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Senecio: a Dangerous Plant for Man and Beast A.E

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Senecio: a Dangerous Plant for Man and Beast A.E RANGELANDS11(6), December1989 261 the ranch'sprogress or decline in overallrange condition the rangeon a short-term basis (i.e., determinethe proper if photographedplots are permanently markedand esti- stocking rateor the propergrazing cycle length),and can mated each 5 or 10 years. providea reliablevisual record of the manager's ability to This photographicmethod aids in the management of improveit. Senecio: A Dangerous Plant for Man and Beast A.E. Johnson, R.J. Molyneux and M.H. Ralphs The genusSenecia includes 1,000 to3,000 species dis- Riddell'sgroundsel (S. riddellii) occurs in the Mid- and tributed throughout theworld. Senecioand other species Southwest. It is a suffrutescenthalf-shrub that dies back that contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) [i.e., hounds to the crown each fall and thrives on sandy soil. It is tongue (Cynoglossurn officinale), fiddleneck (Arnsinckia similar in appearance tothreadleaf groundsel except that intermedia),and speciesof Crotalaria,Borago, Heliotro- its leaves and stemsare bright green.It was implicatedas pium and Echiurn]are perhapsthe most importantgroup causing "walking horse"disease early in this centuryand of poisonous plants worldwide. They are toxic to live- has systematicallybeen eradicated in many areas of the stock when grazed or ingested in hay or contaminated Midwest (Barkley 1978). grains. They are also toxic to humanswhen ingested as Toxicology contaminantsin cereals, from PAcontaminated milk pro- Estimates of toxicity of Seneciospecies are ducts commonly (PA's ingested by lactating animalsare excretedin based on the amount of plant required to cause symp- the milk), andwhen made into herbalteas. Tansy ragwort toms or death.These estimates are not reliableor realistic (Seneciojacobaea)is often confusedwith tansy(Tanace- because toxicitydepends on the PAconcentration in the turn vulgare), which has been used in herbal medicines plant, the specific PA present, theform of PA, and the rate (Cheeke and Shull 1985). Comfrey (Symphyturnof fici- at which the plant is ingested. which has been nale), reputed as havingmedicinal prop- There are many different PAs. The majority are toxic erties, also contains PA. and affect the liver. contains 8 In the western primarily Tansy ragwort US, only7 Seneciospecies are reported PA5, threadleaf groundsel contains4, and Riddell's to be toxic but ground- (Kingsbury 1964), many other species sel contains only 1. Each PA exists in the plant as a probablycontain PA. The greatesteconomic loss is from nontoxic free-base or a N-oxide. become toxic cattle Horses are also They poisoning. highly susceptibleto whenthe free-baseis converted into highly reactive PA, but and are moreresistant and bean alky- sheep goats may lating pyrrolesby liver microsomal enzymes. The N-oxide effective biological control for some Seneciospecies. must first be convertedto the free-base, in Three Senecio presumably species cause the majority of cattle the gut, before conversion to the pyrrole. the losses in the western US. was introduced Initially Tansy ragwort free-base form was considered potentially more toxic from Europeand occurs in the coastal PacificNorthwest et al. 1 985b), butrecent evidence that and in the (Johnson suggests Northeast.The plant is a weedy winter annual the N-oxide can be equally toxic (Molyneuxet al. or biennial that in the over-wintersas a 1989). germinates fall, Thus, the total PA content of a species is currently the rosette, and forms a tall flowering stalk in the spring and best estimate of its It toxicity. summer. growson moist well-drained soils in pastures, The reactivepyrrole crosslinkswith DNAand prevents forests, and wastelands. livercells from As thecells senesce and Threadleaf reproducing. die, or woolly groundsel(S. douglasiivar. longi- they are not replaced. Increasingnumbers of liver cells in the Southwest. It is a low- lobus) grows principally are damaged with each successive toxic dose of PA, growing, perennial, evergreen shrub and is most abund- resulting in a cirrhosis-like liver condition with blocked ant on loamy to clay soils. Its leaves and stems are bileducts andveins. Thesechanges lead to eventual liver coveredwith awhite woolly pubescence. It is an increaser failure anddeath of the animal. Thedisease is progressive that becomes abundanton abused and species degraded and symptomsmay not becomeapparent for3 weeks up rangeland. to 18 months after ingestion of the plant. Thus, a large Editor's Note: 1 pound (Ib) equals 454grams (g) proportion of deaths and illnesss may go undiagnosed. 1 kilogram (kg) equals 2.2 pounds Johnson and Ralphs are atthe USDA Agr. Res. Serv. Poisonous Plant Lab, Logan UT84321; Molyneux is atthe USDAAgr. Res. Ser. WesternRegional ResearchCenter, Albany, CA 94710 262 RANGELANDS 11(6), December1989 a. TANSY RAGWORT .9 1979 ——1980 —-1981 It .8 / \ .7 1/' .6 / ,1 / \ , I / \ .5 ———,, / 1/ .4. / :l••. ' \\ \\ / . \ .3. / . — . 0 0 .2 .1 I I • I • I JAN FEB MARAPR MAYJUN JULAUGSEPOCTNOVDEC b. THREADLEAFGROUNDSEL 'I 1979 8 —- 1980 — -1981 7 1982 6 5 3 2 1 a FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV C. RIDDELL'S GROUNDSEL FIg.1. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid content ofleaves of three Senecio species: (a) tansy ragwor: collectedat Roseburg, OR. (b)threadleafgroundselcollectedat Sonita, AZ; (c) Riddells groundsel collectedat Woodward,OK RANGELANDS11(6), December1989 263 The acute or chronic natureof the disease depends on Table 1. ToxIcityof S.neclospecIes fed to220 kg calves for20 days. how much plant and PA are consumedand how rapidly they are ingested. There appears to be a threshold of PA Lethal amountof tolerance the plant by the liver,or pre-absorbance influencesin level in gut, that must beexceeded beforePA becomedangerous Species lethal dose plant Dry Fresh4 and Animals can eat small (Johnson Molyneux 1984). mg/kg amounts of Senecio over periods of time without any body wt % ------9/day---—- adverseeffects. Abovethe threshold level,Seneclo ingested Tansy ragwort 2.3' .31 161 806 for 15 to 20days may lethallydamage the liver.In time, or Threadleaf due to groundsel 10132 2.19 118 594 stress, the liver may fail to function properly,and Riddell's groundsel 15-2O 6.40 63 312 theanimal eventually dies.Acute poisoning israre because Riddell's groundsel of the low palatability of Senecio species. However, if High PA 15-20 18.0 22 111 animalsare forcedto eat large quantitiesof PA-containing Johnson 1979 2Johnson and Molyneux 1984 plants in a short time, necrosis in the liver and severe 3Johnson etal. 1985a hemorrhage causesdeath within 1 to 2 days (Kingsbury 4Based ondry matter content of 20%. 1964). Younger animals are more susceptible to PA because when plantsare flowering.PA content of Riddell'sground- of increased cellular activity and higher levels of PA sel is lowest when it starts growth in the spring and metabolizing enzymes in the liver (Johnsonet al. 1985a). increases as the plant matures. Maximum hazard is in Clinical signs include a rough, unkept appearance; diar- mid-summerduring the bud and flower stage. rhea; prolapsed rectum; bloated appearance; lassitude These Senecio species are not very palatable to live- and dullness; neurological disturbances, such as "head stock. However, ifthey are presenton rangeor pastures, pressing" againstsolid objects; andrestless pacing (Cheeke cattle shouldbe watchedclosely tosee ifthey are grazing and Shull 1985). Senecio, and removed if they begin to selectthem. When PA contentvaries amongspecies, within seasons, and PA content is high, only a small amountof plant material between years (Fig. 1). The level of PA in Riddell's needs to be consumedover 15 to 20 days to be lethal to groundselis extremely high. The peak PA concentration young cattle. in leaves exceeded 10% of dry weight in 5 consecutive Sheep are moreresistant to PAtoxicity and manyselec- years of sampling (Molyneux and Johnson 1984). The tively graze Senecio. Thus, they can be used to reduce extremePA content in Riddell'sgroundsel at Woodward, Senecio availabilityfor cattle (Sharrow and Mosher1982). OK, in 1980 (Fig. 1-c) occurred in ahot, dryyear. Alkaloid Other biological agents such as the cinnabarmoth and levels rarelyexceed 7% inother species specificallyculti- the ragwort flea beetle are effective in controlling tansy vated fortheir alkaloids. Drought stress can increase PA ragwortwhen they can beestablished in coloniesof suffi- content of Senecio (Briskeand Camp1982). cient strength. Herbicides such as 2,4-D applied in the Of the three speciesstudied, PA in tansy ragwort are spring or dicambaapplied in early summerare also effec- most toxic, requiring only2.3 mg PA/kgbody weight/day tive controls. Threadleaf groundsel can be controlled fora lethal dose(Johnson 1979). The largernumber of PA with 2,4-D plus picloram (0.8 + 0.3 kg a.e./ha) applied in andtheir differing toxicity probablyaccount for its higher theautumn when plants are activelygrowing, and metsul- toxicitycompared to the other2 species. The flowers are furon at rates as low as 18 g ai/ha is also promising most toxic, followed by leaves, then roots. The stemsare (Sharrow et al. 1988). relativelynontoxic (Swicket al. 1979). However, theaver- Literature Cited age PA content in thetansy ragwort plant is lowestof the the Barkley, TM. 1978. Senecio. North America Flora Series II, Vol. three species studied (0.31% of dry matter). Thus, 10:50-139. amountof fresh plant materialrequired for a lethaldose is Blrske, D.D., and B.J. Camp. 1982. Water stress increasesalkaloid greater than the otherspecies (Table 1). The toxicityof concentrations in threadleaf
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