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Histoire Et Usages Traditionnels Du Genre Crataegus……………………

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Histoire Et Usages Traditionnels Du Genre Crataegus…………………… N° d’ordre… الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية …N° d’ordre RÉPUBLIQUE ALGÉRIENNE DÉMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTÈRE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE DDEE DD OOCCTTOORRAATT UNIVERSITÉ DJILLALI LIABES DE SIDI BEL ABBES FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE Département des Sciences de l’Environnement TTHHEESSEE DDEE DDOOCCTTOORRAATT EENN SSCC IIEENNCCEESS Présentée par : Mme HAMDAOUI MOKHTARIA Spécialité : Sciences de l’environnement Option : noitoéérvode ée ediié éd éiiirovidoiB Valorisation biochimique et comportement germinatif de Crataegus monogyna Jacq. du mont de Tessala (Algérie occidentale) Soutenue le ……………… Devant l’honorable jury composé de : Président de jury : Mr LATRECHE ALI (Professeur, UDL SBA). Examinateur : Mr CHADLI RABAH (Professeur, Univ. Ibn Badis, Mostaganem). Examinateur : Mr MEKHALDI ABDELKADER (Professeur, Univ. Ibn Badis, Mostaganem). Examinateur : Mr BEKADA AHMED MOHAMED ALI (Professeur, centre universitaire de Tissemsilt). Directeur de thèse : Mr MEHDADI ZOHEIR (Professeur, UDL SBA). Année universitaire 2017 – 2018. Résumé Valorisation biochimique et comportement germinatif de Crataegus monogyna Jacq. du mont de Tessala (Algérie occidentale) Notre thèse a pour objectifs la valorisation biochimique de Crataegus monogyna Jacq. et l’étude du comportement germinatif de ses graines. Concernant la valorisation biochimique, il s’agit de : - tester le pouvoir antimicrobien des extraits aqueux, éthanoliques et méthanoliques des feuilles, fleurs et fruits de C. monogyna sur la croissance de trois souches bactériennes : Bacillus cereus (ATTC 10876), Echerichia coli (ATTC 25922) et Proteus mirabilis (ATTC 35659) et deux souches fongiques : Candida albicans (ATTC 10231) et Aspergillus brasiliensis (ATTC 16404) en utilisant la méthode de diffusion en milieu solide ; - évaluer l’activité antioxydante des extraits suscités en utilisant le test de DPPH et de caractériser quantitativement et qualitativement par chromatographie sur couche mince (CCM) les plysaccharides pariétaux (cellulose, hémicelluloses, pectines hautement méthylées et pectines faiblement méthylées) des feuilles et des fruits de C. monogyna. Par ailleurs, l’effet de quelques prétraitements physico-chimiques (stratification combinée chaude-froide et scarification par l’acide sulfurique (H2SO4 à 98%)) pour améliorer le pouvoir germinatif des graines de C. monogyna a été également élucidé. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’eau présente une capacité d’extraction des substances bioactives contenues dans les organes analysés supérieure par rapport aux solvants organiques (éthanol et méthanol). Candida albicans est sensible à tous les extraits préparés surtout l’extrait méthanolique où les molécules bioactives ayant un pouvoir inhibiteur sont mieux représentées dans les fruits et les fleurs, et moyennement dans les feuilles. Les extraits méthanolique, éthanolique et aqueux des fleurs ont engendré des zones d’inhibition importantes sur Proteus mirabilis. Escherichia coli est très sensible à l’extrait éthanolique des fruits et moyennement sensible à l’extrait méthanolique des trois organes. Aspergillus brasiliensis et Bacillus cereus résistent à tous les extraits, à l’exception de la concentration mère de l’extrait méthanolique des feuilles qui a inhibé la croissance de Bacillus cereus. Les extraits méthanoliques des feuilles, fruits et fleurs présentent une activité antioxydante importante vu leur efficacité à capter les radicaux libres, suivis par les extraits éthanoliques. Les extraits aqueux, par contre, manifestent une faible activité antioxydante. Les fleurs ont une activité antioxydante plus importante que celle des feuilles et des fruits. Les feuilles et les fruits de C. monogyna renferment des quantités très importantes en polysaccharides pariétaux (cellulose, hémicelluloses, pectines hautement et faiblement méthyles) avec une diversité monosaccharidique (glucose, galactose, arabinose et xylose). Les tests de germination ont fait ressortir que les graines de C. monogyna sont affectées d’une dormance complexe (inhibition tégumentaire associée à une dormance embryonnaire). Cette inaptitude à la germination a pu être levée par une scarification chimique par l’acide sulfurique à 98% suivie d’une stratification chaude-froide en enregistrant les meilleurs capacités de germination et coefficients de vélocité ainsi que les temps de latence les plus courts aux températures continues 20°C et 25°C. Mots clés : Crataegus monogyna Jacq., valorisation biochimique, polysaccharides pariétaux, activité antimicrobienne, activité antioxydante, graines, germination. ملخص التقييم البيوكيميائي والسلوك اﻹنتاشي ل .Crataegus monogyna Jacq لجبل تسالة )الجزائرالغربية( رسالتنا تهدف إلى التقييم البيوكيميائي ودراسة السلوك اﻹنتاشي لنبتة طبية ).Crataegus monogyna Jacq ) تنمو بجبل تسالة. التقييم البيوكيميائي يتضمن ما يليي :- اختبيار القيدرة المضيادة للميكروبيا للمستخلصيا المائيية ,اﻻيثانوليية و الميثانوليية لﻷوراق والثمار والزهور على تثبيط نمو ثﻻث سﻻﻻ بكتيرية :(Echerichia coli (ATTC25922 ,(Proteus mirabilis (ATTC 35659), Bacillus cereus (ATTC 10876 وسﻻلتين من الفطريا (Candida albicans (ATTC 10231 و(Aspergillus brasiliensis (ATTC 16404 باستخدام طريقة اﻻنتشار في الوسط الصلب )تقنية اﻷقراص الورقية(- تقييم النشاط المضاد لﻷكسدة للمستخلصا المحضرة سابقا مستعملين اختبار DPPH. دراسة الخصائص الكمية والنوعية لمتعدد السكريا للجدار الخلوي -الجدار السيليلوزي- )السليلوز ، اﻻيميسيليلوز، البكتينا قوية الجذور الميثيلية والبكتينا ضعيفة الجذور الميثيلية( لﻷوراق والثمارل.Crataegus monogyna Jacq بواسطة تقنية الكروماتوغرافيا على الطبقة الرقيقة )CCM(, وكذلك تأثير بعض المعالجا الفيزيوكيميائية )الحرارة- البرودة و حمض الكبري )H2SO4 بنسبة 98%(( لتحسين القدرة اﻻنتاشية للبذور. النتائج المتحصل عليها تبين ان الماء له قدرة مرتفعة ﻻستخﻻص المواد النشطة بيولوجيا الموجودة في اﻷعضاء الثﻻثة للنبتة مقارنة بالمذيبا العضوية )اﻻيثانول والميثانول(. Candida albicans حساسة لجميع المستخلصا خاصة المستخلصا الميثيلية, بحيث المواد النشطة بيولوجيا توجد بكمية مرتفعة في اﻷزهار و الثمار مقارنة باﻷوراق. المستخلصا المائية, اﻻيثيلية و الميثيلية حقق مناطق تثبيط هامة على Proteus mirabilis. Escherichia coli حساسة للمستخلصا اﻻيثيلية للثمار ومتوسطة الحساسية للمستخلصا الميثيلية لﻷعضاء الثﻻثة. Aspergillus brasiliensis وBacillus cereus قاوم جميع المستخلصا باستثناء التركيز اﻷم للمستخلص الميثيلي لﻷوراق الذي ثبط نمو Bacillus cereus. المستخلصا الميثيلية لﻷوراق , اﻷزهار و الثمار أظهر نشاطا مضادا لﻷكسدة جد هام، نظرا لفعاليتها في اﻻتحاد مع الجذور الحرة، تليها المستخلصا اﻻيثيلية. في ما يخص المستخلصا المائية أبد نشاطا مضاد لﻷكسدة منخفض. اﻷزهار لديها نشاط مضاد لﻷكسدة أكثر أهميه مقارنة باﻷوراق والثمار. تحتوي اﻷوراق والثمارعلى كميا هامة من اﻷلياف )السليلوز ، اﻻيميسيليلوز، البكتينا قوية الجذور الميثيلية والبكتينا ضعيفة الجذور الميثيلية ،( مع تنوع في السكريا اﻷحادية )الجلوكوز ، الجﻻكتوز ، اﻷرابينوزو الكزيلوز(. أظهر اختبارا السلوك اﻹنتاشي أن بذور Crataegus monogyna Jacq تعاني من حياة بطيئة معقدة ) حياة بطيئة للرشيم ) الجنين(, والغشاء الخارجي للبذرة سميك و صلب( ويمكن رفع هذا العجز في اﻹنبا بواسطة المعالجة الكيميائية بواسطة حمض الكبري )H2SO4 بنسبة 98%( تتبع بواسطة المعالجة بالحرارة والبرودة, حيث تم تسجيل أفضل قدرا اﻹنتاش ومعامل اللزوجة و أقصر وق لﻻنتاش في درجا الحرارة المستمرة C 02° وC 02°. الكلمات .Crataegus monogyna Jacq التقييم البيوكيميائي ، متعدد السكريات للجدار الخلوي، النشاط المضاد المفتاحية: للميكروبات، النشاط المضاد لﻷكسدة ،البذور، اﻻنتاش. Abstract Biochemical valorization and germinative comportment of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. of the mont of Tessala (western Algeria) Our thesis aims to the biochemical valorization of Crataegus monogyna Jacq., and the study of the germ behavior of its seeds. Concerning the biochemical valorization, these are : - test the antimicrobial power of the aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the leaves, flowers and fruits of C. monogyna on the growth of three bacterial strains: Bacillus cereus (ATTC 10876 ), Escherichia coli (ATTC 25922) and Proteus mirabilis (ATTC 35659) and two fungal strains: Candida albicans (ATTC 10231) and Aspergillus brasiliensis (ATTC 16404) using the solid medium diffusion method ; -to evaluate the antioxidant activity of extracts prepared previously using the DPPH test, and to characterize quantitatively and qualitatively by thin- layer chromatography (CCM) the wall plysaccharides (cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins (highly methylated and low methylated pectins) of the leaves and fruits of C. monogyna. In addition, the effect of some physico-chemical pretreatments (warm-cold stratification and scarification with sulfuric acid (H2SO4 at 98%) for improving the germinative power of seeds of C. monogyna was also elucidated. The results show that the water has the very high ability to extract bioactive substances from the analyzed organs than the organic solvents (ethanol and methanol). Candida albicans is sensitive to all extracts prepared especially the methanolic extract, where bioactive molecules with inhibitory power are better represented in fruits and flowers, than the leaves which contain a medium quantity of this molecules. The methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the flowers induced an important inhibition zones on Proteus mirabilis. Escherichia coli is highly sensitive to the ethanolic extract of the fruits and moderately sensitive to the methanolic extract of the three organs. Aspergillus brasiliensis and Bacillus cereus resisted to all extracts, with the exception of the mother concentration of the methanolic extract of the leaves, which inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus. Methanolic extracts of the leaves, fruits and flowers
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