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Asta Navickaitė LIETUVOS EDUKOLOGIJOS UNIVERSITETAS Asta Navickaitė EURONEMORALINĖS FAUNOS MAŽŲJŲ GAUBTAGALVIŲ (INSECTA, LEPIDOPTERA, NEPTICULIDAE) TAKSONOMINĖ IR CHOROLOGINĖ ANALIZĖ BEI TROFINIAI RYŠIAI Daktaro disertacija Biomedicinos mokslai, Biologija (01B): Entomologija ir augalų parazitologija, B–250 Vilnius, 2014 Disertacija rengta 2009–2013 metais Lietuvos edukologijos universitete. Mokslinis vadovas Doc. dr. Arūnas Diškus (Lietuvos edukologijos universitetas, zoologija–05B) Mokslinis konsultantas Prof. habil. dr. Jonas Rimantas Stonis (Lietuvos edukologijos universitetas, zoologija–05B ir biologija – B–250) © Asta Navickaitė, 2014 © Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto leidykla, 2014 Turinys ĮVADAS ...............................................................................................................................................7 PROBLEMA IR TYRIMŲ AKTUALUMAS ..........................................................................7 DARBO TIKSLAS IR UŽDAVINIAI ......................................................................................8 DARBO NAUJUMAS ...............................................................................................................9 TEORINĖ IR PRAKTINĖ REIKŠMĖ ...................................................................................10 GINAMIEJI DISERTACIJOS TEIGINIAI ............................................................................11 DARBO APROBACIJA ...........................................................................................................13 TYRIMŲ REZULTATŲ PUBLIKAVIMAS .........................................................................14 PADĖKOS .................................................................................................................................15 1. LITERATŪROS APŽVALGA ..............................................................................................17 1.1. TRUMPA TYRIMŲ PRIEŠISTORĖS APŽVALGA ....................................................17 1.2. NAUJAUSIŲ NEPTICULIDAE TYRIMŲ EUROPOJE IR PASAULYJE APŽVALGA .....................................................................................................................19 1.2.1. Naujausi mažųjų gaubtagalvių tyrimai Europoje ir gretimuose kraštuose ..19 1.2.2. Nepticulidae tyrimai Azijoje ir Australijoje .....................................................27 1.2.3. Nepticulidae tyrimai Afrikoje ............................................................................30 1.2.4. Nepticulidae tyrimai Centrinėje ir Pietų Amerikoje .......................................30 1.3. SKELBTI DUOMENYS APIE ENDOBIONTINĮ GYVENIMO BŪDĄ AUGALŲ AUDINIUOSE ..............................................................................................32 1.4. DUOMENYS APIE NEPTICULIDAE POŽYMIUS, NAUDOJAMUS TAKSONŲ IDENTIFIKACIJAI ...................................................................................34 1.5. DUOMENYS APIE NEPTICULIDAE TAKSONOMIJĄ IR FILOGENIJĄ ...........38 1.6. NAUJI BIOSISTEMATIKOS TYRIMŲ GRUPĖS APRAŠYTI TAKSONAI ...........39 1.7. LIETUVOS IR KRYMO NEPTICULIDAE TYRIMŲ APŽVALGA ........................41 1.7.1. Lietuvos faunos tyrimai .......................................................................................41 1.7.2. Krymo faunos tyrimai .........................................................................................44 2. TYRIMŲ METODAI IR MEDŽIAGA...............................................................................45 2.1. TYRIMŲ METODAI .....................................................................................................45 3 TURINYS 2.1.1. Svarbiausias darbe taikytas metodas – suaugėlių auginimas iš minuojančių vikšrų ..........................................................................................50 2.1.2. Medžiagos rinkimas šviesinėmis gaudyklėmis ................................................52 2.1.3. Individų paruošimas tyrimui .............................................................................54 2.1.4. Laikinųjų genitalinių struktūrų mikropreparatų paruošimas ir tyrimas .....54 2.1.5. Pastoviųjų genitalinių struktūrų mikropreparatų paruošimas ir medžiagos tyrimas bei dokumentavimas ......................................................57 2.1.6. Chorologinis metodas .........................................................................................60 2.1.7. Kladistinės analizės metodas ..............................................................................61 2.2. TYRIMŲ MEDŽIAGA...................................................................................................61 3–5. TYRIMŲ REZULTATAI .......................................................................................................65 3. BENDRASIS NEPTICULIDAE FAUNOS ĮVERTINIMAS ..........................................65 3.1. NEPTICULIDAE PASAULIO FAUNOS INVENTORIZACIJA IR ĮVERTINIMAS ..........................................................................................................65 3.2. RŪŠIŲ GRUPĖS STIGMELLA GENTYJE, TROFIŠKAI SUSIJUSIOS SU QUERCUS MITYBINIAIS AUGALAIS ......................................................................69 3.2.1. Tyrimų metu aprašytos naujos mokslui rūšies, priklausančios S. hemargyrella rūšių grupei, taksonominė charakteristika ir išsamusis aprašas ..............................................................................................70 3.2.2. Tyrimų metu pripažintų Stigmella genties rūšių grupių, trofiškai susijusių su Quercus, charakteristikos ...............................................................75 3.2.3. Pripažintų rūšių grupių diagnostika, pasinaudojant dichotominėmis sistemomis ............................................................................................................83 3.2.4. Stigmella genties rūšių grupių, trofiškai susijusių su Quercus, kladistinė analizė ....................................................................................................................87 4. KRYMO NEPTICULIDAE EUROPOS FAUNOS KONTEKSTE ................................91 4.1. EUROPOS NEPTICULIDAE FAUNOS APŽVALGA IR REVIZUOTAS TAKSONOMINIS SĄRAŠAS ........................................................................................91 4.2. EUROPOS NEPTICULIDAE TROFINIAI RYŠIAI .................................................100 4.3. EUROPOS NEPTICULIDAE CHOROLOGINĖS ANALIZĖS REZULTATAI ....107 4.4. KRYMO NEPTICULIDAE TAKSONOMINIS SĄRAŠAS .....................................112 4.4.1. Krymo Nepticulidae inventorizacija ...............................................................112 4.4.2. Krymo Nepticulidae faunos naujumas ...........................................................114 4 TURINYS 4.4.3. Naujausias papildytas Krymo Nepticulidae taksonominis sąvadas ............116 4.5. KRYMO NEPTICULIDAE CHOROLOGINĖ ANALIZĖ ......................................136 4.5.1. Chorologinis Krymo Nepticulidae faunos įvertinimas ................................136 4.5.2. Dažnųjų rūšių priklausomybė skirtingoms chorologinėms grupėms ........138 4.5.3. Dažnųjų rūšių pasiskirstymas pagal mitybinius augalus ..............................140 4.5.4. Retųjų rūšių priklausomybė skirtingoms chorologinėms grupėms ............141 4.5.5. Retųjų rūšių pasiskirstymas pagal mitybinius augalus .................................142 4.6. KRYMO NEPTICULIDAE TROFINĖ ANALIZĖ....................................................144 4.7. KRYMO MAŽŲJŲ GAUBTAGALVIŲ GYVYBINIŲ CIKLŲ YPATYBĖS .........148 5. LIETUVOS NEPTICULIDAE FAUNA ............................................................................152 5.1. TAKSONOMINĖ LIETUVOS NEPTICULIDAE SUDĖTIS IR PAPILDYTAS FAUNOS SĄVADAS .....................................................................................................152 5.2. CHOROLOGINIS LIETUVOS NEPTICULIDAE FAUNOS ĮVERTINIMAS .....186 5.2.1. Lietuvos mažųjų gaubtagalvių chorologinės grupės .....................................186 5.2.2. Regioninis Nepticulidae paplitimas ................................................................190 5.3. LIETUVOS NEPTICULIDAE TROFINĖ APŽVALGA ..........................................195 5.3.1. Lietuvos Nepticulidae trofiniai ryšiai ..............................................................201 5.4. LIETUVOS MAŽŲJŲ GAUBTAGALVIŲ RŪŠIŲ APTINKAMUMO GRUPĖS ...203 IŠVADOS ........................................................................................................................................208 LITERATŪRA ...............................................................................................................................213 Disertacijos TEMA paskelbtų darbų Sąrašas .................................................226 ENGLISH SUMMARY .................................................................................................................228 PRIEDAI .........................................................................................................................................232 5 ĮVADAS PROBLEMA IR TYRIMŲ AKTUALUMAS Dėl aktyvaus natūralių kraštovaizdžių naikinimo, dažnos gyvūnų ar augalų gy- venamųjų vietų fragmentacijos bei destrukcijos sparčiai ėmė nykti biologinė įvairovė. Vis didėjantis pasaulio mokslinės visuomenės susirūpinimas biologinės įvairovės krize paskatino tyrinėtojus aktyviau surašyti pagrindinius Žemės biomus (Navickaitė ir kt., 2011b). Išaiškinti pasaulinės biologinės įvairovės apimtis – didelis ir ilgalaikis sistematikų uždavinys. Mūsų tyrimų objektas – filogenetiškai vienas primityviausių (ir tuo, teoriniu po- žiūriu,
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