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Diversity and Evolution of Rosids

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Diversity and Evolution of Rosids Eudicots • continue survey through the eudicots or Diversity and Evolution tricolpates • vast majority of eudicots are Rosids of Rosids (polypetalous) and Asterids core (sympetalous) eudicots . roses, currants, peonies . rosid asterid Eudicots *Saxifragales • unlike Asterids, Rosids (in orange) • before examining the large Rosid now represent a diverse set of families group, look at a small but important order of flowering plants - Saxifragales Paeonia Sedum 1 *Saxifragales *Saxifragales • small group of 16 families and about • part of this ancient radiation may involve this small 2500 species sister to Rosids family of holo-parasites - Cynomoriaceae • ancient lineage from 120 mya and underwent rapid radiation Paeonia Sedum *Saxifragales Paeoniaceae • they generally can be identified by 1 genus / 33 species their two or more separate or semi-fused • like many of these families, carpels, but otherwise quite variable Paeonia exhibits an Arcto-Tertiary distribution Paeonia Sedum 2 Paeoniaceae Cercidiphyllaceae 1 genus / 33 species 1 genus / 2 species • small shrubs with primitive • small trees (kadsura-tree) restricted features of perianth and stamens to eastern China and Japan . • hypogynous with 5-8 separate • . but fossils in North America carpels developing into follicles and Europe from Tertiary Cercidiphyllaceae Hamamelidaceae 1 genus / 2 species 27 genera and 80 species - witch hazels • unisexual, wind-pollinated but do • family of trees and shrubs in produce follicles subtropical and temperate areas but only 1 species in Wisconsin - witch hazel found in rich deciduous woods Hamamelis virginiana - witch hazel Hamamelis mollis 3 Hamamelidaceae Hamamelidaceae CA 4-5 CO 4-5 A 4-5 G (2) CA 4-5 CO 4-5 A 4-5 G (2) • 4-5 merous and insect pollinated • ovary is generally inferior or in the fall (images from Sept) half-inferior with the tops somewhat separated • petals are ribbon-like • fruit woody, dehiscent at top Hamamelis virginiana - witch hazel Hamamelis virginiana - witch hazel Previous year’s fruit Altingiaceae *Saxifragaceae 1 genus and 27 species - sweet gums 30 genera and 700 species • family of herbs, Northern • small family of trees - sweet gum is Hemisphere in distribution familiar in North America; Arcto- • basal leaves common - scapose Tertiary distribution • prefer wet • clusters of small follicles woods, swampy conditions, or Sullivantia - cool wort drippy cliffs as in the driftless region of SW WI Liquidambar styraciflua Micranthes - saxifrage 4 *Saxifragaceae *Saxifragaceae CA 5 CO 5 A 5or10 G (2) Note cup-like • 5 merous flowers hypanthium • Superior pistil is made of 2 carpels, separated, at least from the middle up; perigynous hypanthium often present Mitella - Bishop’s-cap 2 styles Heuchera richardsonii prairie alumroot Micranthes pensylvanica - swamp saxifrage *Saxifragaceae Grossulariaceae Tiarella cordifolia Foamflower 1 genus and 150 species - temperate regions Endangered boreal sp. • characterized by lobed leaves, Chrysosplenium - raceme inflorescences, and fleshy golden saxifrage fruits (currants and gooseberries) Ribes americanum - American black currant 5 Grossulariaceae Grossulariaceae • Currants identified by long racemes of CA 5 CO 5 A 5 G (2) many flowers • flowers 5 merous with sepals large and petals smaller • gynoecium inferior of 2 fused carpels well developed hypanthium Ribes americanum Ribes triste - American black currant swamp currant Grossulariaceae *Crassulaceae • Gooseberries identified by paired 34 genera and 1370 species - temperate or flowers; stems often spiny warm temperate regions of the world • succulent herbs or small shrubs - jade plants • CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) type of photosynthesis • Wisconsin species are introduced, although Ribes cynosbati - prickly Ribes missouriense gooseberry, dogberry yellow sedum is spreading Missouri gooseberry Sedum acre - Gold-moss in sandy soils stonecrop,Yellow sedum 6 *Crassulaceae *Crassulaceae CA 5 CO 5 A 10 G 5 • major radiation of genera in Mediterranean climates (e.g., Canary Islands) • 5 merous with stamens 2X number of sepals (3,4, or 6 merous species occur) • carpels separate and produce follicles when mature • nectary scales usually evident at base of each carpel Sedum acre - Gold-moss stonecrop,Yellow sedum Aeonium Rhodiola *Crassulaceae Rosids Rosids are one of two large groups of dicots; the other group are the Asterids Rosids: separate petals Asterids: Echeveria Kalanchoe fused petals 7 *Rosales *Rosaceae 100 genera and almost 3000 species distributed worldwide but • two major groups within Rosids - most common in the north temperate regions - commercial fruits we will start with Fabids N fixing 2 • include all N2 fixing plants • Comprise herbs, shrubs, or trees and clade with alternate simple or pinnately or • the order Rosales: not well defined palmately compound leaves morphologically (roses, elms, marijuana, nettles, figs) 1. N2 fixing via actinomycetes (Frankia) 2. loss of corolla in order; petals in Rosaceae = stamens! Stipules well developed in 3. serrated leaves (glandular +/-) compound leaves *Rosaceae *Rosaceae CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G [variable!] CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G [variable!] • 5 merous, with numerous stamens • hypanthium present in all species • gynoecium is variable and used to define subfamilies Bracts on calyx (epicalyx) often present 8 *Rosaceae *Rosaceae The gynoecium is variable – four follicles drupelets basic types 1. Spiraea group achenes aggregate of 2. Rose group achenes 3. Cherry group 4. Apple group Gynoecium variability encompasses size of receptacle, position of ovary, size of hypanthium, and the resulting fruit types: drupes pomes *Rosaceae – spiraea group *Rosaceae – spiraea group Physocarpus opulifolius - ninebark CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G 2-8 apocarpic, superior pistils short hypanthium - perigynous follicle fruits Spiraea alba - meadow-sweet Spiraea tomentosa - hardhack 9 *Rosaceae – rose group *Rosaceae – rose group CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G ∞ CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G ∞ Herbs with compound leaves Achenes often modified into aggregate of achenes (from Plants with stolons (running one flower) as in the stems above ground) or strawberry or fleshy drupelets running rhizomes as in raspberry, dewberry Flowers apocarpic with many carpels Hypanthium well-developed or receptacle elongated - perigynous One-seeded achenes Rubus idaeus - American raspberry Fragaria sp. - strawberry *Rosaceae – rose group *Rosaceae – rose group Fragaria virginiana - wild strawberry Geum triflorum - prairie smoke Agrimonia gryposepala - common Fragaria virginiana - wild strawberry agrimony, harvest lice 2 achenes, but hypanthium disperses as a unit with “velcro”-like barbs from top of hypanthium 10 *Rosaceae – rose group *Rosaceae – rose group Potentilla argentea silverweed Potentilla simplex Potentilla breweri complex Common cinquefoil Western cinquefoils *Rosaceae – rose group *Rosaceae – rose group Rubus parviflorus Rubus parviflorus Rubus hispidus thimbleberry thimbleberry swamp dewberry Rubus allegheniensis blackberry 11 *Rosaceae – rose group *Rosaceae – cherry group Rosa rugosa CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G 1 Beach rose Shrubs and trees with simple leaves, often with glands along petiole (cherries, plums, peaches, almonds) Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose Rosa palustris Invasive weed Swamp rose Prunus serotina - black cherry *Rosaceae – cherry group *Rosaceae – cherry group CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G 1 Prunus serotina wild black cherry Gynoecium superior with one carpel = monocarpic - perigynous Fruit a drupe = fleshy, with one bony seed Prunus virginiana choke cherry 12 *Rosaceae – cherry group *Rosaceae – cherry group Prunus americana Wild plum Prunus pumila - sand cherry *Rosaceae – apple group *Rosaceae – apple group — — CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5) Shrubs or trees with showy 5 merous flowers Hypanthium thickens in fruit to form pome fruit Gynoecium inferior of 3 to 5 fused carpels Calyx (& CO + A) inserted at top of ovary = epigynous flower ovary Malus pumila - apple Malus pumila - apple 13 *Rosaceae – apple group *Rosaceae – apple group Aronia melanocarpa Amelanchier laevis black chokeberry Serviceberry, Juneberry Pyrus communis Pear (introduced) *Rosaceae – apple group . *Rosaceae Xiang et al. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw242 MBE Malus baccata * Malus domestica * Docynia delavayi Eriolobus trilobatus * Pyrus bretschneideri DNA tree Pyrus betulifolia Crataegus crus-galli - cockspur * Sorbus alnifolia * Sorbus aria Sorbus torminalis Sorbus commixta * Sorbus aucuparia * Cydonia oblonga Pseudocydonia sinensis Maleae • spiraea group is polyphyletic hawthorn Chaenomeles japonica * Photinia villosa * * Sorbus keissleri Stranvaesia amphidoxa * Eriobotrya japonica * Rhaphiolepis indica Amygdaloideae * Amelanchier alnifolira * Malacomeles denticulata - not first diverging group Crataegus cuneata * * Mespilus germanica Vauquelinia californica * Kageneckia oblonga Gillenia stipulata * Gillenia trifoliata Gillenieae * Neviusia alabamensis * Neviusia cliftonii * Kerria japonica * Coleogyne ramosissima Kerrieae Rhodotypos scandens * Prinsepia uniflora * Prinsepia utilis * Oemleria cerasiformis Exochordeae Exochorda racemosa * Sorbaria sorbifolia • rose core group is * Sorbaria tomentosa * Chamaebatiaria millefolium Sorbarieae * Adenostoma fasiculatum Prunus mume * * Prunus sibirica * Prunus salicina Prunus dulcis * * Prunus persica Prunus yedoensis Amygdaleae monophyletic, but others are * Maddenia hypoleuca * * Maddenia wilsonii Prunus buergeriana * Prunus spinulosa * Pygeum topengii Lyonothamnus floribundus Lyonothamneae * Sibiraea laevigata * Sibiraea tomentosa scattered
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