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BIOLOGY and MANAGEMENT of COMMON GROUNDSEL (Senecio Vulgaris L.) in STRAWBERRY

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BIOLOGY and MANAGEMENT of COMMON GROUNDSEL (Senecio Vulgaris L.) in STRAWBERRY BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF COMMON GROUNDSEL (Senecio vulgaris L.) IN STRAWBERRY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Rodrigo Figueroa, B.S., Agronomist ***** The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee: Professor Douglas Doohan, adviser Approved by: Professor John Cardina, co-adviser Professor Kent Harrison ___________________________________ Professor Daniel Herms Adviser Horticulture and Crop Science Graduate program ABSTRACT Common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) is an annual weed of Mediterranean origin that has become a worldwide pest in many crop production systems, including small fruit crops like strawberry. Management of common groundsel has been difficult because of its tolerance of many control measures and resistance to some herbicides, and because of inadequate or conflicting information about its biology. Studies were conducted in Ohio to determine the effect of common groundsel’s maternal environment on seed dormancy, describe the pattern of seedling emergence and seed persistence, and to evaluate the response of common groundsel and strawberry to herbicides. Experiments were conducted using local seeds and seeds collected along a 700-km transect from Michigan to Kentucky. Freshly matured seeds collected from sites along this transect differed in germination response to temperature, but when plants from these sites were grown in a common environment the seeds responded uniformly to temperature. In growth chamber studies, seeds maturing on plants growing in cold short day conditions were mostly dormant whereas seeds produced on plants in warm long day conditions were mostly non-dormant. Changing temperature conditions from warm to cold increased seed dormancy, especially when the change occurred in early reproductive stages. The dormancy status of buried seeds varied throughout the year, mostly in response to soil temperature. Seedling emergence was limited by both rainfall and temperature but there was an interaction with tillage. A logistic regression model demonstrated that in tilled ii soil, emergence was stimulated by small amounts of rainfall, but in no-till conditions about ten-times as much rainfall is required to stimulate emergence. Nearly all buried seeds germinated or died during two years of burial in soil. In newly established strawberries, common groundsel was controlled with the herbicide sulfentrazone (N-[2,4- dichloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl- ]phenyl]methanesulfonamide) applied before seedling emergence at rates of 0.15 and 0.3 kg/ha. Stunting was observed in strawberry plants as herbicide rates increased, and was more severe on a high pH (> 6.5) soil and on cultivar ‘Allstar’ compared with ‘Jewel’. Late summer applications of clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) herbicide (0.1-0.2 kg/ha) controlled common groundsel without suppressing strawberry foliage or reducing yield. iii Dedicated to my wife Andrea for her love, companionship, support, patience, and faith throughout these years. To Jose Tomas and Rosarito for many smiles that cheered me up and gave me strength. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to thank God for giving me the opportunity to study at OSU and learn from all the incredible people he has put in our way. Thanks to my parents and all my family, for all the support that made us through many difficulties. I would also like to express my special gratitude to the following individuals and institutions: to my adviser, Dr. Douglas Doohan for his guidance, support, patience and friendship but most importantly for making my PhD studies both a challenging and growing experience. To my co-adviser, Dr. John Cardina for being a model researcher and friend. To my dissertation committee members, Drs. Daniel Herms and Kent Harrison for their valuable suggestions and guidance with the plant material collections, as well as with the manuscripts review. To the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, School of Agriculture and Forestry, for financial support during these four years. To Dr. Marcelo Kogan, my undergraduate advisor and friend, who introduced me to weed science and pushed me to aspire to the PhD. To Dr. Joel Felix for his positive criticism aimed to improve my work. To Tim Koch for helping during the herbicide applications and evaluations. To Cathy Herms for her many hours of extra work, patience and support finishing my dissertation. To Paul McMillen for his prompt responses to field operations needs and great humor. To John Elliott for his help with strawberry field management, especially during many night hours of frost protection. To all OARDC personal, v particularly to Bert Bishop for his help with questions of statistical analysis. To graduate students in the weed science program, Karen Amisi, Mark Frey and Lynn Sosnoskie. To all summer helpers in the weed lab that spent many hours of hard work: Hayley Bennett, Ben Doohan, Noah Myers, Mike Peters, Josh Reinford, and Elizabeth Zaleski. Finally, many thanks to our friends for life: Kitty and Pablo Valencia, Cheryll and Ted Radovich, and David Scurlock. You have all made these years an incredible and enriching experience. vi VITA February 22, 1968……………….. Born – Santiago, Chile 1991……………………………… BS, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (PUC). 1993……………………………… Agronomist, PUC. 1993 to present…………………… Assistant Professor, PUC 1999 –2003………………………. Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University, USA. PUBLICATIONS Robinson, D.E., O’Donovan, J.T., Sharma, M.P., Doohan, D.J. and R. Figueroa. 2003. The biology of Canadian weeds. 123. Senecio vulgaris L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 83 (3): 629-644. Figueroa, R., Doohan, D. and J. Cardina. 2002. Efficacy and crop tolerance of sulfentrazone on strawberries. NCWSS Abstracts 57. Figueroa, R. and D.J. Doohan. 2002. Germination response of six common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) weed collections to temperature and burial. WSSA Abstracts 42: 82-83 Kogan, M., Figueroa, R. and Gilabert, H. 2002. Weed control intensity effects on young radiate pine growth. Crop Protection, 21 (3): 253-257. Kogan, M. and R. Figueroa. 2002. Carry over of flazasulfuron applied post transplanting of tomato. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria, 29 (3): 137-143. Figueroa, R. 1993. Tolerance of Eucalyptus globulus young seedling plants to soil active herbicides. Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Thesis. FIELDS OF STUDY Major field: Horticulture and Crop Science vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract............................................................................................................................ ii Dedication....................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................v Vita................................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................... x List of Figures................................................................................................................ xii Chapters: 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................1 Literature Cited.....................................................................................................5 2. Maternal environments effects on seed dormancy of common groundsel ...........7 Abstract.................................................................................................................7 Introduction.........................................................................................................10 Materials and Methods........................................................................................12 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................17 Literature Cited...................................................................................................31 3. Common groundsel seed longevity and seedling emergence .............................35 Abstract...............................................................................................................35 Introduction.........................................................................................................37 viii Materials and Methods........................................................................................40 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................46 Literature Cited...................................................................................................58 4 Management of common groundsel in newly established strawberry................62 Abstract...............................................................................................................62 Introduction.........................................................................................................64 Materials and Methods........................................................................................66 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................72 Literature Cited...................................................................................................83
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