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Black Pearls
Number 22 The Journal of the AMERICAN BOTANI CAL COUNCU.. and the HERB RESEARCH FOUNDATION Hawthorn -A Literature Review Special Report: Black Pearls - Prescription Drugs Masquerade as Chinese Herbal Arthritis Formula FROM THE EDITOR In This Issue his issue of HerbalGram offers some good news and some herbal combination for use in rheumatoid arthritis and related bad news. First the good news. Our Legal and Regulatory inflammatory conditions, this product has been tested repeatedly Tsection is devoted to a recent clarification by the Canadian and shown positive for the presence of unlabeled prescription drugs. Health Protection Branch (Canada's counterpart to our FDA)of its Herb Research Foundation President Rob McCaleb and I have willingness to grant "Traditional Medicine" status to many medici spent several months researching the latest resurgence in sales of nal herb products sold in Canada under the already existing approval this and related products. We have made every attempt to follow up process for over-the-counter remedies. This announcement has on many avenues to determine whether these products contain un been hailed as a positive step by almost everyone with whom we labeled drugs, and whether or not they are being marketed fraudu have talked, both in academia and in the herb industry. lently. Herb marketers and consumers alike should be concerned More good news is found in the literature review on Hawthorn. whenever prescription drugs are presented for sale as "natural" and Steven Foster has joined Christopher Hobbs in preparing a compre "herbal." You will find our report on page 4. hensive view of a plant with a long history of use as both food and In addition, we present the usual array of interesting blurbs, medicine. -
Resemblances and Disparities of Two Biotas Ziwei Zhang
Resemblances and Disparities of two Biotas A Comparison Study of Vascular Plant Biodiversity of two Locations in Uppsala and Beijing Ziwei Zhang Degree project in biology, Bachelor of science, 2013 Examensarbete i biologi 15 hp till kandidatexamen, 2013 Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning och Avd för växtekologi och evolution, Uppsala universitet Handledare: Håkan Rydin Abstract This paper focuses on the flora distribution and difference in biodiversities of two chosen locations in Uppsala and Beijing, through inventorial and analytic methods. The factors that may cause the difference were also discussed from theoretical perspectives. Inventories of vascular plant species were carried out in two locations of the two cities. The collected species data were then grouped into families as well as life forms; and were compared with each other as well as with the statistics from the entire species pool in the chosen city. Both resemblances and disparities were found. The statistical analyses with Minitab supported the hypotheses that the floral compositions of these two locations differ to a great extent. Various factors such as climate, grazing, human impacts, historical reasons, precipitation, humidity and evolution, can account for the disparities. 2 Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. -
Hawthorn) Suppresses High
ΝώϏϙϏϙϚώϋΙϘϋΙϛψϒϏϙώϋϊΟϋϘϙϏϕϔͨ Consumption of dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida (hawthorn) suppresses high cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats Ching-Yee Kwok1, Candy Ngai-Yan Wong1, Mabel Yin-Chun Yau1, Peter Hoi-Fu Yu 1,2, Alice Lai Shan Au3, Christina Chui-Wa Poon3, Sai-Wang Seto3, Tsz-Yan Lam3, Yiu-Wa Kwan3, Shun-Wan Chan1,2,* 1Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, PR China 2State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Shenzhen, PR China 3Institute of Vascular Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China *Author for correspondence: Dr. Shun-Wan Chan, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, PR China. Tel.: +852-34008718; Fax: +852-23649932; E-mail address: [email protected] Short title: Hypocholesterolemic effects of hawthorn 1 ABSTRACT: The hypocholesterolemic and atheroscleroprotective potentials of dietary consumption of hawthorn (dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida, Shan Zha) were investigated by monitoring plasma lipid profiles and aortic relaxation in Sprague-Dawley rats fed with either normal diet, high-cholesterol diet (HCD) or HCD supplemented with hawthorn powder (2%, w/w) (4 weeks). In HCD-fed rats, an increased plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol with a decreased HDL-cholesterol was observed, and consumption of hawthorn markedly suppressed the elevated total cholesterol and LDL-lipoprotein levels plus an increased HDL-cholesterol level. The blunted acetylcholine-induced, endothelium-dependent relaxation of isolated aortas of HCD-fed rats was improved by hawthorn. -
2986-2991, 2012 Issn 1995-0756
2986 Advances in Environmental Biology, 6(11): 2986-2991, 2012 ISSN 1995-0756 This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE A study of microsporogenesis and pollen morphology in Crataegus babakhanloui (Rosaceae) Rahmani Hamideh, Majd Ahmad, Arbabian Sedigheh, Sharfnia Fariba, Mehrabian Sedigheh Department of Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Rahmani Hamideh, Majd Ahmad, Arbabian Sedigheh, Sharfnia Fariba, Mehrabian Sedigheh; A study of microsporogenesis and pollen morphology in Crataegus babakhanloui (Rosaceae) ABSTRACT In this study, microsporogenesis and pollen morphology of Crataegus babakhanloui were studied. The flowers, in different developmental stages, were removed, fixed in Formalin -glacial acetic acid- alcohol (FAA), stored in 70% ethanol, embedded in paraffin and then sliced at 8-10 μm by rotary microtome. Staining was carried out by periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and contrasted with hematoxylin. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the mature pollen grains. The results indicated that anthers wall development followed the dicotyledonous type and were tetrasporangiate witch composed of epidermal layer, endothecium layer, two rows of middle layers and then tapetum layer. Tapetum was dimorphic in early and late process. Microspore tetrads are tetrahedral and Pollen grains are shed at bicellular stage. Pollen grains are tricolporate, medium size and prolate. Exine sculpturing is striate with perforations on grain surface. Key words: Crataegus babakhanloui, Microsporogenesis, Pollen grain. Introduction in diameter, almost spherical, purplish-black and dusty with 3-4 stones. Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) ornamentally and Hawthorns provide food and shelter for many medically has a big name in science history. The species of birds and mammals, and the flowers are genus Crataegus belongs to the subfamily Maloideae important for many nectar-feeding insects [3,17]. -
Plant Species and Communities in Poyang Lake, the Largest Freshwater Lake in China
Collectanea Botanica 34: e004 enero-diciembre 2015 ISSN-L: 0010-0730 http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2015.v34.004 Plant species and communities in Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China H.-F. WANG (王华锋)1, M.-X. REN (任明迅)2, J. LÓPEZ-PUJOL3, C. ROSS FRIEDMAN4, L. H. FRASER4 & G.-X. HUANG (黄国鲜)1 1 Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Agriculture, Hainan University, CN-570228 Haikou, China 2 College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Hainan University, CN-570228 Haikou, China 3 Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), pg. del Migdia s/n, ES-08038 Barcelona, Spain 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, 900 McGill Road, CA-V2C 0C8 Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada Author for correspondence: H.-F. Wang ([email protected]) Editor: J. J. Aldasoro Received 13 July 2012; accepted 29 December 2014 Abstract PLANT SPECIES AND COMMUNITIES IN POYANG LAKE, THE LARGEST FRESHWATER LAKE IN CHINA.— Studying plant species richness and composition of a wetland is essential when estimating its ecological importance and ecosystem services, especially if a particular wetland is subjected to human disturbances. Poyang Lake, located in the middle reaches of Yangtze River (central China), constitutes the largest freshwater lake of the country. It harbours high biodiversity and provides important habitat for local wildlife. A dam that will maintain the water capacity in Poyang Lake is currently being planned. However, the local biodiversity and the likely effects of this dam on the biodiversity (especially on the endemic and rare plants) have not been thoroughly examined. -
The Genus Crataegus: Chemical and Pharmacological Perspectives Dinesh Kumar Et Al
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy The genus Crataegus: chemical and 22(5): 1187-1200, Sep./Oct. 2012 pharmacological perspectives Dinesh Kumar,*,1 Vikrant Arya,2 Zulfi qar Ali Bhat,1 Nisar Ahmad Khan,1 Deo Nandan Prasad3 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, India, 2ASBASJSM College of Pharmacy, Bela Ropar, Punjab, India, Review 3Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Naya-Nangal, Punjab, India. Abstract: Traditional drugs have become a subject of world importance, with both Received 9 Sep 2011 medicinal and economical implications. A regular and widespread use of herbs Accepted 9 Apr 2012 throughout the world has increased serious concerns over their quality, safety and Available online 16 Aug 2012 efficacy. Thus, a proper scientific evidence or assessment has become the criteria for acceptance of traditional health claims. Plants of the genus Crataegus, Rosaceae, are widely distributed and have long been used in folk medicine for the treatment of Keywords: various ailments such as heart (cardiovascular disorders), central nervous system, Crataegus immune system, eyes, reproductive system, liver, kidney etc. It also exhibits wide flavonoids hawthorn range of cytotoxic, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV and antimicrobial maloideae/Rosaceae activities. Phytochemicals like oligomeric procyanidins, flavonoids, triterpenes, thorny bush polysaccharides, catecholamines have been identified in the genus and many of these have been evaluated for biological activities. This review presents comprehensive information on the chemistry and pharmacology of the genus together with the traditional uses of many of its plants. In addition, this review discusses the clinical ISSN 0102-695X trials and regulatory status of various Crataegus plants along with the scope for http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102- future research in this aspect. -
Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA
Identification of enzyme genes for triterpenoid Title biosynthesis and their transcriptional regulation in Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Platycodon grandiflorus Author(s) 田村, 啓太 Citation Issue Date Text Version ETD URL https://doi.org/10.18910/69531 DOI 10.18910/69531 rights Note Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/ Osaka University Doctoral Dissertation Identification of enzyme genes for triterpenoid biosynthesis and their transcriptional regulation in Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Platycodon grandiflorus Keita Tamura December 2017 Cell Technology Laboratory Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Thesis committee Professor Toshiya Muranaka, Ph.D. Cell Technology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Professor Kazuhito Fujiyama, Ph.D. Applied Microbiology Laboratory, International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University Professor Hajime Watanabe, Ph.D. Bio-environmental Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Table of contents List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... v Chapter 1 General introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1-1. Medicinal plants and specialized metabolites .......................................................................... -
Conservation Strategy for Protecting Crataegus X Sinaica Against Climate Change and Anthropologic Activities in South Sinai Mountains, Egypt
CATRINA (2019), 18 (1): 1-6 © 2019 BY THE EGYPTIAN SOCIETY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Conservation Strategy for protecting Crataegus x sinaica against climate change and anthropologic activities in South Sinai Mountains, Egypt 1 1 1 2 Abdelraouf A. Moustafa *, Mohamed S. Zaghloul , Samira R. Mansour and Modhi Alotaibi 1 Botany department, Faculty of science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt 2 Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nora bent Abdul-Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT The genus name Crataegus, is derivative from a Greek word kratos meaning hardness of wood. Crataegus relates to family Rosaceae; it contains about 280 species of deciduous spiny shrubs and small trees where most of these species are grown as ornamentals and hedging plants, they are broadly distributed in Northern temperate zones of Asia, Europe and America. In Egypt, it is confined to mountainous South Sinai; it grows on the high elevated wadis in Saint Catherine area. Many Crataegus species have been traditional used in folk medicine since ancient time for the cure of heart problems such as hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, and congestive heart failure. Researches of Crataegus species usually concentrate on the identification and quantification of flavonoids and anthocyanin, which have been shown to have pharmacological activity. But there is a continuous reduction in habitat quality for this species through time. This reduction observed in Crataegus sinica is likely caused by climate changes in the past few decades and human activities (over cutting for fuel and food, unmanaged collection for scientific researches, uncontrolled tourism and establish of bedouin settlements). We aim to highlights these challenge threatening Crataegus population and suggest conservation plans to protect this species from extinction and finally make further studies about this important threatened species. -
Diversity and Evolution of Rosids
Diversity and Evolution of Rosids . roses, currants, peonies . Eudicots • continue survey through the eudicots or tricolpates • vast majority of eudicots are Rosids (polypetalous) and Asterids core (sympetalous) eudicots rosid asterid Eudicots • unlike Asterids, Rosids (in orange) now represent a diverse set of families *Saxifragales • before examining the large Rosid group, look at a small but important order of flowering plants - Saxifragales Paeonia Sedum *Saxifragales • small group of 16 families and about 2500 species sister to Rosids • ancient lineage from 120 mya and underwent rapid radiation Paeonia Sedum *Saxifragales • part of this ancient radiation may involve this small family of holo-parasites - Cynomoriaceae *Saxifragales • they generally can be identified by their two or more separate or semi-fused carpels, but otherwise quite variable Paeonia Sedum Paeoniaceae 1 genus / 33 species • like many of these families, Paeonia exhibits an Arcto-Tertiary distribution Paeoniaceae 1 genus / 33 species • small shrubs with primitive features of perianth and stamens • hypogynous with 5-8 separate carpels developing into follicles Cercidiphyllaceae 1 genus / 2 species • small trees (kadsura-tree) restricted to eastern China and Japan . • . but fossils in North America and Europe from Tertiary Cercidiphyllaceae 1 genus / 2 species • unisexual, wind-pollinated but do produce follicles Hamamelidaceae 27 genera and 80 species - witch hazels • family of trees and shrubs in subtropical and temperate areas but only 1 species in Wisconsin - witch -
Evolution of Rosaceae Fruit Types Based on Nuclear Phylogeny in The
Evolution of Rosaceae Fruit Types Based on Nuclear Phylogeny in the Context of Geological Times and Genome Duplication Yezi Xiang,1,† Chien-Hsun Huang,1,† Yi Hu,2 Jun Wen,3 Shisheng Li,4 Tingshuang Yi,5 Hongyi Chen,4 Jun Xiang,*,4 and Hong Ma*,1 1State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center of Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China 2Department of Biology, the Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 3The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 4Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Huanggang Normal College,Huanggang,Hubei,China 5Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China †These authors contributed equally to this work. *Corresponding authors: E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Associate editor: Hongzhi Kong Abstract Fruits are the defining feature of angiosperms, likely have contributed to angiosperm successes by protecting and dis- persing seeds, and provide foods to humans and other animals, with many morphological types and important ecological and agricultural implications. Rosaceae is a family with 3000 species and an extraordinary spectrum of distinct fruits, including fleshy peach, apple, and strawberry prized by their consumers, as well as dry achenetum and follicetum with features facilitating seed dispersal, excellent for studying fruit evolution. -
Diversity and Evolution of Rosids
Eudicots • continue survey through the eudicots or Diversity and Evolution tricolpates • vast majority of eudicots are Rosids of Rosids (polypetalous) and Asterids core (sympetalous) eudicots . roses, currants, peonies . rosid asterid Eudicots *Saxifragales • unlike Asterids, Rosids (in orange) • before examining the large Rosid now represent a diverse set of families group, look at a small but important order of flowering plants - Saxifragales Paeonia Sedum 1 *Saxifragales *Saxifragales • small group of 16 families and about • part of this ancient radiation may involve this small 2500 species sister to Rosids family of holo-parasites - Cynomoriaceae • ancient lineage from 120 mya and underwent rapid radiation Paeonia Sedum *Saxifragales Paeoniaceae • they generally can be identified by 1 genus / 33 species their two or more separate or semi-fused • like many of these families, carpels, but otherwise quite variable Paeonia exhibits an Arcto-Tertiary distribution Paeonia Sedum 2 Paeoniaceae Cercidiphyllaceae 1 genus / 33 species 1 genus / 2 species • small shrubs with primitive • small trees (kadsura-tree) restricted features of perianth and stamens to eastern China and Japan . • hypogynous with 5-8 separate • . but fossils in North America carpels developing into follicles and Europe from Tertiary Cercidiphyllaceae Hamamelidaceae 1 genus / 2 species 27 genera and 80 species - witch hazels • unisexual, wind-pollinated but do • family of trees and shrubs in produce follicles subtropical and temperate areas but only 1 species in Wisconsin -
Crataegus Pinnatifida: Chemical Constituents, Pharmacology, and Potential Applications
Molecules 2014, 19, 1685-1712; doi:10.3390/molecules19021685 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Review Crataegus pinnatifida: Chemical Constituents, Pharmacology, and Potential Applications Jiaqi Wu †, Wei Peng †, Rongxin Qin and Hong Zhou * Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +86-23-6877-1246. Received: 30 December 2013; in revised form: 22 January 2014 / Accepted: 22 January 2014 / Published: 30 January 2014 Abstract: Crataegus pinnatifida (Hawthorn) is widely distributed in China and has a long history of use as a traditional medicine. The fruit of C. pinnatifida has been used for the treatment of cardiodynia, hernia, dyspepsia, postpartum blood stasis, and hemafecia and thus increasing interest in this plant has emerged in recent years. Between 1966 and 2013, numerous articles have been published on the chemical constituents, pharmacology or pharmacologic effects and toxicology of C. pinnatifida. To review the pharmacologic advances and to discuss the potential perspective for future investigation, we have summarized the main literature findings of these publications. So far, over 150 compounds including flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, lignans, hydroxycinnamic acids, organic acids and nitrogen-containing compounds have been isolated and identified from C. pinnatifida. It has been found that these constituents and extracts of C. pinnatifida have broad pharmacological effects with low toxicity on, for example, the cardiovascular, digestive, and endocrine systems, and pathogenic microorganisms, supporting the view that C. pinnatifida has favorable therapeutic effects.