González Lario, Alejandro; Guarné Cabello, Blai, Tut

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González Lario, Alejandro; Guarné Cabello, Blai, Tut This is the published version of the bachelor thesis: González Lario, Alejandro; Guarné Cabello, Blai, tut. Las nuevas generaciones zainichi : aproximación a las identidades de los coreanos en Japón. 2011. This version is available at https://ddd.uab.cat/record/81320 under the terms of the license MÀSTER OFICIAL TRADUCCIÓ, INTEPRETACIÓ I ESTUDIS INTERCULTURALS ESPECIALITAT RECERCA EN ÀSIA ORIENTAL CONTEMPORÀNIA TUTOR DR. BLAI GUARNÉ ________________________________________________________________ LAS NUEVAS GENERACIONES ZAINICHI: APROXIMACIÓN A LAS IDENTIDADES DE LOS COREANOS EN JAPÓN TREBALL D'INVESTIGACIÓ DE ALEJANDRO GONZÁLEZ LARIO ______________________________________________________________________ BARCELONA, JULIO DE 2011 Para Jose. Viajamos como todos, pero no volvemos hacia nada... como si el viaje fuera camino de nubes. Hemos enterrado a nuestros seres queridos en la sombra de las nubes y entre los troncos de los árboles y hemos dicho a nuestras mujeres: parid hijos nuestros durante cientos de años para que podamos acabar este viaje hacia una hora de un país y un metro de lo imposible. Tenemos un país de palabras. Habla, habla para que conozcamos el fin de este viaje. "Viajamos como todos...", Mahmud Darwish, 1987. SUMARIO RESUMEN..........................................................................................................................VII CAPÍTULO I TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACIÓN........................................................................................ 1" 1.1. Objetivos................................................................................................................. 2" 1.2. Hipótesis................................................................................................................. 3" 1.3. Metodología y materiales de investigación......................................................... 3" 1.4. Revisión del marco teórico.................................................................................... 4" 1.5. Descripción de los capítulos................................................................................. 6" CAPÍTULO II CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO.................................................................................................... 9" 2.1. La península coreana como parte del imperio japonés...................................... 9" 2.1.a. La situación previa en Corea: la dinastía Joseon (1392 - 1910)....................... 9" 2.1.b. El proceso de anexión..................................................................................... 10" 2.1.c. El periodo de ocupación (1910 – 1945)........................................................... 11" 2.2. Las migraciones................................................................................................... 12" 2.3. El desmantelamiento del Imperio japonés y el Tratado de San Francisco..... 14" CAPÍTULO III LA PROBLEMATIZACIÓN DE LA CUESTIÓN ZAINICHI................................................ 16" 3.1. Reconocimiento legal...........................................................................................16" 3.2. Ser zainichi en la sociedad japonesa................................................................. 19" 3.2.a. Situación social............................................................................................... 20 3.2.b. Situación laboral.............................................................................................. 21" 3.3. Ideología en torno al problema zainichi............................................................. 25" 3.3.a. La representación de la comunidad zainichi................................................... 27" Chongryun: General de Coreanos Residentes en Japón..................................... 29 Mindan: Unión de Coreanos Residentes en Japón............................................... 31" CAPÍTULO IV LA PERCEPCIÓN DEL “PROBLEMA ZAINICHI”............................................................ 33" 4.1. Políticas de repatriación...................................................................................... 33" 4.2. La tendencia asimilacionista............................................................................... 37" 4.3. Nacionalismo reactivo......................................................................................... 39" CAPÍTULO V CUESTIONES IDENTITARIAS......................................................................................... 41 5.1. Etnicidad e identidad........................................................................................... 41 5.1.a. Etnicidad: la identidad cultural........................................................................ 41 5.1.b. Aproximación a la etnicidad zainichi............................................................... 44 5.1.c. Las diásporas zainichi..................................................................................... 45" 5.1.d. La construcción de la identidad....................................................................... 46" 5.1.e. La identidad en la comunidad zainichi............................................................ 49 La tercera vía........................................................................................................ 49" La cuarta elección................................................................................................. 53" Tipología de las identidades zainichi..................................................................... 57" 5.2. Ciudadanía y nacionalidad.................................................................................. 61 5.2.a. Modelo diferenciado de ciudadanía................................................................ 64 5.3. Biculturalismo y bilingüismo.............................................................................. 65 5.3.a. La situación lingüística de la comunidad zainichi............................................ 67" 5.3.b. Nombres, alias y nombres reales.................................................................... 68" 5.4. La cuestión zainichi a través de los medios audiovisuales............................. 72" 5.4.a. “Dear Pyongyang”: el distanciamiento generacional....................................... 73" 5.4.b. [GO] : “No soy coreano, ni soy japonés, yo soy desarraigado”....................... 75" 5.4.c. Hanryû y Fuyu no Sonata................................................................................ 78" CAPÍTULO VI RECAPITULACIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN.............................................................................. 81" REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS................................................................................. 86" VII RESUMEN LAS NUEVAS GENERACIONES ZAINICHI: CONTEXTO E IDENTIDAD Alejandro González Lario Como consecuencia del final del imperialismo japonés y la política de ocupación americana durante la Guerra Fría cientos de familias de origen coreano quedaron en el archipiélago japonés, donde perdieron todos sus derechos como ciudadanos a consecuencia del Tratado de paz de San Francisco. Posteriormente, a pesar del origen surcoreano de la mayoría, la comunidad coreana residente, denominada zainichi, quedó también dividida según su vinculación ideológica a la República Popular Democrática de Corea del Norte o a la República de Corea. Para las nuevas generaciones nacidas en Japón esta situación ha provocado un sentimiento de desarraigo tanto hacia una Corea que no conocen, como hacia un Japón que no los acepta, que los ha llevado a formar una concepción de su existencia que desafía las ideas tradicionales de etnicidad e identidad. Este estudio analiza el proceso de creación de la identidad en las generaciones coreanas posteriores a la guerra, tratando de comprender que lugar ocupan las construcciones nacionales de Corea y Japón en este proceso y constatando cómo la minoría coreana, desde su aparición, parece no conseguir librarse de los perjuicios sociales motivados por su condición de etnia minoritaria que desafía la concepción hegemónica de Japón como espacio monoétnico. Con este fin, este estudio analiza cuál es actualmente la situación de las minorías coreanas en Japón, su vinculación con las dos coreas y la percepción del llamado #Problema Zainichi$ tanto en la sociedad nipona, como dentro de la comunidad zainichi. Los resultados muestran cómo en los últimos 50 años la situación de las minorías coreanas ha cambiado notablemente con la aparición de las nuevas generaciones, que, en muchos casos, no han optado por el mismo estilo de vida de sus predecesores, haciéndose mucho más difícil, debido a su invisibilidad, determinar la situación en la que la diáspora coreana se encuentra actualmente en Japón. Palabras clave: Zainichi, identidad, multiculturalismo, diáspora, Japón. VII Las nuevas generaciones zainichi: aproximación a las identidades de los coreanos en Japón Alejandro González Lario CAPÍTULO I TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACIÓN "Un primer trabajo de investigación sobre el último siglo de relaciones entre Corea y Japón nos permitió concluir que, a pesar de que ambos países poseen puntos de vista diametralmente opuestos en la mayoría de los asuntos, si que comparten por igual la responsabilidad sobre la mala gestión de los inmigrados coreanos en el archipiélago nipón durante la Guerra Fría. Y es que, si bien al referirnos al periodo de la Guerra Fría, que siguió a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, solemos pensar exclusivamente en las tensiones entre la Unión Soviética y los Estados Unidos, como algo distante en el tiempo y perteneciente a la historia del siglo XX, lo
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