Modeling Internet-Based Citizen Activism and Foreign Policy

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Modeling Internet-Based Citizen Activism and Foreign Policy MODELING INTERNET-BASED CITIZEN ACTIVISM AND FOREIGN POLICY: The Islands Dispute between China and Japan TOMONOBU KUMAHIRA Primary Thesis Advisor: Professor Jordan Branch Department of Political Science Secondary Thesis Advisor: Professor Kerry Smith Department of History Honors Seminar Instructor: Professor Claudia Elliott The Watson Institute for International Studies SENIOR THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in International Relations BROWN UNIVERSITY PROVIDENCE, RI MAY 2015 © Copyright 2015 by Tomonobu Kumahira ABSTRACT How can citizens utilize the Internet to influence foreign policymaking? Optimists emphasize the Internet’s great potential to empower citizens, while pessimists underscore the persistent dominance of conventional actors in shaping diplomacy. These conceptual debates fail to build analytical models that theorize the mechanisms through which citizen activism impacts foreign policymaking in the Internet era. Focusing on the interactions between “old” institutions and new practices enabled by technology, I argue that Internet-based citizen activists are using multiple and evolving strategies to engage with the conventional media and policymakers. My Hybrid Model provides an analytical framework with which scholars can describe new forms of non-electoral representation by citizen movements, while challenging foreign policy decision making theories established before the social media. My model traces the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands dispute between China and Japan, in which nationalist campaigns online and offline have fueled a series of confrontations since 2005. Presenting practical implications for foreign policymakers and the conventional media to respond to the transformation, this Hybrid Model also helps citizens play a more active role in international relations. In conclusion, I explore the analogy between the Internet and past innovations in communication technologies to shed light on the future of the Internet and politics. Keywords: the Internet and politics, citizen activism, political representation, media, nationalism in East Asia iv To My Grandfather, Hajime Kumahira in gratitude for teaching me the joy of thinking and writing. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisors, Professor Jordan Branch and Professor Kerry Smith for their invaluable advice and commitment for my thesis. During their office hours, I not only learned to challenge myself academically but also broaden my perspectives to the world, which enabled me to go far beyond what I could have achieved by myself. I would like to express my special gratitude as well as respect to Dr. Claudia Elliott for her outstanding dedication to the IR Honors Thesis program. She is the true educator who taught me what it is like to become “a producer of knowledge, not a consumer.” It has been my greatest honor to initiate my study under their guidance. I also thank Professor Hammurabi Mendes for his help in Python programming. I owe a great debt of gratitude to my family and friends, who supported me during the most stressful, devastating moments, and helped me explore new possibilities of my research. I cannot thank enough to my grandparents and parents for their constant encouragement. Thank you, Alisa Schubert Yuasa, Nao Shoji, Chishio Furukawa, Shiro Kuriwaki, and Takahisa Uemura for your friendship and brilliant ideas. I am profoundly grateful to Hiroko Kuniya, Harunobu Kato, Daisuke Kanda, and Noriyuki Shikata for sharing their first-class knowledge and experience. I am also obliged to note that there are more of those who kindly shared their insights and whose names remain anonymous. Despite their incredible support, none of these helpful advices should be held in any way accountable for deficiencies of my thesis. I gained inspiration from academic experience outside the thesis seminars. I would like to thank Professor Edward Seinfeld at the Watson Institute and Professor Lyle Goldstein at Naval War College for their amazing courses on Political Science and China, and Professor Arnulf Becker for his two-year long support on my independent research on the intellectual history of Japanese international lawyers. I also express my gratitude for those educators who shaped my academic foundation through their patient teaching: Former Vice President Shiro Ishii at the University of Tokyo, Professor Wendy Schiller at Brown University, and TA in my very first Political Science course, Arron Weinstein. I am profoundly grateful to the individuals and institutions that Brown University offered me to support my academic life. Without regular consultation with Brown Library experts, it would have been impossible to execute my hardly realistic “research plan.” I am profoundly thankful to Carina Cournoyer, Li Wang, Toshiyuki Minami, Bruce Boucek, Elli Mylonas, and Patrick Rashleigh for their advice. I thank my advisor at the Writing Center, Chris Carr, who kindly scheduled weekly appointments throughout the semesters to improve the accuracy of my thesis writing. Finally, I could pursue this incredible academic journey at Brown thanks to my mentors who encouraged me in my previous institution, Keio University. I would like to extend my gratitude to Professor Ryuichi Teshima, Professor Miki Seko, Professor Yohko Nagai, and Professor Hans-Joachim Knaup for giving me the courage to jump out of my comfort zone. vi CONTENTS Abstract iv Acknowledgments vi Tables viii Figures ix Chapter 1: International Relations in the Internet Era 1 Chapter 2: Debates on the Internet and Foreign Policymaking 34 Chapter 3: The Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dispute 73 Chapter 4: A YouTube Post That Shocked Foreign Policy 119 Chapter 5: Neglected Citizen Grassroots Activism 156 Chapter 6: The Old World: the Conventional Media and Politics 198 Conclusion: Hybrid Approach to Foreign Policymaking 226 Works Cited 246 vii TABLES 1.1: Actors, Variables, and Sources 29 2.1: Models of Public Opinion in Foreign Policy Decision Making 48 5.1: “Senkaku” Search Result Rank on YouTube 169 5.2: “Senkaku” Search Results Rank on Niconico Douga 171 5.3: Protest Record by Ganbare Nippon between July 2010 and June 2011 177 5.4: Protest Records by Zaitoku-Kai between September and December 2010 190 viii FIGURES 1.1: Communication Technologies and Political Transformation Model 8 1.2: Three Bodies of Literature 11 2.1: Three Groups of Literature Relevant for My Research 35 2.2: Flow Chart of Conditions Shaping Public Opinion/Foreign Policy Nexus 41 2.3: Cascading Network Activation 43 3.1: Alleged Borders by China and Japan 76 3.2: Deteriorating Impressions of Each Other in China and Japan 78 4.1: Average Party Alignment Rates in the Japanese National Diet 144 4.2: Shift in the Level of Agreement with the Ruling Parties 145 5.1: SNS Usage in Japan (2014) 160 5.2: Hybrid Strategy of Self-Reinforcing Citizen Activism 192 5.3: Citizens with the Internet as New Watchdogs 194 6.1: Channels to Know about the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands (2014) 200 6.2: Media’s Evaluation of Mass-Protests 210 6.3: The Roles of the Conventional Media and Policymakers 219 6.4: The Hybrid Model of Empowered Citizen Activism 224 6.5: Citizen Activism in the Pre-Internet Era 224 7.1: The Hybrid Model of Empowered Citizen Activism 229 7.2: Two-States Hybrid Model of Empowered Citizen Activism 235 ix CHAPTER ONE: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE INTERNET ERA Politicians became exposed as corrupt and as liars. Governments were denounced. Media were suspected. Trust vanished…Yet…individuals did come together again to find new forms of being us, the people. — Manuel Castells, Networks of Outrage and Hope To what extent does the rise of the Internet influence politics? Starting from Gutenberg’s printing press, innovations in communication technology have transformed human behaviors, and thus altered the landscapes of domestic and international politics. In Imagined Communities, Benedict Anderson illustrates the process through which the technological innovation of printing press empowered the mass by accelerating low-cost distribution of knowledge in vernacular languages, which eventually created the basis for today’s nation state system.1 While the Internet is expanding at an unprecedented rate, much faster than Anderson’s case of printing press, its actual consequences to politics have yet to be fully analyzed. To what extent and how does the Internet transform citizens’ behaviors and capacity2 to participate in foreign policymaking? Does the Internet really empower people?3 1 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, UK: Verso Books, 2006). 2 By capacity, I refer to the power and ability of an actor to execute certain activities. In other words, if citizens have the capacity to monitor the government, citizens are equipped with skills necessary for the task and also have the sufficient resources to execute the monitoring. 1 Just as the mass printing spread rapidly centuries ago, the Internet continues to expand worldwide. By the end of 2014, the number of Internet users was expected to reach 3 billion people, or roughly 40 percent of the global population.4 The three billion users mark 67 percent growth compared with 2009, seven times larger than the figure in 2000.5 Among global online networks, the user number in developing countries is dramatically increasing, accounting for two-thirds of the total Internet users and half of mobile phone users.6 In Africa, for example, Internet users have doubled to 20 percent over the past four years since 2010, marking the world’s highest compound annual growth.7 China has the largest Internet base, whose 600 million users represent about a fifth of global Internet users.8 As these figures indicate, the expansion of the Internet is prominent all over the world. While the Internet expands its coverage, mobile devices continue to improve its capacity and accessibility. Equipped with built-in cameras and high-speed Internet connections, mobile phones essentially become small computers that allow users to constantly access the Internet. Furthermore, technological innovation also lowers the cost of manufacturing these devices, making them increasingly affordable for many.
Recommended publications
  • World Boxing Association
    WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION GILBERTO MENDOZA PRESIDENT OFFICIAL RATINGS AS OF AUGUST 2011 th th Based on results held from August 05 To August 29 , 2011 CHAIRMAN MEMBERS Edificio Ocean Business Plaza, Ave. JOSE OLIVER GOMEZ E-mail: [email protected] Aquilino de la Guardia con Calle 47, BARTOLOME TORRALBA (SPAIN) Oficina 1405, Piso 14 JOSE EMILIO GRAGLIA (A RGENTINA) Cdad. de Panamá, Panamá VICE CHAIRMAN ALAN KIM (KOREA) Phone: + (507) 340-6425 GEORG E MARTINEZ E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.wbanews.com HEAVYWEIGHT (Over 200 Lbs / 90.71 Kgs) CRUISERWEIGHT (200 Lbs / 90.71 Kgs) LIGHT HEAVYWEIGHT (175 Lbs / 79.38 Kgs) SUPER CHAMPION: WLADIMIR KLITSCHKO UKR World Champion: GUILLERMO JONES PAN World Cham pion: BEIBU T SHUMENOV KAZ World Champion: Won Title: 09- 27-08 Won Title: 01-29- 10 ALEXANDER POVETKIN RUS Last Mandatory: 10- 02-10 Last Mandatory: 07-23- 10 Won Title: 08-27-11 Last Defense: 10-02-10 Last Defense: 07-29-11 Last Mandatory: INTERIM CHAMPION: YOAN PABLO HERNANDEZ CUB Last Defense: IBF: STEVE CUNNINGHAM - WBO: MARCO HUCK WBC: BERNARD HOPKINS - IBF: TAVORIS CLOUD WBC: KRZYSZTOF WLODARCZYK WBC: VITALY KLITSCHKO - IBF:WLADIMIR KLITSCHKO WBO: NATHAN CLEVERLY WBO : WLADIMIR KLITSCHKO 1. HASIM RAHMAN USA 1. LATEEF KAYODE (NABA) NIG 1. GABRIEL CAMPILLO (OC) SPA 2. DAVID HAYE U.K. 2. PAWEL KOLODZIEJ (WBA INT) POL 2. GAYRAT AMEDOV (WB A INT) UZB 3. ROBERT HELENIUS (WBA I/C) FIN 3. OLA AFOLABI U.K. 3. DAWID KOSTECKY (WBA I/C) POL 4. ALEXANDER USTINO V (EBA) RUS 4. STEVE HERELIUS FRA 4.
    [Show full text]
  • How Law Made Silicon Valley
    Emory Law Journal Volume 63 Issue 3 2014 How Law Made Silicon Valley Anupam Chander Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj Recommended Citation Anupam Chander, How Law Made Silicon Valley, 63 Emory L. J. 639 (2014). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol63/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Emory Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Emory Law Journal by an authorized editor of Emory Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHANDER GALLEYSPROOFS2 2/17/2014 9:02 AM HOW LAW MADE SILICON VALLEY Anupam Chander* ABSTRACT Explanations for the success of Silicon Valley focus on the confluence of capital and education. In this Article, I put forward a new explanation, one that better elucidates the rise of Silicon Valley as a global trader. Just as nineteenth-century American judges altered the common law in order to subsidize industrial development, American judges and legislators altered the law at the turn of the Millennium to promote the development of Internet enterprise. Europe and Asia, by contrast, imposed strict intermediary liability regimes, inflexible intellectual property rules, and strong privacy constraints, impeding local Internet entrepreneurs. This study challenges the conventional wisdom that holds that strong intellectual property rights undergird innovation. While American law favored both commerce and speech enabled by this new medium, European and Asian jurisdictions attended more to the risks to intellectual property rights holders and, to a lesser extent, ordinary individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalism in Japan's Contemporary Foreign Policy
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Nationalism in Japan’s Contemporary Foreign Policy: A Consideration of the Cases of China, North Korea, and India Maiko Kuroki A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, February 2013 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of <88,7630> words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Josh Collins and Greg Demmons. 2 of 3 Abstract Under the Koizumi and Abe administrations, the deterioration of the Japan-China relationship and growing tension between Japan and North Korea were often interpreted as being caused by the rise of nationalism. This thesis aims to explore this question by looking at Japan’s foreign policy in the region and uncovering how political actors manipulated the concept of nationalism in foreign policy discourse.
    [Show full text]
  • The Otaku Phenomenon : Pop Culture, Fandom, and Religiosity in Contemporary Japan
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-2017 The otaku phenomenon : pop culture, fandom, and religiosity in contemporary Japan. Kendra Nicole Sheehan University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Japanese Studies Commons, and the Other Religion Commons Recommended Citation Sheehan, Kendra Nicole, "The otaku phenomenon : pop culture, fandom, and religiosity in contemporary Japan." (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2850. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2850 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE OTAKU PHENOMENON: POP CULTURE, FANDOM, AND RELIGIOSITY IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN By Kendra Nicole Sheehan B.A., University of Louisville, 2010 M.A., University of Louisville, 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Humanities Department of Humanities University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky December 2017 Copyright 2017 by Kendra Nicole Sheehan All rights reserved THE OTAKU PHENOMENON: POP CULTURE, FANDOM, AND RELIGIOSITY IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN By Kendra Nicole Sheehan B.A., University of Louisville, 2010 M.A., University of Louisville, 2012 A Dissertation Approved on November 17, 2017 by the following Dissertation Committee: __________________________________ Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexism in the City “We're Simply Buying Too Much”
    SEPTEMBER 2016 Japan’s number one English language magazine Five style-defining brands that are reinventing tradition SEXISM IN THE CITY Will men and women ever be equal in Japan’s workforce? “WE’RE SIMPLY BUYING TOO MUCH” Change the way you shop PLUS: The Plight of the Phantom Pig, Healthy Ice Cream, The Beauties of Akita, Q&A with Paralympics Athlete Saki Takakuwa 36 20 24 30 SEPTEMBER 2016 radar in-depth guide THIS MONTH’S HEAD TURNERS COFFEE-BREAK READS CULTURE ROUNDUP 8 AREA GUIDE: SENDAGAYA 19 SEXISM IN THE CITY 41 THE ART WORLD Where to eat, drink, shop, relax, and climb Will men and women ever be equal This month’s must-see exhibitions, including a miniature Mt. Fuji in Japan’s workforce? a “Dialogue with Trees,” and “a riotous party” at the Hara Museum. 10 STYLE 24 “WE’RE SIMPLY BUYING TOO MUCH” Bridge the gap between summer and fall Rika Sueyoshi explains why it’s essential 43 BOOKS with transitional pieces including one very that we start to change the way we shop See Tokyo through the eyes – and beautiful on-trend wrap skirt illustrations – of a teenager 26 THE PLIGHT OF THE PHANTOM PIG 12 BEAUTY Meet the couple fighting to save Okinawa’s 44 AGENDA We round up the season’s latest nail colors, rare and precious Agu breed Take in some theatrical Japanese dance, eat all featuring a little shimmer for a touch of the hottest food, and enter an “Edo-quarium” glittery glamor 28 GREAT LEAPS We chat with long jumper Saki Takakuwa 46 PEOPLE, PARTIES, PLACES 14 TRENDS as she prepares for the 2016 Paralympics Hanging out with Cyndi Lauper, Usain Bolt, If you can’t live without ice cream but you’re and other luminaries trying to eat healthier, then you’ll love these 30 COVER FEATURE: YUKATA & KIMONO vegan and fruity options.
    [Show full text]
  • The Technological Imaginary of Imperial Japan, 1931-1945
    THE TECHNOLOGICAL IMAGINARY OF IMPERIAL JAPAN, 1931-1945 A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Aaron Stephen Moore August 2006 © 2006 Aaron Stephen Moore THE TECHNOLOGICAL IMAGINARY OF IMPERIAL JAPAN, 1931-1945 Aaron Stephen Moore, Ph.D. Cornell University 2006 “Technology” has often served as a signifier of development, progress, and innovation in the narrative of Japan’s transformation into an economic superpower. Few histories, however, treat technology as a system of power and mobilization. This dissertation examines an important shift in the discourse of technology in wartime Japan (1931-1945), a period usually viewed as anti-modern and anachronistic. I analyze how technology meant more than advanced machinery and infrastructure but included a subjective, ethical, and visionary element as well. For many elites, technology embodied certain ways of creative thinking, acting or being, as well as values of rationality, cooperation, and efficiency or visions of a society without ethnic or class conflict. By examining the thought and activities of the bureaucrat, Môri Hideoto, and the critic, Aikawa Haruki, I demonstrate that technology signified a wider system of social, cultural, and political mechanisms that incorporated the practical-political energies of the people for the construction of a “New Order in East Asia.” Therefore, my dissertation is more broadly about how power operated ideologically under Japanese fascism in ways other than outright violence and repression that resonate with post-war “democratic” Japan and many modern capitalist societies as well. This more subjective, immaterial sense of technology revealed a fundamental ambiguity at the heart of technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan 2017 Human Rights Report
    JAPAN 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Japan has a parliamentary government with a constitutional monarchy. Shinzo Abe, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party, became prime minister in 2012. Lower House elections in October, which returned Prime Minister Abe to office with a large majority, were considered free and fair. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the security forces. There were no reports of egregious human rights abuses. The government enforced laws prohibiting human rights abuses and prosecuted officials who committed them. Section 1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from: a. Arbitrary Deprivation of Life and Other Unlawful or Politically Motivated Killings There were no reports that the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings. b. Disappearance There were no reports of disappearances by or on behalf of government authorities. c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment The law prohibits such practices, and there were no reports that government officials employed them. The government continued to deny death-row inmates advance information about the date of execution and notified family members of executions after the fact. The government held that this policy spared prisoners the anguish of knowing when they were going to die. Some respected psychologists supported this reasoning; others demurred. JAPAN 2 Authorities regularly also hold prisoners condemned to death in solitary confinement until their execution. Authorities allow condemned prisoners visits by family, lawyers, and others. The length of such solitary confinement varies from case to case, and may extend for several years. Prisoners accused of crimes that could lead to the death penalty were also held in solitary confinement before trial, according to a nongovernmental organization (NGO) source.
    [Show full text]
  • Official Ratings As January 2012
    2012 Edificio Ocean Business Plaza, Ave. Aquilino de la Guardia con Calle 47, Oficina 1405, Piso 14 Cdad. de Panamá, Panamá Phone: + (507) 340-6425 Web Site: www.wbanews.com WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION GILBERTO MENDOZA PRESIDENT OFFICIAL RATINGS AS OF NOVEMBER 2012 Based on results held from 04th November to December 04th, 2012 CHAIRMAN MEMBERS MIGUEL PRADO SANCHEZ E-mail: [email protected] GEORGE MARTINEZ CANADA VICE CHAIRMAN JOSE EMILIO GRAGLIA ARGENTINA GUSTAVO PADILLA E-mail: [email protected] ALAN KIM KOREA Over HEAVYWEIGHT 200 Lbs / CRUISERWEIGHT 200 Lbs / LIGHT HEAVYWEIGHT 175 Lbs / 90.71 Kgs 90.71 Kgs 79.38 Kgs SUPER CHAMPION: WORLD CHAMPION: WLADIMIR KLITSCHKO UKR DENIS LEBEDEV RUS WORLD CHAMPION: Won Title: 09-27-08 WORLD CHAMPION: ALEXANDER POVETKIN RUS Last Mandatory: 10-02-10 BEIBUT SHUMENOV KAZ Won Title: 08-27-11 Last Defense: 11-05-11 Won Title: 01-29-10 Last Mandatory: 09-29-12 CHAMPION IN RECESS: Last Mandatory: 07-23-10 Last Defense: 09-29-12 GUILLERMO JONES PAN Last Defense: 06-02-12 WBC: VITALY KLITSCHKO WBC: KRZYSTOF WLODARCZYK WBC: CHAD DAWSON IBF – WBO: WLADIMIR KLITSCHKO IBF: YOAN HERNANDEZ WBO: MARCO HUCK IBF: TAVORIS CLOUD WBO: NATHAN CLEVERLY 1. DAVID HAYE (WBA I/C) GBR 1. OFFICIAL CHALLENGER VACANT 1. GAYRAT AHMEDOV (WBA INT) UZB 2. LUIS ORTIZ (INTER) CUB 2. PAWEL KOLODZIEJ POL 2. BERNARD HOPKINS USA 3. RUSLAN CHAGAEV UZB 3. BJ FLORES (NABA) USA 3. EDUARD GUTKNECHT (EBU) KAZ 4. KUBRAT PULEV BUL 4. LAUDELINO BARROS BRA 4. VYACHESLAV UZELKOV UKR 5. DENIS BOYTSOV RUS 5. IAGO KILADZE (WBA I/C) GEO 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Consequences of the Attack on Pearl Harbor from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump to Navigationjump to Search
    Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Hideki Tojo, Japanese Prime Minister at the time of the attack Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor took place on December 7, 1941. The U.S. military suffered 18 ships damaged or sunk, and 2,400 people were killed. Its most significant consequence was the entrance of the United States into World War II. The US had previously been neutral but subsequently entered the Pacific War, the Battle of the Atlantic and the European theatre of war. Following the attack, the US interned 120,000 Japanese Americans, 11,000 German Americans, and 3,000 Italian Americans. Contents 1American public opinion prior to the attack 2American response 3Japanese views 4Germany and Italy declare war 5British reaction 6Canadian response 7Investigations and blame 8Rise of anti-Japanese sentiment and historical significance 9Perception of the attack today o 9.1Revisionism controversies 10Analysis o 10.1Tactical implications . 10.1.1Battleships . 10.1.2Carriers . 10.1.3Shore installations . 10.1.4Charts o 10.2Strategic implications 11See also 12Notes 13External links American public opinion prior to the attack[edit] From the outbreak of World War II on September 1, 1939 to December 8, 1941, the United States was officially neutral, as it was bound by the Neutrality Acts not to get involved in the conflicts raging in Europe and Asia. Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, public opinion in the United States had not been unanimous. When polled in January
    [Show full text]
  • Gli Stranieri E Il Cinema Come Il Giappone Rappresenta Il Diverso
    Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue e Istituzioni Economiche e Giuridiche dell'Asia e dell'Africa Mediterranea Tesi di Laurea Magistrale Gli stranieri e il cinema Come il Giappone rappresenta il diverso Relatrice Ch. Prof. Maria Roberta Novielli Correlatrice Ch. Prof. Paola Scrolavezza Laureanda Giulia Annibale Matricola 833509 Anno Accademico 2016 / 2017 要旨 近年、移民と移民政策問題は全世界的な現象になってきており、世界中の政 府機関により注目されている。通常、報道メディアはニュースを映画、またはドラ マのようなエンターテインメント制作の手法をとって、移民に対するイメージを形 作ることに中心的な役割を務めている。なぜなら、報道メディアは民族に対する民 意にとって、強い影響力があるからである。移住者に対する日本の政策や態度は他 国と比べて特別なものであり、昔から変わらぬものがある。実際、現在でも日本は 移民に対して不寛容な国だと言われる。なぜなら、日本の移民政策は非常に厳しく、 日本社会は外からの人間に対して、社会に溶け噫みにくく、開いていないという現 実があるからだ。日本に昔から住み続けている移民の大多数は、韓国·朝鮮人の人々 だ。韓国と日本の関係は長い時間かけて築き上げられたものである。それゆえに、 私にとって在日コリアンの集団は、特に興味深い研究課題だと思った。 また、報道メディアはテレビや映画、新聞など、様々な種類がある。映画 の歴史や理論、その仕組みに深い関心を持っているからこそ、この論文テーマに映 画を選んだ。昔から、テレビが世界中で広まる前に、映画は人々の考え方に強い影 響力を持っていたことだろう。では、昔から現在まで、映画制作はどのように異国 人(特にコリアンの方)を表見したのか。 論文の中心は日本映画制作にコリアンの表現と歴史的背景の関係ということ だ。なぜなら、よくステレオタイプと僻みは歴史的背景から生成されて、マスコミ を通じて広げたり強くなったりして、結局事実になってきた。だから、日本の映画 制作においての外国人の表現方、そのイメージが聴衆の移民に対する意見に影響を 与えるかということもある。 一第部分は20世紀の初めから現在までの日本とコリアの関係史を表してい る。中心は韓国から日本への移住のことだ。二第部分は植民地時代と戦時を示して いる。その時、コリアは大日本帝国の植民地として併合された。土地の開発という わけで住民は移住させられた。その後、第2次大戦の初め直前に、帝国日本は低賃 金の労働者·兵士·売春婦さえとして多くの韓国人を徴兵された。その時の映画制 作に韓国人はほとんどなかった。清水宏の『有り難うさん』には若いコリアン女の 人の労働者を現れることがあるが、それは例外的なものだ。一方、コリアで日本の 手引きと法律に従って作ったプロパガンダの映画は義兵や日本人の主人公の恋人と して現れるのは多い。なぜなら、その人物は概念を体現として存在したからだ。三 第部分は戦後時代と経済復興時代に関する。その時、日本とコリアの国交を悪化し た。50年代の終わりまでコリアンは日本映画制作に見えないけれども、そのあと 監督たちは在日コリアンの話題に関心を発達した。その時から70年代までぐらいコ リアンはヤクザや社会迫害の犠牲者としてよく表現された。この時代の一番意味深
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Homogeneity and Processes of Racialisation and Their Effects on the Korean Population Living in Japan
    CERS Working Paper 2016 Abigail Witherwick Japanese homogeneity and processes of racialisation and their effects on the Korean population living in Japan Introduction I have decided to focus on Japan as part of this research into the processes of racialisation within a country outside of the UK. Japan is an interesting country to look at when researching the different processes of racialisation in different countries as it frequently claims that it is a homogenous, raceless society (Iwabuchi and Takezawa, 2015), despite this statement being politically incorrect. According to the Central Intelligence Agency (2015), 98.5% of the Japanese population are Japanese, 0.5% are Koreans, 0.4% are Chinese, and 0.6% are other. This demonstrates that the numbers of foreigners living in Japan are small; however, there are still large numbers of Koreans and Chinese living there. An OHCHR report by the UN (2005) concluded that there is racial discrimination and xenophobia in Japan which affects three groups; the Buraku people, the Ainu and the people of Okianawa, descendents of Japanese colonies (Koreans and Chinese), and foreigners and migrants from other Asian countries and from the rest of the world. Minorities are marginalised through their access to education, employment, health and housing (OHCHR, 2005). There is no national legislation that outlaws racial discrimination and provides a judicial remedy for the victims of racial prejudices (OHCHR, 2005). Iwabuchi and Takezawa (2015) argue that the Japanese government is reluctant to admit that there is a problem of racial discrimination, and they have internalised scientific discourses that racism is between ‘blacks’ and ‘whites’ in Africa and America.
    [Show full text]
  • The Digital Divide: the Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective
    http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a chapter published in The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective. Citation for the original published chapter: Meinrath, S., Losey, J., Lennett, B. (2013) Afterword. Internet Freedom, Nuanced Digital Divide, and the Internet Craftsman. In: Massimo Ragnedda and Glenn W. Muschert (ed.), The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective (pp. 309-316). London: Routledge Routledge advances in sociology N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-100423 The Digital Divide This book provides an in-depth comparative analysis of inequality and the stratification of the digital sphere. Grounded in classical sociological theories of inequality, as well as empirical evidence, this book defines “the digital divide” as the unequal access and utility of internet communications technologies and explores how it has the potential to replicate existing social inequalities, as well as create new forms of stratification. The Digital Divide examines how various demographic and socio-economic factors including income, education, age and gender, as well as infrastructure, products and services affect how the internet is used and accessed. Comprised of six parts, the first section examines theories of the digital divide, and then looks in turn at: • Highly developed nations and regions (including the USA, the EU and Japan); • Emerging large powers (Brazil, Russia, India, China); • Eastern European countries (Estonia, Romania, Serbia); • Arab and Middle Eastern nations (Egypt, Iran, Israel); • Under-studied areas (East and Central Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa).
    [Show full text]