secretory le.ukoprotease inhibitor. Science 1990; 249: 178-181. S Afr Med J 1995; 85: 1028-1030. 27. Desrochers PE, Mookhtiar K, Van Wart HE. Hasty KA. Weiss SJ. Proteolytic inactivation of Q,-proteinase inhibitor and Q,-antichymotrypsin by OXidatively activated human neutrophil metaJloproteinases. J 8iol Chem 1992; 267: 5005-5012. 28. Patel KO. Zimmerman GA, Prescott SM, McEver RP, Mclntyre TM. Oxygen radicals induce human endothelial cells to express GMP-140 and bind neutrophils. J CelJ BioI Orwell was born Eric Blair in India, where his father and 1991; 112: 749-759. grandfather were minor officials in the civil service. His 29. Palluy 0, Morliere L, Gris JC t Bonne C, Modat G. HYPoxialreoxygenation stimulates endothelium to promote neutrophil adhesion. Free Radical Bioi Med 1992; 13: 21­ family moved to England, where he attended a private 30. 30. Grimm RH jun, Neaton JD, Ludwig W. Prognostic importance of the white blood cell preparatory school at a reduced fee on account of his count for coronary cancer, and all-cause mortality. JAMA 1985; 254: 1932-1937. father's low pension. His brillia.nce won him a scholarship to 31. Phillips AN. Neaton JO. Cook DG t Grimm AH, Shaper AG. The leukocyte count and risk of lung cancer. Cancer 1992; 69: 680-684. Eton. On leaving school he joined the Indian Imperial Police, 32. De Labry La, Campion E:W, Glynn RJ, Vokonas PS. White blood cell count as a predictor of mortality: results over 18 years from the normative aging study. J Clin and served in Burma for 5 years until his resignation'in 1927. Epidemio/1990; 43: 153-157. He was motivated by the ambition to become a writer and 33. Frei G, England L, Ames BN. Ascorbate is an outstanding anti-oxidant in human blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 6377-6381. his abhorrence of colonialism, reflected in his breaking with 34. Burton GW, Ingold KU. Beta-carotene: an unusual type of lipid-soluble anti-oxidant. the past and his family's tradition of service to imperial Science 1984; 242: 569-573. 35. Anderson A, Theren AJ, Myer MS. Richards GA, Savage JE. Vitamin E is a potent Britain. Eric Blair then became George Orwell. He chose the inhibitor of superoxide generation by neutrophils activated with soluble, but not particulate stimuli of membrane-associated oxidative metabolism. J Nutr Immunol pseudonym Orwell in 1933 from a river in Suffolk where he 1992; 1: 43-63. was teaching at the time to supplement his writing income. 36. Kazura JW, Wenger JD, Salata RA, Budzynski AS, Goldsmith GH. Modulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte microbicidal activity and oxidative metabolism by George Orwell was gerierally used by new acquaintances, fibrinogen degradation products 0 and E. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1916-1924. 37. Shephard EG, Beer SM. Anderson A, Strachan AF, Nel AE, De Beer FC. Generation while he retained Eric Blair for legal purposes. Orwell of biologically active C-reactive protein peptides by a neutral protease on the supplemented a precarious existence as a writer by working membrane of phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated neutrophils. J Immuno/1989; 143: 2974-2981. in a bookshop. He experienced repeated attacks of pneumonia at this stage. After the death of his first wife in Accepted 15 Apr 1993. 1945 he brought up an adopted son with the help of his sister. During the war he worked for the BBC in the Talks Abbreviations. GM-CSF - granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating Department of the Indian Service. factor; TNF - tumour necrosis factor; G-CSF - granulocyte colony­ stimulating factor; IL - interleukin; PAF - platelet-activating factor; LTB, - leukotriene 8,; MPO - myeloperoxidase; CR - complement receptor; API- alpha-1-protease inhibitor; NADPH - nicotinamide-adenine­ dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form); FAD - flavine adenine dinucleotide; SOD - superoxide dismutase; ATP - adenosine 32 St Andrew Street, Bloemfontein triphosphate. H. Dubovsky, M.B. CH.B., OJ'H. 1028 Volume 85 No. 10 October 1995 SAMJ • I~ SAMJ ARTICLES Literary heritage Orwell was wounded in the throat during the 7 months from Orwell's best known work is Animal Farm (1945),' an December 1936 that he spent on the battlefront. Historians allegorical fable that attacks the Soviet system. It was consider his account a valuable reference work on the written in the wake of his experience as a member of the Spanish Civil War. International Brigade, which consisted of several factions Orwell considered his novels inferior. The first, Burmese and in 1937 supported the Spanish republic against the Days,' reflected his sensitivity to the barriers of race and army revolt led by General Franco. The latter was supported caste he observed while serving with the Burma police and by the fascist governments of Germany and Italy. Although his rejection of the imperial system. an ardent socialist, Orwell became disillusioned with Russia, which favoured the Spanish communist group of the leftist Tuberculosis alliance. The latter regarded the Marxist fighting group which Orwell's recurrent chest problems commenced at the age of Orwell had joined as too extreme in its socialism. Its 2 years when his mother records in her diary that he had members were arrested by the Spanish republican attacks of 'bronchitis' and was kept in bed for long periods. government and some died in prison. Orwell barely A friend relates· that when Orwell lived alone in cheap managed to escape to England.
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