x

The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman 1949-1964

The Choice of a New College Head

When Charles C. Wright was Bridgewater's acting president (1948-49), the search for a president of the college continued. In the fall of 1948, the institution's board of trustees, upon the recommendation of its search committee and of its executive committee, offered the presidency to Forrest L. Weller, a Manchester College graduate (1925) and a Ph.D. (1945) of the University of Chicago.1 Professor Weller, the Department of Sociology head at the University of South Dakota, accepted the appointment, but shortly thereafter resigned. 2 On December 31, 1948, the trustee board's executive committee, upon a motion made by John C. Myers, voted to consider Warren Daniel Bowman for the presidency of the college,3 and on February 21, 1949, the members of the board, by unanimous vote, elected Dr. Bowman president (his term to begin on July 1, 1949), and set his salary at $6,000 for the first year.4 The college's alumni association endorsed the trustees' action and assured the president-elect of its wholehearted support.5 '

The New President

Warren Daniel Bowman (1894-1987), the son of Benjainin F. Bowman and Mary E. (Miller) Bowman, was born near Dayton, Virginia. He was educated at Bridgewater College (B. A., 1920) and at the University of Chicago (M.A., 1922; Ph.D., 1930). He was instructor at the State Teachers College, Farmville, Virginia, 1923-30; head of the Department of Education and Psychology at Juniata College, 1930-37; and a teacher in the summer sessions at George Peabody College for teachers (1923, 1924), Emory University (1925), the University of Virginia (1930), and Duke University (1936,1937). An ordained minister, he was pastor of the First Church of the Brethren in Washington, D. C., 1937-49; moderator of that denomination's annual conference in 1945; and a member of its General Brotherhood Board. He was the author of a widely used book, Home Builders of Tomorrow (1937); another book, Counseling with

1TrExComM, Sept. 22, 1948; TrM, Nov. 8, 1948. 2TrExComM, Dec. 9, 1948. 3rrExComM, Dec. 31, 1948. 4rrM, Feb. 21, 1949. 5AlumM, March 26, 1949. 467 468 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Couples before Marriage (1945); and articles and pamphlets on marriage and family. During World War I, he served as sergeant in the U. S. Army's Medical Corps. 6 The president-elect, 55 years old, was thoroughly familiar with the college. Not only he, but also his brother Rufus and his sister Effie were Bridgewater graduates. Their maternal grandfather, Martin P. Miller, was an uncle of the college's founder and one of the original trustees of the school. The president-elect himself was a Bridgewater trustee, 1943-48, as was his brother Rufus, 1936-37.

WARREN DANIEL BOWMAN

President of the college, 1949-64

6ww (1948-49), p. 266. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 469

Dr. Bowman was inducted into the presidency at exercises held in Cole Hall, March 25, 1950, in the presence of representatives of nearly 100 colleges, universities, learned societies, and religious organizations. Aaron J. Brumbaugh, vice president of the American Council on Education, was one of the speakers at the exercises, over which Charles C. Wright presided. After being inducted into office by Charles W. Wampler, chairman of the college's board of trustees, the new president responded in a formal address, the first such address in the first such inaugural proceedings in the college's history.7 After occupying the alumni association's guest rooms in Blue Ridge Hall since July, President and Mrs. Bowman, their son and three daughters, in November, 1949, moved into the new dwelling the trustees had built for the college's first family.8

THE NEW HOUSE FOR THE COLLEGE'S PRESIDENTS

Other Administrative Officers

John W. Boitnott, the college's academic dean since July 1, 1947 (after Charles C. Wright, acting dean, 1946-47), continued in that position until June, 1967, the catalogues reveal. From 1947 until 1962, he was also the college's registrar, and from 1947 until 1957, he usually taught two courses (in education and psychology) each semester. He was also director of the college's summer sessions, 1948-66 (except 1962). He had been Director of Teacher Education at Manchester College (1946-47), after having served as academic dean of McPherson College (1935-46). Donna L. Miller was Bridgewater's registrar, August 1, 1962, to October 1, 1969.9

7HDN-R, March 26, 1950, p. 1; Bee, March 25, 1950, p. 1; Newsette, April, 1950, p. 1. See also TrM, Nov. 7, 1949; TrExCornM, Jan. 26, 1950. 8TrM, Nov. 8, 1948; TrExCornM, Dec. 9, 1948; March 10, 1949; Newsette, Dec., 1949, p. 2; April, 1950, p. 4. 9TrM, March 3, 1962; Talon, Sept. 19, 1969, p. 5. 470 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Cecil C. Ikenberry, the college's business manager and treasurer since 1941, served in that office until the end of 1957. His successor (1958-83) was Lowell A. Miller, Rockingham County's commissioner of revenue, 1952-57. 10 W. Donald Clague, dean of men since 1948,11 served in that capacity until 1966. Mildred A. Wheatley, dean of women since 1948, continued in that position until 1951. Her successors, during Warren D. Bowman's presidency, the catalogues show, were Margaret V. Flory, 1951-53; Kathryn Widdowson, 1953-55; Mrs. Edna W. Shively, 1955-59; and Margaret V. Flory (again), 1959-64. Mr. Clague and Miss Wheatley were the successors of Ida E. Shockley, dean of students, 1946-48. Clarence E. May, the college's director of publicity since 194612 (after Morley J. Mays), served in that position until 1967. From 1952-56, Rufus B. King, the alumni association's executive secretary, was also President Warren D. Bowman's assistant.13 On February 1, 1953, Edgar F. Wilkerson began work as the college's first full-time admissions counselor14 (termed "Director of Admissions" since 1960), and he held that position until 1970. Agnes V. Kline was the head librarian, 1929-37, and 1949-63. Her successor in that position, 1963-82, was Orland Wages. Miss Kline, however, continued to serve full-time as assistant librarian, 1963-68, the catalogues show. Following W. Earl Breon (1946-48), Rufus B. King was the college's director of development, 1948-56, and after him, Jacob F. Replogle, 1956-65.15 After Cecil C. Ikenberry (1941-49), John T. Fike was the college's superintendent of buildings and grounds, 1949-52.16 His successors, the catalogues show, were Raymond C. Phibbs, 1952-55, and Paul V. Phibbs, 1955-81. Jacob F. Replogle was director of church relations, 1956-64, besides being the alumni association's executive secretary and the college's director of development. George S. Row, the college's physician since 1945, served in that capacity until 1972. He had the assistance of a resident nurse at the college.

Dietitians, Chefs, and the Food Service After Rebecca Gene Bowman (1947-49), the college's dietitians were Stella G. Reynolds, 1949-53, and Mrs. A. Ray (Louise Garst) Showalter, 1953-57.17 In September, 1957, Crotty Brothers, of Boston, Massachusetts, began providing the food service in Rebecca Hall for the resident students,18 and continued doing so until September, 1961. During the summer of 1961, the college kitchen was remodeled, and in September (1961), a cafeteria style of food service was instituted, in place of family style of service by waiters at

10-rrExComM, Jan. 17, 1958. 11TrExComM, Sept. 22, 1948. 12FacM, Sept. 23, 1946; Aug. 1, 1950. 131-rM, Nov. 3, 1952. 14TrM, March 14, 1953. 15-rrExComM, July 8, 1948; TrM, March 3, Nov, 5, 1956. 16rrM, Nov. 3, 1952. 17TrM, Nov. 2, 1957. 181bid. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 471

the tables. Slater Food Service, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was in charge. The change was made to relieve the overcrowded conditions in the dining hall, and to eliminate the necessity of serving meals in shifts. 19 Faith Hope Whitelow, the college's chef since 1937, continued in that capacity until his untimely death in October, 1952, after having served the college "faithfully and beyond the call of duty" in various culinary tasks for 28 years. Genial and trustworthy, he was "known and loved by succeeding generations of Bridgewater College students and faculty members.1120 Mr. Whitelaw's successor was another popular black employee, Kem W. Beale, who served as chef from 1952 until 1957, when Crotty Brothers began their food service.21

The Students

During Warren D. Bowman's presidency (1949-64), the student enrollment at the college increased by approximately one-third; from 494 to 655. It declined from 494 to 373 during the years 1949-53. The decline was due to the registration of fewer veterans of World War II, the presence of fewer youth of college age in the general population, the drafting of young men for military service in the Korean War, and the fact that several Virginia counties from which Bridgewater drew students were changing from an 11- to a 12- year public school system. During the next 15 years (1953-68), the student enrollment steadily increased.22 As to be expected, Virginians continued to predominate in the student population. Their proportion during Warren D. Bowman's presidency was greatest (80 percent) in the session, 1953-54; thereafter, it gradually declined to 67.6 percent in 1963-64. Rockingham County, as a source of Virginia students, continued to run far ahead of other counties in the state, but the proportion of its students in the sessional enrollments declined from about one-third to about one-fifth during the period here under review. Augusta, Roanoke, Fairfax, Franklin, Arlington, and Prince William counties (descending order) ranked next after Rockingham as suppliers of Virginia students to Bridgewater, 1949-64. Maryland, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania (descending order) ranked next after Virginia among the states in providing students. The proportion of Marylanders in the sessional enrollments increased from 8.7 percent in 1949-50 to 15.5 percent in 1963-64. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico also supplied a few students. During these years (1949-64), 29 students came from 13 foreign countries. Six came from West Germany, five from South Korea, three from Cuba, three from India, two from China, two from France, two from Japan and one from each of the following countries: the Bahamas, Burma, Greece, Jordan, Malaya, and the Philippines. As many as seven foreign students (from six countries) were at the college during the session, 1963-64. Twenty of the 29 students held tuition-remission scholarships, five of which the college offered to foreign students each year, beginning in 1952. Nine of the students received Bridgewater's B. A. degree and one its B. S. Going on to graduate and professional schools, one earned the Ph.D. degree and three the M.D.23

19TrM, March 4, Nov. 4, 1961; Newsette, Aug., 1961, p. 5. 2013ee, Oct. 3, 1952, p. 2; AlumM, Oct.-, 1952. 21Kern W. Beale to FFW, Oct. 10, 1983. 22The registrars' reports provided the data on student enrollments. 23nased upon BC catalogues, student directories, Admission Office reports, Registrar's Office records, TrM, and the AlumBF. 472 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

The proportion of women in the student body grew from 28.7 percent in 1949-50 to 41.6 percent in 1963-64. A perceptible increase in the number and proportion of women in the sessional enrollments began in 1958. The number of war veterans in the student body declined from 135 (27 percent of the total enrollment) in 1949-50, to 70 (13 percent) in 1957-58, to 28 (five percent) in 1959-60, to only one in 1963-64. Among the students during Warren D. Bowman's presidency were not only children, but also grandchildren, of Bridgewater alumni. In 1961-62, Thomas Miller, of Salem, Virginia, represented the fifth generation of his family to attend Bridgewater.24

BRIDGEWATER STUDENTS FROM FOREIGN LANDS 1961-62

Left to right: Cathleen P. Fisher, from the Bahamas; Seong Jin Lee, from South Korea; Chih-jan Chao, from Malaya; Danielle A. LeGoff, from France; and Takehisa Imaizumi, from Japan.

In the session, 1949-50, approximately one-half of the students belonged to the Church of the Brethren. The proportion rose to 60 percent in 1952-53, but thereafter generally declined to 43 percent in 1963-64. The church districts (among the 14 in the church's southeastern region in the U. S. A.) that supplied the greatest number of Church of the Brethren students to the college, 1949-64, were the following (descending order): Second Virginia, Northern Virginia, First Virginia, Southern Virginia, Eastern Maryland, and Eastern Virginia. Methodists, the second largest church group among the students, constituted 14.9 percent of the enrollment in 1949-50, but 18.6 percent by 1963-64. Presbyterians, Baptists, Lutherans, and Evangelical United Brethren (descending order) ranked next in number. The student population included

24Newsette, Dec., 1961, p. 3. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 473

not only Protestants of other sects, but also some Roman Catholics, Jewish students, and adherents of other faiths. The proportion of students living at the college increased from 65 percent in 1949-50 to 78 percent in 1963-64. The increase was due, primarily, to the opening of more campus dormitories: Blue Ridge Hall (for women) in 1949, Wright Hall (for men) in 1959, and Daleville Hall (for women) in 1963. In October, 1949, between three and four percent of the dormitory students had automobiles at the college, but in the session, 1963-64, about 28 percent.25 Few day students of this period walked any considerable distance to the college from their homes, as had certain students in the days of yore. The scheduling of flights by Piedmont Airlines to and from the Shenandoah Valley Airport, beginning in 1960,26 made the college (about 12 miles away) more accessible for students coming from a considerable distance. The cost of tuition, board, room (double occupancy), and the various other items for a full- time resident student at Bridgewater was more than doubled during Warren D. Bowman's presidency, the college's catalogues reveal: $702 in 1949-50; $1,500 in 1963-64. Even so, Bridgewater students were paying only about two-thirds of the cost of their education, the other third coming from other sources. To help him meet expenses, one student brought with him his five-gaited saddle horse, which he entered in shows on week-ends. 27 The recruitment of the students was pressed more vigorously during this period. In the college's earlier years, most of that work was done by faculty members (some of it by the school's presidents) during the summer months. In the years 1947-53, much of it was done by the alumni association's executive secretary (Rufus B. King), along with his other work. In February, 1953, however, Edgar F. Wilkerson (B. A., Bridgewater, 1949) began his tenure as the college's first full-time admissions counselor28 (called director of admissions since 1960). He visited high schools in Virginia and adjacent states on "College Days" or "College Nights"; talked with prospective students (and often with their parents); conferred with high school guidance counselors; solicited and received names of prospective students from Bridgewater Alumni, clergymen, and current students at the college; obtained data on their qualifications; sent prospects attractive and informative brochures on the college (prepared by Professor Clarence E. May, the publicity director); invited them to the college on ''High School Days," "Church of the Brethren Days," or "May Day'' for briefings at assemblies, campus tours, a luncheon, an athletic contest, or some other special event. Students of this period had the advantage of a carefully planned faculty-advisee system, older and more experienced directors in the men's dormitories, and an expanded program for testing social adjustment, aptitudes, skills, and achievement. An influenza epidemic, the worst since the fall and winter of 1918, affected about 25 percent of the Bridgewater student body during the fall of 1957. Men received treatment in East Hall, and women in Blue Ridge Hall. Besides the college physician, Dr. George S. Row, and the college nurse, Bonnie Kitchen, two other registered nurses, Mrs. Faith Sanger, director of Rebecca Hall, and Ruth E. Tandy, physical education professor, were among those who helped during the emergency. Despite absences, classes were taught as usual, but some student activities were cancelled. 29

25FacAdmComM, Oct. 3, 1949; Alumnus, Aug., 1964, p. 12. 26Newsette, Dec., 1959, p. 13. 27HDN-R, Aug. 9, 1955. 28-rrM, March 14, 1953. 29Bee, Nov. 5, 1957, p. 1. 474 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Financial Assistance For Students By the session, 1963-64, the college had provided the following scholarships for needy and worthy students: an unspecified number of "General Scholarships" (for freshmen primarily) of $100 or more each year; "Maryland Scholarships" (from the residual assets of defunct Blue Ridge College, New Windsor, Md.) for Church of the Brethren students (for freshmen before upperclassmen) of Maryland; five full-tuition scholarships each year for students of foreign countries; "Ministerial Scholarships": $100 annually to each licensed or ordained student minister of the junior or senior class; a $50 scholarship annually to each son or daughter of an active clergyman; a $100 scholarship annually to each son or daughter of an active foreign missionary.30 The income from the following endowment funds, contributed by various individuals and organizations during Warren D. Bowman's presidency, provided additional scholarships: The Madeleine Long Arthur Memorial Fund ($2,000), established in 1952 by her parents, Isaac S. and Effie Showalter Long, and her sisters and brother, Elizabeth, Esther, and Albert, to aid ministerial students. The Virginia Garber Cole Strickler Memorial Fund ($38,269.69), established in 1953. The Augusta County Scholarship Fund ($5,000), established in 1954 by the Augusta County (Va.) chapter of the Bridgewater College Alumni Association to aid students of the county, Waynesboro, and Staunton. The Clericus Fund ($1,000), established by the Clericus Chorus at the college in 1955 to aid ministerial students. The Donald Lester Kline Memorial Fund ($1,425), established in 1955 by his parents, Orrin M. and Elva Ramey Kline, to aid ministerial students. (A campus bench, placed along the patio in front of Cole Hall, was another memorial to their son by Mr. and Mrs. Kline.) The John D. and Bertha Cline Miller Fund ($650), established in 1955 by Mrs. Miller in memory of her husband, to aid students preparing for Christian service. The Jesse Edward Rolston Fund ($1,000), established in 1955 by Mr. Rolston, to aid students preparing for Christian service. The W. E. Driver Scholarship Fund ($2,000), established about 1956 by a bequest of Mr. Driver, to aid ministerial students. The Anna Snader Spoerlein Memorial Fund ($1,500), established in 1956 by her husband, Randall Spoerlein. The J. M. and Minnie Alexander Fund ($1,000), established in 1957 by a bequest of the Alexanders to aid music students. The Paul E. Hoover Scholarship Fund ($1,000), established in 1957 by Pearl Hoover Wampler to aid students preparing for Christian service. The Minna Mintzer Memorial Scholarship Fund ($3,052), established in 1957 by her husband and employees of the Metro Pants Company. The Charles W. Wampler Scholarship Fund ($3,300), established in 1957 by Mr. Wampler. The Rebecca C. and Fred J. Wampler Scholarship Fund ($1,111), established in 1957 by Pearl Hoover Wampler to aid students preparing for Christian service. The Dr. and Mrs. Edward C. Bixler Memorial Scholarship Fund ($861), established in 1959 by the Carroll County (Md.) chapter of the Bridgewater College Alumni Association. The Evelyn V. Edmonson Memorial Scholarship Fund ($1,000), established in 1959 by her relatives and friends to aid students preparing for Christian service.

30c, Oct., 1963, pp. 109-n. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 475

The Simon D. and Ruth L. Glick Scholarship Fund ($5,000.). The Charles E. and Anna M. Resser Memorial Scholarship Fund ($500). The Anna Bowman Seese Memorial Scholarship Fund ($833.33).31 The Bridgewater College Alumni Association established in 1951 a scholarship, $100 annually (increased to $150 in 1961, and to larger amounts in later years), for a rising senior; Bethany Hospital (in Illinois) a scholarship, $250 annually, for a student in nursing education; an alumnus (who requested anonymity) a scholarship, $100 or more annually, for a student specializing in organ; Mr. and Mrs. Raymond R. Richards (of Roanoke, Va.) a scholarship, $100 annually (1953-60), for a student preparing for full-time church service; and Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Smeltzer (of Metuchen, N. J.) a scholarship, $200 annually, in memory of their daughter, Lynne Barbara, killed in an automobile accident in 1963.32 The National Defense Student Loan Fund (authorized by the National Defense Education Act, 1958), to which Bridgewater College contributed one-ninth of the amount granted by the U.S. government, provided loans (beginning in the 1959-60 session) up to $1,000 a year, at 3 percent interest, to full-time students. The borrower was required to repay the loan within 10 years, beginning one year after ceasing to be a full-time student. If he taught full-time in a public elementary or secondary school for at least five years after graduating, however, the loan and interest were reduced by 50 percent. By 1964, approximately $60,000 annually in such loans had become available to Bridgewater students. 33 Among other sources of loans to Bridgewater students (at a low rate of interest) by 1964 were the following: the college itself, which made loans up to $200 to sophomores, $250 to juniors, and $300 to seniors; the Rotary Loan Fund of the Church of the Brethren's General Brotherhood Board, which made loans to Brethren students; the I. D. Driver Loan Fund ($500), established by Irvin D. Driver in 1949; the Anna Lee Carter Houff Memorial Fund ($600), established by her mother, Mrs. D. L. Carter, in 1950; the Minnie Wampler Loan Fund ($2,790.54), established through her estate in 1951;34 and various other loan funds described in the preceding chapter. The college, furthermore, provided work opportunities for a number of students. During the fall semester, 1955, for example, 142 students were part-time employees: 44 as waitresses, 13 as dishwashers, 16 as laboratory assistants, five as library assistants, nine as office secretaries, 12 as dormitory directors and assistants, two as Music Department assistants, one as head usher, and 40 as janitors and maintenance crew.35

Social Life Student activities of a typical school year, when Warren D. Bowman was president, got under way with a two- or three-day student faculty planning conference in September, just before the beginning of the regular session. For 10 years (1944-53, inclusive), the conference was held at Rawley Springs (Va.), in most of those years at the cottage of Captain LeRoy S. Loewner; in the other years at various other locations.36 At that conference (the first one in

31c, Feb., 1960, pp. 106-8; Feb., 1962, p. 99; FacAdmComM, Jan. 4, 1960; Newsette, April, 1956, p. 5; Aug., 1959, p. 6. 32AlumM, Oct. 20, 1951; C, Feb., 1953, p. 90; Feb., 1959, p. 99; Feb., 1960, pp. 100, 101; Partners, June, 1964, p. 2. 33rrM, March 7, 1959; C, Oct., 1963, pp. 111-12; B, Nov., 1964, p. 24. 34c, Feb. 1960, pp. 109-10; Oct., 1963, p. 112. 35-nie academic dean's report to the Tr, Nov. 1, 1955. 36-rhe files of the Bee. 476 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

September, 1942),37 student leaders and a few faculty representatives discussed campus problems and decided on recommendations to be presented to the Student Council and, by it, to the college administration. The main social occasions during an academic year were Homecoming, in October; the Halloween party; Parents' Day, in November, usually; the Christmas banquet; the Sweetheart Party, on or near St. Valentine's Day; and the May Day festival. The junior-senior banquet in the spring was, of course, a special occasion for the members of those classes. Homecoming (dating from 1929) was of special interest to students as well as alumni after a homecoming queen (with her attendants) and a parade were made additional features in October, 1952. The first homecoming queen, Janet N. Eller, was elected by the student body from nominees submitted by the Social Committee.38 Later queens, however, were usually chosen by the football players, and were crowned, usually, by the football captain or co- captains during the intermission, at half-time, of the homecoming football game on a Saturday afternoon. A pep rally, a bonfire, and a tug-of-war between the freshmen and sophomores on Friday evening often preceded the homecoming activities of the next day: the return of the alumni in the forenoon, the parade soon after lunch, the football game with its half-time activities, the post-game reception for the alumni, and, in the early evening, class reunion dinners; then a music program, a play, or other entertainment, and, beginning in the 1960's, a homecoming ball. An art exhibition and a cross-country meet were other features of some homecomings.39 Parents' Day was introduced into the college's annual calendar of events on May 5, 1956, in conjunction with the May Day festival. Since 1961, however, Parents' Day each year has been a special day of its own, usually in November, with its welcome to mothers and fathers of students, luncheon with their sons and daughters, visits with faculty members and administrators, an afternoon football game, and an evening musical or dramatic performance.40 The May Day festival (since 1923), planned and directed by the Social Committee, was another important annual occasion. During most of the years of Warren D. Bowman's presidency (1949-64), the crowning of the queen, the wrapping of the Maypole by the dancers, and the pageant (dramatizing a particular theme) took place on the "East Lawn," between Cole and Rebecca halls. Beginning in 1959, a formal ball in the evening concluded the day's merry and colorful activities.41 In certain years, Bridgewater girls were princesses in the Winchester (Va.) Apple Blossom Festival, held annually since 1924. Dolores A. Heatwole, Bridgewater's first princess, in 1955, was chosen by the college faculty from nominees proposed by a faculty-student committee. Sharon R. Keyes was the college's representative at the festival in 1956, Nancy M. Crockett in 1957, and Loyce M. Guy in 1958.42 Records of any princesses in later years are lacking. During the same period, several Bridgewater girls won the "Miss Shenandoah Valley" crown in the annual competition (a preliminary of the Miss America contest) at New Market, Virginia: Nancy L. Hollar in 1953, Janet R. Bowman in 1957, Judith V. Nolen in 1962, and Marcia L. Jonas in 1964. 43

37HDN-R, Sept. 22, 1942; Bee, Sept. 17, 1943, p. 4. 38Bee, Oct. 17, 1952, p. 1; Oct. 31, 1952, p. 2. 39From the programs in the AMML's pamphlet file and the files of the Bee, the Newsette, and the Alumnus. 40Jbid. 41May Day programs in the AMML's pamphlet file. 42FacAdmComM, Feb. 14, 1955; Bee, March 12, 1955, p. 1; May 3, 1956, p. 3; March 30, 1957, p. 1; March 4, 1958, p. 1; Newsette, April, 1955, p. 5. 43Bee, May 23, 1953, p. 1; May 18, 1962, p. 1; May 1, 1964, p. 6; Newsette, Aug., 1957, p. 4. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 477

In April, 1954, the junior class sponsored a talent-beauty contest for the selection of a "Miss Bridgewater College," and the local judges decided in favor of Marigrace Bucher. Her successors, with the title, "Miss Bridgewater," during the next 10 years were Jane E. Heishman, chosen by Cecil B. De Mille, of Paramount Pictures Corporation, in 1955; Sharon R. Keyes, selected by the John Robert Powers Agency Corporation in 1956; Vivian C. Zimmerman, chosen by Marian McKnight, the reigning Miss America, in 1957; Mary A. Scruggs, selected by Don Murray, of Beverly Hills, California, in 1958; Eleanor J. Muntzing, chosen by Al Capp, artist, in 1959; Sue C. Burkholder, elected by the Bridgewater students from nominees presented by a faculty-student committee in 1960; Ruth E. Stauffer in 1961; Brenda J. Jones in 1962: Judy A. Beckner in 1963; and Judith V. Nolen in 1964.44 Existing records do not reveal the method of choosing Miss Bridgewater after 1960. Although for many years after its founding the college stood "positively against" the use of tobacco in its buildings or on its grounds, it eventually made concessions. In April, 1952, the faculty decided to permit college men to smoke in their dormitories (except North Hall Annex); also on East College Street and on the "River Road" bordering the athletic field.45 Not until September, 1963, however, were resident Bridgewater women given permission to smoke, and then only in designated places in their dormitories. 46 The college still forbade students to drink or handle alcoholic beverages while under the college's jurisdiction, or to come to the campus intoxicated. Violators of that regulation were liable to suspension or dismissal from the college. 47 Students living away from home and permitted to live off the campus were under the same regulations of conduct as dormitory residents. By the session, 1963-64, resident senior women leaving the campus for an evening of sociality were allowed, during the school year, eight "late permissions" (until 1 a. m.); junior women, six; sophomore women, four; and freshman women, two (until midnight).48 Since its founding, the college had not countenanced social dancing, but objection to it gradually weakened and eventually gave way. In January, 1949, the faculty approved a request of the senior class for a chaperoned dinner party followed by dancing, between semesters, at the Ingleside Hotel, near Staunton. It approved another such party at the same place a year later, and again the next year. It permitted dancing at the college, in Blue Ridge Hall social rooms, after the Sweetheart Party in the spring of 1952, on the understanding, however, that such permission was "not in any way to be construed as a precedent for the future." It also allowed a campus dance after the Christmas party in December, 1953. In September, 1954, it granted students the privilege of having four dances at the college during that session: a formal dance and an informal one during each of the two semesters, the music to be provided by Bridgewater College groups or by recorded music. In September, 1955, it authorized, for that session, two formal dances and four informal ones, on Wednesday evenings, following the dinner hour. As late as May, 1962, it did not allow any off-campus dancing, except at the junior-senior banquet in the spring semester. In that month, however, the faculty agreed to allow dancing, by recognized college groups, as an off-campus activity, upon approval by the faculty chairman of the Social Committee.49

44Bee, May 1, 1954, p. 1, and the volumes of Ripples for those years. 45FacAdmComM, April 3, 1952; The Eagle (1952-53), p. 18. 46rhe Eagle (1962-63), p. 23; (1963-64), p. 26. 47The Eagle (1963-64), p. 26. 48Ibid ., p. 31. 49FacAdmComM, Jan. 17, Nov. 28, 1949; Jan. 19, 1951; Feb. 13, 1952; Nov. 23, 1953; Sept. 14, 1954; Sept. 26, 1955; May 21, 1962; The Eagle (1962-63), pp. 26-27. 478 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Student Capers

As to be expected, students of this period indulged in antics at times. One morning, when a music teacher went to Cole Hall to give an organ lesson, she heard a ticking sound and, upon investigation, found an alarm clock on each window sill in the auditorium set to go off during the morning's chapel exercises.so On another morning, the faculty and students, upon entering Cole Hall auditorium for the chapel exercises, found the rows of seats detached and lying flat on the floor. s1 At another time, when a guest speaker was being introduced to the audience in Cole Hall, some college boys near the rear of the auditorium released some marbles, snickering as they rolled down the bare, hardwood, inclined floor to the stage. The pranksters were duly apprehended and appropriately reprimanded.52 One October evening in 1955, some college boys moved a metal can full of trash to the roof of North Hall, set the trash afire, then summoned the town firemen to the scene. The college's president also appeared, despite the late hour, and gave the dormitory's denizens a fatherly lecture.53 All the knives and forks disappeared from the college dining hall one December day in 1963, so that the students were left with only spoons at their meals.54 On December 19, 1963, five Bridgewater freshmen removed the metal tablet from the turkey statue along U.S. route 11, south of Mt. Crawford (Va.), transported it to Harrisonburg in their car, and there deposited it at the World War I memorial on South Main Street. For their prank, they were summoned to court, lectured by the judge, and fined. 55 In May, 1962, some students vented their feelings toward a college official by burning him in effigy.56 Some college boys aided in the demolition of North Hall, in 1963, by running an old automobile through its north wall.57 One Halloween, some students painted a portion of the town's water tank after risking the climb to its height.58 Among other sophomoric antics of college boys during this period were their releasing a captured turkey in Blue Ridge Hall (a women's dormitory), placing an automobile on the steps of Founders' Hall, blocking the entrance to College Woods Drive with hay, and removing road signs in the town.59 Using fire escapes, some girls left Yount Hall, after closing hours, to take boat rides on North River with their boyfriends. Some escaped from Blue Ridge Hall, after closing hours, by climbing out of basement windows, and returned the same way. This period witnessed some elopements and secret marriages of Bridgewater students.

S~eminiscence of Mrs. Ruth W. Stauffer. 51FacAdmComM, April 8, 1957; Paul V. Phibbs to FFW, Jan. 12, 1984. 52John W. Boitnott to FFW, Oct. 10, 1978; FacAdmComM, Nov. 17, 1955. 53FacAdmComM, Oct. 15, 1955.

54HDN-R 1 Dec. 12, 1963.

55FacAdmComM, Feb. 10, 1964; HDN-R, Jan. 81 Feb. 28, 1964. 56PacM, May 7, 1%2. 57Paul V. Phibbs to FFW, Sept. 26, 1983. 58FacAdmComM, May 18, 1959; Bee, May 20, 1959, p. 2. 59Paul V. Phibbs to FFW, Jan. 12, 1984. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 479

Student Government Certain changes in the structure and functioning of the student government became effective on May 24, 1950, after approval by the student council, the student body, and the college faculty. An all-student Honor Council replaced the old council of six students and two faculty representatives. The new body consisted of a chairman (non-voting, except in case of a tie), appointed by the student body president (with the approval of two-thirds of the members of the student council), and 10 voting members: the president and vice president of the student body, the president of the senior class, the ex-president and ex-vice president of the junior class, the president and vice president of the junior and sophomore classes, and the president of the freshman class. 60 Conviction by the Honor Council of violation of the honor code incurred various penal- ties. In the case of cheating in academic work, the penalties were failure of the course and public posting of the student's name for a time. In the case of stealing personal property, the penalties were suspension from college for one week (or longer), public posting of the student's name for two weeks, and restitution of the stolen property. In the case of both cheating and stealing, the penalty for the second offense was permanent dismissal from the college.61 A student convicted could appeal his case to a court of appeals, consisting of three members of the Honor Council (serving in alphabetical rotation, changing with each case) and three members of the college's Council on Administration chosen by the college's president, who was the court of last resort.62 In the spring of 1953, the student body voted to abolish the requirement that its president and vice president must not be of the same sex. 63 The student body voted, in 1956, in favor of replacing its student council with a "Student Senate," to have the same membership as that of the student council plus a representative for the residents on each floor of each campus dormitory and some representatives for the students residing off the campus (one for every 50 students, or major fraction thereof). 64

Student Publications The student yearbook, Ripples, first issued in 1922, received commendable ratings in various years of Warren D. Bowman's presidency. The 1952 edition was placed among the top 10 yearbooks of U. S. colleges of less than 500 students at the National Scholastic Press Association convention in October, 1952, and was ranked third among the 29 yearbooks submitted at the Virginia Intercollegiate Press Association (VIP A) convention in December, 1952. The 1956 edition was rated third among the 12 college yearbooks in competition at the VIPA convention in March, 1957. The 1957 edition received from the All-American Yearbook Critical Service a "first class honor rating" among yearbooks of colleges of the 100 to 501 student enrollment category. The 1961 edition was ranked third among yearbooks of colleges of comparable size at the Pi Delta Epsilon national convention in October, 1961. The 1963

60pacM, May 19, 1950; Bee, June 1, 1950, p. 4. 61Bee, Oct. 3, 1952, p. 1; The Eagle (1963-64), pp. 44, 45. 62FacM, May 19, 1950; The Eagle (1963-64), pp. 45, 46. 63Bee, May 23, 1953, p. 4. 64Bee, Nov. 16, 1955, p. 4; Jan. 14, 1956, p. 1; Ripples (1956), p. 60; The Eagle (1956-57), pp. 34, 41-43. 480 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

edition received from the Associated Collegiate Press a "first class honor rating" among yearbooks of colleges enrolling from 500 to 750 students.65 At the Pi Delta Epsilon national convention in November, 1961, the Bridgewater student newspaper, The B. C. Bee, was ranked second among student newspapers of colleges enrolling up to 600 undergraduates.66 Foreign students at Bridgewater were occasional contributors to The B. C. Bee during the early 1960's. Danielle A. LeGoff, daughter of a retired French naval officer, described her impressions of Americans, "the nicest people," and their way of life; compared boy-girl relations in France with those in the U. S. A.; and pointed out the differences in teacher- student relations and in the foods eaten in the two countries.67 Takehisa Imaizumi, from Japan, wrote about his desire to get an "American education," and how he was finally able to come to this country and to Bridgewater College. He described the education of the Japanese youth since World War II and, shortly before graduating in 1964, his feelings upon leaving the college in an article he entitled "So Long to Bridgewater Fair."68 A new student publication, Reflections, sponsored by the Bridgewater chapter ofPi Delta Epsilon, made its debut on May 15, 1963. It was a literary magazine.of essays, short stories, poetry, critical reviews, and art work. Because of financial reasons, the magazine, whose original adviser was Professor Phyllis J. Thompson, was issued at irregular intervals. Volume I, no. 1 (44 pp.), appeared in the spring of 1963; Vol. II, no. 1 (51 pp.), in the spring of 1964; an issue (24 pp.) in 1966. The next issue was a literary supplement to The B. C. Bee, May 5, 1967, p. 3. During the next four years, Reflections appeared as literary supplements to issues of The Talon (The B. C. Bee renamed) of the following dates: May 17, 1968, pp. 3, 4; May 16, 1969, pp. 3-5; May 15, 1970, pp. 4, 5; and May 1, 1971, p. 1. The last number of Refledions the writer has found is an eight-page issue published separately and dated May, 1973.

Intercollegiate Debating Intercollegiate debating continued to be an important student activity at Bridgewater when Warren D. Bowman was the college's president, even though participants received no academic credit for the time and effort that debating entailed. Most of the intercollegiate debating by Bridgewater men and women, during the period here under review, took place in tournaments in which representatives of various schools participated. The Tau Kappa Alpha (TKA) chapters in Virginia sponsored a tournament in the fall and spring each year at one of the Virginia colleges. The fraternity also sponsored regional tournaments and one national in scope. In certain years, West Virginia University hosted "The North-South Debate Tournament"; the University of Maryland, "The Capitol Hill Debate Tournament"; Franklin and Marshall College, "The Presidential Debate Tournament''; the College of William and Mary, "The Marshall-Wythe Debate Tournament" Other schools also sponsored tournaments in certain years. 69 In those competitions, Bridgewater representatives made some commendable records. The Bridgewater teams, George L. Graham and Arthur W. McDaniel, on the affirmative side, David L. Rogers and Harold H. Hersch, on the negative side of the question (whether the

65Bee, Oct. 31, 1952, p. 1; Dec. 19, 1952, p. 1; March 16, 1957, p. 4; Nov. 5, 1957, p. 1; Nov. 18, 1961, p. 1 Nov. 1, 1963, p. 1; Newsette, Dec., 1961, p. 5. 66Bee, Nov. 18, 1961, p. 1; Newsette, Dec., 1961, p. 5. 67Bee, Nov. 4, 1961, p. 2; May 18, 1962, p. 2; Newsette, Dec., 1961, p. 8. 68Bee, Sept. 28, 1962, p. 2; April 19, 1963, p. 2; May 15, 1964, p. 2. 69Tue files of the Bee. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 481

non-Communist nations of the world should form an organization), won nearly all of their debates and the championship at the Virginia state TKA tournament in March, 1951. In the same month, at the national TKA tournament, the Bridgewater debaters scored within a few points of the tournament winner, the University of Vermont.70 In the fall of 1951, at the Virginia state TKA tournament, Bridgewater's Everett G. Beckman and William W. Thomas, on the affirmative side of the question (whether the United States should adopt a permanent program of wage and price control), won four of their five debates; so did Bridgewater's George L. Graham and Arthur W. McDaniel, on the negative side of the question. Winning eight of the 10 debates made Bridgewater again the tournament champion. 71 At the Eastern Regional TKA Tournament at New York University, March 30, 31, 1953, Bridgewater tied St. Peter's College (Brooklyn, N. Y.) for second place among the 12 schools participating, by winning five out of eight debates on the question, whether the U.S. Congress should enact a compulsory fair employment practices measure. The Bridgewater affirmative team, Pasco M. Bowman, II, and Richard D. Obenshain, was the only team to defeat the tournament winner, the University of Richmond.72 In March, 1955, at the North-South Debate Tournament at West Virginia University, Bridgewater's negative side team of Bowman and Obenshain won all five of its debates: with Kenyon College, Lafayette College, New York University, Princeton University, and Case- Western Reserve University. The question debated (one the U.S. military and naval academies were forbidden to argue) was whether the United States should extend diplomatic recognition to Communist China. 73 During the season (1954-55), the Bridgewater teams won 41 debates and lost 30, another contest ending in a draw. During three years of debating (1952-55), the Bowman-Obenshain team made a record of 28 wins, 10 losses, and one draw.74 At the national TKA tournament at New York University in March, 1956, the Bridgewater debaters, David L. Miller and Richard D. Obenshain, gained decisions over Case-Western Reserve University, Dartmouth College, Fordham University, and the U. S. Military Academy (the tournament winner), losing only to Harvard University and the University of Cincinnati. The debate question was whether the non-agricultural industries of the United States should guarantee their employees an annual wage.75 At the Virginia State TKA tournament, November, 1956, Bridgewater's Ruth E. Bowman and Joseph P. Campbell were ranked among the best debaters of the question, whether the United States should discontinue direct economic aid to other nations. At the same tourna- ment, November, 1961, Bridgewater's Paul D. Ausherman was judged to be the best negative side speaker on the question, whether labor organizations should be under the jurisdiction of anti-trust legislation, and Bridgewater's freshman team, Howard C. Cobbs, Jr., and Brydon M. DeWitt, won all of its debates.76 The session, 1962-63, was an unusually successful one for Bridgewater debaters. At the tournament at Old Dominion College in October, 1962, they made a record of eight wins and four losses (as compared to nine wins and three losses of the U.S. Naval Academy, the tourney winner). At the Virginia state TKA tournament at Washington and Lee University in November, 1962, they placed first by winning in all eight rounds of debate. At the regional

70Bee, March 19, 1951, p. 1; Newsette, April, 1951, p. 5. 71 Bee, Dec. 15, 1951, p. 1. 72Bee, April 25, 1953, p. 1. 73Bee, March 12, 1955, p. 1. 74Bee, April 23, 1955, p. 1. 75Bee, April 17, 1956, p. 1. 76Newsette, April, 1957, p. 5; HDN-R, Nov. 20, 1961. 482 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

TKA meet in Baltimore in January, 1963, they tied for third place among the 29 participating schools by winning six of their eight debates. At the Capitol Hill Tournament at the University of Maryland in February, 1963, they won four of their six debates, gaining decisions over Georgetown, North Carolina, and Wayne State universities and David Lipscomb College. At the North-South Tournament at West Virginia University, March 8, 9, 1963, the Bridgewater team won first place among the 14 schools competing in the southern division by winning five out of six debates in a "switch sides" competition (debating one side, then the other). Monmouth (Ill.) College, the University of Pittsburgh, and the U. S. Military Academy (the northern division winner), each suffered its only loss in the meet at the hands of the Bridgewater debaters. At the Presidential Tournament at Franklin and Marshall College, March 15, 16, 1963, The Bridgewater teams won seven of their eight debates, placing first among the affirmative side teams and second among the negative side teams. At the national TKA tournament at Ball State University in April, 1963, Bridgewater debaters won 10 of their 16 contests, tying for fourth place among the 28 competing schools, and gaining decisions over Colorado, Indiana, Kentucky, South Dakota, and Vermont universities and Middlebury College, among others. In those tournaments, the question debated was whether the non- Communist nations of the world should form an economic community. Bridgewater's debaters were Gary W. Riner and Phillip C. Stone, on the affirmative side of the question; Paul D. Ausherman and Richard S. Harman, on the negative side. 77 New debaters competed for Bridgewater during the session, 1963-64, among them Daniel W. Bly, David S. Geiman, Jr., Betty M. Greathouse, Charles C. McAllister, David A. Penrod, William F. Royster, and Benjamin J. Stack. During the session, they won 42 percent of their debates on the question, whether the U. S. government should guarantee an opportunity for higher education to all qualified high school graduates. 78 The Bridgewater chapter hosted the Virginia state TKA tournament of November 30, December 1, 1951, and the ones in March, 1954, and November, 1961.79 All debating, however, did not occur in tournaments. There were a number of non- tournament contests, and not all of them were with Virginia colleges. On March 30, 1957, a team from Harvard University debated a Bridgewater team, Joseph P. Campbell and Fredric R. Eichelman, at Bridgewater, on the question, whether a small college is preferable to a large one in preparing a person for life in the United States. The Harvard team, arguing for the small college, won by a close vote (by written ballot) in an audience-judged contest. 80 Bridgewater debaters (besides those already mentioned) who acquitted themselves well in intercollegiate competition, during Warren D. Bowman's presidency, were J. Alaric Bowman, Jr., and Harry M. Gardner, 1948-50; Joseph H. Caricofe, Anne Louise Davis, Ray E. McDorman, Peggy J. Moore, Maynard G. Muntzing, Doris L. Niswander, David F. Pryor, Don L. Shull, Guy E. Wampler, Jr., and David T. Wood in the early 1950's; Joseph L. Kinzie, Jr., T. Rodman Layman, Thomas D. Rotruck, and J. Marion Wampler in the mid-1950's; D. Richard Bohn, Carole H. Funk, Richard C. Gordon, Charles E. Pasley, and Edwin C. Stone in the late 1950's; and Janna D. DePriest in the early 1960' s. 81 During these years, Bridgewater chapter members were officers of the TKA organization in Virginia. Harold H. Hersch (winner of the society's oratorical contest in Virginia in April, 1950) was president, 1950-51, as was Pasco M. Bowman, II (a first-place extemporaneous

7713ee, Oct. 26, Dec. 7, 1962; Jan. 18, March 1, 15, 29, April 19, 1963. Page 1in each issue. 7813ee, March 24, 1964, p. 1; Alumnus, April, 1964, p. 8. 7913ee, Dec. 15, 1951, p. 1; March 13, 1954, p. 1; Nov., 1961, p. 1. 80Bee, March 30, 1957, p. 1; Newsette, April, 1957, p. 5. 81 The files of the Bee. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 483

speaker in March, 1954), 1954-55. Joseph L. Kinzie, Jr., was vice president, 1957-58. Doris L. Niswander was secretary-treasurer, 1954-55, as was Ruth E. Bowman, 1956-57. Richard D. Obenshain was the society's national first vice president, 1955-56, and Paul D. Ausherman represented the Virginia region at the national TKA convention in 1962.82 The coaches of Bridgewater's debaters during this period, records show, were faculty members of various academic departments. Although none of them was professionally trained in forensics, they succeeded in discovering and developing some unusually able debaters. Those persons who gave of their time and talent to that extra-curricular work were Frances E. Silliman (biology) and Victor E. Glick (history and government), 1949-50; Gustav H. Enss (German and philosophy), assisted by Miss Silliman, Mr. Glick, William L. Pryor (English and dramatics), and Mary L. Truxal (English), 1950-52; Miss Silliman and DeForest L. Strunk, II (psychology), 1952-53; Mr. Strunk, 1953-54; Warren F. Groff (religion), 1954-56; Calvin C. Berlin (history) and James C. Smith (economics), 1956-58; Mr. Smith, 1958-59; Roger E. Sappington (history and political science), 1959-72. Dr. Sappington's assistants (until 1964) were Miss Silliman, Mr. Glick, Mrs. Daniel S. Geiser (speech and dramatics), Todd R. Zeiss (English), Robert E. Coleberd, Jr. (economics and business), W. Robert McFadden (religion), and James M. Stayer (history).83 In August, 1963, the forensic societies, Delta Sigma Rho (founded in 1906) and Tau Kappa Alpha (founded in 1908), united into an organization which took the title, Delta Sigma Rho- Tau Kappa Alpha. 84

Music, Drama, Art, and Lyceums Among the presentations of the Bridgewater College glee clubs during Warren D. Bowman's presidency were George F. Handel's oratorio, Messiah, in December each year; John Stainer's oratorio, The Crucifixion, in April, 1958, and March, 1961; Theodore Dubois's cantata, The Seven Last Words of Christ, in April, 1962; and the following operettas of Gilbert and Sullivan: H. M. S. Pinafore, in February 1950, February, 1954, and March, 1962; The Pirates of Penzance, on February 29, and March 1, 1952; The Mikado, in February, 1953, and March, 1963; and Iolanthe, in February, 1951, February, 1955, and March, 1964. Nelson T. Huffman was the glee clubs' director and Ruth E. Weybright (became Mrs. Edgar E. Stauffer in 1955) was the accompanist. Roger E. Cole and Philip E. Trout assisted in the direction of the later productions.85 Two glee club members, Jewel D. Miller (B. S., 1960) and Bertie Carolyn Yates (B. A., 1959), sang in James Allan Dash's select All-American Chorus on its European tour during the summer of 1960.86 A students' marching band (Professor Paul B. Sanger, Jr., conductor) made its debut at the alumni homecoming football game, October 28, 1950.87 Students formed music groups on their own. "The Wardo Quintet" (Richard C. Gordon, Joseph L. Kinzie, Jr., Thomas D. Myers, Jerry M. Wampler, and Thomas D. Wright; Peter Hayslett, accompanist; R. Kermon Thomasson, manager) was a popular combination of

82Ibid. 83-rhe files of the Bee. 84statement of the two societies. 85-rhe files of the Bee. 86Newsette, Dec., 1960, p. 4. 87Bee, Oct. 27, 1950, p. 1. 484 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

harmonizers that toured Virginia and nearby states during the late 1950's. "The Round Hill Singers" (Brydon M. DeWitt, H. William Harouff, and M. Andrew Murray, II), with their stringed instruments, entertained at high schools and clubs, and over WSVA-TV, with their folk songs in the early 1960's.88 During the 1950's and early 1960's, the students' Curtain Club staged a number of plays, among them the following: George S. Kaufman and John P. Marquand's The lAte George Apley, in March, 1950; Thornton Wilder's Our Town, in March, 1953; Richard Sheridan's The Rivals, in March, 1954; James Hilton's Lost Horizon, in March 1957; George B. Shaw's Arms and the Man, in March, 1958; Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest, in November, 1959; George S. Kaufman and Howard Teichman's The Solid Gold Cadillac, in November, 1960; Sutton Vane's Outward Bound, in November, 1961; and Truman Capote's The Grass Harp, in March, 1963. Mrs. Daniel S. Geiser was the director of most of the plays during these years. William L. Pryor, however, was the director, 1950-52; Edward H. Allen, 1961-62; Mrs. John E. Wood, 1962-63; and Charles F. Fuller, Jr., 1963-71. Mrs. Harry G. M. Jopson was the technical director.89 The club drew praise for its performances, not only at the college, but also at the College Drama Festivals at the Virginia Museum Theater in Richmond for its presentation of Sunday Costs Five Pesos, in 1962, The Oaks of Mamre, in 1963.90 In February, 1964, the Curtain Club voted to change its name to "The Pinion Players" (after "pinion," the wing, or feather, of an eagle, or other bird). 91 The college's annual lyceum course continued to provide entertainment for students, faculty, alumni, and townspeople of Bridgewater and other communities. Some of the numbers during Warren D. Bowman's presidency were the Vienna Boys' Choir (1951); Virgil Fox, organist (1951, 1958); the Don Cossack Singers and Dancers (1956,1963); the Royal Welsh Choir (1960); the Ethel Winters Dance Company (1963); and the plays of Moliere, O'Neill, Shakespeare, and Shaw, presented by the Barter Theater, the Gateway Theater Players, and other groups. Nevin W. Fisher, music department head at Elizabethtown College, appeared in two piano recitals in November, 1963 (as he had at other times). 92 A three-day fine arts festival featuring an exhibit of paintings by Mrs. Olive D. Graham, teacher of art at the college, 1936-59, a concert by the Virginia Symphony Orchestra, and other special programs, was an innovation in April, 1962. Another such festival in April, 1963, included a showing of Isaac J. Sanger's woodprints and Jack Hershaw's paintings; folk- singing, jazz, and movies. The festival in April, 1964, featured an exhibit of woodprints and paintings by Charles George Speck; also folk-singing and a movie on Vincent Van Gogh.93 Among the notable guest speakers at the college (besides those mentioned elsewhere in this chapter) during Warren D. Bowman's presidency were the following (in the years indicated): Lyman Judson (1949), author of guides to Latin American countries; Seumas MacManus (1950), "dean of Irish literature"; Whit Burnett (1957), editor and writer; Leonard M. Elstad (1957), president of Gallaudet College; and Lisa Sergio (1963), a first-hand reporter on Benito Mussolini's dictatorship in Italy.94

88Bee, Oct. 15, 1955, p. 1; April 17, 1956, p. 2; Sept. 20, 1963, p. 9. 89Tue files of the Bee. 90Alumnus, April, 1963, p. 5. 91 Bee, Feb. 28, 1964, p. 4; Alumnus, April, 1964, p. 8. 92The files of the Bee, the Newsette, the Alumnus, and Partners. 93Bee, March 2, 1962, p. 1; March 29, 1963, p. 1; March 24, 1964, p. 1. 94rte files of the Bee and the Newsette. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 485

Religious Life During Warren D. Bowman's presidency, the college's Council on Spiritual Life, consisting of faculty members, students, and the pastor of the College Street Church of the Brethren, had general jurisdiction over activities and programs religious in character. Beginning in September, 1959, a new college official, "Director of Student Christian Life" (a portion of whose salary the Church of the Brethren's Southeastern Region Women's Fellowship contributed), served as sponsor for the various religious organizations on the Bridgewater campus, counselor of students on spiritual matters, a planner of chapel programs, and chairman of the Council on Spiritual Life. The first incumbent in that new position was Professor Thomas A. Davis, of the college's religion staff.95 His successor, in 1961, was another faculty member, W. Robert McFadden. From September, 1955, chapel exercises were held on Mondays and Wednesdays (instead of on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays) in the forenoon in Cole Hall auditorium, and the number of excused absences, during a semester, was reduced from ten to eight.96 The penalties for overcutting chapel varied from time to time during the years 1949-64: exclusion from class attendance until compliance with the college's requirements; loss of some academic credit; and, finally, in 1964, a fine of $5.00 for each unexcused absence.97 Some students complained of stereotyped chapel programs; others, of hearing only one side of controversial issues from visiting chapel speakers. 98 The Student Christian Movement (renamed Student Christian Association [SCA] in the 1950's) dating from 1941, continued to be the main religious organization on the Bridgewater campus. It was interdenominational. In the early 1950's, it helped to raise funds to pay the transportation expenses of a foreign student to the Bridgewater campus from India. It was host to SCA conferences, for Brethren students of colleges throughout the nation, in 1950, 1955, and 1959. Some Bridgewater students during this period served as national presidents of the SCA: Chester Z. Keller, 1948-49; Guy E. Wampler, Jr., 1954-55; Iva Hylton, 1958-59; and Mary E. Cline, 1959-60. Two Bridgewater alumni, Donald R. Jordan (B. A., 1960) and Kurtz E. Hersch (B. A., 1961), were national presidents in the early 1960's. 99 The college's Sunday School (interdenominational), featuring special speakers, group and panel discussions, as well as worship services, was meeting in sections by 1963: one group in the College Street Church of the Brethren building, another in the Blue Ridge Hall social room, another in the old chapel in Memorial Hall, and another in the Horne Economics Management House.HJO In addition, there were several denominational groups. The largest was the Church of the Brethren Youth Fellowship (CBYF), four of whose members during Warren D. Bowman's presidency headed the CBYF nationally: Orville L. Gardner, in 1952-53; Lauree F. Hersch, in 1953-54; Warren E. Miller, in 1959-60; and Wilfred E. Nolen, in 1962-63. 101 The Wesleyan Youth Fellowship, among the Methodist students, was another group by 1955. The Westminster Fellowship, among the Presbyterian students, was formed in the fall of 1959, and

95B, Oct., 1959, p. 15. 96Bee, May 7, 1955, p. 4. 97FacAdmComM, May 3, 1950; April 1, 1963; May 11, 1964. 98Bee, Dec. 15, 1951, p. 2. 99Bee, Dec. 8, 1948, p. 1; Oct. 31, 1953, p. 2; Dec. 11, 1954, p. 1; Oct. 16, 1959, p. 1; Dec. 11, 1959, p. 1; March 15, 1963, p. 6; B, Oct., 1951, p. 4; FacM, Nov. 11, 1955;Partners, Oct. 1, 1959, p. 2. lODBee, March 1, 1963, p. 2. 101Bee, Feb. 9, 1952, p. 1; Nov. 7, 1953, p. 4; Oct. 16, 1959, p. 1; Newsette, April, 1962, p. 10. 486 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

the Lutheran Students' Association in the spring of 1962. By 1964, two other denominational groups had emerged: the Baptist Student Union and the Canterbury Club (Episcopal). 102 The Clericus, dating from 1921, originally an all-male organization of ministerial students, voted, in the spring of 1959, to admit women who planned to devote themselves to full-time Christian service.103 The number of ministerial students, in a given session, 1949-64, ranged from 25 to 52, the registrars' reports reveal. Some of them had part-time pastorates in Rockingham and adjacent counties; others responded to calls to fill pulpits on particular Sundays. "Religious Emphasis Week," an innovation in October, 1950, brought to the Bridgewater campus for three or four days each year outstanding clergymen for addresses, group discussions, and personal counseling. Among Religious Emphasis Week leaders, during Warren D. Bowman's presidency, were the following clergymen: Paul M. Robinson, Church of the Brethren, Hagerstown, Maryland, in October, 1950; Clarence W. Cranford, Calvary Baptist Church, Washington, D. C., in November, 1952; Harry K. Zeller, Jr., Church of the Brethren, McPherson, Kansas, in November, 1953; Albert G. Edwards, First Presbyterian Church, Harrisonburg, Virginia, in November, 1954; Robert L. Sherfy, Church of the Brethren, Harrisonburg, Virginia, in November, 1957; Robert W. Koons, Zion Lutheran Church, Sunbury, Pennsylvania, in October, 1958; DeWitt L. Miller, Church of the Brethren, Hagerstown, Maryland, and Mrs. Miller, in March, 1962; and Alvord M. Beardslee, chaplain, Hollins College, in March, 1963.104 "Focus Week," sponsored and planned by the campus religious groups, was an innovation in November, 1963. During the first such week, in which Heslip Lee, executive secretary of the Virginia Council on Human Relations, was the guest speaker, the central topic was race relations in Virginia. 105

Spiritual Life Institutes A Spiritual Life Institute, planned and sponsored by the college and the Regional Council of Boards of the Church of the Brethren, was held at the college annually during the presidency of Warren D. Bowman, as during the incumbencies of his predecessors. The institutes, lasting usually three days, were scheduled in January (in the first week, usually) of the years 1946-52, and in February (in the second week, usually) of the years 1953-64. Most of the sessions were held in the College Street Church of the Brethren building ,l

102Bee, May 7, 1955, p. 2; Dec. 11, 1959, p. 1; April 13, 1962, p. 2; Ripples (1964), p. 159. l03Bee, May 8, 1959, p. 4. 104rhe files of the Bre and the Newsette. 105Bee,Sept.20, 1963,p. lO;Nov.1, 1963,p.1. 106The institutes' programs (in the AMML) are the primary source of information for this chapter section. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 487

Seminary; Samuel A. Harley (1960,1961), executive secretary for the Church of the Brethren's Southeastern Region; Stewart B. Kauffman (1962), pastor, Stone Church of the Brethren, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania; DeWitt L. Miller (1950,1958), pastor, Church of the Brethren, Washington, D. C.; T. Wayne Rieman (1963), professor, Manchester College; Carroll S. Ringgold (1952), pastor, Peter's Creek Church of the Brethren, Salem, Virginia; Paul M. Robinson (1952, 1956), pastor, Church of the Brethren, Hagerstown, Maryland, in 1952, and president, Bethany Biblical Seminary in 1956; W. Harold Row (1961), executive secretary, Brethren Service Commission; Donald E. Rowe (1958), executive secretary for the Church of the Brethren's Western Region; Ralph W. Schlosser (1953), former president, Elizabethtown College; Guy E. Wampler (1957, 1958), executive secretary for the Church of the Brethren's Southeastern Region; Glen Weimer (1951), pastor, Church of the Brethren, Timberville, Virginia; Edward K. Ziegler (1953), secretary of evangelism for the Church of the Brethren; Jesse H. Ziegler (1957), professor, Bethany Biblical Seminary; M. Robert Zigler (1950, 1960), Church of the Brethren representative on the World Council of Churches; Nevin H. Zuck (1955), pastor, Church of the Brethren, Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania; and Charles E. Zunkel (1954), executive secretary of the Ministry and Home Missions Commission, Church of the Brethren. Institute audiences also heard Church of the Brethren missionaries, back home on furlough or retired, tell of conditions in foreign lands and the progress of their work there. J. Calvin Bright (1953), Wendell P. Flory (1952), and Ernest M. Wampler (1951) spoke about China; H. Stover Kulp (1954), Paul W. Petcher (1956), and Ira S. Petre (1960), about Nigeria; Wendell P. Flory (1959), and Earl M. Zigler (1960), about India; and B. Merle Crouse (1962), about Ecuador. Prominent clergymen of other denominations were institute speakers: in 1950, Edward H. Pruden, First Baptist Church, Washington, D. C.; in 1951, Henry Hitt Crane, Central Methodist Church, Detroit, Michigan; in 1952, Albert P. Shirkey, Mt. Vernon Methodist Church, Washington, D. C.; in 1954, Elder G. Homrighausen (Evangelical and Reformed), professor, Princeton Theological Seminary; in 1955, Ansley C. Moore, Sixth United Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; in 1956, Halford E. Luccock (Methodist), former professor, Yale Divinity School; in 1957, Nels Ferre (Congregational), professor, Vanderbilt University; in 1958, H. H. McConnell (United Presbyterian), National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S. A.; in 1959, Clarence W. Cranford, Calvary Baptist Church, Washington, D. C.; in 1960, D. Elton Trueblood (Quaker), professor, Earlham College; in 1961, Donald G. Miller (Presbyterian), Union Theological Seminary, Richmond, Virginia; in 1962, James W. Clarke, Second Presbyterian Church, Richmond, Virginia; in 1963, Samuel Emerick (Methodist), director, Yokefellow Institute, Richmond, Indiana, and S. Paul Schilling (Methodist), professor, Boston University School of Theology; in 1964, Ernest E. Bruder (Protestant Episcopal), professor, Wesley Theological Seminary, and George F. MacLeod (Presbyterian), Danforth Foundation Visiting Lecturer. Bridgewater College administrators and faculty members were other institute participants: John W. Boitnott, Warren D. Bowman, Thomas A. Davis, Warren F. Groff, Rufus B. King, W. Robert McFadden, David G. Metzler, Minor C. Miller, Jacob F. Replogle, Roger E. Sappington, William G. Willoughby, and Marshall R. Wolfe. 488 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964 New Student Organizations

New student organizations came into being during these years. A "Business Club," to promote interest in current economic affairs, add pertinent magazines to the library, and help business graduates find employment, was formed in the fall of 1951, under the leadership of Professor William H. Anderson.107 A "Psychology Club," to notice the latest developments in the field and demonstrate psychological techniques, was organized in January, 1953, under the direction of Professor DeForest L. Strunk, II. In December, 1954, the club changed its name to Psi Delta.108 A chapter of Pi Delta Epsilon, national honorary journalistic society, was established at the college in the spring of 1955, finally achieving the objective of an honor society formed in 1939 by the editors and business managers of the Bridgewater student publications.109 A new science club, replacing the Chi Beta Phi chapter (formed in 1948) and not restricted to chemistry, was organized in the fall of 1956. 11 0 The Good, Flora, and Sanger Chapter of the Student National Education Association, of Bridgewater students planning to enter the teaching profession, was formed in the fall of 1958, with Professor Fred F. Wampler as sponsor.111 The chapter was named for three distinguished Bridgewater alumni in the field of education: Carter V. Good, Abram C. Flora, and William T. Sanger. A chapter of the Student Virginia Education Association was already in existence on the Bridgewater campus.112 Other new student organizations formed during Warren D. Bowman's presidency were the following: in February, 1959, a "Current Events Club," whose original advisers were Professors James C. Smith and Hugh Akerman, Jr.; in September, 1959, a new chemistry club, for students of general and advanced chemistry; in early 1961, "The Working Voices," to provide training in radio broadcasting, program planning, and radio engineering. 113

A Campus Radio Station

In the fall of 1956, ten faculty members and ten students of the college, each having contributed $10 toward the cost of equipment and installation, and having obtained the college's permission, founded a campus radio station, WVBC, "The Voice of Bridgewater College." The 20 constituted an association, whose first president was John H. Mason. Although the college purchased the station, its founders contributed the payment to the association's treasury. A faculty-student committee, appointed by the college's president, supervised the station's operation. Broadcasting began in December, 1956, from a studio on the second floor of Memorial Hall. During the first year (1956-57), Professor George W. Kent was station manager and Mrs. Kent was program director, Donald W. Miller was technical director, Joseph P. Campbell, chief announcer, and Al Antlitz, chief engineer. During its second year, the student-operated AM station, transmitting its signals over the campus power lines, purchased equipment that enabled better reception of FM programs, and began issuing

107FacAdmCornM, Oct. 29, 1951; Ripples (1952), p. 88. 108Bee, Dec. 19, 1952, p. 4; Dec. 11, 1954, p. 1; FacAdmCornM, March 13, 1953. 109FacAdmCornM, April 1, 1955; Bee, May 21, 1955, p. 1; Dec. 1, 1939, p. 1. 110Bee, Nov. 3, 1956, p. 4; May 25, 1957, p. 4. 111FacAdmCornM, Oct. 10, 1958; Bee, Nov. 28, 1958, p. 1. 112Bee, Nov. 3, 1956, p. 4. 113Bee, March 25, 1959, p. 4; Feb. 24, 1961, p. 1; Ripples (1960), p. 104. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 489

a weekly program guide. The station broadcast campus news, announcements, sports, original dramatic programs, interviews with visiting scholars, and music, some of it live from the college, but most of it rebroadcast from Washington, D. C., FM stations. In 1961, the station's call letters were changed from WVBC to WGMB. 114

Mock U. S. Presidential Elections

In the national presidential campaign years of the period, 19S2-60, candidates of the Republican Party continued to be the favorites of Bridgewater students in the mock election held. In the vote on November 3, 19S2, sponsored by the Student Council, Dwight D. Eisenhower received 228 votes, more than four times the number (SS) cast for Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic Party's candidate. In the poll taken in October, 19S6, President Eisenhower, seeking re-elec.tion, received lSl of the 273 votes of Bridgewater students, Stevenson 76, and T. Coleman Andrews, the States' Rights Party candidate, 10. In the fall of 1960, Bridgewater students voted three to one in favor of Richard M. Nixon, the Republican Party's candidate, over John F. Kennedy, the Democratic Party's successful standard-bearer.115

Athletics

Athletics at the college during Warren D. Bowman's presidency continued to be under the supervision of the Council on Athletics, whose chairman was Professor Harry G. M. Jopson, 1946-60, and after him, Professor Daniel S. Geiser, 1960-66. The college remained (until 197S) a member of the Mason-Dixon Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, of which Professor Geiser, Bridgewater's director of men's intercollegiate athletics, was president, 1949-S0.116 The Virginia Little Six group of colleges (Bridgewater, Emory and Henry, Hampden- Sydney, Lynchburg, Randolph-Macon, and Roanoke) became the "Virginia Little Seven" in 19S3, and the "Virginia Little Eight" in 19SS. The seventh and eighth members were the Richmond Professional Institute and the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary.117 Because athletes of some other colleges in the nation were also called "Eagles," Bridgewater Professor Clarence E. May proposed, in 19S6, that Bridgewater's athletes be called henceforth, not "Eagles" (a name he had suggested in 1923), but "Tunkers," a distinctive appellation reminiscent of the college's church affiliation,118 but the proposal did not win approval. A new gymnasium came into use at the college in January, 19S8, replacing the old gymnasium used since 1908. A "Varsity Club," in place of the men's Monogram Club (since 1923), was formed at the college in 19S8, the new organization to consist of male athletes who had "lettered" at Bridgewater for two years in any intercollegiate sport.119

114FacAdmCornM, Oct. 8, 1956; Bee, Oct. 19, 1956, p. 6; Dec. 9, 1961, p. 6; Oct. 18, 1963, p. 3; Ripples (1957), p. 76, and (1962), p. 167. 115Bee, Nov. 14, 1952, p. 4; Nov. 3, 1956, p. 1; Nov. 10, 1960, p. 4. 116Frorn the AthlAssocM. 117Ibid. 118FacAdmCornM, May 2, 1956. 119FacM, May 9, 1958. 490 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

The Women's Athletic Association (WAA) at Bridgewater was reorganized in 1950, so that it no longer included, automatically, all women at the college, but only those genuinely interested in W AA activities.120 In the spring of 1950, Bridgewater men had a wrestling team, which won a match with the Madison College wrestlers at Harrisonburg. Bridgewater's wrestlers were Ralph W. Black, Jr., Wilbur L. Garst, Bobby Martin (the coach), Henry J. Ponton, John F. Powell, and Lloyd A. Wakeman.121 The college's Department of Physical Education continued to offer an extensive program of intramural sports (inaugurated in the 1930's) for those students, men and women, not participating in intercollegiate athletics. The program for men included competition in badminton, basketbali bowling, chess, handbati horseshoes, ping pong, softball, tennis, touch football, track, and volleyball; the program for women, competition in archery, basketball, croquet, dodgeball, horseshoes, ping pong, softball, and volleyball. Records show that more than 80 percent of the students participated in those recreational activities.

Football In November, 1948, Bridgewater's trustees voted to resume intercollegiate competition in football in the fall of 1949.122 Intramural football contests during the fall of 1948 had indicated considerable interest in the sport. A poll taken in January, 1949, revealed that 331 students favored and 23 opposed the resumption of intercollegiate football competition,123 which had been discontinued after the fall season of 1937. By a large majority, the students voted in favor of paying the college a larger activity fee, the increase to go toward support of a football program.124 It was in this setting that a schedule of four intercollegiate games was arranged for the fall of 1949. The number of games was increased to six in the fall of 1950, to seven in the fall of 1954, to eight in the fall of 1956, and to nine in the fall of 1969. At the beginning of the 1951 season, there was some doubt as to whether the college would continue intercollegiate football, since its teams had won only one out of 10 games during the two previous seasons. After some deliberation, however, the college's Council on Athletics and the student body both voted in favor of retaining football. The uncertainty of continuing the sport caused the cancellation of two of the six games scheduled for the fall of 1951.125 A two-weeks' conditioning camp (near Edinburg, Va.) for the football squad, just prior to the opening of the fall semester, was an innovation in September, 1956.126 Another innovation was spring football practice for two weeks in 1957, with 26 men participating.127 At the end of the season of 1959, and again after the season of 1961, and 17 consecutive games lost, the faculty and students again considered whether to retain football.128The record of losses not only depressed the morale of the players and of the student body, and reduced attendance at games, but also grated on the pride of Bridgewater alumni. The record in

l20Bee, Nov. 10, 1950, p. 1. 121 Bee, March 10, 1950, p. 3. 122TrM, Nov. 8, 1948. 123FacAdmComM, Jan. 17, 1949. l24Pr0 Papers. 125Athletic Council minutes, May 23, 1951; Bee, Nov. 20, 1951, p. 3. 126Bee, Oct. 5, 1956, p. 3. 127Bee, May 11, 1957, p. 3. 128Bee, Jan. 15, 1960, p. 2; FacM, Dec. 12, 1961. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 491 football, many felt, was "a negative public relations factor" for the college. Declaring "there's no glory in losing," some alumni suggested that the college abandon its policy of not recruiting athletes and of not granting athletic scholarships; also that it enlarge its coaching staff.129 The football coaching staff was enlarged, but the players received no scholarships. During the 15 years, 1949-63 (inclusive), Bridgewater played 102 games of football with 18 colleges in the years or during the periods indicated: Shepherd (W. Va.), 1949-63; Gallaudet (D. C.), 1949-63; Washington (Md.), 1949, 1950; Newport News Apprentice School (Va.), 1949- 59; Catholic University (D. C.), 1950; Randolph-Macon (Va.), 1950-63; Hampden-Sydney (Va.), 1951-63; Lenoir-Rhyne (N. C.), 1952; Shippensburg State (Pa.), 1953, 1954; West Virginia Wesleyan, 1954-61; Salem (W. Va.), 1955; Guilford (N. C.), 1956-59; Davis and Elkins (W. Va.), 1956, 1957; Susquehanna University (Pa.), 1956, 1957; Western Maryland, 1958-63; Maryville (Tenn.), 1960, 1961; Frostburg State (Md.), 1961-63; and Delaware Valley (Pa.), 1963.130 Bridgewater achieved victory in 25 of the 102 games, while suffering defeat in 73 others, the four other games ending in a tie. It made a 3, 3 win, loss record in 1953 and 1962; a 3, 4 win, loss record in 1956 and 1957. Nevertheless, Bridgewater's teams included some outstanding players who received recognition as such from Associated Press sports writers in Virginia. The following Bridgewater men were named to the Virginia Little Six (Little Seven, or Little Eight) all-star football teams: Fred B. Pence (end) and John C. Vance (halfback) in 1952; Charles F. Kurtz (guard) in 1953 and 1954; Donald L. Dofflemyer (fullback) in 1957; Vernon E. Dutterer (guard) and Wayne A. Latham (fullback) in 1962. Others received honorable mention: Alfred W. Cheatwood (quarterback) in 1952; John C. Gardner (back) and Samuel F. Gouldthorpe, Jr. (guard), in 1953; Larry S. Pence (quarterback) in 1954 and 1955; Randolph L. Knupp (end) and H. Harold Lehman (tackle) in 1955; Darryl D. Andrews (end), Isaac A. Gray (guard), and J. Michael Mason (center) in 1957; John A. Plumb (back), Robert T. Tate (end), and Ronnie G. Vaughan (back) in 1958; Gene M. Underwood (guard), Rodney J. Weaver (tackle), and Lindsay C. Woolfolk, Jr. (tackle), in 1958 and 1959; Phillip R. Ritchie (back) in 1959; John S. Baker (guard), James H. Benson (back), Gerald E. Fawley (end), and Charles W. Rider (tackle) in 1962. Gene M. Underwood received honorable mention in connection with the selection of the Little All-American team of 1958. The captains and managers of the Bridgewater football teams, 1949-63, are named below: CAPTAINS MANAGERS 1949 Harry R. Bowers, Thomas H. Jenkins, and Paul H. Garst, A. C. Hankla, Jr. and R. Claude P. Smith Howard Reichard, Jr. 1950 Harry R. Bowers and Merle L. Jenkins R. Howard Reichard, Jr., and John G. Stiles 1951 Howard G. Dull and Archer K Tullidge R. Howard Reichard, Jr., et al. 1952 John C. Vance and Warren R. Wright Carroll K Jones; W. P. Robertson 1953 Samuel F. Gouldthorpe, Jr., and James S. Thompson James R. Whitmore 1954 Charles F. Kurtz and Fred B. Pence Ray E. Glick, et al. 1955 Sherrill C. Cheeks and H. Harold Lehman Ray E. Glick and William V. Puffenberger

l29Pr0 Papers. 130This paragraph and those that follow are based on the files of the Bee, the Newsette, and the Alumnus; also on the FacM, the FacAdmCornM, and the volumes of Ripples. 492 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

1956 C. Fred Fifer, III, Randolph L. Knupp, and F. Leroy Carter, Jr. Larry S. Pence 1957 Dennis R. Dixon, Donald L. Dofflemyer, Robert A. Winter and Isaac A. Gray 1958 Ronnie G. Vaughan Royal E. Snavely 1959 John A. Plumb and Lindsay C. Woolfolk, Jr. Edwin R. Smith 1960 David H. Osborne, John W. Rader, and A. Edward Burgess, et al. Joe A. Whitmore 1961 John C. Garber and Phillip R. Ritchie Delmer G. Botkin 1962 John S. Baker and James L. Gerhard Ralph L. Petcher and Robert E. Thacker 1963 Wayne A. Latham and Charles W. Rider Ralph L. Petcher and Robert E. Thacker The coaches of football during Warren D. Bowman's presidency were Daniel S. Geiser, 1949-51; Edward T. Chandler, 1952; Paul H. Gunsten, Jr., 1953-59; and George A. Keim, 1960- 64. The assistant coaches were Nick Forkovitch, 1949 and 1950; Daniel S. Geiser, 1952 and 1954; Harry J. Stille, 1956; James E. Utterback, Jr., 1958; David G. Metzler, 1960; Paul H. Gunsten, Jr., 1961-64; Richard S. Murray, 1962; Melvin L. Myers, 1962-64; and J. Richard Rader, 1963. Edward T. Chandler (a former Washington Redskin football player) was chosen as the Virginia Little Six football coach of the year 1952 by the Associated Press sports writer in Virginia.

Cross-Country Bridgewater's cross-country runners won 88 percent of their dual meets, and all of their triangular meets during years 1949-63 (inclusive). They were undefeated in dual meets during 11 of the 15 seasons. In at least four of the meets, their score (15) was best achievable. 131 In the dual and triangular meets, they competed with teams from American University, Catholic University, Davis and Elkins College, Gallaudet College, Hampden-Sydney College, Lynchburg College, Old Dominion College, Randolph-Macon College, Roanoke College, University of Richmond, University of Virginia, Virginia Military Institute, Washington and Lee University, and the College of William and Mary (Norfolk Division). In the larger meets, their best performances were as follows. In the Virginia Little Six meets, they placed first in 1950, 1951, and 1952; second in 1949 and 1953. In the Virginia Little Seven meet in 1954, they placed second. In the Virginia Little Eight meets, they placed first in 1959, 1960, and 1961; second in 1955, 1956, 1957, and 1962; third in 1958 and 1963. In the Virginia AAU (Amateur Athletic Union) meets, they placed first in 1950, second in 1951 and 1952, and third in 1949. In the Mason-Dixon Conference meets (in which 10 or more colleges of Virginia, Maryland, and District of Columbia were represented), they placed first in 1950, 1951, 1952, 1960, and 1961; second in 1949, 1953, and every year thereafter through 1959. The seasons of greatest success for Bridgewater's cross-country runners, during the years 1949-63, were those of 1950, 1951, 1952, 1960, and 1961. Among the participants for Bridgewater in the cross-country meets of this period were the following men: in 1949 and the early 1950's, Kurtz E. Alderman, Chester L. Bowman, David L. Bowman, Oliver A. Bowman Joseph H. Caricofe, Allen M. Clague, Dorsey A. Clayton, B.

131This chapter section is based on reports in the Bee, the Newsette, and the Alumnus, and the volumes of Ripples. BRIDGEWATER'S CROSS-COUNTRY RUNNERS

Left to right. KNEELING: Kurtz E. Alderman (co-captain), Paul E. Glick, Paul M. Kline, and B. Merle Crouse (co-captain). STANDING: Joseph H. Caricofe, Oliver A. Bowman, Chester L. Bowman, and Stanley G. Glick. 494 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Merle Crouse, Herschel R. Fike, Paul E. Glick, Stanley G. Glick Robert R. Kennedy, Jr., Paul M. Kline, Donald A. Mitchell, and N. Paige Wil~ in the mid-1950's, James M. Bryant, Guy L. Clark, Roy E. Cunningham, Randolph C. Fenimore, Harold L. Garber, Jr., T. Rodman Layman, James 0. Lohr, Douglas L. Miller, Richard D. Obenshain, William V. Puffenberger, and David B. Rittenhouse; in the late 1950's, Beverly B. Good, Joseph M. Hargrave, Kurtz E. Hersch, John L. Kline, Larry E. Neff, Joseph M. Quesenberry, E. Duward Starkey, Nelson P. Warren, Jr., and Wallace L. Thompson; in the early 1960's, James E. Beahm, Dean V. Bowser, Ronald H. Coleman, Gary W. Gardner, Howard R. Hammond, Lee N. Holsinger, John M. Kinzie, R. Winston Lutz, Preston J. Miller, Wilfred E. Nolen, Samuel G. Petre, and Douglas G. Shear. The captains of Bridgewater's cross-country teams, 1949-63, are named below: 1949 Allen M. Clague 1950 Kurtz E. Alderman and B. Merle Crouse 1951 B. Merle Crouse 1952 Joseph H. Caricofe and Paul M. Kline 1953 Chester L. Bowman 1954 N. Paige Will 1955 Richard D. Obenshain and David B. Rittenhouse 1956 James 0. Lohr and Douglas L. Miller 1957 Randolph C. Fenimore 1958 Beverly B. Good, John L. Kline, and Joseph M. Quesenberry 1959 Larry E. Neff and Nelson P. Warren, Jr. 1960 E. Duward Starkey 1961 James E. Beahm and Howard R. Hammond 1962 R. Winston Lutz and Wilfred E. Nolen 1963 Dean V. Bowser The coach of Bridgewater's cross-country runners was Professor Harry G. M. Jopson, of the college's faculty. Beginning in 1959, he had the assistance of one of his former star runners, Paul M. Kline, newly appointed to the Bridgewater faculty.

Men's Basketball During the 15 years, 1949-64, the available records show that Bridgewater played 292 games of basketball with 26 colleges and universities, 10 of them in Virginia, seven in Maryland, three in Pennsylvania, three in the District of Columbia, two in West Virginia, and one in Ohio. It played two games, also, with the U.S. Marines of the Quantico, Virginia, base and another game with the Richmond Royals. It gained victories in 43.38 percent of those contests.132 Bridgewater played 182 of the 292 college games with schools in Virginia (during the periods indicated), and the results were as follows. It won four of its 30 games (1950-64) with Hampden-Sydney College: 12 of its 29 games (1950-64) with Randolph-Macon College; 19 of its 30 games (1950-64) with Lynchburg College; five of its 26 games (1950-64) with Roanoke College; seven of its 16 games (1950-64) with Washington and Lee University; 17 of its 28 games (1951-64) with Richmond Professional Institute; three of its five games (1954-57) with Newport News Apprentice School; its game (1954) with the Medical College of Virginia; four of its 10 games (1956-62) with the College of William and Mary, Norfolk Division; one of its four games (1963, 1964) with Old Dominion College; two of its three games (1959, 1960) with

132The summaries of basketball games presented in this paragraph and in those that follow are based on reports in the Bee, the Newsette, and the Alumnus; also in the volumes of Ripples. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 495

Virginia Military Institute. It lost both of its games (1950, 1951) with the Quantico (Va.) Marine Base and its game (1952) with the Richmond Royals. Bridgewater played 110 of the 292 games with 16 colleges not in Virginia, with the following results. It won six of its 16 games (1950-64) with the University of Baltimore; seven of its 19 games (1950-64) with Shepherd College (W. Va.); neither of its two games (1950, 1951) with Elizabethtown College (Pa.); one of its seven games (1950-64) with Mt. St. Mary's College (Md.); 12 of its 14 games (1950-64) with Towson State College (Md.); its game (1950) with Loyola College (Md.); 19 of its 24 games (1950-62) with Gallaudet College (D. C.); two of its eight games (1951-63) with Catholic University (D. C.); two of its three games (1952, 1953, 1964) with Washington College (Md.); none of its five games (1952-60) with American University (D. C.); its game (1954) with Johns Hopkins University (Md.); three of its four games (1957-64) with Western Maryland College; one of its three games (1958, 1959) with Juniata College (Pa.). It lost its game (1961) with the University of Akron, its game (1963) with Lebanon Valley College (Pa.), and its game (1964) with Concord College (W. Va.). Bridgewater's most successful basketball season (judged by the proportion of games won) during the period, 1949-64, was that of 1959-60, in which its record was 17 wins and four losses, and in which Bridgewater won the championship in basketball among the Virginia Little Eight colleges and placed second in the Mason-Dixon Conference's southern division tournament. Bridgewater's other better basketball seasons, of the period here under review, were those of 1949-50 (10 wins, 10 losses), 1951-52 (10 wins, 10 losses), 1953-54 (11 wins, 11 losses), 1954-55 (10 wins, 10 losses), and 1963-64 (14 wins, 11 losses). During the period, 1949-64, Associated Press sports writers named the following Bridgewater players to all-star (first) basketball teams of the Virginia Little Six (Little Seven, or Little Eight) colleges: Billy 0. Burkholder in 1952; James E. Utterback, Jr., in 1953; Larry S. Pence in 1955 and 1956; Dorsey A. Clayton in 1956; James A. Reedy in 1959, 1960, and 1961; and Paul L. Hatcher in 1964. They placed the following Bridgewater players on the second team: William L. Dovel and Richard Miley in 1954; James T. Wilson and Lindsay C. Woolfolk, Jr., in 1960; and John B. Edwards in 1962. Other Bridgewater players received honorable mention: John C. Vance in 1953; Edward A. Thomas in 1960; and Joseph S. Browder in 1964. Coaches named the following Bridgewater players to all-star (first) basketball teams of the Mason-Dixon Conference: James A. Reedy in 1959, 1960, and 1961; Paul L. Hatcher in 1964. They placed Billy 0. Burkholder, Richard Miley, and Larry S. Pence on the conference's second teams: Burkholder in 1952, Miley in 1954, and Pence in 1955. James A. Reedy was the highest scorer in basketball among all Virginia college players, 1959-60, and the sixth Virginia college basketball player to score more than 2,000 points (2,074) during his college career. He was also the highest scorer in basketball among the players of the 15 colleges belonging to the Mason-Dixon Conference during three consecutive seasons, 1958- 61. In connection with the selection of the Little All-American basketball team of 1960, he was given honorable mention.133 Billy 0. Burkholder was the second highest scorer in basketball among all Virginia college players, 1951-52; Paul L. Hatcher was the third highest, 1963-64.134 High scoring distinguished the basketball season, 1954-55. In each of nine games, the Bridgewater team scored more than 100 points; 131 points in one game, and an average of nearly 90 points per game during the season. 135

133Newsette, April, 1959, p. 12; April, 1960, p. 14; April, 1961, p. 23. 134Newsette, April, 1952, p. 3; Alumnus, April, 1964, p. 12. 135Newsette, April, 1955, p. 3. 496 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Billy 0. Burkholder's 51 points, in February, 1952, was, perhaps, the highest scoring by a Bridgewater basketball player in a single game during the years, 1949-64.136 In the fall of 1955, after an engineer's report revealed that the balcony of its old gymnasium (constructed in 1908) was no longer safe for crowds, the college arranged to move its basketball games to gymnasiums of various high schools in Rockingham County (Turner Ashby, Montevideo, Broadway, and Harrisonburg) until it built a new gymnasium and put it to use in January, 1958. Bridgewater's undersized basketball court and the refusal of some colleges to play on it were other reasons for moving the games and for constructing a new and larger gymnasium.137 With a new gymnasium available, the college began hosting an annual Christmas holiday basketball tournament in January, 1959.138 The captains and managers of the Bridgewater basketball teams, 1949-64, are named below: CAPTAINS MANAGERS 1949-50 Harry R. Byrd and James W. Myers 1950-51 Earle W. Fike, Jr. David F. Pryor 1951-52 James E. Utterback, Jr. Carroll K. Jones 1952-53 James E. Utterback, Jr. Frank A. Williar 1953-54 William L. Dovel and Rowland E. Wampler Fred B. Pence 1954-55 Fred B. and Larry S. Pence Ray E. Glick 1955-56 Lee A. Eckard and Larry S. Pence Robert L. Brand 1956-57 Dorsey A. Clayton and Larry S. Pence Owen L. Wright 1957-58 Samuel E. Ritchie Allen D. Graham 1958-59 Samuel E. Ritchie James L. Gerhard and Philip E. Mancha 1959-60 Fred A. Diehl James L. Gerhard 1960-61 James A. Reedy Ronald G. Nelson 1961-62 John B. Edwards, Don A. Landes, Morgan Owen Ronald G. Nelson 1962-63 John B. Edwards and Richard D. Kincaid Delmer G. Botkin and Virgil R. Klepper 1963-64 Murray S. Ross139 Bridgewater's coaches of basketball during this period were Daniel S. Geiser, 1946-56, 1957-62; Harry J. Stille, 1956-57 (when Professor Geiser was on leave of absence); and Melvin L. Myers, 1962-85. James E. Utterback, Jr., assisted Professor Geiser, 1958-59.140

Baseball During the 15 years, 1950-64 (inclusive), the available records show, Bridgewater played 246 games of baseball with 33 colleges and universities, 11 of them in Virginia, six in Maryland, five in Ohio, four in Pennsylvania, two in West Virginia, one in the District of

136Newsette, April, 1952, p. 3. 137TrM, March 5, 1955; FacAdmComM, Nov. 2, 17, 1955; Richmond Times-Dispatch, Dec. 11, 1955. 138Newsette, April, 1959, p. 12. 139From the files of the Bee, the Newsetle, and the Alumnus; also the volumes of Ripples. 140lbid. ' Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 497

Columbia, and one in each of the following states: Connecticut, Maine, New Jersey, and New York. It played two games, also, with the U.S. Marines of the Quantico, Virginia, base, and three other games (on which particulars are lacking). It gained victories in about 52 percent of all of those contests.141 Bridgewater played 144 of the 246 college games with schools in Virginia (in the years indicated), and the results were as follows. It won 14 of its 30 contests (1950-64) with Lynchburg College; eight of its 30 games (1950-64) with Randolph-Macon College; three of its four games (1950-53) with Roanoke College; seven of its 27 games (1950-64) with Hampden- Sydney College; 18 of its 22 games (1952-64) with Richmond Professional Institute; neither of its two games (1954, 1963) with Virginia Military Institute; four of its seven games (1954-59) with Newport News Apprentice School; four of its 13 games (1955-61) with the College of William and Mary, Norfolk Division; neither of its two games (1964) with Old Dominion College; and five of its six games (1961-64) with Washington and Lee University. Its game (1954) with the Medical College of Virginia ended in a tie, as did a game (1962) with Washington and Lee University. Bridgewater played 102 of the 246 games with 22 colleges not in Virginia, with the following results. It won 15 of its 23 games (1950-64) with Shepherd College (W. Va.); seven of its nine games (1950-57) with the University of Akron; its game (1950) with Fenn College (Ohio); all seven of its games (1950-59) with Towson State College (Md.); five of its 12 games (1950-64) with the University of Baltimore; two of its three games (1950, 1963) with Elizabethtown College (Pa.); seven of its 11 games (1951-63) with Mt. Union College (Ohio); its game (1951) with Mt. St. Mary's College (Md.); one of its two games (1951, 1963) with Western Maryland College; its game (1952) with Newark College of Engineering (N. J.); five of its six games (1952-64) with Catholic University (D. C.); none of its three games (1953) with Hofstra College (N. Y.); two of its four games (1953-64) with Washington College (Md.); its game (1954) with Ohio Wesleyan University; both of its games (1955, 1956) with Juniata College (Pa.); three of its four games (1955, 1956) with Loyola College (Md.); one of its five games (1960-64) with West Virginia University; both of its games (1963) with Southern Connecticut State College; its game (1963) with Philadelphia College of the Bible; both of its games (1964) with Bucknell University (Pa.); its game (1964) with Ashland College (Ohio). It lost its game (1964) with the University of Maine, both of its games (1951, 1952) with the Quantico Marine Base (Va.), and three other games (1961), on which particulars are lacking. Bridgewater's most successful baseball seasons (judged by the proportion of games won) during the period, 1950-64, were those of 1950, 1952, and 1963. Its record in 1950 was 11 wins and 5 losses; in 1952, the same; in 1963, 13 wins and seven losses. In 1960, with a record of seven wins and five losses, Bridgewater shared the Virginia Little Eight baseball championship with Hampden-Sydney and Randolph-Macon colleges, and in 1962, with a record of eight wins and five losses, shared that championship with the College of William and Mary, Norfolk Division. In 1963, Bridgewater won the baseball championship in the Mason-Dixon Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. In 1955, its record was 10 wins and nine losses; in 1956, 10 wins and 10 losses; in 1958, seven wins and five losses; in 1961, eight wins and eight losses; in 1964, 11 wins and 10 losses. Some Bridgewater baseball players of this period received special recognition. The Associated Press sports writers of Virginia selected Billy 0. Burkholder as pitcher, and James E. Utterback, Jr., as catcher, on the Virginia Little Six all-star baseball team of 1952, and Charles D. Huff as shortstop on the second team. They chose Charles F. Kurtz, catcher, and

141The summaries of baseball games presented in this paragraph and in those that follow are based on reports in the Bee, the Newsette, and the Alumnus; also in the volumes of Ripples. 498 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Robert L. Thomas, outfielder, to the Virginia Little Seven all-star team of 1955. Vincent J. Corner, outfielder, and Robert L. Nida, pitcher, were placed on an all-star (second) team of 1962 of the Mason-Dixon Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, while Phillip L. Kincheloe, shortstop and pitcher, was given honorable rnention.142 In a game with Towson State College in April, 1959, Bridgewater's Thomas J. Kincaid turned in a near-perfect hurling performance. He allowed no hits, faced only 27 batters, and allowed only one of them (by a walk) to reach first base, where he was thrown out. 143 A game with Washington and Lee University, in 1962, went to 15 innings before it had to be ended because of darkness, when the score was 8 to 8.144 In the spring of 1960, Bridgewater's baseball men began using a new playing field, adjacent to the old field on its northwest side, from a land parcel the college acquired in 1958. Bridgewater's baseball pitchers of the years 1950-64 are named below: Harold A. Trumbo, 1948-51 William T. Kline, 1957-60 Harry R. Bowers, 1949, 1950 William D. Wenzel, 1957 John C. Vance, 1950-53 Thomas J. Kincaid, 1958-61 Billy 0. Burkholder, 1951, 1952 James L. Gerhard, 1959, 1962 Oliver 0. Trumbo, 1952, 1953 George A. Funkhouser, 1961-63 L. Curtis Carroll, 1952 Robert L. Ferrell, 1961 Robert M. May, 1953, 1954 Larry A. Turner, 1961 Robert L. Will, 1953-55 Robert L. Nida, 1962 Richard Miley, 1954-56 Douglas M. Jones, 1963 Marshall L. Garst, 1955 Phillip L. Kincheloe, 1963 John D. Blunt, 1955 Durban D. Metzler, 1963 Samuel E. Ritchie, 1956-59 Bobby L. Owen, 1963 Garry R. Rupert, 1956-59 E. Allen Morrow, 1964 J. Michael Mason, 1956, 1957 J. Michael Jacobs, 1964 Edward F. Jeffries, Jr., 1956 James L. Strayer, 1964.145

The captains and managers of the Bridgewater baseball teams, 1950-64, are named below: CAPTAINS MANAGERS 1950 Harry R. Bowers Lester P. Burtner 1951 Harold A. Trumbo Joseph H. Fishel, Jr. 1952 William C. Naylor and James E. Utterback, Jr. Howard W. Mason 1953 James E. Utterback, Jr. and John C. Vance Howard W. Mason 1954 Larry D. Flora and Curtis R. Wall Ray E. Glick 1955 Charles F. Kurtz and Robert L. Thomas James R. Cooke 1956 Glenn L. Hulvey, James W. Moyers, Jr. and William H. Littlepage Owen L. Wright 1957 Edward F. Jeffries, Jr. Patrick P. Lipscomb 1958 Allen D. Graham Eugene A. Braun 1959 Samuel E. Ritchie

142Newsette, April, 1953, p. 3; Aug., 1955, p. 3; Bee, March 29, 1963, p. 3; Ripples (1953), p. 102. 143Bee, April 24, 1959, p. 3. 144Newsette, Aug., 1962, p. 11. l45From the files of the Bee, the Newsette, the Alumnus, and the HDN-R; also the volumes of Ripples. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 499

1960 Thomas J. Kincaid and William T. Kline 1961 Thomas J. Kincaid and Ralph L. Kline Michael P. White 1962 Wayne S. Mitchell 1963 Wayne S. Mitchell Delmer G. Botkin 1964 Carlton H. Cox and E. Yager Marks Delmer G. Botkin and Roy E. Cunningham146 Bridgewater's coaches of baseball during this period were Daniel S. Geiser, 1946-56, 1958- 66, and Harry J. Stille, 1957 (when Professor Geiser was on leave of absence). Harold W. Armstrong assisted Professor Geiser in 1951, as did Delmer G. Botkin in 1963 and 1964.147 Some Bridgewater baseball players of these years signed contracts with professional clubs. Ralph D. Guyton (B. A., 1950), outfielder, played with the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League, 1949-51. At the end of his sophomore year, in 1951, James E. Utterback, Jr. (B. S., 1953), catcher, signed with the St. Louis Browns of the American League, but the team to which he was assigned "folded up before he arrived." Billy 0. Burkholder (1950-52), pitcher and first baseman, signed with the New York Giants of the National League in the summer of 1952. Thomas J. Kincaid (B. A., 1961), pitcher, signed a contract with the Cincinnati Reds of the National League, and played in their farm system a few weeks before joining the U. S. Peace Corps. Delmer G. Botkin (B. A., 1964), catcher, played with the Milwaukee Braves of the National League between his sophomore and junior years at Bridgewater; hence was ineligible for baseball upon returning to college. Vincent J. Comer (B. A., 1965), outfielder, was signed by the Washington Senators of the American League in June, 1962, and played two years in their farm system.148

Track and Field During the years 1950-64 (inclusive), Bridgewater's track and field men won at least two- thirds of their dual meets. In the spring of 1950, they won all of them, and in each of seven other seasons, all but one. In 1962, their record in dual meets was three wins and a tie.149 The available records show that the Bridgewater teams won two of their four dual meets (1950-52, 1962) with Catholic University (one meet ended in a tie), one of their six meets (1950- 64) with Roanoke College, 10 of their 11 meets (1950-64) with Lynchburg College, all three of their dual meets (1951-53) with Gallaudet College, their only dual meet (1962) with Davis and Elkins College, all 10 of their meets (1950-64) with Randolph-Macon College, neither of their meets (1952, 1953) with the Quantico (Va.) Marine Base, both of their meets (1953, 1954) with Juniata College, their only dual meet (1954) with Western Maryland College, six of their 10 meets (1954-64) with Hampden-Sydney College, both of their meets (1955, 1959) with the College of William and Mary (Norfolk Division), neither of their meets (1955, 1964) with Washington and Lee University, and three of their five indoor meets with Haverford College. The Bridgewater track and field competitors won all five of their triangular meets. They placed first in the Catholic University invitational meet in 1955 and 1958, and second in 1956 and 1957. They won the Virginia Little Six track and field championship in four successive years, 1949-52, and placed second (after Roanoke College) in the competition in 1953. They placed third in the Virginia Little Seven meet in 1955, and third in the Virginia Little Eight

146Ibid. 147Ibid. 1481tems from the AlumBF; also the Newsette, Dec., 1951, p. 3; Dec., 1952, p. 3; Aug., 1962, p. 11; Bee, Oct. 7, 1961, p. 1. l49This chapter section is based upon reports in the Bee, the Newsette, and the Alumnus, and in the volumes of Ripples. 500 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

meet in 1958, 1959, and 1963. They won the Mason-Dixon Conference championship in 1952, placed second (after Washington College) in the competition in 1950 and second (after Catholic University) in 1951, and third in 1958, 1959, and 1960 (tie wi.th Hampden-Sydney College). Bridgewater's most successful seasons in track and field competition, during the years 1950-64, were those of 1950, 1951, and 1952. The best performances in track and field events by Bridgewater men individually during this period (1950-64) are indicated in the paragraphs that follow. Wayne E. Spangler ran 100 yards in 9.6 seconds in 1952. Joseph V. Barton, Lawrence W. Roller, and J. Vernon Wright, in 1950, and Alfred T. Whitelow, in 1960, each ran the distance in 10 seconds. Wayne E. Spangler ran 220 yards in 21.4 seconds in 1953. Peter M. Granda!, Jr., in 1956, and George L. Gillock, in 1963, each ran the distance in 22 seconds. Lawrence W. Roller ran it in 22.2 seconds in 1950. George L. Gillock ran 440 yards in 49.3 seconds in 1963. Peter M. Grandal, Jr., ran the distance in 49.5 seconds in 1956. G. William Richards, Jr., ran it (as a leg of a relay race) in 49.7 seconds in 1959. N. Paige Will ran it in 50.2 seconds in 1955, and Wallace L. Thompson ran it in 50.7 seconds in 1957. N. Paige Will ran 880 yards in one minute, 57.3 seconds, in 1955. Larry E. Neff ran the distance in one minute, 58 seconds, in 1962. V. Cortlandt Maupin, in 1960, and Howard R. Hammond, in 1962, each ran it in one minute, 59 seconds. B. Merle Crouse ran it in one minute, 59.6 seconds, in 1951. B. Merle Crouse ran a mile in four minutes, 23.6 seconds, in 1951. R. Winston Lutz ran the distance in four minutes, 23.7 seconds, in 1962. Dean V. Bowser ran it in four minutes, 30 seconds, in 1964, and David B. Rittenhouse ran it in four minutes, 36.5 seconds, in 1956. George L. Gillock, Howard T. Holden, Jr., Jerry A. Holsinger, and Stephen F. May ran the one-mile relay race in three minutes, 25.4 seconds, in 1963. Charles B. Hammond, Larry E. Neff, G. William Richards, Jr., and Wallace L. Thompson ran the race in three minutes, 27.3 seconds, in 1959. John E. Crumpacker, V. Cortlandt Maupin, J. Richard Rader, and Wallace L. Thompson ran it in three minutes, 30.2 seconds, in 1958. B. Merle Crouse ran two miles in 9 minutes, 22.5 seconds, in 1951 (and, in the same year, placed third among 38 competitors in the two-mile run in the Penn Relays, and eighth among 20 runners in the 5,000-meter run in the AAAU [American Amateur Athletic Union] championships). R. Winston Lutz ran two miles in 9 minutes, 52 seconds, in 1963, and James E. Beahm did it in 9 minutes, 55 seconds, in 1960. Dean V. Bowser, Ronald H. Coleman, R. Winston Lutz, and Wilfred E. Nolen, representing Bridgewater, set a Mason-Dixon Conference record in 1963, when they ran the four-mile relay race in 18 minutes, 45.4 seconds. Melvin L. Myers ran the 220-yard low hurdles in 24.3 seconds in 1952. John E. Crumpacker did it in 24.6 seconds in 1959, and Paul H. Hylton, Jr., in 25.8 seconds in 1955. John E. Crumpacker ran the 120-yard high hurdles in 15.5 seconds in 1959, and D. Eugene Wampler did it in 15.6 seconds in the same year. Fred A. Diehl high jumped 6 feet, 2 inches, in 1960; Shirly B. Kiger, 6 feet, .75 inch, in 1950; D. Eugene Wampler, 6 feet, .25 inch, in 1958; Paul S. Garber, 5 feet, 11 inches, in 1952; and Larry S. Pence, 5 feet, 11 inches, in 1956. Alfred T. Whitelow broad jumped 23 feet, 1 inch, in 1960; G. William Richards, Jr., 22 feet, 8 inches, in 1960; Melvin L. Myers, 22 feet, 2.5 inches, in 1950; and Paul S. Garber, 22 feet in 1952. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 501

William P. Campbell pole vaulted 12 feet in 1951; Ernest N. Mistr, 11 feet, 6 inches, in 1963; and Clifford H. Scales, 11feet,3.75 inches in 1959. Fred A. Diehl put the shot 47 feet, 4.25 inches in 1959; James W. Myers, 43 feet, 7.75 inches, in 1950; Claude P. Smith, 43 feet, 5.25 inches, in 1950; Jess D. Fulk, 42 feet in 1963; and Fred B. Pence, 41 feet, 3 inches, in 1955. Fred A. Diehl threw the discus 135 feet, 5.25 inches, in 1960; Fred B. Pence, 132 feet in 1955; Larry S. Pence, 131 feet in 1957; and J. Richard Rader, 128 feet, 6 inches, in 1960. John C. Gardner threw the javelin 168 feet in 1955. Bridgewater's entry in several intercollegiate track meets was not permitted in the late 1950' s because of the presence of a black athlete on its team.150 The available records reveal the names of Bridgewater's track and field team captains in only certain years of the period 1950-64: 1951 Kurtz E. Alderman 1954 David L. Bowman and N. Paige Will 1955 Fred B. Pence and N. Paige Will 1957 Larry S. Pence 1958 F. Gary Osborne and Wallace L. Thompson 1959 Fred A. Diehl and Wallace L. Thompson 1960 Fred A Diehl 1962 James E. Beahm and R. Winston Lutz The coach of Bridgewater's track and field men during this period was Professor Harry G. M. Jopson. His assistant was another Bridgewater faculty member, W. Donald Clague. In appreciation of Dr. Jopson's service as coach since 1937, and the remarkable records made by his teams, his former track and field men presented to him, at the Bridgewater Alumni Association's banquet in June, 1951, a 17-jewel chronograph wrist watch.151

Men's Tenni's During the period 1950-64, Bridgewater men competed in tennis with teams of the following 16 colleges and universities (in the years indicated), gaining victories in about 18 percent of the approximately 150 matches played: American University, 1953-59; University of Baltimore, 1952; Catholic University, 1952-64; Davis and Elkins College, 1952; Hampden- Sydney College, 1950-64; Hiram College, 1957; Kent State University, 1960; Loyola College (Md.), 1953-56; Lynchburg College, 1950-64; Old Dominion College, 1963, 1964; Randolph- Macon College, 1950-63; Roanoke College, 1950-64; Towson State College, 1953-59; Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1954, 1955; Washington College, 1957, 1958; and Washington and Lee University, 1964. They had 20 matches with Hampden-Sydney College, 19 with Randolph- Macon, 18 with Lynchburg, 14 with Roanoke, and 10 with American University; fewer with the other schools. They won five matches out of 12 in the spring of 1955, four out of 11 in the spring of 1954 and in the spring of 1953; fewer in the other seasons. The relatively small number of tennis players (most of them inexperienced in the sport), the large turnover of players from one season to the next, and the little student interest in tennis were factors responsible for the small proportion of victories. The Bridgewater squad, moreover, did not have a regular coach every season.152

150FacM, Feb. 14, 1957. 151 Newsette, Aug., 1951, p. 4. 152This chapter section is based on the files of the Bee, the Newsette, the Alumnus, and the volumes of Ripples. 502 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

The available records reveal the names of tennis team captains for only certain years during the period 1950-64: Robert E. Ziegler, 1951; John K. Boitnott and Otis D. Kitchen, 1952; Mervin L. Trail, 1954, 1955; Dennis W. Cummings, 1956; David L. Miller, 1957; Robert A. King, 1958; C. Larrie Kline, 1961; and Eugene T. Higgs, 1963, 1964. They reveal the names of the following team managers: Alfred R. Cline, 1951; Charles W. Green, 1952; David F. Pryor, 1953; Robert L. Rhea, 1954; Dick Powell and Robert L. Rhea, 1955; and Royal E. Snavely, 1957. Some other Bridgewater tennis players (besides those already mentioned) during this period were Robert L. Charlton, Earle W. Fike, Jr., Lowell W. Miller, Rommie F. Moore, and Harold R. Weybright during the years 1950-54; Donald W. Border, Paul L. Groff, Kenneth E. Harper, Bennett G. Miller, Jr., William V. Puffenberger, and William M. Shanklin, Jr., during the years 1954-57; Richter L. Halterman, J. Kenneth Kline, William A. McCarrick, Gerald R. Mills, David L. Olsen, James A. Reedy, and Royal E. Snavely during the years 1957-60; William H. Aiken, James W. Brown, Donald W. Eyler, David L. Hersch, Edwin H. Higgs, Jorg W. Ludwig, M. Andrew Murray, II, James R. Neighbors, Rufus D. Petre, James S. Replogle, and William K. Stokes during the years 1960-64. The coaches of men's tennis during this period were the following Bridgewater faculty members: Rudolph A. Glick, 1947-53; Paul B. Sanger (assistant coach), 1950, 1951; Paul H. Gunsten, Jr., 1954-58; Dale V. Ulrich, 1959-61; and Paul H. Gunsten, Jr., 1963. The players had no coach in 1962, and only a "sponsor" in 1964.153 During the summer of 1959, the tennis courts on the northwest side of the college's heating plant and old gymnasium were paved, and in August, 1960, the college authorized the making of more all-weather courts (to be finished in 1961) on the rear side of the new gymnasium.154

Golf

Bridgewater men began intercollegiate competition in golf in May, 1956, in a match with a Roanoke College team at Roanoke, Virginia, winning by a score of 9.5 to 8.5. The Bridgewater golfers were Ralph L. Beard, Charles W. Cauley (nephew of the renowned golfer, Sam Snead), James R. Cooke, and Robert C. Moyers. In another match, in the same month, played at Harrisonburg (on the Spotswood Country Club course), the Roanoke team was the winner.155 During the period 1956-64, Bridgewater golfers competed with teams of the following 11 schools (in the years indicated), gaining victories in about 45 percent of the approximately 50 matches played: University of Baltimore, 1958; Hampden-Sydney College, 1958-64; Kent State University, 1964; Lynchburg College, 1957-64; Old Dominion College, 1964; Pikeville College, 1963; Randolph-Macon College, 1959-63; Richmond Professional Institute, 1961-64; Roanoke College, 1956-64; Virginia Military Institute, 1964; and Washington and Lee University, 1963, 1964. They had at least 10 matches with Roanoke College and at least seven with Lynchburg College; fewer with the other schoois.156

l53Ripples (1963), p. 100; Bee, May 1, 1964, p. 2. 154-rrExCornM, April 11, 1959; Aug. 16, 1960; Newsette, Aug., 1959, p. 5; Bee, Dec. 9, 1960, p. 6. 155Bee, May 26, 1956, p. 3. 156Based on reports in the Bee, the Newsette, the Alumnus, and the volumes of Ripples. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 503

BRIDGEWATER'S GOLF TEAM, SPRING, 1957

Left to right: Robert C. Moyers, Ronald L. Polane (captain), Ralph L. Beard, Charles W. Cauley, and Coach James C. Smith.

In the spring of 1957, the Bridgewater team captured the Mason-Dixon Conference golf championship in a tournament (in which seven colleges participated) held near Baltimore. The Bridgewater golfers were Ralph L. Beard, Charles W. Cauley, Robert C. Moyers, and Ronald L. Polane (who made the best individual score). In the regular season that spring, they won all of their matches.157 In 1958, the Bridgewater team placed second (after the University of Baltimore) in the Mason-Dixon Conference tournament, with a team score of 649 (as compared to the winner's 642). During the regular season that spring, the Bridgewater golfers defeated the Hampden- Sydney and Lynchburg teams, but lost to the University of Baltimore.158 In 1963, the Bridgewater team placed second (after Lynchburg) in the Virginia Little Eight golf tournament, and third (after Lynchburg and Hampden-Sydney) in the Mason-Dixon Conference tournament, in which 10 colleges participated. Bridgewater's William C. Moyers and Lynchburg's George Johnson were the co-medalists of the Mason-Dixon meet.159 Other Bridgewater golfers in the regular season that spring were David F. Emswiler, Larry R.

157Newsette, Aug., 1957, p. 5. l581bid., Aug., 1958, p. 12. 159Alumnus, Aug., 1963, p. 8. 504 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Huffman, John P. Jenkins, Jr., Brian L. Sachs, Samuel J. Snead, Jr. (son of the famous golfer), and Daniel H. Williams.160 The available records reveal the names of Bridgewater golf team captains for only some of the years 1956-64: Robert C. Moyers, 1956; Ronald L. Polane, 1957; William A. Rhea, 1960; David L. Huffman, 1961; William C. Moyers, 1962, 1963; and Samuel J. Snead, Jr., 1964. Other Bridgewater golfers, during the period 1959-62, were Gordon E. Bush, Vincent B. Gilmer, Donald R. Rader, Edward A. Thomas, and Sewall T. Tyler. The coaches of Bridgewater's golf teams during this period were Jack Bushong (unidentified), 1956; James C. Smith, 1957-59; and Paul H. Gunsten, Jr., 1960-64. Messrs. Smith and Gunsten were Bridgewater faculty members. Bridgewater's golfers usually used the Ingleside Country Club links near Staunton, Virginia, for their home matches with visiting teams.161

Women's Field Hockey During the period 1949-63, Bridgewater women competed in field hockey with varsity teams of 11 colleges (in the years indicated), gaining victories in 66 percent of the 75 contests that did not end in ties. In competition with Hollins College (1954,1960), their record was a tie and a loss; with Lynchburg College (1949-63), 15 wins, six ties, and six losses; with Madison College (1954-63), four wins, five ties, and four losses; with Mary Baldwin College (1950-63), seven wins, a tie, and two losses; with Randolph-Macon Woman's College (1950), a tie; with Richmond Professional Institute (1950-52), two wins and a loss; with Roanoke College (1949- 63), 14 wins, five ties, and five losses; with Stratford Junior College (1953-61), four wins; with Sweet Briar College (1956-63), two wins, a tie, and three losses; with Westhampton College (1950), a loss; and with West Virginia Wesleyan College (1955, 1956), two wins. They also played four games (1951-63) with the Shenandoah Valley Club, winning two, tying one, and losing one.162 The Bridgewater team was undefeated in the fall of 1962 (six wins and three ties), in the fall of 1953 (five wins and no ties), and in the fall of 1955 (four wins and two ties.). The following Bridgewater players were named to all-star hockey teams within Virginia: Emily S. Faulkner, Ruth C. Glick, Mary A. Hooker, Carolyn V. Ikenberry, F. Lavonne Ikenberry, Barbara J. Kelly, and M. Louise Owen during the years 1950-53; Laura C. Fries, E. Jean Harvey, and Janice F. Long during the years 1956-60. Rebecca Beech, Effie M. Fries, Yvonne E. Kauffman, Wilma J. Livingston, and Karen L. Taggart were placed on a tournament team that competed with all-star teams from the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia in Washington, D. C., in 1962. Yvonne E. Kauffman and Barbara J. Purkey played in the national hockey tournament in Rochester, New York, in 1963. Other Bridgewater players who received special recognition were Joyce DeBolt, Mary K Garber, Dolores A. Heatwole, Lauree F. Hersch, and Helen C. Wild during the years 1952-56; Mary Frances Heishman and Kathleen A. Rhoad in 1963. Sue C. Burkholder and Allegra H. Hess were outstanding players in 1959. The available records reveal the names of hockey team captains for only a few of the years 1949-63: Ruth C. Glick, 1950; Laura C. Fries, 1956, 1957; and Allegra H. Hess, 1959. Usually, however, a different captain was designated for each game. Records reveal the names of the following team managers: Susan P. Myers, 1949; Joyce E. Myers, 1950; Lois J. Atkinson, 1951;

160Jbid., April, 1963, p. 9. 161The files of the Bee, the Newsette, the Alumnus, and the volumes of Ripples are the sources of the data in these final paragraphs. 162This chapter section is based on the files of the Bee, the Newsette, the Alumnus, and the volumes of Ripples. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 505

Janice K. Miller, 1952; Carol R. Compton, 1953; Doris A. Craun, 1954; Mary L. Offutt and Shirley E. Pritchard, 1955; Vivian C. Zimmerman, 1956; Sonya McDaniel, 1957; Lucille M. Ritchie, 1959; and Kathryn L. Hale, 1960. The coaches of the hockey teams during this period were M. Margaret Faulkner, 1949; Ruth E. Tandy, 1950-54; Dolores A. Heatwole, Jane E. Heishman, and M. Louise Owen, 1955; Patricia R. Meuli, 1956; Ruth E. Tandy, 1957-60; and Laura S. Mapp, beginning in 1961. Misses Faulkner, Heatwole, Heishman, and Owen were Bridgewater students. Misses Mapp, Meult and Tandy were regular faculty members in the Department of Physical Education.

Women's Basketball During the period 1949-64, Bridgewater women competed in basketball (in the years indicated) with teams of 21 colleges (12 of them in Virginia), winning in 82 percent of the 139 contests. They won one of their 'two games (1957) with Averett Junior College; both of the games (1952, 1954) with Davis and Elkins College; 15 of their 17 games (1950-64) with Elizabethtown College; their game (1951) with Emory and Henry College; their game (1955) with Gettysburg College; their three games (1962-64) with Hollins College; two of their four games (1950-55) with Longwood College; 17 of their 28 games (1950-64) with Lynchburg College; 15 of their 18 games (1951-64) with Madison College; their game (1964) with the University of Maryland; their game (1952) with Phillips Business College; 18 of their 19 games (1950-63) with the Richmond Professional Institute; 24 of their 25 games (1952-64) with Roanoke College; one of their two games (1963, 1964) with Salisbury State Teachers College; their game (1958) with Shenandoah College; their game (1953) with Shippensburg State College; their game (1961) with Swarthmore College; one of their two games (1950, 1964) with Westhampton College; five of their six games (1954-61) with the College of William and Mary (Norfolk Division); and their three games (1962-64) with the College of William and Mary; but lost their game (1963) with West Chester State Teachers College. 16.3 The Bridgewater women won all nine of their basketball games during the 1954-55 session; all nine in 1959-60; all 11 in 1960-61; and all 11 in 1961-62. They won eight of their nine games in 1952-53, nine of their 10 in 1953-54, eight of their nine in 1955-56, seven of their eight in 1958-59, and 12 of their 13 in 1962-63. They won seven of their nine games in 1951-52, eight of their 10 in 1957-58, and 10 of their 12 in 1963-64. These were their best seasons. The available records reveal the names of basketball team captains for only a few of the years 1949-64: Jean Kiser Fike, 1949-50; Eleanor K. Huffman, 1956-57; and Sue C. Burkholder, 1959-60. Usually, however, a different captain was designated for each game. Records reveal the names of the following team managers: Peggy J. Glick, 1949-50; Peggy G. Mason, 1950-51; Doris A. Craun, 1953-54, and 1954-55; Dolores A. Heatwole, Jane E. Heishman, and M. Louise Owen, 1955-56; A. Rosalind Buck, 1956-57; L. Margaret Wampler, 1957-58; and Rose A. Kinzie, 1959-60, and 1960-61. Among the Bridgewater basketball players during this period were E. Maxine Abshire, Peggy A. Cupp, Dolores A. Heatwole, Jane E. Heishman, Lauree F. Hersch, Carolyn V. Ikenberry, Norma A. Jarrels, Barbara J. Kelly, M. Louise Owen, Constance D. Rowe, Goldie L. Shull, and Helen J. Wine during the years 1949-56; Norma J. Aist, Nancy A. Cline, Laura C. Fries, E. Mae Grove, Allegra H. Hess, F. Lavonne Ikenberry, Sue A. Rosseter, Leann M. Suter, and Mildred A. Wine during the years 1955-60; Jean A. Braunlich (who scored nearly 1,200 points during her college career), Donna J. Carr, Effie M. Fries, Edith E. Harlow, Rose A.

16.3This chapter section is based on the files of the Bee, the Newselle, and the Alumnus, and the volumes of Ripples. 506 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Kinzie, L. Jane Meadows, Joyce J. Miller, Joyce B. Powell, and Jean H. Rucker during the years 1959-64. The coaches of women's basketball during this period were Alphadine E. Martin, 1949-50; Ruth E. Tandy, 1950-55; Dolores A. Heatwole, Jane E. Heishman, and M. Louise Owen, 1955- 56; Patricia R. Meuli, 1956-57; Ruth E. Tandy, 1957-61; and Laura S. Mapp, beginning in the fall of 1961. Misses Heatwole, Heishman, Martin, and Owen were Bridgewater students. Misses Mapp, Meuli, and Tandy were regular faculty members in the Department of Physical Education.

Women's Tennis Tennis did not become a regular intercollegiate sport for Bridgewater women until the spring of 1952. They played their first intercollegiate matches (reportedly) in the spring of 1941, but none therefore until 1952.164 During the period 1952-64, Bridgewater women competed in tennis (in the years indicated) with teams of eight colleges, winning in 60 percent of the 66 contests. They won their match (1963) with Elizabethtown College; 15 of their 21 matches (1952-64) with Lynchburg College; 10 of their 16 matches (1952-64) with Madison College; two of their five matches (1954-64) with Mary Baldwin College; seven of their 14 matches (1952-64) with the Richmond Professional Institute; both of their matches (1955, 1956) with Sweet Briar College; and three of their five matches (1953-59) with the College of William and Mary. They lost their two matches (1962, 64) with Randolph-Macon Woman's College. They won all their matches in 1952, 1953, 1955, and 1956, and all but one in 1954, 1958, and 1961.165 Among the Bridgewater tennis players during this period were Doris A. Craun, Mary A. Hooker, Carolyn V. Ikenberry, Barbara J. Kelly, Joann L. Kline, Janice K. Miller, and Helen J. Wine (who won nearly all the matches she played) during the years 1952-55; Linda L. Diehl, Dolores A. Heatwole, and M. Louise Owen (who had no defeats in her four years of intercollegiate matches) during the years 1953-56; Norma J. Aist, Sue C. Burkholder, Nancy A. Cline, Gail A. Conlon, E. Mae Grove, M. Barbara Hartman, Allegra H. Hess, F. Lavonne Ikenberry, and Leann M. Suter during the years 1955-60; Rebecca Beech, Jean A. Braunlich, Mary E. Cline, Yvonne E. Kauffman, Rose A. Kinzie, Wilma J. Livingston, L. Jane Meadows, Delores A. Morris, Barbara J. Purkey, Jean Bucher Reedy, Jean H. Rucker, and Judy M. Switzer during the years 1960-64. The available records do not reveal the names of the tennis team captains (if any were chosen) for any of the years 1950-64, but do reveal the names of a few team managers: Mary A. Hooker, 1954; Ressie L. Elick, 1958; Allegra H. Hess, 1959; and Rose A. Kinzie, 1960. The coaches of women's tennis during these years were Ruth E. Tandy, 1952-55; Paul H. Gunsten, Jr., 1956; Patricia R. MeulL 1957; Ruth E. Tandy, 1958-61; and Laura S. Mapp, beginning in 1962. All of them were members of the college's physical education department.

164Ripples (1941), p. 91; ibid. (1953), p. 104. l65This chapter section is based chiefly on the files of the Bee, the Newsette, and the Alumnus, and the volumes of Ripples. WOMEN'S TENNIS PLAYERS, SPRING, 1952

LEFT TO RIGHT: Carolyn V. Ikenberry, Dawn Cunningham, Barbara J. Kelly, Joann L. Kline, Ul 0 Janice K. Miller, Helen J. Wine, Doris A. Craun, and Professor Ruth E. Tandy (coach). '.J 508 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Course Offerings for the Baccalaureate Degrees

The college's catalogues show that during Warren D. Bowman's presidency (1949-64) the number of semester hours of courses offered for the baccalaureate degrees was increased from 648 to 913. The greatest increases in semester hours were made in the following fields: art (from five to 33), biology (from 41 to 53), business (from 27 to 47), chemistry (from 41 to 66), English (from 31 to 63), health and physical education (from 19 to 38), history (from 30 to 53), mathematics (from 49 to 64), physics (from 22 to 49), political science (from six to 18), psychology (from 24 to 37), and Spanish (from 18 to 30).166 In addition, many old courses were reorganized and others were expanded. Some courses were discontinued. Horticulture (two semester hours), the only remaining course in agriculture, was last offered in fall of 1958,167 and the courses in secretarial studies were not offered after the session, 1962-63.168 Professor Clarence E. May's "great books course," Masterpieces of Literature (English 21, 22; six semester hours), required of sophomores, received publicity in the nation's newspapers. Students in the course painted scenes, composed poetry, devised codes of ethics and philosophies of life as they were inspired by their reading of the books.169 In the spring of 1961, the sociology, psychology, philosophy, biology, and religion departments cooperated in conducting an interdisciplinary seminar on ancient culture; and the mathematics and physics departments also jointly offered a seminar.17° Honors courses (seminars or independent study) at Bridgewater are first mentioned in the college's catalogue for the session, 1961-62. Any department offering a major could provide from one to four honors courses, and juniors and seniors having honor grades could register for one honors course per semester.171 Five students were enrolled in such courses in each semester of the session, 1961-62.172 Upon the recommendation of its Council on Education, the faculty in 1949 reduced the six- divisional organization of the departments of instruction (adopted in February, 1944) to a three-divisional organization: I, Language, Literature, and Art; II, Natural Sciences and Mathematics; III Social Sciences.173 The courses (in semester hours) offered for the baccalaureate degree (B. A., B. S.), as of the session, 1963-64,174 are listed below. Most of them were one-semester (s) courses; others, two- semester (ss) courses. Art: 33 hours (13 s-courses) Biology: 49 to 53 hours (1 ss-course; 13 s-courses) Business: 47 hours (2 ss-courses; 11 s-courses) Chemistry: 62 to 66 hours (3 ss-courses; 12 s-courses) Economics: 30 hours (10 s-courses) Education 30 hours (8 s-courses) English: 63 hours (21 s-courses)

166cf. C, Oct., 1963, pp. 50-93, with C, June, 1949, pp. 58-82. 167Cf. C, Feb., 1958, p. 60, with C, Feb., 1959, p. 62. 168cf. c, Feb., 1962, pp. 56, 57, with c, Oct., 1963, p. 59. 169Newsette, April, 1954, p. 5. 170Bee, Jan. 19, 1961, p. 1; Partners, March, 1961, p. 1. 171FacM, Jan. 13, 1%1; C, Feb., 1961, p. 34. 17lReport to the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, Sept., 1962. 173FacM, Jan. 14, 1949. 174c, Oct., 1963, pp. 50-93. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 509

French: 30 hours (2 ss-courses; 6 s-courses) Geology: 8 hours (2 s-courses) German: 18 hours (3 ss-courses) Health and physical education: 38 hours (16 s-courses) History: 53 hours (19 s-courses) Horne economics: 47 hours (16 s-courses) Mathematics: 64 hours (1 ss-course;20 s-courses) Music theory: 53 hours (2 ss-courses; 14 s-courses) Applied music: 12 to 24 hours (12 s-courses) Natural science: 11 hours (3 s-courses) Philosophy: 21 hours (7 s-courses) Physics: 49 hours (1ss-course;15 s-courses) Political science: 18 hours (6 s-courses) Psychology: 37 hours (12 s-courses) Religion: 42 hours (14 s-courses) Sociology: 33 hours (11 s-courses) Spanish: 30 hours (2 ss-courses; 6 s-courses) Speech and dramatics: 15 hours (5 s-courses).

New Degrees and New Majors The Bridgewater catalogue of June, 1950 (pp. 35, 36), publicized a four-year curriculum leading to a B. S. degree in business administration, and on June 4, 1951, the college conferred its first degrees in that program (which came to be the most popular of all the degree programs at Bridgewater). Additional courses intended to prepare students for the CPA (certified public accountant) examination were soon added. Marlin P. Alt (1954), Gene D. Armstrong (1955), and James L. Keeler (1957), graduates of the years indicated, were early Bridgewater CPA' s.175 The college's catalogue of February, 1952 (pp. 35, 36), advertised a program leading to the B. S. degree in business education, and on June 1, 1953, the college conferred its first degree in that program, which proved to be, however, short lived. The last description of the program appeared in the catalogue of February, 1962 (p. 44), and the last B. S. degree in business education (the 21st) was conferred on May 31, 1964. Warren D. Bowman's presidency witnessed the establishment of three new departmental majors: health and physical education in 1951; Spanish in 1955; and physics in 1962.176 Departments already offering majors were the following: biology, business administration, chemistry, economics, English, French, history, home economics, mathematics, music, philosophy and religion, psychology, and sociology.

Standards for Admission, Graduation, and Honors By the fall of 1963, Bridgewater's requirements for admission of first-year students had undergone some change and extension since the fall of 1949, the college's catalogues reveaI.177

175Newsette, Aug., 1959, p. 4. 176FacM, March 9, 1951; C, June, 1951, p. 29; Feb., 1955, p. 33; Feb., 1962, p. 43. 177cf. C, Oct., 1963, pp. 103-5, with C, June, 1949, pp. 25, 26. 510 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Not only must the applicant (normally) rank scholastically in the upper half of his or her graduating class from an accredited senior high school (or other secondary school), his or her academic record (official transcript) had to show credit for four (instead of three) units of English, two units in one foreign language (preferably French, German, or Spanish), two in algebra (instead of two unspecified units in mathematics), two in history and social studies (not just one unit in history), two (instead of one) in science, and four (instead of eight) in suitable electives (preferably in academic, not vocational, subjects). Besides written recommendations, a personal interview, and a written health report (on a form supplied by Bridgewater), another requirement (beginning in September, 1961) was "a satisfactory score" on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) of the College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB).178 In September, 1961, the college began granting credit and advanced placement on the basis of results on the CEEB's Advanced Placement Tests, upon approval by the department concerned and the faculty's Council on Education.179 Students transferring from junior colleges had to take the SAT of the CEEB, and its achievement tests in English, mathematics, and social science, and make satisfactory scores, besides meeting other requirements.IBO Bridgewater's graduation requirements for baccalaureate degrees also underwent some change during the years 1949-64.181 The requirement in natural science was reduced from 16 semester hours to eight, but that in foreign language (French, German, or Spanish) was increased, from the satisfactory completion of two years, to three years of one of the languages, or the completion of the second year of each of two of the languages.182 The six- hour requirement in history was changed to western civilization, from a choice between modern European history and U. S. history. The concentration requirement for a departmental major was revised in 1958, so as to allow an increase from 18 to 30 semester hours of required courses in the department.183 Only if the candidate performed unsatisfactorily on the written comprehensive examination on his major field of concentration would he be required to undergo, also, an oral examination to determine his status. In March, 1956, the faculty authorized the use of the Graduate Record Examination's area tests of the Educational Testing Service (Princeton, N. J.) as the comprehensive examinations on Bridgewater seniors' major fields.184 The faculty voted, in January, 1957, to change the standards for the several categories of Bridgewater's honor graduates to the following grade-point averages (on a three-point scale): 2.2 for cum laude, 2.5 for magna cum laude, and 2.8 for summa cum laude. It voted, also, that no transfer student (normally) may graduate higher than cum laude.185 Upon the recommendation of its Council on Education, the faculty, in September, 1963, approved changing from the three to the four quality point system of evaluating student performance in academic work, to become effective for all students beginning with the Class of 1967.186 In May, 1960, the faculty approved the formation of an honor society, called Lambda Society. Seniors meeting the college's requirements for graduation with honors were made

178c, Feb., 1961, p. 28. 179Ibid. 180c, Oct., 1963, p. 104. 181cf. C, Oct., 1963, pp. 97-100, with C, June, 1949, pp. 27, 28. lB2FacM, April 14, 1961. 183B, Oct., 1959, p. 14. 184FacAdrnComM, March 19, 1956. 185FacM, Jan. 28, 1957. 186council on Education minutes, May 9, 1963; FacM, Sept. 11, 1963. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 511 eligible for full membership; other upper-class students making honor grades could be elected associate members. Bridgewater College faculty members were eligible for full membership, and Bridgewater alumni could be elected honorary members.187 The first students to be made full members were the eight honor graduates of June, 1960.188

The Admission of Black Students

In March, 1953, Mrs. Lessie V. Miller, a black public school teacher, of Bridgewater, Virginia, applied for permission to enroll as a student in the Bridgewater College summer session of 1953.189 Whatever the college's decision (no record of it has been found), her name does not appear in the student roster for that session. A secondary account states that she was accepted for admission, but that she did not enroll at that time.190 Records do show that the faculty decided to admit her (as a private student in voice, Galen L. Stinebaugh, instructor) in September, 1953, and that she was an enrolled student of the session that began in that month.191 Bridgewater thereby became one of the very first four-year, private, liberal arts colleges in Virginia, that have predominantly white populations, to enroll a black student. Eastern Mennonite College (at Harrisonburg, Va.) had admitted black students earlier, in 1949.192 On May 24, 1954, seven days after the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in its celebrated public school desegregation case (Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka), the Bridgewater faculty decided to ask the college's trustees to approve the admission to the college of blacks on the same basis as for whites, and to poll the faculty on the matter. The poll showed 31 in favor, and three opposed.193 Among those favoring admission were the college's president and academic dean. In response to the faculty's request, the college's board of trustees pointed out, June 4, 1954, that the school's charter does not exclude anyone on the basis of race, color, or creed, and that it had never adopted any legislation concerning the acceptance of blg.ck students; hence ruled that the college's admission office might accept blacks who meet the catalogue's admission requirements.194 During the summer of 1954, Karen C. Weaver, a young black woman, of Alexandria, Virginia, after three years' study at Miner Teachers College, Washington, D. C., applied for admission to Bridgewater, and both the faculty and trustees of the college gave their approval, since she met the entrance requirements.195 Before enrolling in September, 1954, Miss Weaver became Mrs. James H. Scott, Jr., the wife of a Baptist minister (who was also an elementary school principal) of Staunton, Virginia. On August 11, 1956, she was graduated with a B. A. degree (major in French; minor in English).196

187FacM, May 20, 1960; Jan. 13, 1961. 188Bee, March 24, 1961, p. 6. 189FacAdmComM, March 25, 1953. 190oa!e E. Mekeel, "Race Relations at Bridgewater College" (19 pp., typescript, 1972), p. 3, PrO Papers. 191FacAdmComM, Sept. 21, 1953;C, Feb., 1954, p. 107. 192Hubert R. Pellrnan, Eastern Mennonite College, 1917-1967: A History (Harrisonburg, Va., 1967), pp. 195, 261; also the college's yearbooks. 193FacAdmComM, May 24, 31, 1954. l94John W. Boitnott, ''Racial Integration at Bridgewater College" (4 pp., typescript, no date), p. 2, PrO Papers. 195FacAdmComM, July 20, 1954; TrExComM, July 23, 1954. 1%c, Feb., 1957, p. 109, and the registrar's records. 512 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

In September, 1954, the college admitted another black student, William T. Jenkins, of Harriston, Virginia, but after attending two sessions, he withdrew on January 20, 1956.197 No untoward problems resulted from the admission of black students. They were given a friendly reception by their fellow students and by the faculty and administrative staff. No reduction of the school's enrollment occurred during the ensuing years, and "only one or more" pledges of gifts to the college were cancelled because of the integration. Certain Virginia colleges, however, criticized Bridgewater for its liberalism; one of them, though, supported Bridgewater's action.198 Eight black students were in attendance at Bridgewater during the years 1953-64, and five of them were graduated by the college. Besides Mrs. Miller, Mrs. Scott, and Mr. Jenkins, the following were students during Warren D. Bowman's presidency: Carlyle Whitelow, of Bridgewater, Virginia, who entered in 1955, and graduated B. A. (major in physical education; minor in biology) in 1959; his brother, Alfred T. Whitelow, who entered in 1956, and graduated B. S. (major in business administration) in 1960; Donald L. Banks, of Elkton, Virginia, who entered in 1957, and graduated B. A. (major in psychology) in 1961; Glenn C. Jones, of Staunton, Virginia, a student during the session, 1958-59; and Joyce B. Powell, of Staunton, who entered in 1959, and graduated B. A. (major in English) in 1963.199 What became of Bridgewater's first black student graduates? Mrs. James H. Scott, Jr., served for some years as a teacher in the Staunton (Va.) public school system. Carlyle Whitelow earned the M. Ed. degree at the University of Virginia and, in 1969, became a faculty member (physical education) and coach at Bridgewater College. Alfred T. Whitelow, in 1980, was a group manager of U. S. Internal Revenue agents at Richmond, Virginia. Donald L. Banks earned the Ed. D. degree at the University of Massachusetts, at which institution he was, in 1980, a counseling psychologist. Joyce B. Powell, after serving briefly as a teacher in the U.S. Peace Corps in Nigeria, became a writer for the New York Times; then a television news reporter in San Francisco, California; later, a writer-producer for the news department of ABC-TV in San Francisco. She spent the session, 1970-71, at Columbia University graduate school on a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship for reporting, and was one of those included in the 1970 edition of Outstanding Young Women of America. 200

Summer Sessions The college's summer session in 1949 ran for 10 weeks, those in 1950 and 1951 each for nine weeks, and those in the following summers each for eight weeks. The school's catalogues show, also, that the summer sessions usually began about mid-June and ended near mid- August. The student enrollments during the successive summers, 1949-64 (inclusive), the registrar's records show, were the following: 105, 100, 71, 70, 50, 73, 79, 78, 101, 122, 128, 134, 131, 98, 124, and 93. From 1948 through 1966 (except 1962), the director of the summer session was the college's academic dean, John W. Boitnott. In the summer of 1962, when Dean Boitnott was away from the college, the director was the dean of students, W. Donald Clague.

197Registrar's records. l98Boitnott, op. cit., p. 3. l99Registrar's records. 200Items from the AlumBF. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 513

Besides regular faculty members, who handled most of the courses, the following visiting instructors taught the subjects named below in the summers indicated, the catalogues reveal: R. Beatrice Bland, M.A., elementary education, 1952-56; Herbert L. Bridges, Jr., Ph. D., psychology and education, 1949-52; Raymond C. Dingledine, Jr., Ph.D., history and government, 1949-51; Laban Peachey, Ed. D., psychology, 1964; Abigail S. Ritchie, M. A., elementary education, 1963; William F. Smith, M.A., B. D., religious education, 1952; Dorothy V. Swank, M. Ed., elementary education, 1960-61, 1963. Atthe graduation exercises at the conclusion of the summer terms, 1949-64 (inclusive), 170 students received the B. A. degree, 17 the B. S. in business administration, two the B. S. in business education, five the B. S. in home economics, four the B. S. in music education, and one a certificate in commerce.201 The graduation exercises were held in Cole Hall, usually near the middle of August. The college has held a summer session every year since 1964, but without any graduation exercises at its conclusion.

The Faculty During the 15 years (1949-64) of Warren D. Bowman's presidency, the college's catalogues reveal, 147 men and women served (full-time and part-time) on the Bridgewater faculty during the regular academic sessions. Thirty-five (23 percent) of the 147 held doctoral degrees: 29 the Ph.D., three the Ed. D., and three the Th. D. Five of the Ph. D.'s were conferred by the University of Virginia, three by the University of Maryland, three by the University of North Carolina, two by the University of Chicago, two by Cornell University, two by Yale University, and one by each of the following universities: Boston, California (at Los Angeles), Catholic, Duke, George Washington, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Wayne State, and Wisconsin. One of the Ed. D.'s was granted by Columbia University, one by George Washington University, and one by the University of Virginia. Two of the Th. D.'s were conferred by Boston University and one by the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Seventy-four other faculty members (51 percent) held a master's degree, and 33 others (22 percent) only a bachelor's degree (but nearly all of them had had some graduate work). The proportion of faculty members holding doctoral degrees increased from 17 percent (1949-50) to 42 percent (1963-64). About 25 percent of the 147 faculty members were Bridgewater College graduates, and another 25 percent were graduates of other Church of the Brethren colleges. About 35 percent of the 147 were women. The proportion of faculty members, year by year, 1949-64, who belonged to the Church of the Brethren, the church's yearbooks reveal, ranged from about 50 to 60 percent. The number of faculty members in the session, 1949-50, was 35; in the session, 1963-64, it was 57. Full-time faculty members, their class record books show, usually taught 15 semester hours of courses (or the equivalent). Beginning in the session, 1963-64, however, teaching schedules were gradually reduced to 12 semester hours. President Bowman did no teaching. Faculty salaries were more than doubled during the 15 years of Warren D. Bowman's presidency. The average salary of full professors (full-time; nine months' service), rose from $3,300 to $8,220; that for instructors from $2,300 to $5,300. Salaries for the administrative

201From the catalogues and the graduation programs. 514 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964 officers were increased proportionately.2o2 The Bridgewater salaries, although below the average for college teachers nation-wide, President Bowman reported in 1959, were "comparable to those of most small colleges of our rank and size in the South."203 Grants aggregating $119,500 from the Ford Foundation in 1956 and 1957, and funds received annually (beginning in 1953) through the Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges, and from Bridgewater alumni and other friends, made possible the salary increases.204 During the Korean War (1950-53), when student enrollment declined, faculty salaries were not reduced, but the usual annual increments were not granted, and a new salary scale scheduled to go into effect was postponed.205 The faculty gained significant fringe benefits during Warren D. Bowman's presidency. When, in December, 1950, the faculty voted 42 to four in favor of joining the Federal Social Security system, the college's trustees gave their approval. By early 1951, all of the college's full-time employees had the coverage. 206 In 1950, the trustees approved a plan (with the Equitable Assurance Society) for group accident, health, and life insurance for full-time employees, the college to pay one-half of the premium.207 In 1955, the trustees voted to grant, henceforth, to admissible children of Bridgewater's full-time employees full tuition-cost remission (instead of the current one-half remission), should they enroll at Bridgewater; also to cooperate (with the approximately 175 other colleges) in the "Tuition Exchange Plan" of allowing admissible children of full-time employees of the cooperating colleges remission of tuition charges on a reciprocal basis.208 In 1959, the trustees authorized the faculty's participation in the College Retirement Equities Fund (CREF) program of the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (TIAA),209 and in 1961, approved a major medical insurance plan (with the TIAA) for all full-time Bridgewater employees, the college to pay one-half of the cost, and the plan to become effective on January 1, 1962.210 In 1961, also, the trustees approved a plan for summer sabbatical leaves for faculty members meeting certain requirements. No more than two of the faculty, however, might go on leave and receive the $1,000 grant during the same summer.211 The new program became effective in the summer of 1961, when Clarence E. May, professor of English, went to the British Isles and France for study and travei.212 Faculty members of this period had a substantial portion of the expenses of attending professional meetings paid by the college. In 1952, the college made available to faculty members 10 building lots bordering the College Woods, the lot purchasers to erect dwellings at their own expense, and the college to

202Bus0 Papers. 203Report in the B, Oct., 1959, pp. 8-9. 2CJ4rrM, March 3, 1956; Nov. 2, 1957; FacAdmCornM, Jan. 13, 1958; B, Nov., 1964, p. 28. 205TrM, Nov. 14, 1955. 206FacM, Oct. 24, Dec. 8, 1950; TrM, Nov. 13, 1950; March 5, 1951. 207TrM, March 6, 1950. 208TrM, March 5, 1955; B, Oct., 1955, p. 6. 209TrM, March 7, 1959. 21°'frM, Nov. 4, 1961; FacM, Nov. 10, 1961. 211 TrM, March 4, 1961. 212Newsette, Aug., 1961, p. 8. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 515

have the first option of buying the properties when and if they were offered for sale.213 By 1959, eight faculty houses had been built along "College Woods Drive."214 The college used the funds received (over $37, 000) from the estate of Mrs. Harry M. (Virginia Garber Cole) Strickler to construct, in 1955-56, along East College Street in Bridgewater, the "Strickler Apartments," a two-story brick building with four family apartments, for faculty members. The builder was the Nielsen Construction Company, of Harrisonburg, and the cost (including furnishings) was $42, 950. 215 During the summer of 1958, the college had seven dwellings constructed along College View Drive, southeast of the campus, for rent or sale to faculty members. The builder, Charles D. Lantz, a Bridgewater College trustee, advanced the funds for the construction, the college to pay him five percent on his investment, "plus as much additional on the principal as the rent from the houses would permit."216 In November, 1959, the trustees voted to establish a summer scholarship program to help Bridgewater faculty members seeking doctoral degrees to meet the expense of graduate study during the summer months. They approved an appropriation of $3,500, for five members of the teaching staff, to begin the program.217 During Warren D. Bowman's presidency, Bridgewater faculty members, especially in the natural sciences, received more than $116,000 in financial grants from industrial corporations, foundations, and government agencies for the purpose of research.218 The research led to the preparation of papers read at professional meetings and to the publication of articles in professional journals. Thanks to grants from the National Science Foundation (for instructors' salaries and certain other expenses), Bridgewater faculty members conducted, at the college, an eight- months' in-service training institute for secondary school teachers of science, 1959-60, and 1960-61; one for elementary school teachers of science, 1961-62; and a five-weeks' science training program for high-ability secondary school students during the summers of 1963 and 1964.219 The faculty had regular meetings twice a month. Its successive secretaries, during Warren D. Bowman's presidency, the minutes show, were Mattie V. Glick, 1920-57; Iva M. Brubaker, 1957-58; Mrs. Iva Brubaker Lam, 1958-59; Mrs. Helen W. Shickel, 1959-60; and Donna L. Miller, 1960-69. At some meetings, faculty members presented papers based on research in their particular fields of knowledge, or ones describing significant developments in their fields. The faculty's committee structure evolved into the following pattern during the years 1949-64: Council on Administration (whose chairman was the college's president); Council on Education (whose chairman was the academic dean) and three sub-committees (admissions and student aid; library; professional growth); Council on Student Affairs (whose chairman was the dean of students) and two sub-committees (cultural activities; social life); Council on Religious Activities (whose chairman was the director of religious activities) and a sub- committee (chapels and convocations); the Council on Athletics (whose chairman was the director of athletics).

213TrM, March 1, 1952. 214B, Oct., 1959, p. 5. 215TrM, June6,Nov. 14, 1955;March 3, 1956; Newsette, Aug., 1955, p. 6. 216-rrExComM, May 8, Oct. 28, 1958; TrM, Nov. 1, 1958; B, Oct., 1959, p. 5. 2l7TrM, Nov. 7, 1959. 218Partners, Feb., 1964, p. 3. 2l9FacM, Feb. 24, 1959; May 25, 1961; Partners, Oct. 1, 1959, p. 2; Newsette, Aug., 1960, p. 4; Alumnus, Dec., 1963, p. 12; April, 1964, p. 8. 516 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

September, 1953, witnessed the issuance of the first faculty handbook, compiled and edited by the academic dean. Every September thereafter, a new edition of that useful manual appeared for the information and convenience of the faculty and administrative staff. The college's catalogue of February, 1955, began listing faculty members according to their academic rank and, within each rank, alphabetically, instead of in the order of their appointment to the faculty. The same catalogue began publishing the names of living emeritus faculty members. Faculty members continued their chaperonage of students on certain occasions, one of which turned out to be an unforgettable experience when a swimmer, grabbing a side of the boat, spilled its occupants into North River. Faculty members (full-time and part-time) of the regular sessions during Warren D. Bowman's presidency (1949-64) are named in the paragraphs that follow. The teachers of each subject are listed in the order of their appointment to the teaching staff. Their academic credentials are revealed in an appendix near the end of this volume.220 AGRICULTURE: Harry G. M. Jopson, 1936-43, 1946-58. ART: Olive Delp (Mrs. Charles P.) Graham, 1936-59; Paul M. Kline, 1959-. BIOLOGY: Harry G. M. Jopson, 1936-43, 1946-81; Frances E. Silliman, 1944-46, 1947-53, 1958-73; James E. Irvine, N, 1953-54; Elizabeth A. League, 1954-58; Robert K. Burns, 1962-67. BUSINESS: Gilford Frazee, 1949-51; Frances Zoll (Mrs. Clarence E.) May, 1949-51, 1955-59; William H. Anderson, 1951-53; Earlene E. Andes, 1951-52; Galen B. Fahnestock, 1952-55; Robert L. Hueston, 1953-86; James L. Keeler, 1959-62; Donna L. Miller, 1959-63; Robert E. Coleberd, Jr., 1962-64. CHEMISTRY: W. Donald Clague, 1943-66; Philip E. Graef, 1948-50; Lowell V. Heisey, 1950- 85; Thurman T. Grossnickle, 1956-61;John W. Martin, Jr., 1961-65, 1966-85. ECONOMICS: Charles C. Wright, 1915-28, 1929-54; William H. Anderson, 1951-53; Morris L. Stevens, 1954-56; James C. Smith, 1956-59; Bernard S. Logan, 1959-67; Robert E. Coleberd, Jr., 1962-64. EDUCATION: John W. Boitnott, 1947-57; Nell Kersh (Mrs. John W.) Boitnott, 1947-67; Fred F. Wampler, 1957-88. ENGLISH: Clarence E. May, 1946-68; Marie B. Cranmer, 1947-50; Howard A. Barnett, 1948- 50; William L. Pryor, 1950-52; Mary L. Truxal, 1950-52; Elizabeth G. (Mrs. Daniel S.) Geiser, 1952-67; Robert H. Newcomb, 1952-58; Phyllis J. Thompson, 1956-59, 1962-65; David 0. Winfrey, 1958-67; Eleanor Reed (Mrs. George R.) Hicks, 1959-62; Todd R. Zeiss, 1959-61; Donald E. Daniels, 1961-62; John C. Miller, 1962-64. FRENCH: Raymond N. Andes, 1946-83; Virginia M. Cone, 1963-65. GEOLOGY: Harry G. M. Jopson, 1946-81. GERMAN: Gustav H. Enss, 1947-56; M. Ellsworth Kyger, Jr., 1955-88. HISTORY: J. Maurice Henry, 1928-52; Victor E. Glick, 1949-51, 1952-77; Calvin C. Berlin, 1955-58; Hugh Akerman, Jr., 1958-62; Roger E. Sappington, 1958-89; James A. Mumper, 1962- 84; James M. Stayer, 1962-65. HOME ECONOMICS: S. Ruth Howe, 1945-71; Stella G. Reynolds, 1949-53; Mary Metzger (Mrs. Victor E.) Glick, 1950-51, 1953-54; Margery K Fike, 1954-55; Berchie L. Hodum, 1955-59; Janice J. Mills, 1959-60; Vera M. Thaxton, 1960-62; Mary Frances Copenhaver, 1962-63; Anna Mae Myers, 1963-78. MATHEMATICS: Charles E. Shull, 1919-63; Rudolph A. Glick, 1937-43, 1945-72; Robert E. Ross, 1949-50; Paul R. Yoder, Jr., 1950-51; Olive Smith (Mrs. Warren D.) Bowman, 1951-55,

220The president's reports to the college's trustees, as well as the college's catalogues, are indispensable sources on faculty appointments and tenure. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 517

1956-64; Levi S. Shively, 1955-60; John E. White, 1960-63; Robert J. Weiss, 1962-68; Richard A. Vaughn, 1963-65. MUSIC: Nevin W. Fisher, 1922-25, 1946-51; Nelson T. Huffman, 1925-28, 1929-65; Ruth E. Weybright (became Mrs. Edgar E. Stauffer in 1955), 1927-79; A. Olivia Cool, 1929-30, 1937-40, 1942-76; Galen L. Stinebaugh, 1940-42, 1946-58; Ruth L. (Mrs. Galen L.) Stinebaugh, 1946-48, 1951-54; Paul B. Sanger, Jr., 1947-51; Naomi Wolfe (Mrs. Wayne D.) Ardinger, 1949-50; Olive Smith (Mrs. Warren D.) Bowman, 1951-53; Helen C. Eshleman, 1951-54; Clifford T. Marshall, 1951-52; Carl J. Shultz, 1952-53; Dorothy M. (Mrs. Carl J.) Shultz, 1952-53; David L. Kesler, 1953-54; Esther (Mrs. David L.) Kesler, 1953-54; Betty Scrogum (Mrs. W. Donald) Clague, 1954- 55, 1959-66; Marie C. (Mrs. Roger E.) Cole, 1954-55, 1959-66; Roger E. Cole, 1954-66; Katharine M. Currie, 1954-55; C. Orman Spivey, 1955-57; Philip E. Trout, 1958-78. PHILOSOPHY: Marshall R. Wolfe, 1937-55; Gustav H. Enss, 1947-56; William G. Willoughby, 1955-62; Robert E. Wagoner, 1962-64. PHYSICAL EDUCATION: Daniel S. Geiser, 1946-56, 1957-66; Ruth E. Tandy, 1950-55, 1957-61; Edward T. Chandler, 1952-53; Paul H. Gunsten, Jr., 1953-67; Patricia R. Meuli, 1956- 57; Harry J. Stille, 1956-57; George A. Keim, 1960-65; Laura S. Mapp, 1961-; Melvin L. Myers, 1962-85. PHYSICS: Charles E. Shull, 1919-63; Paul R. Yoder, Jr., 1950-51; Dale V. Ulrich, 1958-61; Dean R. Neher, 1961-. POLITICAL SCIENCE: J. Maurice Henry, 1928-52; Charles C. Wright, 1948-50; Victor E. Glick, 1949-51, 1952-77; Roger E. Sappington, 1958-89. PSYCHOLOGY: John W. Boitnott, 1947-57; C. Joe Adkins, Jr., 1948-51; Willard B. Frick, 1951-52; DeForest L. Strunk, II, 1952-54; George W. Kent, 1954-91; Betty H. (Mrs. Paul M.) Kline, 1960-68. RELIGION: Minor C. Miller, 1921-58; Marshall R. Wolfe, 1937-55; William G. Willoughby, 1950-62; Warren F. Groff, 1954-58; Thomas A. Davis, 1958-61; David G. Metzler, 1958-62; W. Robert McFadden, 1961-; William M. Beahm, 1962-63; Robert E. Wagoner, 1962-64; Harlan D. Mummert, 1963-66; James H. Ware, Jr., 1963-64. SOCIOLOGY: Alice M. Brumbaugh, 1949-50; William G. Willoughby, 1950-55; William E. Barnett, 1955-86; Emmert F. Bittinger, 1963-88. SPANISH: John W. Basta, 1945-48, 1949-53; Virginia R. (Mrs. Raymond N.) Andes, 1948-49, 1953-55, 1956-62, 1963-65; M. Ellsworth Kyger, Jr., 1955-88, intermittently; Roberta M. Shain, 1961-63; Albert E. Landis, 1962-63; Martha Miriam Bowman, 1963-65; Robert B. Houts, Jr., 1963-92. SPEECH AND DRAMA: Charles F. Fuller, Jr., 1963-71.

The Library From late December, 1929, until September, 1963, the library's quarters were on the basement level of Cole Hall. The space there, however, soon proved to be inadequate, so that many books had to be stored elsewhere: in the old gymnasium, East Hall, and Bowman Hall. More space was needed not only for book stacks, but also for reading tables and for the work of the librarian and her helpers. The library's quarters, moreover, were not fireproof or waterproof. Books and periodicals stored on the floor were sometimes damaged by water. Readers were distracted, at times, by activities in the auditorium on the floor above the library's quarters: pipe organ practice and rehearsals of music and drama groups. 518 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

The weakness of book collections in the various fields was a perennial problem. Expenditures for books and periodicals in 1948-49, the librarian's report reveals, were approximately $2,600, and the number of the bound volumes (besides pamphlets) in the library during that session was only about 15,000.221 By June 30, 1964, records show, the total book collection had grown to about 50,000 volumes, besides 382 periodical titles, and the annual expenditures for books and periodicals to about $8,500. In September, 1949, the library staff consisted of a full-time professionally trained librarian, Agnes V. Kline (B. A., B. L. S.), and student assistants. By 1963-64, the staff had grown to two professionally trained librarians, Orland Wages (B. S., M. S. in L. S.), the head librarian, 1963-82, and Agnes V. Kline (head librarian, 1929-37, 1949-63; assistant librarian, 1937-49, 1963-68); two full-time non-student staff members; a secretary; and 14 part-time student assistants each semester. The librarians' reports also show that the library was open 63.5 hours per week in 1949-50, and 74 hours per week in 1963-64, the increase being due largely to more hours in the evenings. Because of being a government depository (since 1902), the library continued to receive, each year, U. S. documents of certain categories. In 1952, the library committee suggested to the college administration a study of the feasibility of making the library a center for the collection, preservation, and use of materials relating to the history and culture of the 18th-century German settlers in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. It believed such a center would "provide a service to a large number of our church constituency" (of German ancestry), encourage the donation of rare books and manuscripts to the library, attract research scholars, and "give the college nation-wide publicity."222 This suggestion led to the appointment of a committee to study the matter.223 By joint action of the college and the Church of the Brethren' s Southeastern Regional Board, the Bridgewater College library was designated, in 1955, as the depository for old records of the church's congregations in the southeastern portion of the U.S. A.224 The college, at long last, acquired a separate library building, constructed in 1962-63, and named the "Alexander Mack Memorial Library," dedicated on Founder's Day, April 3, 1964, at a special convocation, at which the main speaker was Theodore R. McKeldin, mayor of Baltimore and former governor of Maryland, in the presence of more than two score guest librarians and other official representatives.225 Among the features of the new library building (on its three floors) were a vault for storing manuscript collections, old newspaper files, rare books, old student records of Bridgewater, Daleville, and Blue Ridge (New Windsor, Md.) colleges and academies; an archives room, which held more old records, photographs, and books; a ''Bridgewater College Room," on whose shelves were printed catalogues, newspapers, yearbooks, and other publications of the college; a "Church of the Brethren Room," where one might see the personal Bible of Alexander Mack, the desk (and bookcase atop it) of Daniel C. Flory, as well as books, periodicals, conference reports, and other publications of and about the church; an audio- room; a microfilm viewing room; a photocopier room; a seminar room; a conference room; faculty carrels; newspaper and periodical areas.

221c, June, 1949, p. 17. 222Llbrary committee minutes, Feb. 18, Aug. 18, 1952. 223FacAdmComM, Nov. 20, 1956; TrM, Nov. 4, 1961. 224Newsette, Dec., 1955, p. 5. 225Bee, March 24, 1964, p. 1; Alumnus, April, 1964, pp. 3, 4, 6. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 519

HEAD LIBRARIANS

AGNES V. KLINE 1929-37; 1949-63 1963-82

ALEXANDER MACK MEMORIAL LIBRARY Built in 1962-63. Named for Alexander Mack (1679-1735), leader of the German Baptist Brethren in 18th-century Pennsylvania. 520 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Among the library's acquisitions during Warren D. Bowman's presidency were the following: from the estate of Ralph H. Bader (through his daughter, Mrs. Travis B. Shultz), former U.S. consul to Teheran and Cairo, 281 books; from the heirs of T. J. Berrey, editor and publisher of Luray, Virginia, 12 bound volumes of the Page Valley Courier of the years 1868- 1911; from the estate ofJustus H. Cline, geologist and conservationist, some 50 books; from the family of former Bridgewater Professor Newton D. Cool, 622 books; from the family of D. Newton Eller, former president of Botetourt Normal College and Daleville College, complete sets of those schools' catalogues; from the family of John S. Flory, Bridgewater's president, 1910-19, about 2,000 volumes (mainly in literature and church history), genealogical information, and other items; from the McClure Printing Company, Staunton, Virginia (through Mrs. Leland C. Brown), two copies of each of the books the company published for John W. Wayland; from Weldon T. Myers, professor at Converse College, a file of the PMLA (Publications of the Modern Language Association) for the years 1928-46; from Nettie M. Senger, her compilation (8 vols.) of genealogical information on the Sanger. (Senger) and related families; from the estate of Harry M. Strickler, lawyer, genealogist, and historian, of Luray, Virginia, his legal correspondence, law books, old Virginia county atlases, and scrapbooks; from John W. Wayland, historian and author, his diary, scrapbooks, hand-drawn maps, correspondence, and unpublished manuscripts; from Jacob David Wine, genealogist, Forestville, Virginia, old deeds, correspondence, and family records; from the estate of Charles C. Wright, former Bridgewater professor, dean, and acting president, 188 books. In 1962, the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, Battle Creek, Michigan, made a $10,000 grant to the college for the purchase of books that would strengthen the library's reference collection. 226

The Reuel B. Pritchett Museum The college's museum, dating back to Walter B. Yount's presidency (1892-1910), received, in 1954, an extensive and valuable addition from Reuel B. Pritchett (student at the Daleville, Va., school, 1909-11), of White Pine, Jefferson County, Tennessee. The collection, representing more than 50 years of searching in the U.S. A. and abroad, was a varied assortment of 5,563 items, among them a large three-volume Bible (in Latin) published in Venice in 1482; a Geneva (Switzerland) Bible, printed in 1582; a 1653 edition of the King James Bible; seven Bibles (in German) printed in Philadelphia in the 18th century by Christopher Sauer and his son Christopher; collections of American Indian artifacts, coins, paper currency, firearms, cartridges, shells, and bullet molds; candlesticks, molds, and snuffers; spinning wheels, looms, and weaver's utensils; pottery, glassware, and dishware; and items from Africa, China, and India.227 Elder J. E. Trimmer, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, donated the show cases in which many of the items are displayed.228 During the remaining years of Warren D. Bowman's presidency, the Pritchett collection received additions, among them the following: from Dr. and Mrs. Robert E. Lee Strickler, the uniform, cap, shoulder pouch, saddle pockets, saber, and rifle used by J. W. Andes in the American Civil War (1861-65); also the wooden cradle in which the college's president (1892- 1910), Walter B. Yount, was rocked when a baby; from S. Cabell Shull, a brick from the ruins

226FacAdmCornM, Jan. 19, Feb. 19, 1951; Newsette, Dec., 1954, p. 1; April, 1956, p. 5; Alumnus, Aug., 1962, p. 4; Dec., 1962, p. 5; April, 1964, p. 8; Partners, winter, 1962, p. 2; June, 1964, p. 3. 227From the agreement (copy) between Mr. Pritchett and BC, Dec. 30, 1953, with the TrM, June 3, 1957. 228Newsette, Aug., 1954, p. 1. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 521

REUEL B. PRITCHETT 522 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

of ancient Babylon, bearing the seal (reputedly) of the sixth-century B. C. Babylonian king, Nebuchadnezzar; from Ira S. Petre, Paul W. Petcher, and Jacob C. Wine, missionaries to Nigeria, African musical instruments, quivers, steel-pointed arrows, ebony statuettes, and tribal household articles; from Jacob Wine, of Tennessee, carpenter's tools more than a century old; from Nettie M. Senger, missionary, a Chinese counting board and a pair of diminutive shoes of a Chinese woman; from G. Elmer Myers, a collection of U. S. coins; and some more items from Mr. Pritchett.229 The museum was housed on the ground floor of Bowman Hall until August, 1964, when it was moved to the basement level of Cole Hall. 230 The importance and size of Mr. Pritchett's gift induced the college to name its museum for him. The college's agreement with him specified that the collections be governed by a board of three trustees, that three antiquarians seek additional museum items, and that a custodian (with assistants) have direct charge of the entire collection. All of these officials were to be chosen in specified ways.231 The college formally accepted the Pritchett gift on May 28, 1954, at a banquet, at which the donor and his wife, their family, and other relatives were present.232 The Pritchett collection attracted attention and favorable comment. The examining committee of the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, in 1960, declared the collection to be "an impressive agency which deserves wider exploitation as a teaching and general cultural development instrument for students, as well as a means of providing an important cultural service to the off-campus constituency of the college."233

Commencements

During Warren D. Bowman's presidency, three days, Saturday, Sunday, and Monday, continued to be allotted to the special events at the close of each regular college session, 1950- 57, but, beginning in 1958, only two days, Saturday and Sunday. On Sunday, June 1, 1958, graduation exercises were held for the first time in the afternoon of the same day as the morning baccalaureate service,234 and, henceforth, the two events were scheduled on the same day. The preceding day, Saturday, continued to be "Alumni Day." In 14 of the 15 years (1949-64) of his presidency, Warren D. Bowman preached the baccalaureate sermon. In 1959, The speaker was Jesse H. Ziegler, associate director of the American Association of Theological Schools.235 The baccalaureate services continued to be held in the College Street Church of the Brethren building. Having a guest speaker at the graduation exercises each year continued to be the practice. The names of the speakers appear in an appendix near the end of this volume. From 1930 through 1959, the graduation exercises were held in Cole Hall auditorium, but on June 5, 1960, they were held outdoors (for the first time) on the "East Lawn" of the campus, between Cole Hall and Rebecca Hall.236 From 1961 through 1980, they were held in what is today Nininger Hall.

229From the files of the Newsette andJacob F. Replogle's identification of museum articles. 230Partners, Sept., 1964, p. 2. 231The text of the agreement is among the BusO Papers. 232Newsette, Aug., 1954, p. 1. 233The committee's report, pp. 10-11. 234Newsette, April, 1958, p. 5. 235Partners, June, 1959, p. 1. 236Newsette, Aug., 1960, p. 5. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 523

Two more members (making eight in all) of the family of Professor and Mrs. Minor C. Miller were graduated by the college during Warren D. Bowman's presidency: Anna Carolyn, B. A., in 1952; and Agnes Kathryn, B. S., in 1953. Three more members (making 11 in all) of the family of Mr. and Mrs. John T. Glick received Bridgewater degrees during this same period; John T., Jr., B. S., in 1950; Ruth C., B. A., in 1951; and Paul E., B. A., in 1952. The registrars' records show that, during Warren D. Bowman's presidency, the college conferred 975 B. A. degrees (1950-64), 149 B. S. degrees in business administration (1951-64), 80 B. S.'s in home economics (1950-64), 74 B. S.'s in music education (1950-64), and 21 B. S.'s in business education (1953-64); also 41 certificates: 26 in secretarial studies (1953-61), nine in commerce (1950-53), and six in religion (1950-56). Two graduating seniors in the early 1960's were awarded a Woodrow Wilson Foundation fellowship: Charles E. Pasley (B. A., 1960), who used his grant at the University of Chicago, and Harold D. Garber (B. A., 1963), who used his grant at Harvard University.237 Others received a scholarship, fellowship, or assistantship from various universities, among them Harvard, Illinois, Michigan State, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Stanford, and Yale; others, a scholarship offered by the National Science Foundation, or offered under the terms of the National Defense Education Act of 1958.238 Among the gifts presented to the college by the graduating classes of this period were the following: from the Class of 1951, new bulletin boards in Founders' Hall; from the Class of 1953, funds for a new lectern on the Cole Hall stage; from the class of 1954, bronze markers to identify the college buildings; from the Class of 1959, an amplifier to go with the speaker in the new gymnasium; from the Class of 1964, a contribution toward the cost of a "walk- around" spherical map of the world for the Alexander Mack Memorial Library.239 Beginning in 1930, the classes made contributions to the Alumni Loyalty Fund, renamed the "Class Loyalty Fund" in 1951.240 A new standard Bridgewater College ring, in place of the one adopted in 1927, became available to graduates in 1954.241 On the evening of June 3, 1951, at commencement time, when a music concert was in progress in Cole Hall, a fire of uncertain origin destroyed the Physics Building and its contents. The Bridgewater Volunteer Fire Company and Harrisonburg's Hose Company No. 4, summoned to the scene about 9 p.m., battled the blaze. The 2,000 feet of hose, pulled across the athletic field (with the aid of students) to the river, brought the water that saved Wardo Hall from the flames blown in that direction. When the Cole Hall concert was over, Dean Boitnott announced there was a fire on the campus, and that East College Street was closed to traffic. News that "Bridgewater College was burning" drew many Harrisonburg residents and others to the college grounds. "It was far and away the biggest bonfire we ever had and the liveliest celebration for alumni and graduates," mused Professor Jopson, who was much concerned about his ''barrel of embalmed cats," which blew up "just when the firemen started to get ahead of the blaze." Fortunately, insurance covered most of the loss, estimated at $27,437.91. The offices, classrooms, and laboratories affected were moved into the north wing

237Newsette, Aug., 1961, p. 10; Alumnus, April, 1963, p. 5. 238Files of the Newsette and the Alumnus. 239From the files of the Newsette and the Alumnus. 240-rrM, March 5, 1951. 241 FacAdmComM, Nov. 16, 1953. 524 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

of North Hall Annex. The fire made a science building even more necessary, and stimulated the movement for such a facility.242

THE PHYSICS BUILDING

Erected in 1947, and situated on the slope back of Wardo Hall, the Physics Building was destroyed by fire on the evening of June 3, 1951.

The Alumni Association and its Activities

The schedule of the activities on Alumni Day, at commencement time in late May or early June each year, remained essentially unchanged during the years 1950-64: in the forenoon, the gathering and registration of the returned alumni; at noon, a luncheon and business meeting of the alumni association's officers and directors and luncheons of classes in reunion; about mid-afternoon, the association's annual business session and, soon afterwards, a memorial service (in the old chapel in Memorial Hall) for those alumni who had deceased during the past year; and, at 5:30 p. m., the association's annual banquet in Rebecca Hall.243 At the banquet, the members of the year's graduating class were welcomed into the alumni fellowship; the classes of alumni in reunion were recognized, as were any faculty members retiring after many years of service; the association's "Alumnus of the Year'' was given a plaque; a rising senior was awarded a scholarship for the coming school year; and the association's officers for the year just ahead were announced. At some of the banquets, a formal address by a well-known alumnus was a special feature. The association's annual business session was held in conjunction with some of the banquets. The singing of the college

242TrM, June 4, 1951; TrExComM, June 7, July 19, 1951; HDN-R,June 4, 1951, pp. 1, 10; Sept. 27, 1979, p. 22; Bee, Oct. 20, 1951, p.1. 243Indispensable sources of information on the alumni association and its activities are the minutes of meetings of the association's board of directors and of the board's executive committee, as well as the minutes of the association's annual meetings, all kept in the Alumni Office at the college and in the AMML. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 525

song, "Bridgewater Fair," always concluded the banquet program.244 A golf tournament in the forenoon of Alumni Day for alumni golfers, on the Ingleside Country Club links (near Staunton, Va.), was an innovation in May, 1961.245 The following alumni, records show, were featured speakers at the banquets during Warren D. Bowman's presidency: in 1950, Carter V. Good (B. A., 1918), dean, Teachers College, University of Cincinnati; in 1953, George A. McDaniel (B. A., 1930), newspaper editor and publisher, of Federalsburg, Maryland; in 1955, Paul Haynes Bowman (B. A., 1910), Bridgewater's president, 1919-46; in 1956, Rufus B. King (B. A., 1936), the alumni association's executive secretary; in 1957, William 0. Beazley (B. A., 1937), of Hardin-Simmons University; in 1962, H. LeRoy Scharon (B. A., 1938), professor (geophysics), Washington University; in 1963, Maurice K. Henry (B. A., 1936), newspaper publisher, of Middlesboro, Kentucky; in 1964, Warren D. Bowman, the college's president. R. Paul Smith, a business and civic leader, Hagerstown, Maryland, and a Blue Ridge College (New Windsor, Md.) graduate (1909), was the speaker in 1952. The particular faculty members who, during this period, received special recognition at the banquets in the years in which they retired from service to the college were the following: Newton D. Cool (in service since 1918), and J. Maurice Henry (since 1928), in 1952; Charles C. Wright (since 1915), in 1954; Marshall R. Wolfe (since 1937), in 1955; Minor C. Miller (since 1921), in 1958; Mrs. Olive D. Graham (since 1936), in 1959; Levi S. Shively (since 1955), in 1960; Charles E. Shull (since 1914), in 1961. Mattie V. Glick, upon her retirement in 1957, after serving the college as teacher, registrar, and secretary since 1912, and the alumni association as secretary since 1927, was presented a purse and an album of more than 200 testimonial letters.246 At the banquet, June 2, 1951, the alumni association recognized the 60th anniversary of the college's conferring its first B. A. degrees, and George L. Brown, Jr., one of the degree recipients in 1891, a retired Presbyterian clergyman, being present, reminisced briefly about his student days at Bridgewater.247 The Rev. Mr. Brown was present again at the association's banquet on May 27, 1961, the 70th anniversary (to the day) of his graduation.248 In October, 1950, the alumni association adopted a revised constitution (effective on July 1, 1951), superseding the one adopted in June, 1949. That document made the association's officers (except the recording secretary, the treasurer, and the executive secretary), elected annually, ineligible to succeed themselves, and established a new office, that of the president- elect, the holder to become president after one year.249The association's officers are named in an appendix near the end of this volume. The chief agent of the association was its executive secretary, appointed by the college's president, with the concurrence of the association's board of directors. He was the editor of the alumni news publications, and the provider of the alumni news to the other media. He worked to strengthen the bonds between the college and its alumni. He planned and arranged activities for Homecoming Day in the fall and for Alumni Day in the spring each year. He stimulated alumni chapter officers to activity and helped them in their planning. He spoke at chapter meetings, engaged speakers, aided in scheduling tours of student groups, made annual appeals for funds, and did a host of other things. He was an important member of the

244rhe banquet programs are in the Alumni Office's files. 245Newsette, Aug., 1961, p. 13; AlurnM, May 27, 1961. 246Frorn the files of the Newsette and the Alumnus. 247Newsette, Aug., 1951, p. 3. 248Ibid., Aug., 1961, p. 13. 249AlurnM, Oct. 28, 1950, and appended papers. 526 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

executive committee of the alumni association's board of directors, which committee acted on urgent matters for the board between its meetings. Rufus B. King was the executive secretary, 1947-56, succeeding Morley J. Mays (1944-46) after a year of no one in the position.250 With his employment, President Warren D. Bowman declared, "the Bridgewater alumni emphasis took on new dimensions."251 Mr. King's able successor, 1956-68, was another Bridgewater alumnus, Jacob F. Replogle (B. A., 1937). Among the innovations in the Alumni Office and in alumni work during their incumbencies were the following: the affiliation of the college with the American Alumni Council (in 1948); the building of a master card file and a biographical data file on the college's alumni, and

RUFUS B. KING JACOB F. REPLOGLE

Exe cu ti ve secretary of the alumni Executive secretary of the alumni association, 1947-56; assistant to association, 1956-68; the college's President Warren D. Bowman, 1952-56; director of development, 1956-65; and the college's director of development, its director of church relations, 1956-64. 1948-56; and supervisor of the college's farm, 1947-53.

cumulative records of financial contributions to the college by alumni, non-alumni, churches, and other organizations; the successful search for the mailing addresses of more than 2,000 "lost" alumni; the institution of class reunion luncheons at the college on Alumni Day; the holding of workshops for alumni association directors and chapter officers; aid in fund-raising for the college (beginning in 1948) by representatives of the graduated classes; the issuance of a leaflet (in 1949) and a handbook (in 1958) on how to organize and run an alumni chapter; and the availability of Bridgewater mementos (chairs, coat of arms prints, and other items) at reasonable rates.252 Beginning in 1949, the college assumed all administrative expense of the alumni work. Until then, it was borne jointly by the alumni association and the college.253

250AlumM, Oct. 1, 1946; May 31, 1947. 2518, Nov., 1964, p. 34. 252From the executive secretaries' reports, 1948-56, in the Alumni Office. 2538, Aug., 1947, p. 3; Rufus B. King's report, June 4, 1949. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 527

Upon Mr. King's suggestion,254 and under his editorship (with Mattie V. Glick, Frederick D. Dove, and Marshall R. Wolfe as advisers), the Alumni Office compiled a register of the students of Bridgewater College and Academy, 1880-1950; Daleville College and Academy, 1890-1933; and Blue Ridge College and Academy (in Maryland), 1899-1937. That directory, published in February, 1951, followed the one of Bridgewater and Daleville students brought out by the alumni association in April, 1930, and the one of Bridgewater students included as an appendix in the association's first history of the college, Bridgewater College: Its Past and Present, published in 1905. The 1951 directory lists alphabetically, in separate sections, the names of approximately 5,000 students of Bridgewater, 2,100 of Daleville, and 2,300 of Blue Ridge, and such mailing addresses as could be obtained; also the years of attendance, the degree or certificate received (and the year), other schools attended and degrees received, and the person's vocation (when known). The directory also lists the alumni geographically, and by year of graduation or class membership. Upon Mr. King's suggestion, also, the alumni association established a scholarship ($100; increased to $500by1980), to be awarded annually at the association's banquet in late May or early June to a worthy rising senior at the end of his or her junior year.255 The first recipient was Frederick W. Wampler, on May 31, 1952.256 The association decided in 1951 to make Daleville and Blue Ridge alumni eligible for its Alumnus of the Year award, on the same criteria as for Bridgewater alumni; also decided that the awardee need not be a degree graduate of any of the three schools (but must not hold an undergraduate degree from another college).257 The first Blue Ridge alumnus to be voted the award was R. Paul Smith in 1952; the first Daleville alumnus was Reuel B. Pritchett in 1969. The recipients of the award are named in an appendix near the end of this volume. The alumni association arranged to have a portrait made of Jacob I. Baugher, Bridgewater's president, 1946-48, and to have it placed among the other portraits in the old chapel in Memorial Hall. The portrait was unveiled October 20, 1951, after its presentation to the college by Rufus B. King.258 The association also sponsored the making of a portrait of Mrs. Harry M. (Virginia Garber Cole) Strickler, one of Bridgewater's great benefactors, and presented the portrait to the college at the Founder's Day observance on March 28, 1956.259 Upon the suggestion of its executive secretary, Jacob F. Replogle, the association decided to change the format of its bulletin, the Bridgewater College Newsette, issued three times a year (April, August, December) since December, 1941, from that of a folded newspaper (usually of six pages) to a magazine (usually of 20-odd pages).260 The bulletin began appearing in its new form, and with a modified title, The Alumni Newsette, in August, 1957. The improvement in style won the bulletin commendation by the American Alumni Council.261 Beginning with the August, 1962, issue, the title of the publication was changed to Bridgewater Alumnus. In August, 1958, Mr. Replogle issued a new publication, a one-page Bridgewater Newsletter, and the next month began a new series of alumni bulletins entitled BC Partners (expanded

254His report, June 30, 1948. 255AlumM, March 11, June 3, 1950; Oct. 20, 1951. 256AlumM, May 31, 1952. 257AlumM, Oct. 20, 1951. 258AlumM, March 11, 1950; March 10, 1951; Bee, Oct. 20, 1951, p. 1. 259AlumM, Nov. 7, 1953; Oct. 16, 1954; Newsette, April, 1956, p. 5. 260AlumM, June 1, 1957. 261Jacob F. Replogle's report, May 31, 1958. 528 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

from one page to four), issued three times a year (September, February, June) through September, 1969. During Warren D. Bowman's presidency, Bridgewater alumni contributed much to the financial resources of the college. During that period they gave, in cash and pledges, $938,860.21,262 and those contributions helped to make possible the construction of six major campus buildings, as well as more student scholarships and loan funds. On three occasions during this period, the Bridgewater College Alumni Association received national recognition from the American Alumni Council for outstanding achievement in alumni giving. In 1952-53, it rose to fourth place, among the 302 colleges and universities reporting, in average per capita giving. In that fiscal year, 18 percent (852) of the Bridgewater alumni gave $59,223.68, an average of $69.51 per contributor.263 In 1961-62, and again in 1962-63, it received from the American Alumni Council an honorable mention award for sustained performance in alumni giving among all colleges of its size and type in the nation (private co-educational colleges with less than 750 students). In 1961-62, 22.8 percent (1254) of the Bridgewater alumni gave $165,478.89, an average of $131.96 per contributor, ranking Bridgewater second in its category. In 1962-63, 22 percent (1257) of the alumni gave $125,062.74, an average of $99.49 per contributor.264 The college's 75th anniversary year, 1954- 55, however, witnessed the greatest proportion (25.3 percent) and the greatest number of contributors (1288) among the Bridgewater alumni during Warren D. Bowman's presidency. In that fiscal year, they gave $103,646.81, an average of $80.47 each.265 The years 1950-64 saw the organization of 12 more chapters of the Bridgewater College Alumni Association. The Florida chapter was formed in February, 1950; the Tennessee chapter in April, 1950; the Fairfax-Prince William (counties, Va.) chapter in the spring of 1951; the Augusta County (Va.) chapter, a consolidation of the East Augusta (1944) and West Augusta (1948) chapters, in the spring of 1951, also; the Henry County (Va.) chapter, March 26, 1953; the southern California chapter, May 17, 1953; the Virginia tidewater chapter (for the greater Norfolk area), May 17, 1958; the Charlottesville (Va.) chapter, May 15,1959; the Bridgewater- Dayton (Va.) chapter, February 17, 1960; the Harrisonburg-East Rockingham (County, Va.) chapter, April 8, 1960; the southern Pennsylvania chapter, May 4, 1962; and the Franklin County (Va.) chapter, March 30, 1963.266 A representative chosen by each chapter sat on the alumni association's board of directors, which administered the association's business and chose the association's officers, subject to confirmation by the association's members at their regular annual meeting. Unorganized groups of Bridgewater alumni held meetings during the 1950's and 1960's in Dayton, Ohio; in the Greater New York City area; and in the Christiansburg-Blacksburg (Va.) area. Chapter members, individually and collectively, worked in the interest of the college in various ways. They helped to recruit students by reporting the names and addresses of prospects to the Alumni Office, and they served as counselors of prospective students at important centers in the college's territory. They entertained students accepted for admission; also members of Bridgewater music groups and athletic teams on tours. They provided able leadership in financial drives, and encouraged remembrance of the college in wills and bequests. Some chapters established scholarship funds for students of their areas, as did the

262B, Nov., 1964, p. 34. 263Rufus B. King's report, May 27, 1954. 264Jacob F. Replogle's reports, June 1, 1963; May 30, 1964; TrM, Nov. 2, 1963. 265Rufus B. King's report, June 2, 1956. 266Frorn the AlurnM and the reports of Messrs. King and Replogle. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 529

Cumberland Valley chapter in 1951, and the Augusta County chapter in 1954. Many chapters had annual dinner meetings, at which attendance ran as high as 140.267 Bridgewater alumni attending the Virginia Education Association's meeting in Richmond, in the fall each year, continued to get together at the John Marshall Hotel for a breakfast, an afternoon tea or coffee hour, or a dinner. A similar gathering of alumni was arranged, each year, at the Church of the Brethren's annual conference. Upon Mr. Replogle's suggestion, the alumni association's directors decided in 1963 to undertake a comprehensive study of the association's purposes, program, and procedures, and appointed a committee (Herman L. Horn, B. A., 1924, chairman) to plan and implement the project,268 the results of which are revealed in a later chapter.

Vocations of the Alumni "Many of our alumni," wrote President Warren D. Bowman, "have lifted the prestige of the college through the splendid record they made in the profession or vocation in which they serve."269 About one-third of the Bridgewater graduates during Dr. Bowman's presidency entered the teaching profession. Many became public school teachers and public school principals; some, county superintendents of public schools; others, college or university professors. Chicago, Cincinnati, Connecticut, Franklin and Marshall, George Washington, Hunter, Illinois, Indiana, Johns Hopkins, Madison, Maryland, Michigan State, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Northwestern, Oklahoma State, Pittsburgh, Randolph-Macon, Rochester, the U.S. Military Academy, Virginia, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Washington, Washington and Lee, Western Reserve, and Yale were among the universities and colleges on whose faculties Bridgewater alumni served during the years 1949-64.270 Among Bridgewater men who were college presidents during this period were Rufus D. Bowman (B. A., 1923), president of Bethany Biblical Seminary, 1937-52; his brother, Warren D. Bowman (B. A., 1920), Bridgewater's president, 1949-64; Keith R. Crim (B. A., 1947), president, Taejon Presbyterian College (which he had helped to found in 1955), in South Korea, 1955-66; Forrest S. Racey (B. A., 1941), president of Shenandoah College and Conservatory of Music, 1956-69; and William T. Sanger (B. A., 1909), president of the Medical College of Virginia, 1925-56. Other Bridgewater alumni were legislators. George A. McDaniel (B. A., 1930) served in the Maryland House of Delegates, 1946-50; John A. Derr (B. A., 1934) in the same body in 1954, and in the Maryland State Senate in the 1960's; H. Gus Muntzing (1924-26) in the West Virginia House of Delegates in the 1950's; Lawrence H. Hoover (B. A., 1927) and Charles W. Wampler, Jr. (1933-35) in the Virginia House of Delegates in the 1950's and 1960's. Other alumni were town councilmen, town mayors, county treasurers, and commonwealth's attorneys. Some were circuit court judges. Frank S. Driver (B. A., 1924), active in the Republican Party, presided over Virginia's electoral college in December, 1960, when its members cast their votes for the nation's

267Ibid. 268AlumM, June 1, 1963; Jacob F. Replogle's report, May 30, 1964. 2698, Oct., 1959, p. 10. 270sc bulletins, the AlumBF, WW, and other biographical sources reveal the facts in this paragraph and those that follow. 530 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

president. Carl W. Irwin (B. A., 1939), a neuro-surgeon, presided over the Democratic Party's state convention in Maine in May, 1964.271 Frank S. Driver was president of the nation-wide Counter Intelligence Corps Association (special agents in World War II and the Korean War), 1961-62.272 Bridgewater men and women were in U. S. government service. S. Cabell Shull (B. A., 1941) was the U.S. State Department economic advisor to the Iraqi government in Baghdad, under the Point Four Program, in the early 1950's. Wellington Z. Myers (B. A., 1942) was the U.S. vice consul, successively, at Canton, Taipei, Manila, and Hong Kong, 1947-51. Fletcher Pope, Jr. (B. A., 1947), was assistant agricultural attache at the U.S. embassy in Moscow, U.S. S. R., 1955-58. Carroll L. Hasler (B. A., 1943) was executive assistant to the European coordinator of the U.S. Displaced Persons Commission in Germany, 1948-73. Fred J. Wampler (B. A., 1908), M. D., was public health consultant in Peru and Paraguay for the Institute of Inter-American Affairs, 1948-53. During the 1950's Mrs. Emmert R. (Lorene E. Wintennyer) Bowlus (B. A., 1932) was the U.S. comptroller of customs for the district embracing the Atlantic coast states from Maryland to Florida; James B. Myers (B. A.,1933) was superintendent of the Manassas Battlefield Park in Virginia and later of the Roosevelt- Vanderbilt National Historical Site at Hyde Park, New York; Maurice F. Row (B. A., 1934) was a statistical officer, and Robert A. Miller (B. A., 1939) a special agent, of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; Gladys V. Sanger (1925-27) was librarian for the U.S. Anny Special Services at Camp Yokohama in Japan; and Paul V. Phibbs (1946-48) did construction work for the U.S. government in Greenland.273 Bridgewater alumni were in the nation's armed forces. James Vernon Wright (B. A., 1954), helicopter pilot in the Air Force, and his four crew members were decorated by Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, personally, and were sent letters of appreciation by her government for rescuing 117 Dutch people marooned after a flood broke into their country in February, 1953, and for completing 67 missions carrying medical supplies, food, and clothing to the Hollanders.274 Bridgewater alumni served in the U.S. Peace Corps during the 1960's. The first one to join was Thomas J. Kincaid (B. A., 1961), who did teaching in the Philippines. Lula A. Miller (B. A., 1922), a retired District of Columbia high school teacher, taught in Tri Chandra College in Nepal. Judy L. Duzan (B. A., 1962) taught in the Philippines, Joyce B. Powell (B. A., 1963) in Nigeria, and Jerry L. Williams (B. A., 1962) in Zambia and Malawi. Others worked to improve living conditions of the people: C. Larrie Kline (B. A., 1961) in Colombia, Rebecca E. Petre (1958-62) in West Cameroon, Marba L. Hart and Dolores M. Rudolph (both B. A. graduates in 1964) in Venezuela. Marina D. Walker (1962-63) was a medical team worker in Ethiopia.275 A Bridgewater alumnus, W. Harold Row (B. A., 1933), it is interesting to note, was prominent in the origination of the International Volunteer Services Agency (incorporated in 1953), a prototype for the U.S. Peace Corps begun in 1961.276 M. Robert Zigler (B. A., 1916) was director of the Brethren Service Commission in Europe, 1948-58. For outstanding service to the Greek nation in improving living standards through agricultural demonstration, he was admitted to the Order of the Phoenix by the Greek government in 1955.277

271Newsette, April, 1961, p. 21; Aug., 1961, p. 21; Alumnus, Aug., 1964, p. 25. 272Newsette, Dec., 1961, p. 14; Aug., 1962, p. 25. 273Frorn the files of the Newsette and the Alum BF. 274HDN-R,Jan. 12, 1954. 275Alumnus, Aug., 1962, p. 14; April, 1964, p. 15; Dec., 1964, pp. 14, 15; and the Alum BF. 276The Brethren Encyclopedia, I, 660. 277Newsette, Dec., 1955, p. 4. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 531

John E. Bowman (B. A., 1941), the liaison representative of the Council of Relief Agencies for Germany in 1946, became the administrator of the European relief programs of the Brethren Service Commission in 1947.278 Other alumni gained recognition in the field of science. Robert K. Bums (B. A., 1916), an anatomist and embryologist on the Johns Hopkins University faculty and an exchange professor (1955-56) at the Sorbonne, was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. J. Boyd Harshbarger (B. A., 1928), a statistics professor at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, and Walter S. Flory, Jr. (B. A., 1928), a geneticist and botanist on the University of Virginia faculty, were presidents of the Virginia Academy of Science (as William T. Sanger [B. A., 1909] had been, 1934-35): Harshbarger, 1949-50; Flory, 1955-56. Both were recipients of the academy's J. Shelton Horsley Award and its Ivey F. Lewis Distinguished Service Award. Professor Harshbarger was editor-in-chief (1950-55) of the Virginia Journal of Science, new series. Professor Flory presented papers at professional meetings in Tokyo, Calcutta, and other cities. H. Dewey Thompson (B. S., 1922), geology professor at Hunter College and winner of the George Frederick Kunz Prize of the New York Academy of Sciences, was author of a widely used college textbook, Fundamentals of Earth Science (first edition, 1947). Homer C. Will (B. A., 1920), a Juniata College biology professor and a winner of the Darbaker Prize in Microscopical Biology, was a president of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science and the editor of the academy's Pennsylvania Science Newsletter, 1946-62. Everette L. May (B. A., 1935), a chemist with the National Institutes of Health, was a co-developer (in the 1950's) of NIH7519, a potentially more effective and less addictive pain-killing drug.279 Other Bridgewater alumni of this period, besides those mentioned in the preceding paragraph, were authors and editors. Edward K Ziegler (B. A., 1929) was the author of books (one of which was translated into 23 different languages) on worship, preaching, evangelism, and everyday living, and was the founding editor (1955-80) of the religious journal, Brethren Life and Thought. He was also a poet and hymnist of no mean ability. DeWitt L. Miller (B. A., 1928) was another able writer in the field of religion, church and family life. Nevin W. Fisher (Bridgewater student, 1923-24, 1927), masterful pianist and gifted vocalist, composer of hymns and writer of music, was the author of History of Brethren Hymnbooks (1950) and the chief editor of the Church of the Brethren's hymnal issued in 1951. Louis G. Locke (B. A.,1933), former university professor of English, was the author, co-author, and editor of textbooks and other writings in his field. J. David Wine (1899-1902) compiled and published (in 1952) the first volume of his genealogy of the Wine family in America; J. William Harpine (B. E., 1915) a genealogy of the Harpine family (1953) and one of the Zirkle family (1963); Harry M. Strickler (B. A., 1906) a genealogy of the Strickler family, as well as a history of Page County, Virginia (1952), and other valuable works on local history. Paul Haynes Bowman (B. A., 1910) was the author of Brethren Education in the Southeast (1955), a valuable treatment of its subject. Rollin H. Wampler (B. A., 1931), chemist and businessman, wrote Modern Organic Finishes (1946), a work used in plants and industrial and trade schools and one translated into Spanish to enable its use in Spain and Spanish American countries.280 Besides these, certain writers named in the preceding chapters continued to produce works in their respective fields during the period here under review. Some Bridgewater alumni were newspaper editors and publishers. George A McDaniel (B. A., 1930), president of the Maryland Press Association, 1940-43, and elected president of

278HDN-R, May 24, 1988; Alumnus, Oct., 1988, p. 19. 279virginia Jaurnal of Science (Richmond, Va.), spring, 1973, pp. 53, 54, 57, 59; Newsette, Feb., 1949, p. 6; April, 1950, p. 6; Dec., 1955, p. 3; April, 1959, p. 8. 28CJ.rlle AlumBF, the Newsette, Men of Mark, and other sources. 532 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

the National Editorial Association, Region II, in July, 1958, was the editor and publisher of the Federalsburg (Md.) Times and of other newspapers in Maryland and Delaware. Maurice K Henry (B. A., 1936) was the owner and publisher of the Middlesboro (Ky.) Daily News, the winner of numerous state and national awards. 281 Bridgewater alumni were prominent in the field of agriculture. In 1948, Howard S. Zigler (B. A., 1922) was selected president of the Virginia Farm Bureau Federation. In the 1950's, James W. Moyers (B. A., 1932) was president of the Virginia State Poultry Federation (as Howard S. Zigler had been) and of the Virginia State Feed Dealers Association, and Harvey H. Scott (B. A., 1935) was president of the Virginia Dairy Producers Association. In 1963, Charles W. Wampler, Jr. (1933-35), was made president of the Virginia State Board of Agriculture. Ernest B. Craun (B. A., 1922), R. Carlton Cupp (B. A., 1930), Gilbert R. Kinzie (B. A., 1930), John M. Kline, Jr. (B. A., 1927), and others received the American Farmer degree from the national organization of Future Farmers of America.282 Other alumni entered the field of social work. Helen G. Glick (B. A., 1933), who took additional work at the University of Pennsylvania and Catholic University after earning a master's degree in social work at the Richmond Professional Institute, was the first Bridgewater graduate professionally trained in that field.283 Another alumnus, Frank S. Driver, was president of the Virginia Council on Social Welfare in the early 1960's.284 Charles George Speck, a Bridgewater student (1945-47) who studied also at the Art Students League in New York City and the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome, gained recognition as a graphic artist during this period.285 By 1955, Mrs. Charles G. (Glenna Gayle Hamby) Stine (B. A., 1950) was a play-producer on Broadway in New York City.286 Another Bridgewater alumna, Ruth E. Utz (B. E., 1913), a nurse in Nigeria for 30 years, was made, in 1960, a member of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II.287 Other alumni of this period were physicians, dentists, lawyers, business executives, public relations directors, hospital administrators, travel agents, professional fund-raisers, psychiatrists, certified public accountants, musicians, librarians, radio station managers and announcers, and members of other occupational groups. Some alumni were prominent churchmen. J. Quinter Miller (B. A., 1921) was associate general secretary of the Federal Council (later the National Council) of the Churches of Christ in the U.S. A., 1940-67. Paul N. Garber (B. A., 1919) was a Methodist Church bishop, 1944-68, who during his travels in Europe after World War II, was branded as a spy by the Bulgarian Communists, but succeeded in eluding arrest by returning to his headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Floyd L. Fulk (B. A., 1934) was superintendent of the Virginia conference of the Evangelical United Brethren Church, 1946-68. Minor C. Miller (B. A., 1914), a national pioneer in the week-day religious education program, was executive secretary of the Virginia Council of Churches, 1944-58 (after having been general secretary of the Virginia Council of Religious Education, 1928-44), and his son, Myron S. (B. A., 1947), succeeded him in that position. W.

281 Newsette, Aug., 1960, p. 9; Alumnus, Aug., 1963, p. 10. 282Frorn the files of the Newsette and the Alumnus. 283Newsette, Dec., 1953, p. 5. 284Jbid., Aug., 1961, p. 21. 285Bee, March 4, 1958, p. 4; March 24, 1964, p. 1. 286lbid., April, 1955, p. 2. 287Newsette, April, 1960, p. 6. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 533

Harold Row (B. A., 1933) was chairman of the National Service Board for Religious Objectors, 1953-69.288 Bridgewater alumni continued to be prominent in the organization and leadership of the Church of the Brethren. Edward K. Ziegler (B. A., 1929) was moderator of the denomination's annual conference in 1960, as was Harry K. Zeller, Jr. (B. A., 1936), in 1963, and DeWitt L. Miller (B. A., 1928) in 1964, the conferences' minutes reveal. Other alumni were moderators of the church's district conferences. Eighteen alumni served (1947-64) on the denomination's General Brotherhood Board. Among them were Rufus D. Bowman (B. A., 1923), the board's first chairman, 1947-48; S. Loren Bowman (B. A., 1934) and Raymond R. Peters (B. A., 1928), successive chairmen during the 1950's; and Raymond R. Peters, the board's first general secretary, 1947-52. Other alumni were members of the board's five commissions. One of them, W. Harold Row (B. A., 1933), was executive secretary of the Brethren Service Commission, 1948-69.289 Rufus D. Bowman, W. Donald Clague, Rufus B. King, Raymond R. Peters, M. Guy West, Harper S. Will, Harry K. Zeller, Jr., and Jesse H. Ziegler were Bridgewater alumni who, at various times during the years 1950-64, represented the Church of the Brethren on the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U. S. A. Rufus D. Bowman and Raymond R. Peters were two of the six representatives of their denomination at the convention that established the National Council in November, 1950.290 Bridgewater alumni were prominent, also, among Church of the Brethren representatives at the World Council of Churches assemblies. Raymond R. Peters and M. Robert Zigler were the Church of the Brethren's official delegates at the World Council's first assembly, held at Amsterdam (the Netherlands) in 1948. M. Robert Zigler, again, was one of his denomination's two delegates at the World Council's second assembly, held at Evanston, Illinois, in 1954. Edward K. Ziegler was one of the two Church of the Brethren representatives at the World Council's third assembly, held at New Delhi, India, in 1961. M. Robert Zigler also attended the New Delhi assembly, not as an official delegate, but because of his membership (1954-61) on the World Council's central committee. 291 A Bridgewater alumnus, Paul Haynes Bowman (B. A., 1910), was chairman of the committee that planned the celebration (in 1958) of the 250th anniversary of the founding (at Schwarzenau, Germany) of the sect known today (in the U.S. A.) as the Church of the Brethren, and he edited the volume commemorating that celebration (The Adventurous Future, published by the Brethren Press in 1959).292 Nearly 20 more Bridgewater alumni entered into missionary work in foreign lands under the auspices of the Church of the Brethren during the years 1946-64. Six of them went to India, two to China, one to Japan, seven to Nigeria, and five to Ecuador. They engaged in teaching, evangelism, medical work, nursing, administration, relief work, and other types of service. Their names, academic degrees (or years at Bridgewater), and years of missionary service are indicated below.293

288From the files of the Newsette and the AlumBF. 289From the CB Yrbks of the period. 290From the AnMM of the period. 291 AnMM (1949), pp. 9, 10; (1955), pp. 20, 21; (1962), pp. 21-23. 292GM, May 30, 1964, p. 9. 293From the files of the Newsette and Alumnus, the CB Yrbks, and The Brethren Encyclopedia, III (1984). 534 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Missionaries to India

Olive V. Wise (B. A.,1953), R. N. 1948-52; 1953-59.

Louise M. Sayre (B. A., 1959)1 R. N. 1952-58; 1959-73.

Wendell P. Flory (B. A.,1940) and his wife, Marie S. Mason Flory (B. A. 1 1946). 1952-58.

Frederick W. Wampler (B. A.1 1953)1 M. D. 1 and his wife, Ruth Josephine Spangler Wampler (B. s., 1953). 1959-68.

Missionaries to China

Wendell P. Flory, 1946-49, and his wife, Marie S. Mason Flory, 1947-49.

Missionary to Japan Susie M. Thomas (1932-33). 1951-86.

Missionaries to Nigeria

Jacob C. Wine, Jr. (1937-39). 1949-56.

Paul W. Petcher (B. A.1 1943), M. D. 1 and his wife, Esther M. Wilson Petcher (B. A. 1 1944). 1951- 60.

David E. Woodward (B. A.1 1949). 1956-59.

R. Kermon Thomasson (B. A. 1 1958). 1959-73. His wife, Margaret Wampler Thomasson (B. S. 1 1959). 1963-73. Benjamin T. Sollenberger (B. S., 1956). 1957-59; 1963-70.

Missionaries to Ecuador

Galen W. Wolfe (B. A.1 1947) and his wife, Mirna B. Flory Wolfe (B. A.1 1947). 1951-54. B. Merle Crouse (B. A., 1952). 1958-69.

David B. Rittenhouse (B. A.1 1956) and his wife, Laura J. Stone Rittenhouse (1955-56). 1961-64. During these years, Bridgewater alumni were missionaries of other denominations. Under the auspices of the Presbyterian Church, Keith R. Crim (B. A. 1 1947) and his wife, Evelyn A.

Ritchie Crim (B. A. 1 1946), were teachers in Korea; Mary C. Fultz (B. A. 1 1936)1 a teacher in

Nagoya, Japan; and Lawrence E. Durr (B. A. 1 1954), a missionary to Brazil. For the Evangelical

United Brethren Church, Leslie 0. Shirley (B. A. 1 1937) was a schoolmaster in Sierra Leone, 1943-68. For the Methodist Church, James R. Stevenson (B. A., 1950) was a printer in Zaire, and Mrs. Lillian Chan Ding (B. A.1 1948) and her husband were pioneer physicians (1956-60) among the natives of Sarawak in northern Borneo.294 Besides their other accomplishments, Bridgewater alumnae made an ineffable contribution as homemakers, mothers and household managers. One of them, Mrs. John T. (Effie I. Evers) Glick (B. E., 1911), active in community and church affairs, was chosen as Virginia's "Mother of the Year'' in 1951. Among her 12 sons and daughters were teachers, preachers, physicians, and other useful citizens.295

294From the files of the Newsette and the Alumnus. 295Newsette, Aug., 1951, p. 3. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 535

Alumni in Graduate and Professional Schools

Approximately one-third of the college's graduates proceeded to graduate and professional schools. Those who received certain higher degrees are named in an appendix near the end of this volume. During the years 1950-64, 38 Bridgewater graduates earned the Ph.D. degree:296 three at each of the following universities: Ohio State, Virginia, and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute; two at each of the following universities: Chicago, Maryland, Pittsburgh, Rutgers, Southern California, and Wisconsin; and one at each of the following universities: American, California at Los Angeles, Catholic, Columbia, Cornell, Drew, Florida State, Georgia, George Peabody College for Teachers, George Washington, Medical College of Virginia, New York, North Carolina, Oregon State, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Others, who began their college work at Bridgewater, but received their undergraduate degrees elsewhere, also earned Ph. D.'s. The 38 earned their doctorates in the following fields: ten in chemistry, five in psychology, four in zoology, three in economics, two in education, two in speech, one in theology, and one in each of the following fields: anatomy, biology, business administration, church history, linguistics, mathematics, music, philosophy, Romance languages, sociology, and statistics. Four other Bridgewater graduates, during the years 1950-64, earned the Ed. D. degree. A study published by the National Research Council reveals that, among the 1,228 colleges and universities in the U.S. A. examined, only 346 were ahead of Bridgewater in the number of graduates who, during the years 1920-61, earned doctoral degrees. Among the 12 member colleges of the Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges, the study discloses, Bridgewater ranked fifth in the number (78) of its graduates who earned doctorates during the period studied. The University of Richmond (224) stood first, Washington and Lee University (156) second, Randolph-Macon College (100) third, and Hampden-Sydney College (84) fourth. Among the six colleges affiliated with the Church of the Brethren, Bridgewater ranked third, after Juniata College (161) and Manchester College (156). Since this study ranked the schools on the basis of the number of advanced degree recipients, without regard to the size of the institution or the number of its graduates, it is obvious that, in proportion to its size, Bridgewater ranked high among undergraduate institutions as a source of persons who later earned doctorates.297 A later study shows Bridgewater as ranking fourth, among the member schools of the Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges, in the number of its graduates who, during the years 1920-66, earned doctoral degrees. The University of Richmond was first, Washington and Lee University second, and Randolph-Macon College third. Among the colleges affiliated with the Church of the Brethren, Bridgewater again ranked third, after Juniata and Manchester. This study, also, did not take into account the number of the students or the number of graduates of the colleges surveyed.298 Another study shows that 7.5 percent of Bridgewater male graduates of the years 1946-55 earned M. D. degrees, whereas the average rate of college male graduates obtaining that degree (among the 358 schools examined) was 4.9 percent.299

296According to BC publications, the BC alumni directory (1951), the AlurnBF, and other sources. 297undsey R. Harmon and Herbert Soldz, compilers, Doctoral Production in United States Universities, 1920-1962, with Baccalaureate Origins of Doctorates in Sciences, Arts, and Professions (National Research Council Publication 1142) (Washington, D. C., 1963), pp. 89, 97, 99, 101, 109, 116. 298(No editor indicated) Doctoral Recipients from United States Universities, 1958-1966: Sciences, Humanities, Professions, Arts (National Academy of Sciences Publication 1489) (Washington, D. C., 1967), pp. 148-49, 174-75, 180-81, 198-99, 200-201, 220-21. 299William A. Manuel and Marion E. Altenderfer, Baccalaureate Origins of 1950-59 Medical Graduates (Public Health Service Publication 845) (Washington, D. C., 1961), pp. 19, 20, 22. 536 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

At least 47 Bridgewater graduates, during the period 1950-64, earned the M. D. degree:300 32 at the Medical College of Virginia (whose president, 1925-56, was a Bridgewater alumnus, William T. Sanger), six at the University of Virginia, five at the University of Maryland, and one at each of the following universities: Johns Hopkins, Pennsylvania, the Philippines, and Western Reserve. Others, who took some college work at Bridgewater, but received no degree, also became M. D.'s. Five Bridgewater alumni, during the period 1950-64, received the D. V. M. (doctor of veterinary medicine) degree: one at Cornell University and four at the University of Georgia. Twenty-one Bridgewater alumni, during the period 1950-64, became doctors of dental surgery. Sixteen of them earned the D. D.S. degree at the Medical College of Virginia, three at the University of Maryland, and two at Georgetown University. Eight alumni, during the same period, earned the 0. D. (doctor of optometry) degree. At least 11 Bridgewater graduates, during the years 1950-64, acquired the LL. B. degree: three at Washington and Lee University, two at the University of Virginia, two at New York University, one at the College of William and Mary, one at George Washington University, one at the University of Richmond, and one at the Blackstone School of Law. Others who took some college work at Bridgewater, but did not graduate, also earned law degrees. In their advanced study, Bridgewater alumni made records that reflected credit upon their alma mater. At his graduation from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School in June, 1954, Warren D. Bowman, Jr., was awarded the Medical Staff Prize of the Albert Einstein Medical Center for making the highest scholastic average in his graduating class; also the medical school's Lowenberg Prize in pediatrics.301 At the Medical College of Virginia, Joseph Paul Wampler ranked first in scholarship in his graduating class in medicine in 1958, and five years later, received the Bigger Memorial Surgical Award for outstanding performance on the school's surgical staff. At the same school, Donald C. Blose won the A. D. Williams Award for making the highest scholastic record in the junior class in medicine in 1957, and Joseph M. Alexander ranked first scholastically in his graduating class in dentistry in 1962.302 At the University of Virginia, two Bridgewater men in the medical school were elected to membership in the highly selective Raven Society: P. Hampton Hylton, Jr., in 1960, and Joseph L. Kinzie, Jr., in 1962.303 At the New York University of Law, Pasco M. Bowman, II, during his final year (1957-58), was managing editor of the Law Review, was a finalist in the school's moot court competition, and ranked high scholastically in his large graduating class. Another Bridgewater alumnus, Richard D. Obenshain, in his final year (1958-59) at the same school, was article and book review editor of the lilw Review. Both men were Root-Tilden Scholars.304 At least 86 Bridgewater alumni, during the period 1950-64, earned degrees from theological schools. Five were graduated by Union Theological Seminary (Richmond, Va.; Presbyterian); four by United Theological Seminary (Evangelical United Brethren); three by Boston University's school of theology (Methodist); two by Yale Divinity School (interdenominational); others by other theological schools. During the period here under review (1950-64), 66 Bridgewater graduates received the B. D. degree from Bethany Biblical Seminary (renamed Bethany Theological Seminary in 1963), when the successive presidents of

300Bc bulletins, BC alumni directories, the AlumBF, and questionnaires sent to alumni are the sources of information on higher degrees mentioned in this chapter section. 301 Newsette, Aug., 1954, p. 4 (supp.). 302Ibid., Aug., 1957, p. 13; Aug., 1958, p. 19; Alumnus, Dec., 1962, p. 19; Aug., 1963, p. 23. 303Raven Society membership list, UVa library. 304Newsette, April, 1957, p. 5; Aug., 1958, p. 19. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 537

that Church of the Brethren school were Rufus D. Bowman (1937-52), Warren W. Slabaugh (acting president, 1952-53), and Paul M. Robinson (1953-75).305

The Board of Trustees When Warren D. Bowman became Bridgewater's president in July, 1949, the college's board of trustees consisted of 28 members. Fourteen of the trustees were the elected representatives of the 14 single-trustee Church of the Brethren districts then constituting the church's southeastern region in the U.S. A., and the other 14 were trustees-aHarge, elected by the trustee board itself.306 When Dr. Bowman left the presidency in 1964, thirty-five trustees were on the board, 14 of them representing the 14 church districts and 21 being trustees-at- large.307 The president of the college continued to be an ex-officio member of the board. During Dr. Bowman's presidency, 68 persons, representing various vocations, especially in the business world, served as trustees of the college, its records show, and 44 of the 68 were elected to the board during his incumbency. Their names, years of service, and types of representation are indicated in an appendix near the end of this volume. Five of the trustees (of the years indicated) during the period 1949-64 were women; Mrs. Harry M. (Virginia Garber Cole) Strickler (1936-53), of Luray, Virginia; Mrs. Carman G. (L. Katherine Flory) Blough (1947-57), of Penn Laird, Virginia; Mrs. Edmund S. (Olive Maust) Hooker (1948-53), of Nokesville, Virginia; Ferne R. Hoover (1954-70), of Timberville, Virginia; and Mrs. Russell J. (Arlene V. Ringgold) May (1958-), also of Timberville. All five were trustees-at-large, except Mrs. Hooker, who represented the church's Eastern District in Virginia. Among the trustees were some who did not belong to the Church of the Brethren, membership in which denomination by at least four-fifths of the trustees was a requirement (1924-69). One of them was John B. Dillon (a trustee, 1939-66), a Baptist, of Basset, Virginia; another was William T. Sanger (a trustee, 1950-65), a Presbyterian, of Richmond, Virginia. By their by-laws adopted on April 6, 1963, the trustees granted emeritus status to those who had served on the board for 15 years or longer and had reached the age of 70. Trustees emeriti (not to be counted in determining the presence of a quorum) were to have the same rights as regular trustees, except the right to vote and hold office. 308 In April, 1963, the trustees decided to change the time of their "annual meeting" (at which they elected officers and trustees-at-large) from March to April,309 because unfavorable weather conditions in March often reduced attendance at that meeting. The other regular meeting of the board each year came in November. In April, 1963, also, the trustees established a committee on wills, trusts, and estate planning.310 Other standing committees at the time were the executive committee, the committee on finance and investments, the committee to nominate trustees, and the one to nominate officers of the trustee board. The successive presidents of the board, when Warren D. Bowman was president of the college, were Charles W. Wampler, of Harrisonburg, 1947-53; Isaac C. Senger, of Linville,

305Bethany Biblical Seminary catalogues; also the files of the Newsette and the AlurnBF. 306c, June, 1949, p. 5. 307c, Oct., 1964, pp. 115-16. 308TrM, April 6, 1963. 309TrM, April 6, 1963. 310lbid. 538 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Virginia, 1953-59; and R. Douglas Nininger, of Salem, Virginia, 1959-78. The other officers of the board are named in an appendix near the end of this volume. In June, 1956, the trustees decided to have portraits made of Leland C. Moomaw and his wife, Nina Kinzie Moomaw, in appreciation of their benefactions to the college. The oil portraits were unveiled in the chapel in Memorial Hall, March 7, 1959, but were moved to Moomaw Hall after that building was erected.311

PRESIDENTS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 1947-78

Charles W. Wampler Isaac C. Senger R. Douglas Nininger 1947-53 1953-59 1959-78

In March, 1962, the trustees voted to have portraits made of Mr. and Mrs. Carl Ney (donors of the Charles Store Building in Harrisonburg), for placement in a college building.312 In March, 1958, the trustees adopted a coat of arms for the college313 (shown and explained in a appendix near the end of this volume), which, in 1968, was used as the basis for a new Bridgewater College seal. During this period, the trustees voted to make certain changes in the college's charter, and, in each case, received the approval of the State Corporation Commission of Virginia. The revision in 1951 changed the school's legal name from Bridgewater-Daleville College (the title since 1924) back to Bridgewater College,314 since Daleville Academy was no longer in operation. The revision in 1957 allowed an increase in the maximum number of the school's trustees from 30 to 35, and an increase in the minimum number from 15 to 20 (all trustees chosen for five year, staggered terms).315 In November, 1955, the trustees decided in favor of a composite student fee, an "inclusive fee" (in place of various individual fees), to become effective in September, 1956.316

311TrM, June, 4, 1956; March 7, 1959; Newsette, April, 1959, p. 5. 312TrExComM, March 2, 1%2. 313TrM, March 1, 1958. 314TrM, March 5, 1951, and papers with Charter 584, SCC. 315TrM, June 3, 1957, and papers with Charter 584, SCC. 316rrM, Nov. 14, 1955. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 539

In November, 1952, the trustees authorized the construction of houses on the college's two lots along Mt. Crawford Avenue in Bridgewater for sale to the school's black employees, the college to have option to buy the properties, if offered for sale.317 In March, 1958 (after the death of Edmund S. Campbell, appointed the college's architect in 1947), the trustees sanctioned the employment of Meade Palmer, an architect of Warrenton, Virginia, to make a master plan of the Bridgewater campus, showing the location of future buildings, parking lots, and landscaping, and, in November of the same year, approved his plan.318

THE COLLEGE'S TRUSTEES IN 1957

Left to right. SEATED: John T. Glick (first vice president), Charles C. Wright (secretary), Isaac C. Senger (president), Warren D. Bowman (ex officio), and Harry A. Driver (treasurer). STANDING: Amos S. A. Holsinger, Lowell N. Layman, Charles W. Wampler, Simon D. Glick, Orville R. Hersch, Orval S. Garber, Ferne R. Hoover, Leland C. Moomaw, John A. Derr, Malcolm A. Long, Ernest C. Spoerlein, Aaron M. Horst, Frederick D. Dove, Jr., John C. Myers, and Robert M. McKinney. Some trustees are not shown in this photograph.

In November, 1961, the trustees authorized the sale of 3.906 acres, from the college's farm, to the Ashby Recreational Association, Inc., for the installation of a swimming pool, and the deed for the sale was on April 4, 1962.319 In 1964, the trustees had a Bridgewater College sign (a plaque on a brick wall between brick columns) erected along Dinkel Avenue, between Bowman Hall and Blue Ridge Hall.320

317TrM, Nov. 3, 1952. 318TrM, March 1, Nov. 1, 1958. 319TrExComM, Nov. 13, 1961; RCo DBk 295, pp. 484--85. 320Partners, June, 1964, p. 4. 540 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Finances and Financial Support

The annual reports of the college's business manager and treasurer during Warren D. Bowman's presidency show a steady increase, generally, in the institution's operating income and operating expenditures. Its operating income rose from $382,459.23 (1949-50) to $1,138,359.38 (1963-64). Its operating expenditures increased from $365,763.62 (1949-50) to $1,128,879.02 (1963-64). Those reports also show that the college was able to close each of the 15 fiscal years (1949-64) of Dr. Bowman's presidency, except three (1952-55), with a balanced budget. The figures on operating income and operating expenditures, year by year, appear in an appendix near the end of this volume. During Warren D. Bowman's presidency, the college's composite endowment fund grew from $421,922.69 (June 30, 1949) to $677,527.86 (June 30, 1964), thanks to the following additions (among others): the James K. Wright Fund ($7,750), the proceeds from the sale (in 1950) of the James K. Wright cottage, which Mr. Wright donated to the college in 1916; the John A. Garber Memorial Fund ($688.96), established (in 1951) by Dr. Garber's Bible class at the Washington, D. C., Church of the Brethren, the income to be used to buy religious books for the college library; the Samuel David Wine Memorial fund ($28,000), established (in 1952) by William E. Wine in memory of his uncle; the Professor and Mrs. John J. John Memorial Fund ($2,000), established (in 1953) by the college's trustees from a gift by Mrs. John; and the Ford Foundation grants ($119,500), Bridgewater College's portion of the funds distributed in 1956 and 1957 to approximately 300 colleges in the nation, the income therefrom to be used to increase faculty salaries.32l Figures showing the growth of the endowment fund, year by year, appear in an appendix near the end of this volume. In the fall of 1946, the college launched a campaign for a "Bridgewater College Sustaining Fund" (a new facet of the institution's Expansion Movement inaugurated in 1938) under the direction of its public relations director, W. Earl Breon. Friends were invited to contribute $50 or more during a fiscal year.322The college's financial strength continued to reside in the large number of relatively small gifts of individuals. A physician-dentist dinner at the college, November 8, 1947, attended by about 60 physicians and 15 dentists (all of them Bridgewater alumni), launched a drive for funds for a much-needed science hall. The occasion's guest speaker was a Bridgewater alumnus (B. A.,1920), Professor Horner C. Will, of Juniata College.323 Another Bridgewater graduate (B. A., 1909), William T. Sanger, president of the Medical College of Virginia, was the main speaker at dinner for the same purpose, November 18, 1949.324 Rufus B. King (the alumni association's executive secretary since May 1, 1947) succeeded Mr. Breon as director of the college's Expansion (Development) Movement on July 1, 1948,325 and he continued in that position until September 1, 1956. In the summer of 1955, he presented at the American Alumni Council meeting at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, a paper on "How to Promote Gifts through Bequests" (published in the American Alumni Council's yearbook).326 In March, 1950, Bridgewater's trustees decided to launch another "Ten-Year Development Program" (1950-60) to raise funds for needed buildings, student scholarships, greater

321c, Feb., 1960, pp. 105-6; Feb., 1962, p. 99; FacAdrnCornM, Jan. 19, 1951; Newsette, April, 1956, p. 1; Aug., 1956, p. 4(supp.); B, Nov., 1964, p. 28. 322B, Dec., 1946, p. 5; FacAdrnCornM, Feb. 27, 1947. 323AlurnM, Oct. 25, 1947; B, Oct., 1948, p. 5. 324Newsette, Dec., 1949, p. 1. 325TrExCornM, July 8, 1948. 326Rufus B. King's report, June 2, 1956. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 541

endowment,, and other purposes, as proposed by Mr. King.327 On June 5 (1950), they approved A. Ray Showalter (B. A., Bridgewater, 1930) as Mr. King's assistant, to solicit funds of Church of the Brethren congregations in the denomination's 14 districts in the southeastern portion of the U.S. A.328 In 1956, Jacob F. Replogle (B. A., Bridgewater, 1937) succeeded Mr. King as director of the development program, and Mr. Showalter served as his assistant and field solicitor of funds throughout the college's constituency.329 During the 10 years of the development program (July 1, 1950, through June 30, 1960), the amount raised, in cash and pledges, was $1,400,277.35, surpassing the original goal of $1,100,000.330 Included in that amount were grants aggregating $119,500 from the Ford Foundation in 1956 and 1957. Funds from the development program enabled the construction of two major campus facilities: a science hall (1952-53) and a new gymnasium (1956-58). During those same years, Church of the Brethren women in the college's constituency were raising funds for the construction of a home economics building on the Bridgewater campus.331 On October 31 and November 1, 1958, the Bridgewater trustees approved another development program to finance, primarily, a library building, and authorized a professional agency, Marts and Lundy, Inc., to make a survey of the college's fund-raising potentiality.332 Professor Clarence E. May, Bridgewater's director of publicity, prepared attractive and informative brochures about the college's needs and about its contributions to the community, the state, and the nation. The new campaign, called "Crusade for Excellence," was launched on July 1, 1960. President Emeritus Paul Haynes Bowman, who had suggested the campaign's name, was the crusade's general chairman. Otto W. Ferrene, of Marts and Lundy, Inc., was the crusade's director at the college during the campaign's first year, and A. Ray Showalter was his assistant. Until his untimely death, June 20, 1963, Mr. Showalter continued his effective solicitation in the Church of the Brethren congregations throughout the college's constituency.333 Paul Haynes Bowman gave "unstintingly of time and energy" in calling on prospective donors (foundations, corporations, and persons of means) in the interest of the college. He devised plans and procedures to be followed by solicitors of gifts by bequest and estate settlement, and recommended that the college have a full-time appointee to do such work. 334 Bridgewater's recognition of 27 of its alumni and 24 non-alumni, for outstanding service in various fields of work, at special convocations at the college on October 7 and 8, 1960, was a significant early event in the crusade.335 The honorees are named in an appendix near the end of this volume. The total amount subscribed during the crusade (July 1, 1960, to June 30, 1963) was $790,837.92, surpassing the challenge goal of $750,000. By December 31, 1963, the amount had grown to $816,845.42.336 The drive in the "home community" (the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia counties), under the leadership of Charles W. Wampler, Jr., and G. Fred Switzer,

327TrM, March 6, 1950. 328TrM, June 5, 1950. 329TrM, March 3, Nov. 5, 1956. 3 ~rM, Nov. 13, 1950; Nov. 5, 1960; B, Oct., 1960, p. 3. 331Newsette, April, 1952, p. 6. 332TrM, Oct. 31, Nov. 1, 1958. 333TrExCornM, Aug. 16, 1960; TrM, Nov. 4, 1961; Nov. 2, 1963. 334TrM, April 6, 1963; Alumnus, April, 1964, p. 7. 335Partners, Oct., 1960, p. 1; Alumnus, Dec., 1960, pp. 8, 9. 336B, Nov., 1963, p. 4; Nov., 1964, p. 4. 542 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

yielded $353,112.03; that in the Church of the Brethren's First District in Virginia, $73,397.51; that in the church's Eastern District in Maryland, $67,538.65; that in the church's Eastern District in Virginia, $58,042.05; in the other districts, smaller amounts. The college's trustees subscribed $73,000, and the college's faculty and staff $25,000.337 The largest gift by individuals during the crusade was that of Mr. and Mrs. Carl Ney, of Harrisonburg: a store building in Harrisonburg that the college sold for $67,000. 338 The crusade placed the college and its plans for the future before thousands of its alumni and other supporters, and strengthened the college's relationship with its affiliated church. Crusade funds enabled the construction of the Alexander Mack Memorial Library building and the retirement of the college's debt on the new gymnasium. Warren D. Bowman's presidency witnessed growing financial support of the college by Church of the Brethren congregations within the school's territory. In 1953, the college's trustees requested the congregations to help defray the school's operating expenses to the extent of 50 cents per congregation member each year, and in March, 1959, to the extent of $1.00 per member annually. In June, 1960, the church's annual conference recommended that the congregations support their regional college to the extent of $5.00 per member per year.339 The appeal did not go unheeded. In 1958, four congregations (Bridgewater, Harrisonburg, Hagerstown [Md.], and the Central Church in Roanoke) placed the college in their budgets for $1.00 per member annually.340 In. the same year, two church district conferences (Eastern Maryland and Mardela) recommended to their member congregations an annual contribution to the college of $2.00 per communicant ($.50 for operating expenses and $1.50 for capitalization), in lieu of solicitation, and most of their member congregations decided to do so.341 Church congregation support of the college increased from $3,823.82. in the fiscal year 1954-55 (figures for earlier years are not available) to $36,511.11 in 1963-64, the treasurers' reports reveal. The average annual contribution by congregation members throughout the college's territory increased from seven cents in the fiscal year 1954-55 (figures for earlier years are not available) to 21 cents in 1957-58, to 39 cents in 1959-60, to 46 cents in 1961-62, to 58 cents in 1963-64.342 The figures on financial support of the college, year by year, by Church of the Brethren congregations appear in an appendix near the end of this volume. In addition, the Church of the Brethren' s General Brotherhood Board made appropriations to the college to help defray annual operating expenses, and the Women's Fellowship of the church's southeastern region provided financial support for the Director of Student Christian Life, a newly appointed official at the college in 1959.343 Important new financial aid came to the college during Warren D. Bowman's presidency by way of the Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges (described elsewhere in this chapter). By 1963-64, Bridgewater's annual share of the funds from that source had grown to $57,518.72, and its shares during the years 1953-64, the treasurers' reports reveal, aggregated $344,917.06. An appendix near the end of this volume shows the amounts year by year. Other financial aid came from business corporations, foundations, and government agencies. A few examples will suffice. The Esso Education Foundation made a grant of $2,000 in 1959 for the college's operating expenses; the W. K. Kellogg Foundation a grant of $10,000

337TrM, Nov. 4, 1961; B, Nov., 1963, p. 4. 338HDN-R, June 24, 1%1; RC.O DBk 295, pp. 581, 582. 339TrM, Nov. 14, 1955; March 7, 1959; Nov. 5, 1960. ~rM, Oct. 31, Nov. 1, 1958. 341B, Oct., 1959, p. 11. 342TrM, Nov. 14, 1955; Oct. 31, 1958; Nov. 5, 1960; Nov. 3, 1962; Nov. 7, 1964. 343From reports to the Tr. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 543

in 1962 for book purchases; the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission a grant of $4,849 in 1963, for the purchase of equipment for the chemistry and physics departments; the U. S. Steel Corporation a grant of $15,000 in 1964 for the Alexander Mack Memorial Library. Certain corporations matched the gifts made to the college by their employees who were Bridgewater alumni: Dow Chemical Company, General Electric Corporation, Hercules Powder Company, Merck and Company, Inc., and others. Other financial aid came from the American College Fund. During the years 1950-64, the college received over $300,000 in various types of grants.344 Other benefactors of the college, during Warren D. Bowman's presidency, were Joseph A. D. Garber, of Washington, D. C.; Jared A. Hiner, of Doe Hill, Virginia; Aubrey A. Houser, of Richmond, Virginia; James 0. Myers, of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and Fred C. Wampler, of Harrisonburg.345

Self-Study, Inspection, and Reaccreditation

In the fall of 1957, the members of the faculty and administrative staff, under the leadership of the academic dean, John W. Boitnott, began a study and evaluation of the college's purpose, organization and operation, educational program, faculty, student services, physical plant, and financial resources in preparation of a report.346 (completed by October, 1960) to the college's accrediting agency, the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. A committee of the Southern Association visited the college, November 13-16, 1960, and after its inspection, made a report that resulted in Bridgewater's reaccreditation. The committee complimented the college upon the "good morale and high sense of loyalty to the College" of the faculty and student body, the research activities and accomplishments of faculty and students, the college's program of intercollegiate athletics "without athletic subsidies or grants-in-aid to the participating students," its "really outstanding museum," its "good financial and business management," and certain other features. The committee recommended, however, that the college recruit "a more diversified group of students, both geographically and culturally''; require higher student performance and stricter evaluation of it; implement plans for independent study, honors courses, and an honor society; place less reliance upon its own graduates, faculty wives, and members of the Church of the Brethren in building its faculty; increase salaries and reduce teaching loads; lighten the work of the academic dean by appointing a registrar; provide better quarters for the library and enlarge its book collection; work vigorously to increase the institution's endowment fund; and encourage the school's trustees to "become more informed and more involved in College matters."347

Intercollegiate Arrangements and Memberships By arrangement with Bridgewater,348 Bethany Biblical Seminary (of the Church of the Brethren) conducted a two-weeks' extension school (refresher courses for clergymen in service) at Bridgewater College in August, 1942. It conducted other such extension schools at

344Partners, Feb., 1959, p. 1; Feb., 1964, p. 3; June, 1964, p. 1; Alumnus, Aug., 1962, p. 4; Dec., 1963, p. 10. 345TrM, Nov. 1, 1954; TrExc;omM, July 12, 1961; DistMM (1961), p. 26; Partners, winter, 1962, p. 3; Feb., 1964, p. 2. 346"Self-Study, Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, Virginia, October, 1960"; typescript (148 pp.); AMML. 347Report of the visiting committee; typescript (13pp.); AMML. 348FacAdmComM, Jan. 26, 1942. 544 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

Bridgewater during the summers (usually in July) of the years 1943-50 (except 1948), but not during the remaining summers of Warren D. Bowman's presidency.349 Rufus B. King, Olden D. Mitchell, Harper S. Will, and Edward K. Ziegler were Bridgewater alumni who, at various times during the years 1947-64, served on the seminary's board of directors. In 1953, Bridgewater and Duke University entered into a cooperative prqgram that enabled a Bridgewater student (after completing three years of specified courses and achieving at least a B- average and a good general record) to enter Duke University School of Forestry and, after completing two years of specified courses there, and making a C or better average, to get a B. A. degree at Bridgewater and a master df ·forestry degree at Duke.350 Nelson Paige Will (B. A., Bridgewater, 1955) was the first :B1:idgewater student to take advantage of this program. A cooperative arrangement of Bridgewater and Virginia Polytechnic 'Institute, in 1953, enabled Bridgewater students wanting a B. S. degree in engineering to transfer to Virginia Polytechnic Institute without loss of credit, after completing two years of specified courses at Bridgewater and making a C or better average.351 Bridgewater cooperated with American University, in the spring of 1961, in offering a two- credit, televised course, on "The Life and Teachings of Jesus," over station WSVA-TV. A year later, the two schools cooperated with the Virginia State Council of Churches in offering another televised course, "An Introduction to the New Testament," over the same station on Saturday mornings for college credit. Professor William G. Willoughby handled both courses for Bridgewater.352 Bridgewater is a charter member of the Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges (VFIC), a non-stock, non-profit corporation established in 1952 by 12 accredited private senior colleges in Virginia to make appeals to business executives, corporations, foundations, and other sources for funds for the operating expenses of the member schools. Gifts may be designated for a particular college or colleges. Undesignated gifts are distributed according to a set formula: 60 percent among the member colleges equally, and the other 40 percent among the colleges on the basis of their full-time undergraduate enrollments. Solicitation for funds is made by the presidents of the member colleges traveling in teams of two, each president devoting 10 days each year to the work The first president of the VFIC was Francis P. Gaines, president of Washington and Lee University, and the first vice president was Bridgewater's president, Warren D. Bowman, chairman of the committee that selected the foundation's executive secretary. James R. Caskie, of Washington and Lee University, and Bridgewater's Warren D. Bowman represented the VFIC, in April, 1953, at a national conference of similar fund-raising organizations in other states.353 In September, 1960, Bridgewater College became a member of the University Center in Virginia, a cooperative venture of 21 Virginia colleges that began operation in 1946.354 Through the University Center, Bridgewater was able to draw to its campus a number of distinguished scholars as lecturers. William F. Albright, renowned orientalist and archaeologist of the Johns Hopkins University, was the first scholar to come (in October, 1960). Some other speakers made available through the University Center during the remaining years of Warren D. Bowman's presidency were George N. Shuster, author and former

349AnMM (1942), p. 20; (1943), p. 24; (1944), p. 22; (1945), p. 33; (1946), p. 37; (1947), p. 36; (1948), p. 11; (1949), p. 12; (1950), p. 15. 350council on Education minutes, March 2, 1953; Newsette, June, 1953, p. 5; C, Feb., 1954, p. 47. 351FacM, Feb. 13, 1953; C, Feb., 1954, p. 49. 352Partners, March, 1961, p. 1; Newsette, April, 1962, p. 11. 353TrExComM, Dec. 13, 1951; TrM, March 1, 1952; Newsette, Dec., 1952, p. 6; April, 1953, p. 6; B, Oct., 1959, p. 12. 354FacM, Sept. 30, 1960; Partners, Oct., 1960, p. 1. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 545

president of Hunter College, in 1961; Louis Gottschalk, historian, University of Chicago, in 1962; Ferenc Nagy, premier (1946-47) of the Hungarian Republic, in 1963; and Mortimer J. Adler, author, editor, and philosopher, in 1964. Professor William G. Willoughby served as Bridgewater's liaison officer with the University Center, 1960-62, and, after him, Professor Raymond N. Andes, 1962-78.355 Bridgewater cooperated with the five other Church of the Brethren colleges in the U. S. A. in establishing an undergraduate study program for juniors at Philipps Universitat at Marburg, along the Lahn River in West Germany. The program, sponsored by the Church of the Brethren's Committee on Higher Education, was inaugurated in September, 1962, with 24 students from seven colleges. Three Bridgewater juniors, Ann L. Earhart, Shirley C. Phillips, and Roy R. Sumner, and two Bridgewater graduates (of 1962), Robert D. Sherfy and his spouse, Patricia Huffman Sherfy (both of whom did some teaching), were among the first students in the program, called "Brethren Colleges Abroad," whose director (1962-63) was Bridgewater's Professor William G. Willoughby.356 A program at the University of Strasbourg in France was added in 1963)57 Bridgewater continued to be a member of the Association of Virginia Colleges (of which a Bridgewater alumnus, William T. Sanger, was president, 1927-28, and again, 1948-49). Bridgewater's academic dean, John W. Boitnott, was the association's secretary-treasurer, 1952-56.358 The college continued to be a member, also, of the Association of American Colleges and of the American Council on Education. Throughout the period here under review, Bridgewater remained a member, in good standing, of the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. Its academic dean, John W. Boitnott, was a member of the association's commission on secondary schools, 1959- 62.359 Bridgewater female degree-graduates became eligible for membership in the American Association of University Women in 1964.360

Properties Acquired

During the presidency of Warren D. Bowman, the college continued to extend its land holdings. It acquired from Mrs. Mary Y. Pence, by deed made on August 25, 1949, and payment of $6,000, a land tract of 24.105 acres (a pasture field and two lots), adjoining the college's land on its southern boundary, and "fronting on the eastern side of an extension of College Street."361 The houses along the western two-thirds of College View Drive stand on that tract today. By deed made on June 20, 1952, the college bought from Paul M. Shull, for $1,400, a barn and lot (.435 acre) adjacent to the purchased Pence tract.362

355university Center papers in the hands of Professor Andes. 356-rrM, March 4, 1961; FacM, Nov. 10, 1961; Partners, summer, 1962, p. 4. 357rhe Brethren Encyclopedia, I, 185. 358Tuomas M. Simpson, Jr., A History of the Association of Virginia Colleges, 1915-1963 (Richmond, Va., 1964), pp. 101, 102. 359Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools Proceedings, Dec., 1959, p. 127; Dec.,1960, p. 195; Dec., 1961, p. 133. 360Partners, Feb, 1964, p. 2. 361Rco DBk 218, pp. 539-40. 362TrExComM, April 23, 1952; RCo DBk 234, pp. 144-45. 546 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

In 1953, the college came into possession of the house and lot of two former Bridgewater College faculty members, George B. Holsinger and his wife, Sallie Kagey Holsinger, by gift, (annuity basis) from their son, Clyde.363 The property, along East College in Bridgewater, adjoins the Robert J. Wright cottage and lot on its northwest side. At a public sale on August 29, 1956, the college purchased of Cyla Cline, for $10,200, a land tract of 9.16 acres (with an eight-room dwelling, since removed), adjoining the purchased Pence tract on its east side, and extending to Route 257. 364 A man-made pond, back of the College View Drive houses, marks that tract today. On November 1, 1958, the college's trustees authorized the acquisition of a land tract of 8.7329 acres, for $17,000, from Joseph W. and Waltine Brower Miller, and four days later the deed for the purchase was made.365 The tract, which made possible a considerable enlargement of the college's athletic field, adjoins that field on its northwest side and extends along and up North River. Included in the tract on its northeast border is an old graveyard, in which are buried John Dinkel (1771-1855) and his spouse, Christena (1775-1853), on whose land, and that of Jacob Dinkel, the town of Bridgewater was established by law in 1835.366 The inscriptions on the gravestones (flat on the ground) are still legible. Some years later, the barn on the land tract was burned by the Bridgewater Volunteer Fire Company, upon the college's request.367 By deed made on May 12, 1959, the college purchased, for $9,000, the house and lot (.375 acre) formerly owned by Allan B. Bicknell and his wife, Alda Cline Bicknell, both former Bridgewater College faculty members.368 The property is located in Bridgewater along the southwest side of East College Street, near the "Bicknell Bend" in the road. By deed made on June 22, 1961, Carl Ney and his spouse, Valerie Good Ney, gave to the college (annuity basis) the Charles Store Building at the corner of North Main and East Elizabeth streets in Harrisonburg.369 Mrs. Ney was a Bridgewater student (Commercial Department), 1903-4, and her husband was a Virginia Military Institute graduate (1901), in the class with George Catlett Marshall. The college sold the property in 1962 to Ney-Sonn, Inc., for $67,000.370 The college acquired the L. Virgil Miller house and lot on Broad Street in Bridgewater by deed made with his widow, Susan J. Miller, on August 31, 1962, and payment of $12,500.371

The College Farm Adjoining the Campus

Because interest in agriculture among the students did not develop as was expected, the college, in 1925, separated its farm (adjoining the campus) from the "scientific and educational administration of the college," and operated the farm, henceforth, "purely as a business proposition"; also reduced the college's investment in farm land by selling off building sites for residences.372

363TrM, Nov. 2, 1953. 364RCo DBk 256, pp. 305-6; TrExComM, Aug. 22, 1956. 365TrM, Nov. 1, 1958; RCo DBk 269, pp. 336, 337. 366JWW, A History of Rnckingham County, Virginia (Dayton, Va., 1912), p. 199. 367Jacob F. Replogle to FFW, Feb. 2, 1984. 368TrExComM, May 6, 1959; RCo DBk 273, pp. 34, 35. 369Rco DBk 288, pp. 200-201; TrM, Nov. 4, 1961. 370Rco DBk295, PP· 581-82. 371RCo DBk 299, pp. 188-89. 372TrM, Oct. 16, 1925. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 547

Major Land Acquisitions that Constituted the College's Campus and Adjoining Farm by 1964

Based upon an examination of deeds and maps in the Rockingham County (Va.) courthouse, and information supplied by Maynard E. Seehorn. Mrs. Mary Y. Pence, Cyla Cline, and Joseph W. and Waltine B. Miller sold lands to the college during the presidency of Warren D. Dowman. The acreage (A.) and dates of sale are indicated. The James K. Wright tract was a gift, not a purchase.

Pasture.. N .John S. Flor~ L{~t A.· (l'\ \Cl) H.K. Gqrher "' \'i '\ A.. (\C\ \q) Crops D tJ S.G. '\)il\kel Eliz;. G. tic.Cann .1 A,. (l'tO~) i.l+ f\.. (11\lO and 1q.1~) Cro:ps ..______J:K. + Alie~ • ~·h Mar~ 'f. Ye.nee.. Ji",. A. 'Bro!.)() ei;'X. Croy~ --E. ~Col\~e. st. (\'ti(, ;tq, 105 /\. (\<\L\q) .------' --..... eel'\(.z6f'1 lo A. (1\'3) . c. J'os. W. Qnd \.Ja \~ine ?>. :r. ~. w1nqnt t-\i I\er "~ A. (\l\n) 'il. '132 A.. O

The farm bordered much of the campus perimeter. It included, in 1946, land along the northeast side of the Dinkel A venue (back to the woods) from Third Street southeastward as far as the line of College View Drive; also the greater portion of the land between Dinkel Avenue and East College Street, some land between East College Street and North River, and some land in the river bottom. After the college's purchase of the Mary Y. Pence tract of 24.105 acres in 1949, the farm again embraced about 100 acres, of which about 45 were planted in "com, small grains, and hay" (on a rotation basis). The farm was enlarged again in 1956 by the purchase of 9.16 acres (pasture) from Cyla Cline, and in 1958 by the purchase of 8.732 acres (about five of which, for some years, were planted in crops) from Joseph W. and Waltine B. Miller.37'3 In 1952, the farm had "approximately 40 dairy animals," about 400 laying hens, and about two dozen hogs (fed mainly from food discarded by the college kitchen and dining hall). It had no horses, but had a Ford tractor (with attachments), milking machines, and other equipment, besides barns, two silos, a farm dwelling, and other buildings.374 In 1948, the college had become a member of the Dairy Herd Improvement Association, for butterfat testing, and a member of the artificial insemination organization, for male service.375 The successive supervisors of the farm after 1941 were Cecil C. Ikenberry, 1941-47; Rufus B. King, 1947-53; Cecil C. Ikenberry, 1953-57 (Dec. 31); and Lowell A. Miller, 1958-83.376 The supervisor planned the crops, the sale of livestock, and gave general direction to the farm's operation. The operators of the farm during Warren D. Bowman's presidency were Howard B. Ott, 1948-52; Robert B. Rawley, 1952-53; Ward S. Miller, 1953-57; Howard B. Ott, 1957-58; Harry J. Robertson, 1958-63; and Warner J. Simmers, 1963-83.377 The farm operator agreed not only to run the farm as directed by his supervisor, but also to provide a room in the farmhouse for a helper, make workers available for necessary campus jobs (e.g., removing snow from walks, mowing lawns), remove refuse (daily) from the college kitchen, plow and prepare gardens for faculty members when requested, build fences, make repairs, and do other usual farm maintenance work. In return, the college agreed to provide the farm operator with a house (and its facilities), such fuel as the farm produced, a garden, milk (from the college herd) and eggs (from the poultry flock) for family use, two hogs each year for butchering, a monthly cash salary ($125 in 1949; $150 in 1953) and "a percentage" of the net profits of the farm, group health insurance, Federal Social Security coverage (after 1950), a half-day off each week, and a week's vacation each year with pay.378 The minutes of the college's board of trustees379 reveal that the farm's operation was profitable in all except a few of the years 1949-64.

37'3Maynard E. Seehom to FFW, May 13, 30, 1981; RCo DBk 256, pp. 305-6; DBk 269, pp. 336-37. 374Rufus B. King's report, April 1, 1952, AMML. 3751bid. 376cecil C. Ikenberry to FFW, Sept. 14, 1981; Rufus B. King to FFW, March 19, 1983; Lowell A. Miller to FFW, Jan. 26, 1984. 377TrExComM, Sept. 22, 1948; April 23, 1952; Aug. 22, 1956; April 2, May 21, 1957; TrM, April 6, 1963; Robert B. Rawley to Rufus B. King, March 11, 1953, AMML; BusO Papers. 378contracts with Howard B. Ott and Robert B. Rawley, AMML. 379Also Rufus B. King to FFW, March 19, 1983, and Lowell A. Miller to FFW, Jan. 26, 1984. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 549

THE COLLEGE FARM BUILDINGS IN 1954

The farm buildings are the white structures in the lower portion of the photograph. Much of the vacant land over to the river (top right corner) was farmed. In the middle section of the photograph are shown Blue Ridge Hall (with its four-columned portico), Rebecca Hall (with its dormer windows), Cole Hall (with its columns), and other college buildings. 550 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

New Buildings Erected and Old Ones Renovated The presidency of Warren D. Bowman witnessed the construction of new campus buildings and the remodeling of old ones to meet the college's growing needs. One of the new buildings was the science building, which houses the natural and social science departments. A brick structure (228 feet by 74) of three stories above the basement level, it is situated between Broad Street (extended) and Dinkel Avenue, facing Blue Ridge Hall from a distance of about 100 yards. It was built by the Nielsen Construction Company, of Harrisonburg, in 1952-53, and its cost (including furnishings), about $410,000, was financed by gifts of alumni, church congregations, and other groups. The new facility was dedicated on June 1, 1953, and was put into use the same month. It was named "Bowman Hall" in 1959, in tribute to Samuel M. Bowman (1853-1919), an outstanding benefactor of the college, and Paul Haynes Bowman, the college's president, 1919-46. In 1964, the Bridgewater trustees voted to designate the building as a memorial, also, to President Warren D. Bowman. In April, 1966, a bronze plaque was unveiled inside the structure's front entrance, on the left-hand wall. Other plaques in the building recognize individuals and groups that made special gifts for particular classrooms and laboratories, among them the following: Mr. and Mrs. Justus H. Cline, for the geology laboratory; Aaron M. Horst, for the business classroom and laboratory; Mr. and Mrs. Lowell N. Layman, for the first-floor lecture room; Mr. and Mrs. Leland C. Moomaw, for the general chemistry laboratory; Mr. and Mrs. Charles S. Mundy, for the typing room; the Bridgewater Alumni Association, $10,000 for the advanced physics laboratory; the Roanoke (Va.) chapter of the alumni association, $12,000 for the psychology classroom and laboratory, a memorial to former Professor Frederick D. Dove. A classroom on the third floor of the building was made a memorial to Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Miller, in appreciation of their gift for the new science building.380 The "Strickler Apartments" were built in 1955-56, and the houses along College View Drive in 1958, as stated more fully elsewhere in this chapter (in the section on the faculty). After an engineer's inspection revealed that the balcony in the old gymnasium was no longer safe for crowds at basketball games, the college launched a campaign to raise funds for a new health and physical education building, at a banquet on January 19, 1955, at which the main speaker was Robert E. Richards, Olympic Garnes gold medalist and a Bridgewater student, 1944-46. The new facility (originally 157 feet by 145), a split level brick structure with a basement, middle level, and main floor, located just east of Yount Hall, was built by the Nielsen Construction Company, of Harrisonburg, 1956-58, at a cost of approximately $500,000, financed by the sale of bonds bearing interest at 4.5 percent, and having maturing dates running until 1970. The new gymnasium was put into use in January, 1958, even though all parts of it were not yet finished, and was dedicated the next month (February 6) at exercises at which the main speaker was Harold K. Jack, the Virginia state supervisor of physical education. Six years later, in 1964, the Bridgewater trustees named the building "The Alumni Gymnasium." The old gymnasium was used, henceforth, as a workshop and storage facility.381 In the summer of 1956, just before construction of the new gymnasium was begun, the trailers, immediately in front of and on the building site since 1946, were rernoved.382

38CJ.rrM, March 1, 1952; Nov. 7, 1959; April 4, 1964; AlumM, May 30, 1953; Newselte, June, 1953, p. 6; B, Oct., 1952, p. 5; Oct., 1953, p. 5; Oct., 1959, p. 5; Partners, June, 1966, p. 3. 381TrM, March 5, 1955; March 1, 1958; April 4, 1964; B, Oct., 1955, p. 6; Oct., 1958, p. 5; Newsette, Aug., 1956, p. 1. 382TrExComM, June 29, 1956. BOWMAN HALL

Built in 1952-53. Named for Samuel M. Bowman (1853-1919), benefactor of the college; Paul Haynes Bowman (1887-1964), the college's president, 1919-46; and Warren D. Bowman (1894-1987), the college's president, 1949-64. Bridgewater's science building. 552 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964 Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 553

The Alumni Infirmary (just east of Yount Hall) stood while the new gymnasium was being built, but was removed soon thereafter (in 1958). During its life-span (1916-58), it served not only as an infirmary, but, at other times, as a dwelling for a faculty family. It was also used by the builders of the new gymnasium.383 The Alumni House, on East College Street between the trailer village and the Newton D. Cool property, was removed in August, 1958.384 Wright Hall, a new men's dormitory, for 141 students and three resident directors and their families, was built by the Nielsen Construction Company, of Harrisonburg, in 1958-59. The building (174 feet by 78), of three stories above the basement level, was financed largely by a loan of $470,000 from the U. S. Housing and Home Finance Agency, the interest rate to be 2.875 percent, and the principal to be amortized over a period of 40 years. Situated along Third Street, back of Bowman Hall, the new brick dormitory which came into use in September, 1959, consists of three sections: west, middle, and east. The cost of the building and furnishings, patios, landscaping, and paved parking area was about $480,000. As the structure neared completion in the summer of 1959, the temporary dormitory behind it, North Hall Annex, was removed to clear an area for automobile parking. The new men's residence, dedicated on Homecoming Day, October 3, 1959, was named "Wright Hall," in tribute to Charles r w, '.,-""~ (1884-1962) and Frank J. Wright (1888-1953), brothers, both of whom were · ~mic deans at Bridgewater College. On November 7, 1964, a bronze he building's entrance on Third Street.385 '(F:) :emorial Library (153 feet by 105), of two stories above the ~ the Nielsen Construction Company of Harrisonburg in 1962-63, al equipment) of approximately $555,564. Gifts of alumni, church ~ 'iends (indivhiduals and businessebs) kduring the "Crusade for "-Y d the cost. T e structure, made of ric , concrete, pressed stone, :ollege Street, facing Cole Hall and Kline Campus Center from a s. A special committee (Dean John W. Boitnott, chairman), ·eloped plans for the building and its location, with the aid of ell Bailey, of Orange, Virginia. The new library, which came into use m ~epremoer, I~b::S, was named for Alexander Mack (1679-1735), one of the founders of the German Baptist Brethren sect (today, Church of the Brethren), and a large tablet bearing an inscription about him is on the structure's exterior front wall. (A tenth generation lineal descendant of Alexander Mack, John Howard Mack, Jr., was a Bridgewater student, 1962-66, graduating B. A.) A large plaque on the right-hand wall, just within the building's entrance, lists the names of donors of funds for the library's construction. A plaque on the door of the building's "Church of the Brethren Room," on the second floor, recognizes Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Lantz, the donors of that room. On the second floor are two faculty carrels, one a memorial to Norman A. Seese by his second wife, Ethel V. Sipe Seese; the other a memorial to the first Mrs. Norman A. (Anna A. Bowman) Seese by her sons and daughters.386

383Paul V. Phibbs to FFW, Sept. 26, 1983. 384TrExComM, June 18, 1958. 385TrM, March 2, 1957; March 1, Nov. 1, 1958; Nov. 7, 1959; Apri1"30, 1960; TrExComM, Aug. 28, 1958; Newsette, Aug., 1959, p. 25; Dec., 1959, p. 3; Partners, Oct. 1, 1959, p. 1; Alumnus, Dec., 1964, p. 10. 386rrM, Nov. 1, 1958; Nov. 3, 1962; Nov. 2, 1963; TrExComM, March 12, 1962; B, Oct., 1959, pp. 15, 16; Nov., 1962, p. 4; Nov., 1964, p. 4; Alumnus, April, 1964, pp. 3, 4; library brochure. WRIGHT HALL

Built in 1958-59. Named for Charles C. Wright (1884-1962) and Frank J. Wright (1888-1953), brothers, both of whom were faculty members and academic deans of Bridgewater College. A residence hall for men. Back of Wright Hall is North Hall, a temporary men's dormitory. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 555

Daleville Hall, a new women's dormitory for 105 students and a resident director, was built by the Nielsen Construction Company, of Harrisonburg, in 1962-63, at a cost (including furnishings) of approximately $425,000. It was financed, largely, by a loan of $394,000 from the U. S. Housing and Horne Finance Agency, the interest rate to be 3.375 percent, and the principal to be amortized over a period of 40 years. An L-shaped, three-story brick building (138 feet by 102) with a partial basement, it stands along Dinkel A venue, back of Blue Ridge Hall. Dedicated on Homecoming Day, October 5, 1963, after corning into use the month before, the new dormitory was named in recognition of Daleville College and Academy (consolidated with Bridgewater College and Academy in 1924) and Daleville alumni. The names of donors of furnishings appear on plaques on doors of dormitory rooms. 387

DALEVILLE HALL

Built in 1962-63. Named in recognition of Daleville College and Academy, consolidated with Bridgewater College and Academy in 1924. A women's residence hall.

The addition of the Alexander Mack Memorial Library and Daleville Hall to the college's physical plant necessitated the enlargement of the institution's central heating system, a project carried out during the summer and fall of 1963, at a cost of approximately $125,065. The enlarged plant was put into full operation in January, 1964. 388 Heritage Hall, a new men's dormitory housing (originally) 156 students, was built by the Nielsen Construction Company, of Harrisonburg, in 1963-64, at a cost (including furnishings) of approximately $545,000. It was financed largely by a loan of $513,000 from the U. S. Housing and Horne Finance Agency, the interest rate to be 3.5 percent, and principal to be amortized over a period of 50 years. The new dormitory, twin of Wright Hall in structure,

387TrM, Nov. 7, 1959; March 4, 1961;July 16, 1962; April 6, 1963; April 4, 1964; Alumnus, Aug., 1962, p. 4; B, Nov., 1962, pp. 4- 5; Partners, Sept., 1963, p. 1. 388TrM, Nov. 3, 1962; April 4, 1964; Partners, Feb., 1963, p. 2. 556 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

style, and size, stands facing Dinkel A venue at its intersection with Third Street, behind Bowman Hall, on the site of North Hall (removed in the summer of 1963) and North Hall Annex (removed in the summer of 1959). Upon the recommendation of the faculty, the college's trustees named the new dormitory "Heritage Hall," in tribute to ten retired members of the Bridgewater faculty and administrative staff: Allan B. Bicknell, Newton D. Cool, Frederick D. Dove, John S. Flory, Mattie V. Glick, J. Maurice Henry, Minor C. Miller, A. Ray Showalter, Charles E. Shull, and Marshall R. Wolfe. On October 10, 1964, after coming into use the month before, the building was dedicated and a plaque was unveiled inside the Dinkel Avenue entrance, on the right-hand wall.389 ·

HERITAGE HALL

Built in 1963-64. A memorial to ten retired members of the Bridgewater College faculty and administrative staff: Allan B. Bicknell, Newton D. Cool, Frederick D. Dove, John S. Flory, Mattie V. Glick, J. Maurice Henry, Minor C. Miller, A. Ray Showalter, Charles E. Shull, and Marshall R. Wolfe. A men's residence hall.

In March, 1962, the college's trustees authorized the drawing of plans for an administrative building and classroom building, to be called "Flory Hall, " in honor of the institution's founder, Daniel C. Flory, and John S. Flory.390 Not only were new structures erected, but old campus building were remodeled. Yount Hall underwent renovation in the summer of 1949 and again in the summer of 1958, when its parlor on the first floor was made into dormitory rooms. The extensive remodeling of Memorial Hall in 1951 and 1953 converted the first and second floors of that building into a Music Department facility (with studios for broadcasting), and in 1953, that building's basement level (the Chemistry Department's quarters since 1927) became the new location of the college's snack shop ("The Eyrie") and bookstore. In the summer of 1953, the biology

389TrExComM, May 12, Aug. 17, 1963; TrM, Nov. 2, 1963; April 4, 1964; B, Nov., 1963, p. 5; Alumnus, Dec., 1964, p. 10. 390TrM, March 3, 1962. BRIDGEWATER COLLEGE BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS IN 1964

The map below is an extension of a map found in the college's files.

Construction or acquisition dates are indicated. 558 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

laboratory quarters, on the first floor (left side, from the front) of Founders' Hall (now the east end of Flory Hall), were made into offices for the academic dean, the registrar, the dean of students, and the admissions counselor, and Room 24, on the second floor of that building, was converted into three faculty offices and a committee room. In the summer of 1962, the third floor of Founders' Hall was renovated so as to provide, on its front side, offices for six faculty members, besides two classrooms on its rear side. In 1952 and 1953, the College Street Church of the Brethren building was considerably enlarged, so as to provide a new sanctuary and additional facilities for Sunday School work. In the late 1950's, the college farm house, along Dinkel Avenue, was made into a student residence.391 D'Earcy P. Davis, Jr., of Harrisonburg, Virginia, was the architect for all of the major buildings the college had erected during Warren D. Bowman's presidency.

The Korean War The Korean War (1950-53) and the consequent drafting of young men for military service created "a situation of uncertainty" for the college. The number of male students declined from 352 (session, 1949-50) to 224 (session, 1952-53), and the total enrollment, during the same period, from 494 to 373, the registrar's records reveal. Because of decreased enrollment, reduced revenues, and increased operating costs, the college suffered a deficit (the first since 1942) in its financial operation, 1952-53; also deficits, 1953-55. The college sought to cope with the situation by increasing student fees and scholarship aid, extending its student recruitment program, postponing improvements in the college plant, and economizing in other ways.392 The military conflict resulted, inevitably, in loss of life. Among Bridgewater men (students in the years indicated) killed in action in Korea were Second Lieutenant Norman H. Halterman (1947-51), of Mathias, West Virginia, and Lieutenant Thomas P. Wilson (summer, 1949), of Staunton, Virginia.393 Lieutenant Robert C. Wolfkill (1946-47), of Smithburg, Maryland, was killed (1950) in a plane crash during maneuvers in Nevada.394There may have been other deaths of Bridgewater men not reported to the college or to the writer of this volume in response to his request for such information. Others who were Bridgewater students before serving in the Korean War were the following (graduates or students in the years indicated): William L. Bums (B. A., 1922), Donald K. Funkhouser (B. A., 1953), Otho Leon Garber (B. A., 1942), Charles S. Geil (B. A., 1950), Ray J. Graham (1939-41), William F. Himelwright (B. S., 1951), John E. Hoover (1941-43), John A. Horn (B. A., 1948), Dale L. Huffman (1950-52), Merle L. Jenkins (B. A., 1951), Earl K. Kirby, Jr. (1947-51), Robert H. McQuain (B. A., 1942), Amos 0. Shifflett (B. A., 1949), and Otis W. Snyder (1931-33).395 There were probably others who neglected requests for their names. Messrs. Burns, Garber, Graham, Hoover, Horn, McQuain, and Snyder had served in World War II.

39lB, Oct., 1949, p. 5; Newsette, April, 1951, p. 3; Aug., 1953, pp. 1, 6; Aug., 1958, p. 4; TrM, Nov. 2, 1953; Bee, Dec. 5, 1952, p. 1; Dec. 12, 1953, p. 1;Alumnus, Aug., 1962, p. 4. 392B, Oct., 1950, pp. 3-6. 393Newsette, Dec., 1950, p. 3; April, 1954, p. 4. 394Newsette, Dec., 1950, p. 3. 395From questionnaires, the Newsette, and the HDN-R. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 559

Celebration of the College's 75th Year Special events marked the college's 75th session, 1954-55. On September 29, 1954, Paul Haynes Bowman, Bridgewater's president, 1919-46, inaugurated the anniversary celebration with a perceptive convocation address on "Bridgewater College and Its Community." At the football game on Homecoming Day, October 16, coaches and captains of earlier Eagle football teams were guests of honor. At a dinner on January 19, 1955, at which the Olympic Games gold medalist, Robert E. Richards (Bridgewater student, 1944-46), was the main speaker, the college launched a campaign to raise funds for the construction of a new gymnasium. Activities on March 26, 1955, marked the climax of the celebration (with Newton A. Spitler, a student in the school's first session, present). At the convocation in the forenoon, attended by delegates of 30 other colleges, Samuel M. Brownell, the U. S. Commissioner of Education, and Henry H. Hill, president of George Peabody College for Teachers, made addresses; a choral group rendered Professor Nelson T. Huffman's composition "Praise to Bridgewater," and the college conferred honorary degrees on eight of its alumni. At the luncheon on that day, Theodore A. Distler, executive director of the Association of American Colleges, was the main speaker. In the afternoon, "Bridgewater College: Future Emphases" was the topic of a panel discussion by four Bridgewater alumni. In the evening, Calvert N. Ellis, president of Juniata College, and President Warren D. Bowman, of Bridgewater, made addresses. The next morning (Sunday), Robert L. Sherfy, pastor of the Church of the Brethren in Harrisonburg, delivered a sermon on "Christian Higher Education in the Church of the Brethren." The Virginia State Highway Department's erection (January 18, 1955) of an historical marker about the college along U. S. route 11, near its intersection with state route 257, was another event of the anniversary year. "The celebration served its purpose," Rufus B. King editorialized in the Bridgewater College Newsette," if it laid before the Bridgewater constituency a new faith and loyalty to this type of Christian college ... and stirred us to new opportunities and concern as tasks of the future are faced."396

The 75th Anniversary History In March, 1951, Bridgewater's trustees decided to invite Paul Haynes Bowman "to bring the history of the college up to date, with the idea it might be ready by 1955,397 the 75th anniversary year of the school's founding. The former Bridgewater president accepted the assignment,398 but, in the course of his work on the project, extended the scope of his research and writing so as to cover Church of the Brethren schools and educators throughout the southeastern portion of the U. S. A. His book, Brethren Education in the Southeast, brought out by the Brethren Publishing House (Elgin, Ill.) in May 1956,399 devotes nearly one-half (45 percent) of its 335 pages of text to Bridgewater College, 20 percent to Blue Ridge College (New Windsor, Md.), 10 percent to the Daleville (Va.) schools, and smaller portions to other Brethren schools in the southeastern portion of the nation. Although it received compli- mentary reviews by competent judges, the book suffered the fate of the earlier Bridgewater College histories in not getting the reception it deserved, in not having all of its 1,000 copies purchased. John W. Wayland wrote to Dr. Bowman as follows: "I am pleased that you have

396FacAdm ComM, Sept. 22, Nov. 29, 1954; Newsette, Dec., 1954, p. 1; April, 1955, pp. 1, 4, 5, 6; Dec., 1955, p. 2. 397TrM, March 5, 1951; Warren D. Bowman to PHB, March 14, 1951, PHB Papers. 398PHB to Warren D. Bowman, Aug. 7, 1951 (copy), PHB Papers. 399B, Oct., 1956, p. 5. 560 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964 set forth the inside story of Bridgewater as it has not been done heretofore.... Your own intimate part in the work ... enabled you to present the facts with clarity and understanding." Vernon F. Schwalm, president of Manchester College, declared Dr. Bowman's book to be "a splendid record for future generations."400

Founder's Day Activities The college continued its custom (since 1920) of pausing each year to recognize the birthday of its founder, Daniel C. Flory. The observance, however, was not always held on the founder's birthday (April 3), but on a convenient day near that date, either earlier or later. In some years, April 3 fell at Easter time, or during the college's spring recess. The featured speaker at the observance on April 3, 1950, was DeWitt L. Miller, pastor of the First Church of the Brethren, Washington, D. C.; on April 2, 1951, President Emeritus Paul Haynes Bowman, whose subject was "They Builded Better than They Knew," the inscription on the plaque in Memorial Hall to the college's original trustees; on March 28, 1952, Ralph W. Scholsser, president of Elizabethtown College, 1927-41; on April 10, 1953, Fred J. Wampler, public health consultant in Peru and Paraguay for the Institute of Inter-American Affairs, 1948-53; and on April 2, 1954, President Warren D. Bowman, who spoke on the builders of Bridgewater College. 401 The Founder's Day observance in 1955 (treated elsewhere in this chapter) was in connection with the college's celebration of the 75th anniversary of its founding. At the Founder's Day exercises, March 28, 1956, President Emeritus Paul Haynes Bowman spoke in appreciation of Mrs. Harry M. (Virginia Garber Cole) Strickler and her benefactions to Bridgewater College, and Mrs. John E. (Mary Jane Cline) Stoddard, Jr., presented to the college on behalf of its alumni association an oil portrait of Mrs. Strickler, whose niece, Mrs. Cecil (Mary M. Garber) Miller, unveiled the painting.402 In 1957, the featured Founder's Day speaker was M. Guy West, pastor of the First Church of the Brethren, York, Pennsylvania; in 1958, Galen T. Lehman, executive secretary of the Church of the Brethren's Central Region; in 1959, Paul E. Boheim, pastor of the Essex Methodist Church, Baltimore, Maryland; in 1960, S. Loren Bowman, executive secretary of the Church of the Brethren's Christian Education Commission.403 At the Founder's Day exercises in 1961, President Emeritus Paul Haynes Bowman spoke about the college's contribution to public education in Virginia.404 Nevin H. Zuck, moderator of the 1962 annual conference of the Church of the Brethren, was the featured speaker at the Founder's Day observance, April 11, 1962, following which the groundbreaking ceremony for the construction of the Alexander Mack Memorial Library building was held.405 At the Founder's Day exercises on April 3, 1963, the main speaker was Albertis S. Harrison, Jr., governor of Virginia, who spoke also at the luncheon on the same day. 406

400From letters to PHB, AMML. 401 From the files of the Bee and the Newsette. 402Newsette, April, 1956, p. 5. 403Newsette, April, 1957, p. 6; HDN-R, April 4, 1958, p. 2; April 2, 1959, p. 4; Director of Convocations's papers. 404HDN-R, April 8, 1961. 405Ibid., April, 1962, p. 7. 406Bee, March 15, 1963, p. 7. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 561

The Founder's Day observance on April 3, 1964, was in connection with the dedication of the Alexander Mack Memorial Library building (treated elsewhere in this chapter). On the evening of the same day, President and Mrs. Warren D. Bowman were honored at a testimonial dinner.407

VIRGINIA GARBER COLE STRICKLER

Virginia Garber Cole Strickler (1887-1953) was the adopted daughter of Charles Knox Cole and the wife of Harry M. Strickler. Her gifts to the college financed the construction of Cole Hall and the Strickler Apartments. From 1936 to 1953, she served on the college's board of trustees, and was the first woman on the board.

407Alumnus, April, 1964, pp. 3, 4. 562 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

The College as Host

As time passed, the college more and more played the role of host and agent. 408 It made its facilities available to the Church of the Brethren in the southeastern states of the nation (the "Southeastern Region") for summer workshops and conferences dealing with women's work, children's workers, youth leadership training, home and family life, and other special interests. It provided quarters in its buildings for the executive secretaries of the church's Southeastern Region. Those officials, during Warren D. Bowman's presidency of the college, were Ora D. DeLauter, 1947-56; Guy E. Wampler, 1956-59; and Samuel A. Harley, 1959-64. It continued to sponsor each year a Spiritual Life Institute (detailed elsewhere in this chapter); also a Southeastern Region Youth Roundtable, on the last weekend of April each year, for high school juniors and seniors of the Church of the Brethren from Maryland and Delaware to Alabama and Florida. Responding to a request of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in the U. S. A., the college hosted a Christian ashram, July 10-20, 1950, with the renowned Methodist missionary, evangelist, and author, E. Stanley Jones, present and participating. Each succeeding summer, during the 1950's and early 1960's, Dr. Jones returned to Bridgewater to participate in other ashrams. Other church, or church-related, groups holding summer conferences at the college were the Virginia Council of Churches in 1958; the Virginia week-day religious education teachers, 1950-64; and, in certain years, the Virginia Christian Endeavor Union, the Women's Society of Christian Service of the Methodist Church, the Youth Temperance Council and the Lutheran Service Volunteer School (sponsored by the Walther League). Until the mid-1950's, the college hosted annually (since 1940) a Rural Life Institute, because of Bridgewater's location in a favorable agricultural area. In February, 1961, and February, 1964, the college served as a center for the administration of the National Teachers' Examination of the Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey. For the Virginia State Board of Education, the college allowed the use of its facilities for athletic and forensic meets of high school students of northern Virginia. In April, 1964, the college's Department of Physical Education, under the direction of Coaches Keim and Myers, conducted at the college a clinic for high school coaches of football and basketball.

The Dames Club During Warren D. Bowman's presidency, the Dames Club (formed in October, 1937) continued to provide to the college helpful, thoughtful service, as well as equipment that met genuine needs and enhanced beauty, convenience, and comfort in the college buildings and in college life. Club members continued to serve teas at important college events, furnish and arrange flowers for baccalaureate and commencement exercises and for alumni association banquets, and sponsor social events for the faculty, administrative staff, and their families. They baked cookies for student club bake sales, student dances, and other special occasions; coordinated baby-sitting services by students for people in the community; provided playing records for the campus radio station, live palms for Cole Hall, floor mats for Wright Hall,

408TIUs chapter section is based upon the files of the Bee, the Newsette, and the Alumnus, and upon the college's catalogues, the FacAdrnCornM, the TrM, and the TrExCornM. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 563

curtains for North Hall, flower planters and vases for the college library, draperies for the George B. Flory House, three full-length mirrors for Blue Ridge Hall, bird prints for Bowman Hall, a Charles George Speck woodcut for Daleville Hall, covers for two chairs and an ottoman in Rebecca Hall, a baby's crib for a student and his wife, financial contributions for college building funds, and numerous other things. The club was responsible for the purchase and care of equipment for social events in the Cole Hall apartment, in the Blue Ridge Hall social rooms, and in the multi-purpose room of the Campus Center. As the college's faculty and administrative staff grew, so did the membership of the Dames Club. 409

Town and Gown Bridgewater College people were active in the town's civic and business organizations and in its churches. A few were bank directors and one was a bank president. Some were members (and presidents) of the Rotary Club. Students and faculty members attended churches of various denominations in the town, and a few of the faculty were church elders and choir directors. Another faculty member was master of the Masonic Lodge and the author of a history of that body.410 During these years, five Bridgewater College faculty members served on the Bridgewater town council, that body's records reveal: Nelson T. Huffman in the late 1940's; Rudolph A. Glick, J. Maurice Henry, Harry G. M. Jopson, and Clarence E. May in the 1950's. Another councilman was Rufus B. King, President Bowman's assistant at the college. Ten other councilmen, of the years 1949-64, were Bridgewater College alumni: Edward H. Allen, Roland Z. Arey, William H. Edmonson, John S. Flory, Jr., Roy J. Hildebrand, Minor B. Plecker, Jr., Clyde Pugh, Carlton H. Shickel, John A. Shickel, and Max B. Wine. Two of the town's mayors during these years were Bridgewater College professors: Nelson T. Huffman, 1948-54, and Clarence E. May, 1958-68. Minor B. Plecker, Jr., was acting mayor during the summer of 1961, when Mayor May was on sabbatical leave from the college. The town's records also reveal that another Bridgewater professor, Charles E. Shull, was the town's engineer, 1947-58; that Lewis C. Sanger, a former Bridgewater student, was the town's treasurer during the 1940's; that William H. Sanger, a Bridgewater graduate, was treasurer, 1952-66; and that Adam H. Miller, a former Bridgewater student, was the town's recorder, 1948-66. As mayor of Bridgewater, Professor May gave "able leadership in the town's decision to build an adequate sewage disposal plant and expand the water storage capacity."411 During his mayoralty, the college sold to the town, by deed made on March 12, 1959, a land plot (.056 acre) as a site for a pumping station for the town's new sewage disposal system, soon to be built.412 The college allowed the town's Rotary Club the use of facilities for various purposes: Rebecca Hall, for a dinner in 1952, and for a ball in 1960; Cole Hall auditorium, for a concert in

409This chapter section is based upon information supplied by Mrs. Raymond N. Andes, whose sources were the club's minutes, treasurers' reports, cancelled checks, and the memories of club members. To her, the writer makes grateful acknowledgment. 410From the files of the Newsette and the Alumnus. 411Newsette, April, 1959, p. 4. 412TrExComM, Feb. 3, 1959; RCo Dbk, pp. 420-21. 564 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

1952, talent shows in 1953 and 1956, and a concert in 1962; and the new gymnasium, for a basketball game in 1961. 413 In the fall of 1953, the college made space in its East Hall available to the town's public school "for the overflow" in the first and second grades. 414 The college cooperated with the town authorities and the American Red Cross in helping the town recover from the effects of the disastrous flood which struck Bridgewater in the middle of the night of June 17, 1949, resulting in the loss of three lives. Heavy rains in the mountains had caused Dry River and North River to overflow their banks. At the college, water flooded the athletic field, washed the baseball bleachers and hurdles to other locations, washed two automobiles onto the field, washed away the shocked barley of five acres of the college's farm land, and flooded the college's heating plant, damaging its electric motors. The high water inflicted damage, also, upon the houses and grounds of some of the college people. In the emergency, the college turned over North Hall for the use of the National Guard, the State Police, and families needing temporary quarters. With summer school recessed until June 22, students and college personnel aided in the clean-up work. Professor Nelson T. Huffman, the town's mayor, and the town councilmen (four of them Bridgewater College alumni) were active in directing efforts at the town's rehabilitation.415 College people participated in the town's celebration (July 28-August 6, 1960) of its 125 years of legal incorporation. Professor Clarence E. May, the town's mayor, who suggested the celebration and prepared an illustrated historical program booklet for the occasion, was honorary chairman of the festive observance. Another townsman, John S. Flory, Jr., a Bridgewater College graduate, was president of the anniversary organization. College faculty members and alumni served on planning committees. "Miss Bridgewater Anniversary," Judith E. Row, was the daughter of the college's physician, George S. Row, and Mrs. Row, and the queen's ball was held at the college in Rebecca Hall. Faculty members and alumni were among the dramatis personae of the celebration's historical pageant, "Bridging the Waters," staged on six successive evenings. 416 The college made donations to the Bridgewater Volunteer Fire Company, the Bridgewater Rescue Squad, and other benevolent enterprises. The townspeople, on the other hand, showed their interest in the college by their attendance at cultural programs of various kinds in Cole Hall, and by their contributions during drives for funds for buildings, endowment, and other purposes.

President Warren D. Bowman's Resignation On April 2, 1963, Warren D. Bowman wrote to R. Douglas Nininger, chairman of the college's board of trustees, stating his desire to retire from the presidency of the college on June 30, 1964. Upon learning the news on April 6, the board of trustees expressed its regret; also its appreciation of President Bowman's "democratic and progressive leadership." On the same day it named a committee to seek a new head of the college.417

413FacAdrnCornM, April 21, Oct. 20, 1952; Oct. 18, 1956; Jan. 25, 1960; Oct. 23, 1961; March 5, 1962; Bee, Nov. 21, 1953, p. 1. 414B, Oct., 1953, p. 5. 415HDN-R, June 18-23, 1949; Newsette,Aug., 1949, p. 5. 416HDN-R, July 29, Aug. 8, 1960; and the celebration's booklet, Bridging the Waters(1960). 417TrM, April 6, 1963 (include the letter of April 2); Bee,April 19, 1963, p. 1. Bridgewater College: The First Hundred Years, 1880-1980 565

Three years earlier, on April 9, 1960, the faculty and administrative staff had honored President and Mrs. Bowman at a dinner in recognition of his more than 10 years' service to the college, and, on that occasion, presented to them an electric clock with chimes. 418 President Bowman's announcement of his intention to retire elicited various expressions of appreciation of his contribution to the college. The faculty and trustees honored him and Mrs. Bowman at a dinner on Founder's Day, April 3, 1964, and on that occasion presented to him an album of testimonial letters. The next day, the trustees decided to name Bowman Hall for him, as well as for Samuel M. Bowman and Paul Haynes Bowman, and in November, 1964, named him president emeritus of the college. The college's alumni association, at its banquet, May 30, 1964, presented to him its"Alumnus of the Year'' award.419 Two years later, at the commencement exercises, May 29, 1966, the college conferred upon him an honorary degree (LL. D.), as had Bethany Biblical Seminary in 1960 (D. D.).420 Today his portrait hangs in the Alexander Mack Memorial Library.

Observations on President Warren D. Bowman and His Administration The presidency of Warren D. Bowman extended over a period of 15 years (1949-64). Beginning several months after the inauguration of Harry S. Truman as the nation's chief executive, following his formal election in January, 1949, in the early period of the "Cold War'' between the U.S. A. and the U.S. S. R., President Bowman's tenure of office was contemporaneous with the Korean War; the administrations of President's Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson; the crusade of black Americans for equal rights; and the early years of the United States' involvement in South Vietnam. Dealing with the college's problems during those eventful and troublous times was a task that President Bowman tackled with courage, determination, and discernment. In doing so, he proved himself to be a capable, progressive, and farsighted administrator. His administration is noteworthy for various reasons. A more vigorous, more extensive, and more effective system of recruiting students was instituted, and greater selectivity was exercised. More attention was given to counseling and guidance of students in attendance at the college. Black students were admitted, beginning in 1953. Students from foreign lands were drawn to the college by the offer of scholarships. Student scholarships and loans were increased considerably. The student enrollment grew from 494 (1949-50) to 655 (1963-64), even though entrance requirements were raised. The faculty was strengthened appreciably. Salaries of faculty members and administrative officials were more than doubled, and fringe benefits available to them were increased substantially. Building lots for dwellings, and houses for rent or purchase, were made available to them. A sabbatical leave policy was put into effect. The curriculum was strengthened and expanded by the reorganization of old courses and the introduction of new ones, the establishment of new departmental majors and interdepartmental seminars, and honors courses; also cooperative degree-programs arranged with other schools. A junior-year study program in European universities was inaugurated in 1962. Distinguished scholars in various fields were drawn to the campus to broaden the knowledge and intellectual horizons of the students.

418Bee, April 28, 1960, p. 4;Newsette, Aug., 1960, p. 5. 419FacM, Feb. 14, 1964; TrM, April 4, Nov. 6, 1964; Alumnus, April, 1964, p. 4; Aug., 1964, p. 4; Dec., 1964, p. 17. 420HDN-R, May 31, 1966; WW (1962-63), p. 336. 566 The Presidency of Warren Daniel Bowman, 1949-1964

The college's endowment fund was augmented by 60 percent: from $421,923 Gune 30, 1949) to $677,528 (June 30, 1964) and the college's total assets were nearly quadrupled: from $1,372,457 (June 30, 1949) to $5,280,866 (June 30, 1964). Annual giving by alumni, also, nearly quadrupled, and financial support of the college by congregations of its affiliated church increased more than nine times. The college's physical plant was much enlarged by the construction of a science hall, a library building, a new gymnasium, two more dormitories and a third one nearly completed. Some houses for faculty families were built, and a new dwelling for the college's president and his family was completed. Founders' Hall and Memorial Hall were renovated. The college's land holdings (adjacent to its campus) were increased by 40-odd acres. The college library's book collection was more than tripled in size, its manuscript holdings considerably increased, and the museum collection greatly enlarged. Dr. Bowman's presidency is noteworthy, also, for the reaccreditation of the college, in 1961, by its regional examining agency; for successful financial campaigns: the 10-year development program (1950-60) and the "Crusade for Excellence" (1960-63); for balancing the school's budget in every one of the 15 years, except three (1952-55); and for the celebration (in 1954-55) of the 75th anniversary of the college's founding. President Bowman's effective presentation of the college's objectives, program, and needs to business leaders, corporations, and foundations, on behalf of the Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges, enhanced the stature of his college in the minds of many Virginians. His administration of college affairs was democratic. He welcomed the ideas and opinions of those around him, listened to the smallest problem with great patience and tolerance, suspending judgment until all essential facts were presented. He made himself available to students and faculty alike. His presidency witnessed a strengthening of religious influence on the Bridgewater campus, through the addition of new features: "Religious Emphasis Week'' (in October, 1950) and "Focus Week'' (in November, 1963), the appointment of a "Director of Student Christian Life," and the college's hosting more conferences and workshops of church organizations during the summer months. President Bowman himself was genuinely concerned about the spiritual, as well as the intellectual, development of the students. He was an able writer, speaker, and preacher. His speaking appearances, away from the· college, were chiefly before church groups. He insisted on high standards of work and conduct for both faculty and students, in whose welfare he was genuinely interested and whose friendship and trust he enjoyed, and he gave himself unreservedly to the cause of the college. The brick Wardo Hall at Bridgewater College. Constructed in 1910 on the site of the Virginia Normal School's main building (1883-89) and the site of the wooden Wardo Hall (1890-1910). Now the western section of Flory Hall. A wood engraving by Isaac/. Sanger.