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Bulletin of the Natural History Museum -

Supplement 1 2018

Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (), Volume 1 – Invertebrates

Ivelin Mollov, Dilian Georgiev, Ognyan Todorov (Editors)

REGIONAL NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM – PLOVDIV UNIVERSITY OF PLOVDIV PUBLISHING HOUSE ii Online ISBN: 978-619-202-462-8 (http://rnhm.org/en/jurnal/index/24) Print ISBN: 978-619-202-461-1

Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv“ (Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv) is the official scientific bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv, published by Plovdiv University Press. The journal accepts submissions of original studies in the field of paleontology, natural history, geology and speleology, zoology, botany, ecology, biogeography, museology, history of natural studies, information about museum collections, etc. The official language of the journal is English. Exceptions are possible, certain manuscript may be published in , with extensive abstract in English.

Periodicity: Annually – one issue per year (December).

Type: Open Access, hard copy and electronically. Free of charge to publish.

About the Journal In 1970, the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv issues Volume 1 of the journal "Bulletin of the Natural Science Museum Plovdiv”. In 1973 Volume 2 was released. Before the release of the independent journal of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv, researchers at the museum published their articles in "Annuals of the Museums in the Plovdiv Region" and from 1975 in "Bulletin of the museums in Southern Bulgaria", which was published until 1995 (a total of 21 volumes). With the creation of the Bulletin of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv, the Regional Museum of Natural History - Plovdiv resumed issuing its scientific journal. In the magazine accepted for posting short messages (up to 4 pages), original research papers (from 4 to 10 pages) and review articles (over 10 pages) in the above mentioned fields and shaped according to the instructions for authors. The logo of the journal is the paleoendemic Rhodopaea angelovi Gruev & Tomov, 19681, known only from a small area in the Rhodope Mountains, south of Plovdiv. The is named after Professor Emeritus Pavel Angelov, one the first directors of the museum, who collected the type specimens.

From the Editorial Board

1 Gruev B., V. Tomov. 1968. A new and species Rhodopaea angelovi gen. et sp. n. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) from Bulgaria. Rev. Ent. URSS, XLVII(3):553-555 (in Russian with English summary).

iii Editorial Board

Editor-In-Chief: Chief Assist. Prof. Ognyan Todorov, PhD (Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv, Bulgaria)

Co-Editor-In-Chief: Assoc. Prof. Ivelin Mollov, PhD (University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation - Plovdiv, Bulgaria)

Editorial Secretary: Gergana Kicheva (Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv, Bulgaria)

Associate Editors: Assoc. Prof. Dilian Georgiev, DSc (University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation - Plovdiv; Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv, Bulgaria)

Prof. Dimitar Bechev, DSc (University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Zoology - Plovdiv, Bulgaria)

Prof. Ruslan Kostov, DSc (University of Mining and Geology - , Bulgaria)

Prof. Radoslav Andreev, PhD (Agricultural University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria)

Prof. Zlatozar Boev, DSc (National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Sofia, Bulgaria)

Assoc. Prof. Toshko Liubomirov, PhD (Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Sofia, Bulgaria)

Cover photo: View to the hills of Plovdiv. Photo: Ilian Bozhanov.

Contact Publisher

Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv University of Plovdiv Publishing House

34 Hrysto G. Danov Str., Plovdiv 4000, 24 Tsar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, BULGARIA BULGARIA; Phone: +359 32 626683; E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://rnhm.org/en/

iv Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv

Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates

2018, Supplement 1 - Contents

Review of species of the phylum Acanthocephala recorded from the Region of Plovdiv City Zlatka M. Dimitrova, Margarita H. Marinova ...... 1-6

Zooplankton in Plovdiv Area, Now and a Quarter Century Ago Doychin I. Terziyski, Dzhordzh K. Grozev ...... 7-12

Myriapoda (Chilopoda and Diplopoda) of the City of Plovdiv Boyan L. Vagalinski, Pavel E. Stoev, Plamen G. Mitov ...... 13-18

Terrestrial Gastropods (: ) in the City of Plovdiv Atanas A. Irikov ...... 19-28

The Freshwater Molluscs (Mollusca: Gastropoda et Bivalvia) of the City of Plovdiv Dilian G. Georgiev ...... 29-30

Urban Тardigrades from Plovdiv City and Some Ecological Remarks Maria L. Yankova, Dilian G. Georgiev...... 31-36

Species Composition, Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of Ixodidae Ticks Invaded Pasture in the Region of Plovdiv City Atanas Arnaudov, Dimo Arnaudov...... 37-46

Psocoptera Records from the City of Plovdiv Dilian G. Georgiev...... 47-48

Проучване на видовия състав на комарите от семейство Culicidae в град Пловдив Танчо Агушев...... 49-55

The Chalcid Wasp Fauna (: Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae, Eupelmidae, and Torymidae) of the City of Plovdiv Anelia M. Stojanova, Miroslav I. Antov ...... 57-68

Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (Insecta) from Water Bodies in the Region of Plovdiv City Yanka N. Vidinova, Vesela V. Evtimova, Violeta G. Tyufekchieva ...... 69-79

Checklists of of the City of Plovdiv. Part 1: “Otdih i kultura” Park Desislava N. Arnaudova, Dimitar N. Bechev...... 81-93

The Freshwater ibericum (Crustacea: : ) in the River in Plovdiv City Dimitar N. Bechev...... 95-96

v Selected Aquatic Invertebrate Groups in the City of Plovdiv, Reported in “Fauna of Thrakia” Dilian G. Georgiev...... 97-101

Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 1 - Urban City Parks Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Bozhana N. Bozhinova...... 103-119

Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 2 - The Hills of Plovdiv Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Mina D. Dincheva...... 121-137

vi Foreword

This is the first comprehensive collective monograph on the faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (South Bulgaria). It is published as Supplement 1 of the Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv and contains 16 articles on various invertebrate groups. The papers summarize both already published data and original data about recent Acanthocephala; Myriapoda (Chilopoda and Diplopoda); terrestrial and aquatic Gastropoda; freshwater Bivalvia; Tardigrada; Acari: Ixodidae; ; Diptera: Culicidae; Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae, Eupelmidae, Ormyridae and Torymidae; Ephemeroptera; Plecoptera; Trichoptera; synopsis on Insecta and freshwater invertebrates localities; zooplankton and some ecological properties of epigeal invertebrates communities from the urban city parks and the Plovdiv Hills. This edition is Volume 1 of a two-part book. Volume 2 will include the rest of the articles on the invertebrates, which for various reasons did not make it to this edition and all of the articles on Vertebrata. The second volume is planned to be published in 2020.

The Editors

vii

Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 1-6

Review of species of the phylum Acanthocephala recorded from the Region of Plovdiv City

Zlatka M. Dimitrova*, Margarita H. Marinova

Thracian University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biology and , Student Campus, BG-6000 , BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. A review of acanthocephalan species recorded from the region of Plovdiv City. A total of 11 species were reported: 3 from , 1 from amphibians, 6 from birds and 1 from mammals; 3 species has been identified at the generic level only. As hosts, 14 vertebrate species were recorded: 2 , 6 amphibians, 5 avian and 1 mammalian species. A host-parasite list is presented.

Key words: Acanthocephala, fish, amphibians, birds, mammals, Plovdiv City, review.

Introduction the survey of avian acanthocephalans Most of the studies summarised in the (DIMITROVA et al., 2000). present review aimed revealing the helminth The present review includes the parasites of amphibians (BACHVAROV, 1962; acanthocephalan species recorded from the 1968; 1972; 1986; 1987; BACHVAROV et al., Region of Plovdiv City until 2016. The species 1975), birds (VASILEV, 1962; BACHVAROV, list is arranged according to the classification 1988) and fishes (KIRIN, 2000a; b; c; 2006). proposed by AMIN (2013). In addition, data of There is only one study on the general distribution of the reported species acanthocephalans of mammals in the studied were presented. The nomenclature of the hosts region (GEORGIEV, 1970). There are no follows Fauna Europaea (DE JONG et al., 2014). investigations of the reptiles (paratenic hosts) in the Region of Plovdiv City. List of acanthocephalan species from the In addition, the primary data obtained by Region of Plovdiv City the above-mentioned studies have also been presented in review publications on the Class Archiacanthocephala Meyer, 1931 helminth parasites from the fauna of Bulgaria. Order Gigantorhynchida Southwell & MacFie, 1925 These are the Catalogue of the helminth Family Gigantorhynchidae Hamann, 1892 parasites of amphibians in Bulgaria Genus Mediorhynchus Van Cleave, 1916 (BACHVAROV, 1977); the monograph on the helminth parasites of freshwater fishes in (1) Mediorhynchus sp. Bulgaria (KAKACHEVA-AVRAMOVA, 1983); the monograph on the helminth parasites of Recorded from small intestine of Meleagris insectivores and rodents (GENOV, 1984) and gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758 (VASILEV, 1962).

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Review of species of the phylum Acanthocephala recorded from the Region of Plovdiv City Order Oligacanthorhynchida Petrochenko, 1956 2002), as well as from the North America - Family Oligacanthorhynchidae USA (VAN CLEAVE, 1915) and South America- Southwell & MacFie, 1925 Brazil (PILATI et al., 2013) seem to be doubtful. Genus Macracanthorhynchus Travassos, 1917 (5) Acanthocephalus tenuirostris (Achmerov & Dombrowskaja-Achmerova, 1941) Yamaguti, (2) Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus 1963 (Pallas, 1781) Travassos, 1917 Recorded from small intestine of Esox Recorded from small intestine of Sus scrofa lucius Linnaeus, 1758, Squalius cephalus (= f. domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (GEORGIEV, 1970). Leuciscus cephalus) (KIRIN, 2000a; b; c; 2006). General distribution: Holarctic, Palaeotropical General distribution: Palaearctic - (GENOV, 1984; KHOKHLOVA, 1986; ARAKI, 2003), (GIBSON, 2013) and Russian Far East Neotropical (Mexico) (SALGADO-MALDONADO, (PUGACHEV, 1983). 2005) and Australian (SMALES, 2003). Acanthocephalus sp. Recorded from small intestine of Triturus Class Palaeacanthocephala Meyer, 1931 karelinii (previously identified in Bulgaria as Order Echinorhynchida Southwell & MacFie, 1925 Triturus cristatus) (BACHVAROV, 1972). Family Echinorhynchidae Cobbold, 1876 Genus Acanthocephalus Koelreuther, 1771 Family Pomphorhynchidae Yamaguti, 1939 Genus Pomphorhynchus Monticelli, 1905 (3) Acanthocephalus anguillae (Müller, 1780) Lühe, 1911 (6) Pomphorhynchus laevis (Zoega in Recorded from small intestine of Squalius Müller, 1776) Van Cleave, 1924 cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) (= Leuciscus cephalus Recorded from small intestine of Esox (Linnaeus, 1758)) (KIRIN, 2000 a; b; c). lucius, Squalius cephalus (= Leuciscus cephalus) General distribution: Palaearctic - Europe (KIRIN, 2000a; b, c; 2006). (GIBSON, 2013). The records from Lena River General distribution: Palaearctic: Europe (in and Ob River (PUGACHEV, 1983) as well as freshwater and estuarine fishes) (GIBSON, those from North America by PETROCHENKO 2013). (1956) and MCDONALD (1988) seem to need additional confirmation. Order Polymorphida Petrochenko, 1956 (4) Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788) Family Centrorhynchidae Van Cleave, 1916 Lühe, 1914) Genus Centrorhynchus Lühe, 1911 Recorded from small intestine of Triturus karelinii (Strauch, 1870) (previously identified (7) Centrorhynchus aluconis (Müller, 1780) as Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768); Lühe, 1911 experimental infections), Bombina variegata Recorded from small intestine of Strix (Linnaeus, 1758), Rana dalmatina Fitzinger, aluco Linnaeus, 1758 (BACHVAROV, 1988). 1839, Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758, Rana General distribution: Palaearctic and ridibunda Pallas, 1771, Rana esculenta Oriental (DIMITROVA & GIBSON, 2005). Linnaeus, 1758, Asellus aquaticus (Linnaeus, (8) Centrorhynchus buteonis (Schrank, 1758) (natural and experimental infections) 1788) Kostylev, 1914 (BACHVAROV, 1962; 1968; 1986; 1987; Recorded from small intestine of Buteo BACHVAROV et al., 1975). rufinus (Cretzschmar, 1827) (BACHVAROV, 1988). General distribution: Palaearctic - Europe General distribution: Palaearctic and (GIBSON, 2013), Southwest Asia (Azerbaidjan, Oriental (DIMITROVA & GIBSON, 2005). ) (KURBANOV, 1979; AMIN et al., 2012; (9) Centrorhynchus conspectus Van Cleave YILDIRIMHAN & ÍNGEDOĞAN, 2013) and and Pratt, 1940 Central Asia (Tajikistan) (BYCHOVSKIY, 1935; Recorded from small intestine of Buteo RYZHIKOV et al., 1980). buteo (Linnaeus, 1758) (BACHVAROV, 1988). The records from East and Southeast Asia - General distribution: Holarctic and Oriental China (WANG & WANG, 1989; XIA et al., 2015) (DIMITROVA et al., 2000). The record of and Thailand (CHAIYABUTR & CHANHOME, HARTWICH (1956) from Chile seems doubtful.

2 Zlatka M. Dimitrova, Margarita H. Marinova Family Plagiorhynchidae Golvan, 1960 Order Urodela Genus Plagiorhynchus Lühe, 1911 Family Salamandridae Triturus karelinii (Strauch) Synonym: (10) Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchus) Triturus cristatus (Laurenti), pro parte odhneri Lundström, 1942 Acanthocephalus ranae (experimental Recorded from small intestine of Buteo infection) buteo (BACHVAROV, 1988). Acanthocephalus sp. General distribution: Palaearctic - Europe Order Anura (DIMITROVA, 2009; GIBSON, 2013). Family Bombinatoridae Bombina variegata (L.) Family Polymorphidae Meyer, 1931 Acanthocephalus ranae Genus Arhythmorhynchus Lühe, 1911 Family Ranidae Rana dalmatina Fitzinger (11) Arhythmorhynchus longicollis (Villot, A. ranae 1875) Lühe, 1912 Rana temporaria L. Synonyms: Arhythmorhynchus invaginabilis A. ranae (von Linstow, 1902) Rana ridibunda Pallas Recorded from small intestine of Buteo A. ranae rufinus (BACHVAROV, 1988). Rana esculenta L. General distribution: Holarctic (DIMITROVA A. ranae et al., 2000) and Neotropical (Belize) (CANARIS Class Aves & KINSELLA, 2001). Order Ciconiiformes Arhythmorhynchus sp. (= Skrjabinorhynchus sp.) Family Ardeidae Recorded from small intestine of Ardea Ardea cinerea L. cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 (BACHVAROV, 1988). Filicollis anatis Arhythmorhynchus sp. Genus Filicollis Lühe, 1911 Order Falconiformes Family Accipitridae (12) Filicollis anatis (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, Buteo buteo (L.) 1911 Centrorhynchus conspectus Recorded from small intestine of Ardea Plagiorhynchus (P.) odhneri cinerea (BACHVAROV, 1988). Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar) General distribution: Palaearctic - Centrorhynchus buteonis (DIMITROVA et al., 2000). Arhythmorhynchus longicollis Order Galliformes Host-parasite checklist Family Phasianidae Definitive hosts Meleagris gallopavo L. Class Actinopterygii Mediorhynchus sp. Order Esociformes Order Strigiformes Family Esocidae Family Strigidae Esox lucius L. Strix aluco L. Acanthocephalus tenuirostris Centrorhynchus aluconis Pomphorhynchus laevis Class Mammalia Order Cypriniformes Order Artiodactyla Family Cyprinidae Family Suidae Squalius cephalus (L.). Synonym: Leuciscus Sus scrofa f. domestica L. cephalus (L.) Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus Acanthocephalus anguillae Intermediate hosts A. tenuirostris Pomphorhynchus laevis Class Crustacea Class Amphibia Order Isopoda

3 Review of species of the phylum Acanthocephala recorded from the Region of Plovdiv City Family Asellidae Plovdivski Universitet “P. Hilendarski”, Asellus aquaticus (L.) Plovdiv, 54 p. (In Bulgarian). Acanthocephalus ranae (natural and BACHVAROV G. K. 1986. Helminths of experimental infection) amphibians in Bulgaria (morphology, , fauna, biology and ecology). Discussion Summary of Doctorate Thesis. P. As seen from the above survey, 11 Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, acanthocephalan species were recorded from Plovdiv, 52 p. (In Bulgarian). the region of Plovdiv City. In addition, 3 BACHVAROV G. 1987. Study of the development species has been identified at the generic level cycle of Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, only. Six of the acanthocephalan species are 1788) (Echinorhynchidae) – parasite on from avian hosts, 3 from fish host and 1 from the amphibians in Bulgaria. Travaux amphibians and mammals, respectively. The Scientifiques de l’Universite de Plovdiv, acanthocephalans recorded belong to 8 genera, Biologie, 25(6): 107-111. (In Bulgarian, 7 families, 4 orders and 2 classes. As definitive Russian and English Summary). hosts, 14 vertebrate species have been BACHVAROV G. 1988. Contribution to the knowledge recorded. These are 2 fish, 6 amphibian, 5 avian of acanthocephalans (Acanthocephala) of and 1 mammalian species. wild birds in Bulgaria (first report). Travaux Scientifiques de l’Universite de Plovdiv, References Biologie, 26(6): 255-262. (In Bulgarian, AMIN O. M. 2013. Classification of the Russian and English Summary). Acanthocephala. Folia Parasitologica, BACHVAROV G., P. PETROV, B. CHOCHEV 60(4): 273-305. 1975. Contribution to the knowledge of helminth fauna of anuran amphibians AMIN O. M., S. DÜŞEN, M. C. OĞUZ. 2012. Review of the helminth parasites of (Amphibia – Ecaudata) in Plovdiv Turkish anurans (Amphibia). Scientia Region. II. Travaux Scientifiques de Parasitologica, 13(1): 1-16. l’Universite de Plovdiv, Biologie, 13(4): 41-51. (In Bulgarian, Russian and ARAKI J. 2003. Acanthocephalans in Japan. English Summary). Progress of Medical Parasitology in BYCHOVSKIY B. E. 1935. Parasitic worms of Japan, 7: 147-159. amphibians in Kulyaba, Tadjikistan. Trudy BACHVAROV G. 1962. Helminth fauna of ecaudate Tadjikskoy Basy, 5: 135-149. (In Russian). amphibians in Plovdiv District. Izvestiya CANARIS A. G., J. M. KINSELLA .2001. na Tsentralnata Helmintologichna Helminth parasites in six species of Laboratoriya, 7: 103-111. (In Bulgarian, shorebirds (Charadrii) from the coast of Russian and English Summary). Belize. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo BACHVAROV G. 1968. Ecological investigation Cruz, 96: 827-830. of the helminth fauna of the marsh CHAIYABUTR N., L. CHANHOME. 2002. (Rana ridibunda Pall.) from the state Parasites in snakes of Thailand. Bulletin fish-farm in Plovdiv. Nauchni Trudove of the Maryland Herpetological Society, na Visshiya Pedagogicheski Institut, 38(2): 39-49. Plovdiv, 6(2): 143-152. (In Bulgarian, DE JONG Y., M. VERBEEK, V. MICHELSEN, P. Russian and French Summary). BJØRN, W. LOS, F. STEEMAN, N. BAILLY, BACHVAROV G. 1972. Contribution to the C. BASIRE, P. CHYLARECKI, E. knowledge of helminth fauna of caudate STLOUKAL, G. HAGEDORN, F.T. amphibians (Amphibia – Caudata) in WETZEL, F. GLÖCKLER, A. KROUP A, G. Bulgaria. Nauchni Trudove na KORB, A. HOFFMANN, C. HÄUSER, A. Plovdivskiya Universitet “P. Hilendarski”, KOHLBECKER, A. MÜLLER, A. GÜNTSCH, 10(1): 163-165. (In Bulgarian, Russian and P. STOEV, L. PENEV. 2014. Fauna French Summary). Europaea - all European animal species BACHVAROV G. 1977. Catalogue of the helminth on the web. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2: parasites of amphibians in Bulgaria. e4034. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e4034.

4 Zlatka M. Dimitrova, Margarita H. Marinova DIMITROVA Z. M. 2009. Acanthocephalans of KIRIN D. A. 2000b. Biodiversity and ecological the nominotypical subgenus of characteristics of the helminth sets of Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchidae) from Leuciscus cephalus (L., 1758) from the charadriiform birds in the collection of River Mesta and the River Maritsa. In: the Natural History Museum, London, Sbornik Dokladi of the International with a key to the species of the Scientific Conference "Man, Nature, subgenus. ZooKeys, 6: 75-90. doi: Health", 3-4 November 2000, 10.3897/zookeys.6.94. Pamporovo, 1: 78-81. (In Bulgarian). DIMITROVA Z. M., B. B. GEORGIEV, T. KIRIN D. A. 2000c. Biodiversity and ecological GENOV 2000. Review of the avian assessment of the condition of acanthocephalans from Bulgaria. Acta freshwater ecosystems of the River Zoologica Bulgarica, 52(3): 3-22. Maritsa. In: Sbornik Dokldi of the DIMITROVA Z. M., D. GIBSON 2005. Some International Scientific Conference species of Centrorhynchus Lühe, 1911 "Man, Nature, Health", 3-4 November (Acanthocephala: Centrorhynchidae) 2000, Pamporovo, 1: 82-85. (In from collection of the Natural History Bulgarian). Museum, London. Systematic KIRIN D. A. 2006. Biodiversity of the helminth Parasitology, 62: 117-134. species and helminth communities of GENOV T. 1984. Helminths of insectivores and Esox lucius (L., 1758) from Maritsa River, rodents in Bulgaria. Publishing House Bulgaria. In: Science Papers of Faculty of of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Animals Science, Bucharest. The 35th Sofia, 348 p. (In Bulgarian, Russian and International Scientific Commuications English Summary). Session of the Faculty of Animal Science, GEORGIEV B. 1970. Helminths and Bucharest, , 135-140. helminthoses in large pig-raising farms. KURBANOV M. H. 1979. Species composition 1. Report. Helminth fauna and of acanthocephalans (Acanthocephala) helminthocenosis in large pig-raising of Azerbaijan’s animals and several of farms. Veterinarnomeditsinski Naukiy, their biological features. Nauchnye 7(5): 35- 40 (In Bulgarian). Trudy Specialnova Obrazovaniya GIBSON D. I. 2013. Acanthocephala. Fauna Azerbaidzhanskoy SSR, 4: 27-30 (In Europaea version 2.6.2. Аvailable at: Russian). http://www.faunaeur.org. MCDONALD M. E. 1988. Key to HARTWICH G. 1956. Südamerikanische Acanthocephalen aus der Zoologischen Acanthocephala reported in waterfowl. Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates. Washington, D. C., Fish and Wildlife Zoologischer Anzeiger, 156: 299-308. Service, Resourse Publication 173, 45 p. PETROCHENKO V. I. 1956. Acanthocephalans KAKACHEVA-AVRAMOVA D. 1983. Helminths of freshwater fishes in Bulgaria. of domestic and wild animals. Vol. 1. Publishing House of the Bulgarian Publishing House of the Academy of Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 261 p. (In Science of the USSR, Moscow, 435 p. Bulgarian). (In Russian). PILATI C., R. M. DE QUADROS, K. A. A. KHOKHLOVA I. G. 1986. Acanthocephalans of BRANCO., M. A. ANDRADE, S. M. T. terrestrial vertebrates from the fauna of MARQUES 2013. Acanthocephalus ranae USSR. Moscow, Nauka, 277 p. (In (Echinorhynchidae) infecting Rhinella Russian). icterica (Bufonidae) in Santa Catarina, KIRIN D. A. 2000a. Ecologofaunistical study of the helminthological communities of Brazil. Ciência Animal, 23(1): 3-8. Leuciscus cephalus L. from Maritsa PUGACHEV O. N. 1983. Helminths of freshwater fishes of Northeast Asia. River. Nauchni Trudove na Sayuza na Trudy Zoologicheskovo Instituta, Uchenite, Plovdiv, Seriya B, 1: 405-408. (In Bulgarian). Leningrad, 121: 90-113 (In Russian).

5 Review of species of the phylum Acanthocephala recorded from the Region of Plovdiv City

RYZHIKOV K. M., V. P. SHARPILO, N. N. The checklist of protozoan and SHEVCHENKO 1980. Helminths of acanthocephalan from in China. amphibians from the fauna of USSR. Journal of Shanghai Normal Moscow (Nauka), 276 p. (In Russian). University (Natural Sciences), 44(2): SALGADO-MALDONADO G. 2005. Catálogo y 158-168 doi: 10.3969/J.ISSN.1000- directorio de autoridades para 5137.2015.02.008 (In Chinese, English helmintos parásitos. Departamento de Summary). Zoología, Instituto de Biología, YILDIRIMHAN H. S., S. ÍNGEDOĞAN 2013. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Checklist of metazoon parasites México. Base de datos SNIB-Conabio, recorded in Anura and Urodela from proyectoK028, 134 p. Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, SMALES L. R. 2003. An annotated checklist of 37(5): 562-575. doi: 10.3906/zoo-1209- the Australian Acanthocephala from 16. mammalian and bird hosts. Records of the South Australian Museum, 36: 59-82. Преглед на видовете от тип Acanthocephala, VAN CLEAVE H. J. 1915. Acanthocephala in съобщени от района на гр . Пловдив North American Amphibian. The Journal of Parasitology, 1(4): 175-178. ЗлаткаМ . Димитрова , МаргаритаХр . Маринова VASILEV I. 1962. Helminth fauna of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo L.) in Bulgaria. Резюме: Представен е преглед на Izvestiya na Tsentralnata видовете акантоцефали, съобщени от Helmintologichna Laboratoriya, 7: 19- района на гр. Пловдив. Съобщени са 11 27 (In Bulgarian, Russian and English вида акантоцефали: 3 от риби, 1 от Summary). земноводни, 6 от птици и 1 от бозайници. Четиринадесет вида гръбначни животни са WANG P., Y. WANG 1989. Helminths of Rana съобщени като гостоприемници на spinosa from Fujian Province, including установените видове акантоцефалите: 2 вида the description of a new species сладководни риби, 6 вида земноводни, 5 Metangusticaecum ranae. Journal of вида птици и 1 вид бозайници. Представени Fujian Normal University (Natural са също и данни за общото Science Edition), 2: 75-81 (In Chinese, разпространение на установените видове. English Summary). Включен е списък на гостоприемниците на XIA W., B. HUANG, S. ZHU, M. QIFEI, H. акантоцефалите, установени от района на HONGYU, D. HUI, Z. QIPING 2015. гр. Пловдив.

6 Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 7-12

Zooplankton in Plovdiv Area, Now and a Quarter Century Ago

Doychin I. Terziyski*, Dzhordzh K. Grozev

Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 248 V. Levski str., BG-4003 Plovdiv, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. The subject of the present study was the zooplankton complex in the fishery ponds of Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Plovdiv for the period 1993 - 1995 and 2012, 2015, 2016. The composition of the communities was mainly of the type. Over the years, a trend has been found towards reduction in the number of taxa. There are signs of increased eutrophication of these pools, which we believe are due to their prolonged operation, and there are no significant differences between the two analyzed periods based on the Shannon and Pielou indices and the Sladecek Sample Index.

Key words: zooplankton, Saprobe Index, Shannon, Pielou, Sladecek, fish ponds, Bulgaria.

Introduction 1962) is also applied. Zooplankton organisms A characteristic feature of the standing are the basis of most developed systems for continental ponds is the zooplankton complex, saprobic analysis of waters (KARABIN, 1985; which is the main structural unit of the SZLAUER, 1999). Unlike chemical methods for ecosystems formed under the influence of assessing the organic and oxygen content of ecological conditions. In this meaning, the water, biosaprobic ones provide more reliable information on the zooplankton appearance of and long-term information, eliminating short- a given water basin and eventually changes in term fluctuations and changes in the hydro- the structure of the community would help to chemical regime. For this reason, the revelation clarify the causes in the ecosystems that led to of the quantitative and qualitative dynamics of this result. Besides of being the main link in zooplankton communities provides valuable trophic chains, based on their water quality information about the saprophytic requirements, few species are good saprobic characteristic of a given water basin. indicators (SLADECEK, 1973; 1981) in aquatic The main objective of the present study is ecosystems. The classic saprobiotic scheme and to compare the characteristics of zooplankton method for its determination was developed by communities in number of typical standing PANTLE & BUCK (1955). SLADECEK (1973) water bodies at the Institute of Fisheries and greatly improved it by taking into account the Aquaculture in the past and to this day, using indicating ability of each species and its share in the diversity indices of Shannon, Pielou as well the planktonic cenosis for its methodology. as biosaprobic analysis of water. Making a In the surveys of dams in our country distinctive picture of communities development (NAYDENOV, 1981; NAYDENOV & SAYS, 1987) would help to monitor both the zooplankton the Rothschtein index (SR) (ROTHSCHTEIN, and the ecosystem as a whole.

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Zooplankton in Plovdiv Area, Now and a Quarter Century Ago Material and Methods times the planned mass gain during the growing The Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, season. Control is also provided on fish health Plovdiv is situated in the climatic region of the status. The overgrowth rate of pools with soft , the most extensive in and hard aquatic vegetation was reported 1 - 2 Bulgaria and more precisely in its western part times a month as a percentage of the occupied (-Plovdiv Valley). The region is area of the water mirror. characterized by a transient continental climate, Fish species populated investigated ponds the winter season is relatively mild and warm. mainly in the form of polyculture. The The study was conducted in Plovdiv during common carp predominated by number and two comparative periods (1993 - 1995 – first biomass, and other species covered are bighead period and 2012, 2015, 2016 – second period). or silver carp (mainly hybrid), tench, grass carp The most important topographic values of the and pike-perch (in the form of larvae, one, two study area are the following: altitude & and three year old fish). The biological longitude – 42°09'N, 24°45'E; elevation – 185 sufficiency of water in fish ponds is determined m a.s.l.; total area: 20 ha; maximum depth of by the SHANNON & WEAVER (1963) diversity the pools – 0.7-0.9 m. index and the species evenness index of During the first period under review, a total PIELOU (1966). of 43 ponds were analyzed, and in the second - The saprobic water index was calculated by 18 fish-production, growth and hatchery- the individual sampled indices of the individual breeding fish ponds ranging from 0.16 to 16 ha. species in the sample, taking into account the The water supply of the fish ponds is carried strength of each indicator species by SLADECEK out from the irrigation channel "Enny Ark", (1973) and SLADECEK et al. (1981). having a river (from the Maritsa Рiver) origin. The undersized dimensions of the basins used, Results their small depth, horizontal and vertical Changes in species composition homogeneity are part of their prerequisites for The zooplankton community is selecting as a model object. characterized by a volatile composition over One sampling station was used in each fish time in the studied fish ponds. For the period pond (in the case of basins over 5 ha there were before and around the eighties, the total 2 or 3 stations, the average of which was taken), number of species encountered was about 19 - not far from the outflow facility. The sampling 25 on an annual basis, and in the nineties it was was performed with a 14-day or monthly 41 (GROZEV, 1999). According to the same interval in the period April – September author, this is somewhat due to the larger between 8.30 and 11.00 before noon. number of pools surveyed for the relevant The number of organisms was determined period. In 2012 - 2016 there are about 19 - 26 by the method of DIMOV (1959) and the species of zooplankton in the same base of biomass by volume method of PRIKRYL (1980), Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Plovdiv. -3 (g.m ). Samples were preserved immediately Among the major groups of zooplankton, after sample collection in formaldehyde up to a Copepoda were most common since the final concentration of 4% or with ethyl alcohol nineties, with dominant species Acanthocyclops up to 70%. Horizontal trawling was carried out robustus. A. vernalis is almost absent, although using a zooplankton net with a diameter of mesh in the past it was met almost at the same wholes 60 µm and inlet diameter of 0.16 m for frequency as A. robustus and even dominated. five meters towards the shore. Data analysis and processing was performed in laboratory C. vicinus is the main occupant during the conditions on a Carl Zeiss light microscope. spring period for the entire study period, and Fishery ponds are manured just before the group of diaptomides was very rare in the flooding them with 200 - 300 kg.ha-1 of manure, fish ponds. Although relatively rare in the in some cases with mineral fertilizers to reach a 1990s Diacyclops languidus, Microcyclops concentration of nitrogen forms up to 2 - 3 bicolor, Macrocyclops albidus have not been mg.l-1 and of phosphorus to about 0.5 mg.l-1. found at the present study (2012 - 2016). On Different feeds (grain, granular, groats, the other hand, Metacyclops gracilis and waste and by-products from the food industry) Eyritemola velox were first registered in the are used to grow the fish in a quantity of 3 - 5 surveyed fish ponds after 2012.

8 Doychin I. Terziyski, Dzhordzh K. Grozev In the Cladocera 10 out of 11 described before Biosaprobic analysis of the ponds' water 1996 species were now also observed in the fish ponds Based on the established zooplankton of the Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Plovdiv. species in the investigated ponds, water In the 1990s, Pleuroxus aduncus, not recently saprobity characteristic was also performed registered, was very common. Moina macropoda and during the two analyzed periods. From the M. micrura were among the dominant in the past. zooplankton registered for the period 1993 - While the first species is no longer observed, the second 1995, four species are excellent indicators (5th continued to occur for most of the growing season in power), seventeen are good (4), fourteen recent years. Scapholeberis aurita, Ilyocriptus agilis, I. medium (3) and seven are weak (2) and only sordidus, Simocephalus expinosus and Daphnia obtusa four are bad indicators according to the were missing from the zooplankton composition after classification of SLADECEK (1973), SLADECEK 2012. et al. (1981). Changes in the composition of Rotatoria are For the period 2012 - 2015-16, four species as follows. Dominant species are basically the have been registered as excellent indicators, same as in the 1990s, most often Brachionus four are also good, eleven are of medium calyciflorus and Asplanschna sieboldi. New quality, eight are weak and three are bad in the same classification. species such as Brachionus budapestiensis, The individual saprobic index for the 1993 - Euchlanis dilatata, Epiphanes senta, Polyarthra 1995 period ranged from 1.0 (D. galeata) to 3.4 euryptera, Platiyas patulus, P. quadricornis (D. magna), but most of them were to some extent appeared in the 1990s. Keratella tropica, beta-mesosaprobe. In the second analyzed period, commonly found in 1996, has not been reported the same index ranged from 0.9 (Bosmina as before this period, and now. As new species coregoni) to 3.4 (D. magna), as it again can be from the Rotatoria of fishery ponds Brachionus described to be closer to β-mesosaprobity. forficula, Kellicottia longispina and Rinoglena The results illustrate the average saprobic frontalis are now recorded. index for the ponds in Plovdiv base (1993 - 1995 The calculated Shannon diversity index and 2012, 2015 - 2016) are presented in Table 2. (SHANNON & WEAVER, 1963), and species Most of the meanings fluctuate around 2, evenness index of Pielou (PIELOU, 1966) are which is the average b-mesosaprobic score for shown in the Table 1. both analyzed periods. Only in April and May The species evenness index of Pielou the indicator is higher (2.50 - 3.00), which fluctuates from 0.027 to 0.967 in the first characterizes water as α-mesosaprobic in both survey period and from 0.048 to 0.968 in the the 1990s and the present. Despite differences second. In both analyzed periods there is a in species dynamics and applied technologies tendency for higher values at the beginning and over the years, the values of the saprobic index end of each annual cycle of the analyzed time over the entire analyzed period are very close. range. In general, the significance of the index This particularly corresponds in the June ‒ ranges from 0.4 to 0.7, which is 64% of all. In September period, when the meanings stay the course of summer, because of the almost within range from 1.90 to 2.10. increasing fish feeding, reducing the water The increase in the saprobic index both in the mirror as a result of aquatic vegetation growth past and today to the α-mesosaprobic levels in the and increased water temperature, biodiversity in spring months - April and May can be explained by zooplankton is declining. the low water temperature, which leads to lower Shannon's diversity index varied from a range self-purification capacity (RUSEV et al., 1981) and of 0.022 to 2.27 in 1993 - 1995 and from 0.082 to relatively low fish press in this period, allowing 2.246 in 2012 - 2016. During the first analyzed dominance of large Cladocera like Daphnia magna period, GROZEV (1999) reported a trend of increasing biodiversity during the growth season. (Si=3.4), D. pulex (Si=2.8), (Si=2.5),, Moina In the second analyzed period, the macrocopa (Si = 2.8), and the Moina brachiata (Si dependence found in the Shannon diversity = 2.5), Brachionus calyciflorus (Si = 2.5). index is confirmed - with few exceptions, there In June, most of the larger Cladocera drop are higher values or bigger biodiversity at the from the zooplankton composition under the beginning or the end of the studied seasonal influence of the fish press, but they have probably cycles. utilized much of the increased organic load in the

9 Zooplankton in Plovdiv Area, Now and a Quarter Century Ago spring. Species that replace them during the those inhabiting both α- and β-mesosaprobic summer months are, as a rule, β-mesosaprobes, or waters (with an index of about 2.5).

Table 1. The seasonal and annual dynamics of the Shannon and Pielou indices.

Term Shannon index Species evenness index of Pielou Year Month min max Average min max Average 1993 V 0.706 1.557 1.195 0.509 0.894 0.704 VII 0.420 1.483 0.944 0.303 0.828 0.635 IX 0.022 1.694 0.966 0.320 0.953 0.737 1994 V 0.487 1.426 0.951 0.222 0.649 0.494 VII 0.049 2.076 1.342 0.031 0.835 0.635 IX 0.757 2.032 1.469 0.393 0.852 0.632 1995 V 0.030 2.077 1.558 0.027 0.905 0.610 VII 0.549 1.847 1.300 0.307 0.967 0.567 IX 0.607 2.269 1.533 0.224 0.888 0.609 2012 V 0.616 1.228 1.002 0.316 0.788 0.642 VII 0.328 1.132 0.854 0.282 0.738 0.546 IX 0.082 1.452 0.844 0.350 0.683 0.662 2015 V 0.432 1.336 0.836 0.304 0.528 0.368 VII 0.082 1.652 1.212 0.048 0.732 0.522 IX 0.884 2.148 1.554 0.412 0.922 0.744 2016 V 0.424 2.246 1.642 0.174 0.968 0.742 VII 0.432 1.622 1.124 0.246 0.865 0.443 IX 0.531 2.112 1.311 0.124 0.654 0.506

Table 2. Average mean of the Sapropic Water Index determined by the indicator zooplankton species.

Index values 1993 22.04 03.05 26.05 10.06 25.06 09.07 26.07 09.08 24.08 09.09 24.09 2.62 2.73 2.52 1.90 1.90 2.14 2.00 2.12 2.08 2.06 2.00 1994 18.04 05.05 18.05 03.06 17.06 04.07 19.07 02.08 18.08 07.09 22.09 2.99 2.94 2.85 2.34 1.82 2.03 2.05 2.09 2.02 2.07 2.01 1995 27.04 12.05 30.05 14.06 28.06 14.07 - 01.08 21.08 11.09 03.10 2.83 2.82 2.44 1.93 1.93 1.94 - 1.95 2.04 1.95 1.98 2012 24.04 09.05 22.05 04.06 18.06 03.07 17.07 01.08 27.08 10.09 25.09 2.73 2.83 2.46 1.85 1.92 1.85 1.94 1.96 1.88 2.17 2.10 2015 05.05 20.05 03.06 18.06 29.06 13.07 27.07 10.08 24.08 08.09 25.09 2.85 2.72 2.98 2.22 1.86 1.92 1.98 1.87 1.84 1.96 2.04 2016 - 26.05 07.06 20.06 02.07 18.07 02.08 15.08 29.08 12.09 26.09 - 2.98 2.26 1.90 1.98 1.88 1.96 1.84 1.98 1.82 1.84

Discussion is the quality of the water used and the applied Overall, the comparative analysis of the experimental schemes in the ponds. zooplankton species in the Institute of Fisheries When comparing the two analyzed periods and Aquaculture, Plovdiv from the 1990s to the (1993 - 1995 and 2012, 2015, 2016) using the present day shows minor changes. The Saprobic Index, as well as the Shannon and dropping of some species and the appearance Pielou indices, there was a tendency to reduce of others is probably due to the progressive species diversity and decrease the saprobity to eutrophication during pond usage, combined β-mesosaprobity in the second analyzed period. with almost complete lack of extraction of the Only in September 2015 and May 2016 the excessive layer of bottom mud. Another reason Shannon and Pielou indices were better in the

10 Doychin I. Terziyski, Dzhordzh K. Grozev second survey period compared to 1993 - 1995, - the water supply channel “Eni Arc” (IFA, which suggests that with the increase in 1995). A similar phenomenon has been exploitation of fish ponds, species diversity and observed for some dams in Bulgaria ecological potential decline. The probable cause (BESHKOVA, 1995). is related to the influence of plankton-eating fish, suppressing the most effective dominants. Conclusions A similar change in diversity indicators in pond The analysis carried out on the structure zooplankton was also noted by other authors and dynamics of the zooplanktonic community under the influence of fish feeding pressure during two reviewed periods (1993 - 1995 - first (FRY & OSBORN, 1980). period and 2012, 2015 - 2016 - second) shows a When applying a Student t-test, it was trend of increasing eutrophication of the ponds. found that in relation to the Shannon index, This results in the reduction of the biosaprobic although in the second analysis period the characteristic of the water and zooplankton average value of the indicator was lower (1.178) species' diversity but statistically the difference compared to the first one (1.251), (there was between the empirical averages of the Shennan, some difference between empirical averages), Pielu and Saprobic indexes is insignificant. As the difference between them is insignificant (p for the established number of zooplankton- = 0.56873). Similar is the condition of the forming species, it is currently comparable to Pielou index. Nowadays, the average value of the years before the 1990s, and nowadays the the relevant index is lower (0.575) than in the smaller number of species observed in the past (0.625), the difference is again insignificant ponds than in the 1990s may be associated with (p = 0.389). Regarding the Saprobic Index, the an increase in eutrophication in those ponds. situation is again similar - there is a slight Probably this process is due to the tendency to decrease the saprobity (2.22) more accumulation of organic and inorganic mass at than a quarter century ago (2.14). Again, the the bottom of the pools during their operation, difference in the mean values is insignificant (p which reduces depth, increases the tendency to = 0.326). excessive overgrowth and generally aggravates The relatively stable scores of the Saprobic the zooplankton conditions in them. Index, regardless of the change in zooplankton species composition in the ponds during the References growing period, indicate the relative persistence BESHKOVA M. B. 1995. Structure and of the saprobic status of these water bodies in dynamics of phytoplankton in the seasonal and even annual terms. This is most Struma River system - Pchelina dam likely due to the similar type of water supply lake under the influence of and operational status during the period of our survey. anthropogenic impact. PhD Thesis. With regard to species diversity today, the Sofia, Institute of Zoology, 192 p. (In situation is comparable to that of the 1990s. Bulgarian). The relatively larger number of species (41) DIMOV I. 1959. Generalized quantitative registered in 1993 - 1995 is most likely due to method of plankton processing. BAN, the larger number of ponds surveyed in this 12(5): 427-430. (In Russian). time interval. Generally, over a quarter of a FRY D. L., I. A. OSBORN. 1980. Zooplankton century, it is normal for several species of the abundance and diversity in Central three main systematic groups to drop out or Florida grass carp ponds. new ones to appear. This process has been Hydrobiologia, 68: 145-155. observed both in the 1990s (GROZEV, 1999), GROZEV G. 1999. Qualitative and quantitative and even today. development of zooplankton in fish ponds In general, similarity in the dynamics of the depending on the main factors of the Saprobic Index was found not only between environment. PhD Thesis, Sofia, Institute the two analyzed periods but also between the of Zoology, 153 p. (In Bulgarian). years both in the 1990s and today. The IFA IFA. 1995. Development of methods for ponds in Plovdiv play a role of purification ecological surface water control and facility and the saprobity of outflow waters is in investigation of some problems related to many cases lower than that of the water source water quality of fishing water reservoirs" -

11 Zooplankton in Plovdiv Area, Now and a Quarter Century Ago

Annual report of Institute of Fisheries and SLADECEK V., M. ZELINKA, J. ROTSCHEIN, V. Aquaculture, Plovdiv to the SAA for MORAVKOVA. 1981. Biologocky Rozbor 1995. Povrchove vody. Komentar k CSN KARABIN A. 1985. Pelagic zooplankton 830532 – casti 6. Stanoveni saprobniho (Rotifera + Crustacea) variation in the indexu. Vyd. Uradu pro norm. a process of lake eutrophication. I. mereni. 186 p. Structual and quantitative features – SZLAUER B. 1999. Zooplankton-based assessment Ekologia Polska, 33: 567-616. of the lake Miedwie (North-Western NAYDENOV V. T. 1981. Changes in ) trophic status. Electronic Journal zooplankton structure in the Jrebchevo of the Polish Agricultural University, Dam under the influence of pollution and hydrotechnical construction. Fisheries, 2(1): 21. Hydrobiologia, 15: 22-42. (in Bulgarian). NAYDENOV V. T. 1984. Composition and Зоопланктона около гр . Пловдив , ecology of the river днес и четвърт век назад zooplankton and continental water bodies in Bulgaria. Dsc Thesis. Sofia, ДойчинИ . Терзийски , ДжорджК . Грозев 503 p. (In Bulgarian). NAYDENOV V. T., D. SAYS. 1987. Ecological Резюме: Осъщественият анализ върху basis for the use of plankton as a monitor структурата и динамиката на for background pollution. - In: Problems зооплнактонното съобщество през два of background environmental разглеждани периода (1993 - 1995 г. - първи monitoring. Second School of Biological период и 2012, 2015, 2016 г. - втори) Monitoring, 15-17.02.1984. Sofia, BAN, обуславя тенденция към увеличаване на 151-156. (In Russian). еутрофикацията изразяваща се в намаляване PANTLE R., H. BUCK. 1955. Die evolutionary на биосапробната характеристика на водата ecology of an antipredator reaction norm: и видовото разнообразие, но статистически Daphnia pulex and Chaoborus разликата между емпиричните средни americanus. Evolution, 45(7): 1665-1674. стойности на индексите на Шанън, Пиелу и PIELOU E. C. 1966. The measurement of сапробния индекс са недостоверни. Що се diversity in different types of biological отнася до установеният брой видове collections. Journal of Theoretical формиращ зоопланктона, то понастоящем Biology, 13: 131-144. картината е съпоставима с годините преди PRIKRYL I. 1980. Determination of zooplankton 90-те и едва ли днес по-малкият брой видове biomass on the basis of length-weight наблюдавани в басейните в сравнение с 90- relations. VURH Vodnany, 1: 13-18. те години може да се свърже с нарастване на ROTHSCHTEIN J. 1962. Die graphische еутрофикацията в тях. Вероятно този Darstellung von Ergebnissen der процес се дължи на натрупването на органична и неорганична маса на дъната на biologischen Bewertung der Reinheit басейните в хода на тяхната експлоатация, von Gewässern. Bratislava, VUV, 63 p. което намалява дълбочината, увеличава ROUSSEV B., Y. UZUNOV, S. KOVACHEV, I. склонността към прекомерно обрастване и YANEVA, L. IVANOVA. 1981. Trends in като цяло влошава условията за the changes of saprobiological condition зоопланктона в тях. of the Maritsa river. Hydrobiologia, 14: 51-64. (In Bulgarian). SHANNON S., W. WEAVER. 1963. The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana: Univ. of Ilinois Pres, Chicago, 117 p. SLADECEK V. 1973. System of water quality for the biological point of view. Arch. Hydrobiol. Bieh. (Ergebn. Limnol.) 1- 218.

12 Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 13-18

Myriapoda (Chilopoda and Diplopoda) of the City of Plovdiv

Boyan L. Vagalinski1*, Pavel E. Stoev2, Plamen G. Mitov3

1 - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, 2 Gagarin St., 1113, Sofia, BULGARIA 2 - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000 Sofia, BULGARIA, and Pensoft Publishers, 12 Prof. Georgi Zlatarski St., 1700 Sofia, BULGARIA 3 - Sofia University, Faculty of Biology, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. The paper presents the first contribution to the study of the centipedes and millipedes of the city of Plovdiv. A total of 20 species (8 chilopods and 12 diplopods) belonging to 16 genera, 11 families, and 8 orders are recorded from the city. All but one species, Megaphyllum unilineatum (C.L. Koch, 1838), are new to the city, most of them being common and widely distributed in Bulgaria. Of particular interest is the finding of a geophilid centipede with an unclear generic appurtenance, which shows similarities to both Clinopodes C. L. Koch and Pleurogeophilus Verhoeff, and of a recently described millipede species - Metonomastus petrovi Antić et al. 2018.

Key words: centipedes, millipedes, first records, new species, Plovdiv City.

Introduction ancient history with intensive trading, possibly The surveys on the Bulgarian myriapod fauna resulting in a number of , and have a long history dating back to CHRISTOVICH the many green areas, especially those alongside (1892). An annotated checklist of the myriapod Maritsa River that remain moist throughout the fauna of Bulgaria was recently published by year, presenting suitable habitats for centipedes BACHVAROVA et al. (2017). However, studies on and millipedes. Moreover, the city is almost the myriapods living in the Bulgarian cities are completely unstudied as regards its myriapods, rather scattered and concern only Sofia City with only a single species, Megaphyllum (STOEV, 2004) and City (BACHVAROVA unilineatum (C.L. Koch, 1838), being hitherto & STOEV, 2008; BACHVAROVA, 2011; and known from its territory. BACHVAROVA et al., 2015). Considerable amount Here we present the results of a study on of data on the centipedes (Chilopoda) of the myriapods of Plovdiv City, based on City can be found in the PhD thesis of Georgi material collected from 2002 until 2018. Ribarov (RIBAROV, 1985). Likewise, information about the millipedes of City can be Material and Methods found in the PhD thesis of Yasen Christov All specimens are preserved in the National (CHRISTOV, 1986). Museum of Natural History, Sofia (Chilopoda) The second largest Bulgarian city - Plovdiv, and the Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem is of special interest in that respect due to its Research (Diplopoda). The samples were mostly

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Myriapoda (Chilopoda and Diplopoda) of the City of Plovdiv hand-collected, with a few coming from pitfall “Lauta” Park, 42°08’18.20”N 24°46’40.05”E; traps. The collecting sites (marked with crosses on “Danov halm” Hill, 42°08’44.64”N 24°44’47.59”E; Fig. 1) are as follows: Bunardzhika Hill, between Maritsa River and the Rowing channel, 42°08’43.45”N 24°44’16.82”E; at the foot of 42°08’36.97”N 24°42’15.09”E; Branipole Village, Bunardzhika Hill, next to Highschool of Trade, 42°05’55.19”N 24°45’52.64”E; “Otdih i kultura” 42°08’34.71”N 24°44’26.09”E; “Parashutna kula” Park, 42°08’35.71”N 24°42’47.74”E; the Park, 42°08’05.41”N 24°45’20.08”E; Dzhendema surroundings of the Institute of Pomology, Hill, 42°08’17.59”N 24°43’56.53”E; at the foot of 42°06’21.00”N 24°43’40.21”E. In addition to the Dzhendema Hill, next to the tennis court, studied material, the relevant literature concerning 42°08’05.08”N 24°43’40.42”E; “Tsar Simeonova Bulgarian Myriapoda was checked for records gradina” Park, 42°08’31.36”N 24°44’49.85”E; referring to Plovdiv City.

Fig. 1. Satellite image of Plovdiv City with the sampling sites indicated with white crosses (modified from Google Maps). Results and Discussion males, females & juvs., “Danov halm” Hill, pitfall traps, 18.IX.2017, Mollov & Dincheva Class Chilopoda leg.; 1 ad. female, Bunardhika Hill, 10.IV.2018, Order Scutigeromorpha P. Mitov leg. Family Scutigeridae Note: This is a widespread Mediterranean species. 1. Scutigera coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758) Material: 1 ad. male, at the foot of Order Lithobiomorpha Bunardzhika Hill, 5.VI.2002, P. Mitov leg.; 1 Family Lithobiidae juv., Dzhendema Hill, 29.IV.2003, P. Mitov leg.; 1 juv., “Danov halm” Hill, 14.VIII.2016, P. 2. Eupolybothrus transsylvanicus (Latzel, Mitov leg.; many males, females & juvs., 1882) Bunardzhika Hill, pitfall traps, 18.IX.2017, Material: 1 ad. female, at the foot of Mollov & Dincheva leg.; many males, females Bunardzhika Hill, 15.IX.2002; 1 ad. male, 1 ad. & juvs.., Dzhendema Hill, pitfall traps, female, next to the Rowing channel, 18.IX.2017, Mollov & Dincheva leg.; many 28.IV.2003; 1 ad. male, at the foot of

14 Boyan L. Vagalinski, Pavel E. Stoev, Plamen G. Mitov Dzhendema Hill, near the tennis court, 6.IX.2003; 1 subad.. female, “Tsar Simeonova Order Scolopendromorpha gradina” Park, 3.IX.2003; all collected by P. Family Scolopendridae Mitov. 7. Scolopendra cingulata Latreille, 1829 3. Lithobius (Lithobius) forficatus Linnaeus, Material: 1 juv., Dzhendema Hill, 1758 29.IV.2003, P. Mitov leg.; 1 ad., Bunardzhika Material: 1 male, “Lauta” Park, 18.IV.2017, Hill, 10.IV.2018, P. Mitov leg. P. Mitov leg. 8. Cryptops anomalans Newport, 1844 4. Lithobius (Monotarsobius) crassipes L. Material: 1 ad. without last leg-pair, Plovdiv, Koch, 1862 Dzhendema Hill, 29.IV.2003; 1 ad. without last Material: 1 ad. male, 1 ad. female, leg-pair, “Otdih i kultura” Park, in close Dzhendema Hill, 29.IV.2003, P. Mitov leg. proximity to the Zoo, under stones and wood, 13.X.2002; 1 juv., “Danov halm” Hill, Order Geophilomorpha 14.VIII.2016; all collected by P. Mitov. Family Dignathodontidae Class Diplopoda 5. Henia illyrica (Meinert, 1870) Order Polyxenida Material: 1 male, 1 female, Plovdiv, Family Polyxenidae “Parashutna kula” Park, under stones, 18.IV.2017; 1 male, 1 female, Plovdiv, 9. Polyxenus sp. Dzhendema Hill, 29.IV.2003; 1 female, Material: 3 specimens, at the foot of Plovdiv, “Lauta” Park, 18.IV.2017; 1 male, Bunardzhika Hill, in close proximity to the Plovdiv, “Danov halm” Hill, dry soil, under High school of Trade, 19.IV.2017, P. Mitov leg. stones, 6.IX.2003; all collected by P. Mitov. Note: Species-level identification of polyxenids is very difficult, and although the Family Geophilidae examined individuals most likely belong to 6. Geophilidae gen. sp. Polyxenus lagurus, we prefer to remain on the Material: 1 female, the garden behind safe side until there is securely identified Bunardzhika Hill, near the city square, under material for comparison. stones, 18.IV.2017; 2 ad. ex., Dzhendema Hill, 29.IV.2003; 1 ex., “Lauta” Park, under concrete Order Polydesmida and stones, 4.IX.2003; 1 ex., next to the Family Polydesmidae Institute of Pomology, dry soil, under stones, 08.IX.2003; all collected by P. Mitov. 10. Polydesmus complanatus (Linnaeus, 1761) Note. Despite the abundant material on Material: 2 males, 2 females, 1 juv., near the hand, we were unable to identify the specimens Rowing channel, by the bank of Maritsa River, down to species. The most characteristic trait 19.IV.2017, P. Mitov leg. of the species is the leg number – 75–79 Note: This is the most common polydesmid (females), last leg without claw, composed of species in Central and Eastern Europe, coxa and 6 very elongated articles, coxal pores introduced to the and the Nearctic in clusters covered by the metasternite; isolated region; often occurring near human settlements pores missing; Chitin lines of forciples reaching (KIME & ENGHOFF, 2011); also recorded from the condyles. Forcipules with very the cities of Sofia (STOEV 2004) and Shumen inconspicuous basal denticles on tarsungula, (BACHVAROVA, 2011). sternites with transverse pore fields. These characters are found in both Clinopodes C. L. 11. Polydesmus mediterraneus Daday, 1889 Koch, 1847 and Pleurogeophilus Verhoeff, Material: 1 male, north of Branipole Village, 1901. However, the specimens differ from next to Chiirite hotel, by the ring road, under a Clinopodes by the lack of triangular sternal stone, 07.I.2014; 1 male, at the foot of pore fields, and from Pleurogeophilus by the Dzhendema Hill, 10.IX.2016; 2 males, 2 presence of coxosternal tubercles. females, many juv., at the foot of Bunardzhika

15 Myriapoda (Chilopoda and Diplopoda) of the City of Plovdiv Hill, in close proximity to the High school of Family Anthroleucosomotidae trade, 19.IV.2017; many males, females and juv., “Lauta” Park, Ulmus, Acer, Fraxinus etc., 14. Anamastigona bilselii (Verhoeff, 1940) in decaying wood, under stones and bark, Material: 1 male, 4 females, “Lauta” Park, 19.IV.2017; all collected by P. Mitov. under wood remains, 29.IV.2017, P. Mitov leg. Note: There are five described subspecies Note: In Bulgaria A. bilselii was hitherto of P. mediterraneus. Two of them–the known only from Shumen and Shumensko nominotypical one and P. mediterraneus Plateau (STRASSER, 1973; BACHVAROVA, 2011). valachicus Tabacaru & Negrea, 1961–are The new record and the fact that the species recorded also from Bulgaria. Most of the also occurs in European Turkey (ENGHOFF, material from Plovdiv City agrees with the 2006) and northeastern (STRASSER, original description of P. mediterraneus 1976) suggest a much broader distribution in mediterraneus. The male from Branipole the southern and eastern parts of the country. shows an unusual gonopod shape, particularly a slender, bifurcated endomerite, and it cannot be Order Julida ascribed to any of the known subspecies. Family Blaniulidae However, their distribution ranges and intrapopulational variations are largely 15. Cibiniulus phlepsii (Verhoeff, 1897) unknown, which makes their validity doubtful. Material: 1 male, near the Rowing channel, by the bank of Maritsa River, in decaying wood, 12. Polydesmus sp. 19.IV.2017, P. Mitov leg. Material: 2 females, north of Branipole Note: The species is known from several Village, next to Chiirite Hotel, under stones, places in eastern Bulgaria, and was recently 07.I.2014, P. Mitov leg. reported from the surroundings of Sofia Note: These two specimens certainly belong (BACHVAROVA et al., 2017). to a Polydesmus species different from the previous two. Its body size is in between that of Family Julidae 16. (C.L. Koch, 1847) P. complanatus and P. mediterraneus, and it Cylindroiulus boleti shows a characteristic colour pattern of dark Material examined: 2 males, 1 female, 5 juv., brown spots dorsomedially on metazonites, near the Rowing channel, by the bank of Maritsa divided by a blurred grey axial band. However, River, in decaying wood, 19.IV.2017, P. Mitov leg. the lack of adult males prevents us from Note: This is one of the most common establishing its identity. julidans in Bulgaria. It is known from various habitats and altitudes (VAGALINSKI & STOEV, 2007; KIME & ENGHOFF, 2017). It was already Family Paradoxosomatidae recorded from Sofia (STOEV, 2004) and Shumen (BACHVAROVA, 2011), so its finding in 13. Metonomastus petrovi Antić et al. 2018 urban habitats in the city of Plovdiv is not Record from Plovdiv City: ANTIĆ et al. surprising. (2018): p. 46. Note: The genus Metonomastus Attems, 17. Brachyiulus bagnalli Brolemann, 1924 1937 comprises 12 species distributed in , Material: 9 males, 39 females, “Lauta” Park, the and western Anatolia (Golovatch & in leaf litter and under decaying wood remains, Stoev, 2004). This is the second species known 19.IV.2017, P. Mitov leg. to occur in Bulgaria, after the description of M. Note: This Central and Eastern European pomak Golovatch & Stoev, 2004 from the species is common in both urban and rural region of Ivailovgrad Town. M. petrovi is also areas, where it inhabits planted forests, city known with two records from caves in Western parks, house yards, agricultural land, etc. (KIME Rhodopi Mts. The present record reveals that & ENGHOFF, 2017). we are dealing with a troglophilous, rather than with a troglobitic species. 18. Brachyiulus lusitanus Verhoeff, 1898 Material: 2 males, 3 females, at the foot of Order Chordeumatida Bunardzhika Hill, in close proximity to the

16 Boyan L. Vagalinski, Pavel E. Stoev, Plamen G. Mitov High school of Trade, 19.IV.2017, P. Mitov pitfall and MSS trapping, would inevitably leg.; 2 males, 3 females, same locality, under increase the number of species recorded. This fallen bark, 20.V.2018, P. Mitov leg. is to be expected mainly for the Chilopoda, Note: B. lusitanus is a pan-Mediterranean which seem to have more representatives that species, introduced into Australia and North are able to adapt to the specific ecological America (VAGALINSKI et al., 2014; KIME & conditions in urban environments compared to ENGHOFF, 2017). It is known from various the Diplopoda. Both STOEV (2004) and habitats including cropland (KIME & BACHVAROVA (2011) recorded in urban ENGHOFF, 2017). In Bulgaria it was recorded environments considerably higher numbers of from the western parts of the country, centipedes than millipedes. including a park in Sofia (VAGALINSKI & STOEV, 2007). Acknowledgements We are grateful to Assoc. Prof. Ivelin 19. Megaphyllum unilineatum (C.L. Koch, Mollov, PhD (University of Plovdiv “Paisii 1838) Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department Record from Plovdiv City: Strasser (1969): of Ecology and Environmental Conservation) p. 159. and student Mina Dincheva (University of New material: 1 male, 3 females, at the foot Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”) for providing of Dzhendema Hill, 15.IX.2002, P. Mitov leg.; material for the present study. 2 males, 2 females, 1 juv., Bunardzhika Hill, pitfall traps, 18.IX.2017, Mollov & Dincheva References leg.; Bunardzhika Hill, under stones and dead ANTIĆ D., B. VAGALINSKI, P. STOEV, S. wood, 10.IV.2018, P. Mitov leg.; 1 female, at GOLOVATCH. 2018. Two new species of the foot of Bunardzhika Hill, in close proximity the millipede genus Metonomastus Attems, to the High school of trade, 20.V.2018, P. 1937 from the Balkan Peninsula Mitov leg. (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxoso- matidae). ZooKeys. 786: 43–57. 20. Ommatoiulus sabulosus (Linnaeus, BACHVAROVA D. 2011. Myriapoda (Chilopoda, 1758) Diplopoda) of Shumen City and Material: 1 female, 7 juveniles, “Otdih i Shumen Plateau (NE Bulgaria): kultura” Park, in close proximity to the Zoo, Taxonomic Structure and under stones, 19.IV.2017, P. Mitov leg. Zoogeographical Analysis. Acta zoologica bulgarica, 63(3): 245-262. Conclusions BACHVAROVA D., P. STOEV. 2008. A The 20 species recorded present a good contribution to the study of myriapods start to the study of myriapods of Plovdiv City (Diplopoda, Chilopoda) of the town of considering the low number of samples Shumen and the Shumen plateau examined. For comparison, 21 myriapods are (Northeastern Bulgaria). Annual of known from Sofia City, and 51 from Shumen Shumen University Episkop City (STOEV, 2004; BACHVAROVA, 2011, Konstantin Preslavski, Faculty of respectively), but these data are obtained Nature Sciences, 18B, 6: 55-70. (In through prolonged and extensive sampling Bulgarian). using different collecting methods. Most of BACHVAROVA D., A. DOYCHINOV, Ch. Plovdiv’s myriapod fauna, as currently DELTCHEV, P. STOEV. 2015. Habitat reviewed, comprises common, eurytopic distribution of myriapods (Chilopoda, species, which were previously recorded from Diplopoda) in the town of Shumen and urban/suburban environments. Metonomastus the Shumen Plateau (NE Bulgaria). petrovi, Anamastigona bilselii and Cibiniulus Arthropoda Selecta, 24(2): 169-184. phlepsii present more interesting findings in the BACHVAROVA D., B. VAGALINSKI, A. light of the rather scarce data on the DOICHINOV, P. STOEV. 2017. New distribution of these species. By all means, records of millipedes and centipedes further sampling in more areas of the city, and from Bulgaria, with an annotated with additional collecting methods, including

17 Myriapoda (Chilopoda and Diplopoda) of the City of Plovdiv

checklist of the Bulgarian myriapods. STOEV P. 2004. Myriapoda (Chilopoda, Zootaxa, 4263(3): 507-526. Diplopoda) in urban environments in CHRISTOV J. 1986. Species composition and the City of Sofia. In: Penev L., Niemelä distribution of the millipedes of class D.j., Kotze D., Chipev N. (eds), Ecology Diplopoda (Myriapoda) in the Sredna of the City of Sofia. Species and Gora Mountains with coenological Communities in Urban Environment. investigations in the Sashtinska Sredna PENSOFT Publishers, Sofia-Moscow, Gora Mountains. PhD Thesis. Paisii pp. 299-306. Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, STRASSER K. 1973. Über Diplopoden Plovdiv, 222 p. (In Bulgarian). Bulgariens, III. Ann. Zool. (Warszawa), CHRISTOVICH G. 1892. Materials for the 30(15): 411-469. exploration of the Bulgarian fauna. STRASSER K. 1976. Über Diplopoda- Sbornik za narodni umotvoreniya, Chilognatha Griechenlands II. Revue nauka i knizhnina, 8: 337-346 (In Suisse de Zoologie, 83(3): 579-645. Bulgarian). ENGHOFF H. 2006. The millipedes of Turkey (Diplopoda). Steenstrupia, 29(2): 175- Myriapoda (Chilopoda и Diplopoda) 198. от гр . Пловдив GOLOVATCH S.I., P. STOEV. 2008. A new species of the millipede genus Боян Л . Вагалински , Павел Е . Стоев , Metonomastus Attems, 1937 from a ПламенГ . Митов cave in the Eastern Rhodopes (Bulgaria) with some remarks on its congeners Резюме: В статията е представен (Diplopoda: Paradoxosomatidae). In: първият принос към изследването на Beron P., Popov, A. (eds), Biodiversity многоножките в гр. Пловдив. От града са of Bulgaria. 2. Biodiversity of Eastern регистрирани общо 20 вида (8 Chilopoda и 12 Rhodopes (Bulgaria and Greece). Diplopoda) от 16 рода, 11 семейства и 8 Pensoft and Nat. Mus. Natur. Hist., разреда. Всички видове, с изключение на Sofia, pp. 199–205. един, Megaphyllum unilineatum (C.L. Koch, KIME R.D., H. ENGHOFF. 2011. Atlas of 1838), са нови за града. Повечето от тях са European millipedes (Class Diplopoda), обикновени и широко разпространени в Vol 1. PENSOFT Publichers, Sofia- България. Особен интерес представлява Moskow, 282 p. откриването на геофилидна стоножка с KIME R.D., H. ENGHOFF. 2017. Atlas of неясна родова принадлежност, която European millipedes 2: Order Julida показва прилики както с Clinopodes C. L. (Class Diplopoda). European Journal of Koch, така и с Pleurogeophilus Verhoeff, Taxonomy 346: 1-299. както и наскоро описаната многоножка RIBAROV G. 1985. Species composition, Metonomastus petrovi Antić et al. 2018. ecology, distribution and significance of the centipedes (Chilopoda) in southeastern Bulgaria. Ph.D. Thesis, Plovdiv, “Paissii Hilendarski” University. 148 p. (In Bulgarian). VAGALINSKI B., P. STOEV. 2007. An annotated catalogue of the millipede order Julida (Diplopoda) in Bulgaria. Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 18: 35-63. VAGALINSKI B., S. GOLOVATCH, S.M. SIMAIAKIS, H. ENGHOFF, P. STOEV. 2014. Millipedes of (Myriapoda: Diplopoda). Zootaxa, 3835(4): 528-548.

18 Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 19-28

Terrestrial Gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the City of Plovdiv

Atanas A. Irikov*

University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, 24 Tsar Assen Str., Plovdiv, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. A complete review of the terrestrial malacofauna in Plovdiv City was conducted based on the literary and new data. The outcome of the research is the identification of 49 species and subspecies of terrestrial snails, belonging to 19 families, from which the presence of 37 species in the city is reported for the first time. It has been determined that 7 of the species reported prior to the research are no longer located in the city of Plovdiv. A zoogeographic analysis of the malacofauna was performed. Interesting cases of registered coastal, endemic of the Rhodopes Mountains and of Plovdiv species have been reported.

Key words: terrestrial snails, city of Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Introduction Both authors researched a significant amount of Until recently there was not much data on the material, most likely collected by local non- terrestrial snails in the city of Plovdiv. KOBELT professional collectors and due to that the precise (1906) gave an account on the following species in geographical locations of the habitats of the species the Rhodopes Mountains and the region of Plovdiv are not available (WAGNER, 1927). HESSE (1911- City (on accordance with WOHLBEREDT, 1911) – 1916) published a number of species “from the Campylea trizona var. rhodopensis and var. surroundings of Philippopel” (= Plovdiv City) in thracica (Kobelt, 1906) (= Cattania rumelica his series on the Mollusca in Eastern Rumelia, with Rossmässler, 1839), Helix (Helicogena) thracica no precise locations but for one single exception. (Kobelt, 1906) [= Helix (Helix) lucorum Linnaeus, The material he studied had been sent to him by a collector unidentified to this day, named in the 1758], Helix (Helicogena) albescens var. bulgarica publication “Mr Prof. Boris”. Twenty eight species (Kobelt, 1906) [= Helix (Helix) albescens of terrestrial snails and varieties were reported in Rossmässler, 1839], Helix (Helicogena) figulina the publication, some of them of unclear systematic var. eumolpia (Kobelt, 1906) [= Helix (Helix) statute, others unavailable in the region and figulina Rossmässler, 1839]. The next development obviously void, whereas another group are endemic of the malacological literature on the Eastern for the middle sections of the Rhodopes Mts. Balkans was provided in the article of Obviously the material sent to Hesse covers a WOHLBEREDT (1911) and mainly in a series of much wider area than the surroundings of Plovdiv, reports of HESSE (1911; 1912; 1913; 1914a; b; encompassing also a part of the Rhodopes Mts. 1916a; b), which seriously enhanced the This was confirmed by WOHLBEREDT (1911), who information of the Eastern Balkan malacofauna. in his publication on the Mollusca in Bulgaria

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Terrestrial Gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the City of Plovdiv registered the species published by Hesse and on the Mollusca on the Balkan Peninsula, more indicated specifically the location of the studied specifically in Bulgaria and in , based on the material, namely, the Rhodopes Mts. sides near material researched at The Royal Museum of Plovdiv City, “Stanimaka” (= Assenovgrad City) Natural Science in Sofia, as well as on literature and other surroundings of Plovdiv City. HESSE sources. In this monograph he described a new (1912) described three new species, again from “the subspecies Acicula similis bulgarica (Wagner A.J., surroundings of Plovdiv”. The data on the first 1927) [= Platyla similis (Reinhardt, 1880)] and identified species, Helicigona (Arianta) pelia reported another six from “the Maritsa River banks Hesse, 1912 [= Chilostoma pelia (Hesse, 1912)] in in Plovdiv City”. In the same monograph Serbica the region of Plovdiv City, is obviously incorrect, marginata major (Rossmässler, 1839) [= since this is an alpine species, widely distributed at Macedonica marginata major (Rossmässler, 1839)] an altitude of more than 1000 m a.s.l. and is not is referred to as from “the surroundings of identified anywhere in the Thracian Plain. The Plovdiv” yet the species is typically mountainous, other two species, Clausilia thracica Hesse, 1912 never found in the plains and with certainty its [= Euxina persica (Boettger, 1879)], according to nearest possible habitat are the Rhodopes Mts. the rule of priority) and Clausilia (Wagneria) sides. PETRBOK (1941) reports three species borisi Hesse, 1912 [= Euxina promta (Schmidt, specifically found in the city – Helix 1868)], according to the rule of priority), have also (Cryptomphalus) aspersa [= Cornu aspersa been reported for the region of Plovdiv City (see (Müller, 1774)], Helicigona trizona balcanica IRIKOV & MOLLOV, 2006). HESSE (1913) (Kobelt, 1876) [= Cattania balcanica (Kobelt, presumed that Clausilia (Idyla) fraudigera 1876)] and Eobania vermiculata (Müller, 1774) in (Rossmässler, 1839) [= Bulgarica (Bulgarica) addition to the species found in the surroundings fraudigera (Rossmässler, 1839)] occurred of Plovdiv City and in the alluvial deposits on the somewhere in the close proximity of Plovdiv City. Maritsa River banks; the first two of these three According to HESSE (1914a) the species Theba species were void and they are not found in the carascaloides (Bourguignat, 1855) [= Monacha city. Although the reported terrestrial snails most carascaloides (Bourguignat, 1855)] occurred in often are specified to be from “the surroundings of Plovdiv City and earlier it was also presumed by Plovdiv” or on “the Maritsa River banks in him and by WOHLBEREDT (1911) for Helix Plovdiv” (in the alluvial deposits in particular) frequens (Mousson, 1859) [= Monacha frequens (KOBELT, 1906; HESSE, 1911-1916; WOHLBEREDT, (Mousson, 1859)]. The same author (HESSE 1914b) 1911; WAGNER, 1927), it is obvious that with a few reports the occurrence of Pseudotrichia rubiginosa exceptions these data are not related to the city area (Schmidt, 1853) in the region of Plovdiv City as or its outskirts. URBAŃSKI (1960a; b), reported eight species, this time specifically identified in the well as the species Helix philibinensis syenite hills of Plovdiv City, and except for the (Rossmässler, 1839) also in Plovdiv City on the basis of the material from shells purchased at the species Monacha cartusiana they are definitely market in Sofia City by the Serbian professor specific for the city (see IRIKOV & MOLLOV, 2006 commenting on the latter). The same author Pavlović. During 1913-1914 HESSE received by mail a parcel sent by an unidentified individual with (URBAŃSKI, 1960а; 1969) commented that the of alluvial deposits in the Maritsa River in species reported by HESSE (1916a) in sand deposits the region of Plovdiv City. He published the most likely drifted by the tributaries of Maritsa River as it flowed down from the Rhodopes Mts. identified molluscs (HESSE 1916a) in a sequel to the annual register of Mollusca in Eastern Rumelia, RIEDEL (1964; 1969; 1975) reported Oxychilus drifted previously: Helix vulgarissima (Mousson, translucidus (Mortillet, 1854) in the parks of the 1859) [= Xeromunda vulgarissima (Mousson, city. NORDSIECK (1973) reported Bulgarica 1859)] in Plovdiv City factually belongs to Helicella thessalonica (Rossmässler, 1839) [(= Bulgarica obvia dobrudschae (Kobelt, 1878) [= Xerolenta denticulata thessalonica (Rossmässler, 1839)] in obvia nomen nudum dobrudschae) (Menke, Plovdiv City. DAMJANOV & LIKHAREV (1975) report six species in literatures sources, two of 1828)]. Specifically for Plovdiv City, HESSE (1911- 1916) reported the identified species in a series of them, Faustina (Cattania) trizona rumelica articles and rather fortuitously reported four (Rossmässler, 1838) [= Cattania rumelica species. WAGNER (1927) published a monograph (Rossmässler, 1838)] and Helix (Cryptomphalus)

20 Atanas A. Irikov aspersa Müller, 1774 [= Cornu aspersa (Müller, River, industrial areas, farming areas in the outskirts 1774)] as void in the city. KÖRNIG (1983) found etc., or a total of 700 samples. One part of the Bulgarica fritillaria (FRIVALDSZKY, 1835) near material (of good quality) is preserved in the private Maritsa River in Plovdiv City. In our opinion this is collection of the author. Because in the past many a case of empty shells drifted in the Maritsa River of the taxa were reported to be from the city of and its tributaries because we could not find living Plovdiv on the basis of the shells found in the specimens in the city. IRIKOV (2006) has provided alluvial deposits of Maritsa River, we conducted an an account of the new endemic for Plovdiv City alternative research by collecting shells washed out subspecies Bulgarica varnensis trimontsiana of the river within the boundaries of the city with Irikov, 2006, identified only on the syenite rocks in the goal of comparing them to the present urban the area of Trihalmie Hill. GEORGIEV & malacofauna. In order to differentiate the shells, the STOYCHEVA (2013) have produced a photograph river alluvial deposits were sifted through a system of Cecilioides jani (De Betta & Martinati, 1855) if sieves. The classification of IRIKOV (2008), from Plovdiv City and GEORGIEV (2014) reports IRIKOV & MOLLOV (2006; 2015), IRIKOV & an Oxychillus camelinus (Bourguignat, 1852) on GERDZHIKOV (2016) was applied for the Rahat Tepe Hill (= Nebet Tepe, a part of Trihalmie identification of the zoogeographic characteristics. Hill) in Plovdiv City. Results Tables 1 and 2 present all species and habitats Material and Methods of terrestrial snails in the city of Plovdiv, in the In order to summarize the actual availability alluvial deposits of Maritsa River and in the and occurrence of the species of terrestrial snails in surroundings of the city, identified in literature the city of Plovdiv all literary sources have been sources and new data. The Arabic numbers in provided as well as a multitude of new results of Table 2 correspond to the numbers of the habitats the long term research (1999 – 2015). The material in Table 1. The Arabic numbers used for the has been collected in all parts of the city – open zoogeographic characteristics in the Discussion spaces between the blocks of flats, parks, alleys, correspond to the consecutive number of the gardens, hills, the banks and islands of Maritsa species in Table 1.

Table 1. Locations of the collected terrestrial snails in the city of Plovdiv.

No. Locality Notes 1. Park near Bratska Mogila (Memorial park) Zapad District 2. Alluvial deposits in Maritsa River near park “Loven Park” Zapad District (former “Ostrova” Park) 3. Alluvial deposits in Maritsa River near Maritsa Stadium Zapad District 4. Alluvial deposits in Maritsa River near the Sugar Refinery Karshiaka Neighborhood 5. Mladezhki Halm Hill (Dzhendem Tepe Hill) Central part of Plovdiv City 6. Halm Bunardzhik Hill (Bunardzhik Tepe Hill) Central part of Plovdiv City 7. Danov Halm Hill (Sahat Tepe Hill) Central part of Plovdiv City 8. Lauta Park Iztochen District 9. Trimontium Hotel Central part of Plovdiv City 10. Foreign Languages School Karshiaka Neighborhood 11. Kamenitsa 1 near Iztochen Boulevard Central part of Plovdiv City 12. Stochna Gara Station (Cargo Station) Central part of Plovdiv City 13. “Otdih i Kultura” Park by the Rowing Canal Zapad District 14. Trihalmie Hill (includes Nebet Tepe Hill, Dzhambaz Tepe Hill, Central part of Plovdiv City Taksim Tepe Hill) 15. Rhodopes Coach Station Yuzhen District 16. Botanical Gardens Iztochen District 17. Stroitel Sports Hall Karshiaka Neighborhood 18. Plovdiv Stadium Zapad District 19. Adata Island in Maritsa River Central Plovdiv – Iztochen District 20. Primary School Zapad District 21. Akademik Sports Complex Central Plovdiv – Iztochen District

21 Terrestrial Gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the City of Plovdiv 22. Maritsa Stadium Karshiaka Neighborhood 23. University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski” - main building Central Plovdiv 24. Rogosh Cemetery Park Karshiaka Neighborhood 25. Sever Coach Station Karshiaka Neighborhood 26. Maritsa River banks in the city of Plovdiv Under stones, stumps and refuse 27. Irrigation Canal near Trakia Neighborhood Trakia Neighborhood 28. Trakia Neighborhood Open space between blocks of flats 29. Technical University Near Sankt Peterburg Boulevard 30. Lokomotiv Stadium Trakia Neighborhood 31. Parks, gardens, alleys, hills, open space between blocks of flats City of Plovdiv and other sites around the city 32. Gardens and parks in Plovdiv City of Plovdiv 33. Nebet Tepe Hill (as part of the Trihalmie Hill) Central part of Plovdiv City 34. Mikhail Takev Street Central part of Plovdiv City 35. Foreign Languages School near Maritsa Stadium Karshiaka Neighborhood 36. Trakia Industrial Area Trakia Neighborhood 37. Maritsa River banks between Gerdzhika Bridge and Adata Island Central part of Plovdiv City

Table 2. Registered species of terrestrial snails in the region of the city of Plovdiv. All species of terrestrial snails reported to this moment in the region of Plovdiv in various literature sources, as well as those registered for the first time in the city are listed in the first column. The symbol # marks the species which are void, and the symbol * marks the species that are new for the fauna of Plovdiv City. In the second column Arabic numbers mark the locations in Table 1 and the collectors, with the year of the collection of the material in the city, whereas in the third and fourth column the authors reporting the species in the alluvial deposits of Maritsa River and in the city surroundings are listed, as well as the habitats and the collectors who have collected material during the original research. The Arabic numbers in the columns correspond to the specific locations, indicated in Table 1.

Alluvial Deposits in Maritsa Plovdiv City Species Registered Data on Plovdiv River around and in Plovdiv surroundings 1. #Platyla similis (Reinhardt, 1880) – WAGNER (1927); URBAŃSKI (1960а) – URBAŃSKI (1960а) 2. *Carychium minimum (Müller, 1774) 1 – Mollov, 2003 – 2, 3 – Mollov, Kirov, 2003 3. #Vertigo substriata (Jeffreys, 1833) – – DAMJANOV & LIKHAREV (1975) 4. #Vertigo antivertigo (Draparnaud, 1801) – 4 – Kirov, 2003 – HESSE (1916a); URBAŃSKI (1960а) 5. #Vertigo moulinsiana (Dupuy, 1849) – DAMJANOV & LIKHAREV (1975) 2 – Mollov, 2003 HESSE (1913) 6. #Vertigo pygmaea (Draparnaud, 1801) – – 3 – Kirov, 2003 7. #Vertigo angustior (Jeffreys, 1830) – – DAMJANOV & LIKHAREV (1975) 8. #Truncatellina claustralis HESSE (1916a); URBAŃSKI (1960а) – – (Gredler, 1856) 3 – Kirov, 2003 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 – 9. *Truncatellina cylindrica Georgiev, Irikov, 3 – Kirov, 2003 – (Ferussac, 1807) Mollov, Kirov, 2001, 2009 10. *Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758) 11, 12 – Georgiev, 2002 2, 3 – Mollov, Kirov, 2003, 2005 – 11. #Agardhiella macrodonta (Hesse, 1916) – HESSE (1916a); WAGNER (1927) DAMJANOV & LIKHAREV (1975) 12. *Sphyradium doliolum (Bruguiere, 1792) 6, 13 – Irikov, 2001 HESSE (1916a) – 13. #Chondrina avenacea (Bruguiere, 1792) – HESSE (1916a) – 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 – 14. *Vallonia costata (Müller, 1774) Irikov, Georgiev, 2, 3 – Mollov, 2003, 2005 – Mollov, Kirov, 2001 – 2011 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 2, 3, 26 – Georgiev, Mollov, 15. *Vallonia pulchella (Müller, 1774) 22, 23, 24, 25 – Irikov, Kirov, 2003 – 2009 – Georgiev, Mollov, Kirov, 2001 – 2011

22 Atanas A. Irikov 11 – Georgiev, WAGNER (1927) 16. *Vallonia enniensis (Gredler, 1856) – 2002 2, 3, 4 – Mollov, Kirov, 2003 17. #Vallonia excentrica Sterki, 1892 – 2, 3 – Mollov, 2003, 2005 – 18. #Acanthinula aculeata HESSE (1916a) – – (Müller, 1774) 2 – Mollov, 2005 2, 3, 26 – Georgiev, Mollov, 19. #Cochlicopa lubrica (Müller, 1774) – – Kirov, 2003 – 2005 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 19, PETRBOK (1941); 24 – Irikov, 20. *Cochlicopa lubricella (Porro, 1838) URBAŃSKI (1960а) – Georgiev, Mollov, 3, 26 – Georgiev, Kirov, 2003 Kirov, 2002 – 2013 21. # obscura (Müller, 1774) – 2 – Mollov, Kirov, 2005 HESSE (1911) 5, 7, 14 – Irikov, 22. *Chondrula tridens (Müller, 1774) Georgiev, Mollov, WAGNER (1927) – Kirov, 2002 – 2013 URBAŃSKI (1960а) 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 23. Chondrula microtragus 15, 27, 28, 29, 30, WAGNER (1927) HESSE (1911) (Rossmässler, 1839) 31 – Irikov, 3 – Kirov, 2003 WAGNER (1927) Georgiev, Mollov, Kirov, 2000 – 2013 24. #Chondrus zebra tantalus (L. Pfeiffer, 1868) – HESSE (1916a) HESSE (1911) URBAŃSKI (1960а) 5, 6, 7, 14, 16, 24, 25. Zebrina detrita (Müller, 1774) 27, 28 – Irikov, HESSE (1916a) HESSE (1911) Georgiev, Mollov, Kirov, 2000 – 2013 26. #Cochlodina laminata (Montagu, 1803) – HESSE (1916a) – 27. #Macedonica marginata HESSE (1911) – 10 – Kirov, Mollov, 2003 (Rossmässler, 1835) WAGNER (1927) 28. #Euxina persica (Boettger, 1879) – – HESSE (1912) 29. #Euxina promta (Schmidt, 1868) – – HESSE (1912) 6, 14 – Irikov, 30. *Laciniaria plicata HESSE (1916a) Georgiev, Mollov, – (Draparnaud, 1801) 2, 3 – Kirov, 2003 Kirov, 2003 – 2005 31. *Laciniaria macilenta 6 – Kirov, Mollov, – HESSE (1911; 1912) (Rossmässler, 1842) 2003 – 2004 6, 7 – Kirov, HESSE (1916a) 32. *Alinda biplicata (Montagu, 1803) HESSE (1911) Mollov, 2003 2, 3 – Kirov, Mollov, 2003 33. *Balea kaeufeli (Brandt, 1961) 14 – Georgiev, 2002 – – 34. #Bulgarica varnensis HESSE (1916a) – HESSE (1911) (L. Pfeiffer, 1848) 2 – Kirov, Mollov, 2003 IRIKOV (2006) 35. Bulgarica varnensis trimontsiana 14 – Georgiev, – – Irikov, 2006 Irikov, 2003 36. *Bulgarica fraudigera 6 – Kirov, Mollov, HESSE (1911; 1913) – (Rossmässler, 1839) 2003, 2005. URBAŃSKI (1969) 37. #Bulgarica fritillaria HESSE (1916a) KÖRNIG (1983) – (Frivaldsky, 1835) 2, 3 – Kirov, Mollov, 2003 38. Bulgarica denticulata thessalonica NORDSIECK (1973) 26 – Irikov 2005, 2007 HESSE (1911) (Rossmässler, 1839) 7 – Kirov, 2003 2, 3 – Kirov, 2003, 2005 39. *Succinea oblonga Draparnaud, 1801 25 – Georgiev, 2003 HESSE (1911) 26 – Georgiev, 2003 HESSE (1916a) 6 – Kirov, Mollov, 40. *Oxyloma elegans (Rissso,1826) 26 – Georgiev, 2003 – 2003, 2004 2, 3 – Kirov, Mollov, 2003 WAGNER (1927) 41. #Cecilioides acicula (Müller, 1774) – – 2, 3 – Kirov, Mollov, 2003, 2005 42. *Cecilioides jani 14 – Georgiev, WAGNER (1927); PETRBOK (1941) – (De Beta & Martinati, 1855) Irikov, 2002 26 – Georgiev, 2002 43. #Cecilioides spelaeus WAGNER (1927) – – (A.Wagner, 1924) 2 – Kirov, 2003 44. #Euconulus fulvus (Müller, 1774) – 3 – Kirov, 2000 – 45. Zonitoides nitidus (Müller, 1774) HESSE (1914b) HESSE (1916a) HESSE (1911) 26 – Georgiev, 2002 2, 3 – Mollov, Kirov, 2003–2005

23 Terrestrial Gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the City of Plovdiv

46. #Daudebardia rufa cycladum Martens, 1889 – HESSE (1916a) – 47. #Carpatica stussineri (Wagner, 1895) – 3 – Kirov, 2003 – 48. *Aegopinella minor (Stabile, 1864) 13 – Kirov, Mollov, 2003 2 – Mollov, 2005 – 49. #Vitrea contracta (Westerlud, 1871) – HESSE (1916a) – 50. #Vitrea sturanyi (A.Wagner, 1907) – HESSE (1916a) – 51. *Vitrea pygmaea (O. Boettger, 1880) 6 – Kirov, Mollov, 2003 – – 32 – RIEDEL (1964, 1969, 1975); 32 – DAMJANOV & 52. Oxychilus translucidus 26 – Georgiev, 2003 LIKHAREV (1975) – (Mortillet, 1854) 3 – Kirov, 2003 5, 6, 7, 14 – Georgiev, Irikov, Mollov, Kirov, 2003 – 2005 53. #Oxychilus deilus (Bourguignat, 1857) – HESSE (1916a) – 54. Oxychilus camelinus (Bourguignat, 1852) GEORGIEV (2014) HESSE (1913) – 13, 28 – Georgiev, 55. *Morlina glaber (Westerlund, 1881) Irikov, Mollov, 3 – Kirov, 2003 HESSE (1911) Kirov, 2002 – 2005 56. *Mediterranea hydatinus 12 – Georgiev, – – (Rossmässler, 1838) 2003 57. *Mediterranea inopinatus 5, 7 – Georgiev, HESSE (1911) – (Ulicny, 1887) Kirov, 2003 DAMJANOV & LIKHAREV (1975) 5, 7, 8, 13, 28, 29, 58. *Tandonia kusceri 34 – Georgiev, – – (H. Wagner, 1931) Irikov, Mollov, Kirov, 2003 59. *Tandonia budapestensis 8 – Georgiev, – – (Hazay, 1881) Irikov, 2002, 2003 60. *Tandonia cristatа 8 – Georgiev, – – (Kaleniczenko, 1851) Irikov, 2002, 2003 5, 8, 29 – Georgiev, 61. *Limax conemenosi Boettger, 1882 – – Mollov, 2002, 2003 14, 34 – Georgiev, 62. *Limacus flavus Linnaeus, 1758 – – Kirov, 2003 HESSE (1916a) 63. #Vitrina pellucida (Müller, 1774) – – 2 – Mollov, 2005 64. *Deroceras sturanyi (Simroth, 1894) 27 – Georgiev, 2003 3, 26 – Georgiev, Kirov, 2003 – 5, 8, 11, 28, 29, 34 – 65. *Deroceras turcicum (Simroth, 1894) 3, 26 – Georgiev, Kirov, 2003 – Georgiev, Kirov, 2003 66. *Deroceras reticulatum (Müller, 1774) 8 – Georgiev, 2003 26 – Georgiev, 2003 – 67. *Deroceras agreste (Linnaeus, 1758) 5, 8 – Georgiev, 2003 – – 68. *Lindholmiola girva 5 – Georgiev, PETRBOK (1941) HESSE (1911) (Fivaldsky, 1835) Mollov, Kirov, 2003 HESSE (1916a); 69. #Trichia erjaveci (Brusina, 1870) – – DAMJANOV & LIKHAREV (1975) PETRBOK (1941); HESSE (1911) 70. #Helicopsis striata (Müller, 1774) – DAMJANOV & LIKHAREV (1975) 71. #Pseudotrichia rubiginosa (Schmidt, 1853) HESSE (1914b) – HESSE (1911) 72. *Monachoides incarnatus 1, 2, 3, 13, 19 – – – (Müller, 1774) Mollov, Kirov, 2003 HESSE (1916b); URBAŃSKI (1960а) 2, 3, 26 – Georgiev, Mollov, 73. Xerolenta obvia Menke, 1828 31 – Irikov, HESSE (1911) Kirov, 2003 – 2005 Georgiev, Mollov, Kirov, 1999 – 2005 URBAŃSKI (1960b) 5, 12,14, 15, 28, 29, 74. Cernuella virgata (Da Costa, 1778) 36 – Irikov, – HESSE (1911) Georgiev, Mollov, Kirov, 2003 – 2009 75. #Monacha cartusiana (Müller, 1774) URBAŃSKI (1960а) – HESSE (1911) 76. *Monacha claustralis (Menke,1828) 1, 6, 7, 13, 15, 24, 3 – Kirov, 2003 – 28, 35 – Irikov, 2 – Mollov, 2005 Georgiev, Mollov, Kirov, 2002 – 2011 77. #Monacha carascaloides (Boourgnat, 1855) HESSE (1914а) – HESSE (1911)

24 Atanas A. Irikov 5, 7, 8, 9, 27, 28, 35 – Irikov, Georgiev, 78. *Monacha solidior (Mousson, 1873) 26 – Georgiev, 2003 – Mollov, Kirov, 2002 – 2012 79. #Euomphallia strigella (Draparnaud, 1801) – – HESSE (1911) URBAŃSKI (1960а) 1, 5, 13 – Irikov, HESSE (1916а) 80. Fruticicola fruticum (Müller, 1774) HESSE (1911) Georgiev, Mollov, 2 – Kirov, Mollov, 2003 Kirov, 2003 – 2005 HESSE (1912); 81. #Chilostoma pelia (P. Hesse, 1912) – – PETRBOK (1948); URBAŃSKI (1960а) HESSE (1911) 82. #Cattania rumelica DAMJANOV & HESSE (1916a) PETRBOK (1941) (Rossmässler, 1835) LIKHAREV (1975) JAECKEL et al. (1957) 83. #Cattania balcanica (Kobelt, 1876) PETRBOK (1941) – – 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 19, 24, 27, 28, 29, 34, 37, 38 – 2, 3, 26 – Georgiev, Mollov, HESSE (1911); 84. *Helix lucorum Linnaeus, 1758 Irikov, Georgiev, Kirov, 2003 – 2005 DAMJANOV & LIKHAREV (1975) Mollov, Kirov, 1999 – 2015 HESSE (1914b); URBAŃSKI (1960а); DAMJANOV & 85. Helix philibinensis LIKHAREV (1975) – HESSE (1916a) – Rossmässler, 1839 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 19, 24 3 – Kirov, 2003 – Irikov, Georgiev, Mollov, Kirov, 2002 – 2009 86. #Helix figulina Rossmässler, 1839 – – DAMJANOV & LIKHAREV (1975) 1, 5, 6, 8, 12,13, 14, 19, 27, 28 – HESSE (1916a) 87. *Cepaea vindobonensis Irikov, Georgiev, 3 – Kirov, 2003 HESSE (1911) (Ferussac, 1821) Mollov, Kirov, 2 – Mollov, 2005 2002 – 2005 PETRBOK (1941) URBAŃSKI (1960а) DAMJANOV & LIKHAREV (1975) 88. Eobania vermiculata (Müller, 1774) – 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 26 – Georgiev, 2003 – 14, 19, 24, 28, 29, 34, 38 – Irikov, Georgiev, Mollov, Kirov, 2002 – 2005 PETRBOK (1941); 89. #Cornu aspersa ( Müller, 1774) DAMJANOV & HESSE (1911) – LIKHAREV (1975)

Discussion uncritically as part of the urban fauna since they The present paper on the region of Plovdiv are of unknown origin and their initial discusses 89 species of terrestrial snails. So far localization and the majority of the shells most 19 species have been reported, 7 out of them likely have been drifted from closer or remote void and 37 reported for the first time as a distances by the river and its feeders. This is result of an original research conducted. supported by the fact that 26 species of the 49 Altogether the correctly identified terrestrial (53%) are not found in the city. There are 35 malacofauna in the city comprises 49 species. species reported in the “surroundings of There are data in the literature on 38 species on Plovdiv” and 19 of them (39%) are not found the alluvial deposits of Maritsa River in or near in the city (Table 2). These species cannot be the city and we too have identified most of added to the malacofauna of Plovdiv City since them, complemented by 24 new, not registered all of them have no precise localization and for till now – or there are 62 species in the alluvial some of them the nearest habitats are in the deposits. These 24 however we cannot confirm Western Rhodopes Mts.

25 Terrestrial Gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the City of Plovdiv From a systematic point of view the largest the Siberian faunistic complex the Holarctic (5 number of species are identified in the families taxa – 10, 14, 15, 20, 45) prevail over the Trans- Clausiliidae and Zonitidae (7 species in each), Palearctic (2 taxa – 39, 40). The geographic followed by the families: Hygromiidae (5 situation, the abundance of xerothermic species), Agriolimacidae, Helicidae (4 species), biotopes, the flat country character of the city Vallonidae, , Milacidae (3 species), and the arid climate have favored the settlement Succenidae, Limacidae (2 species) and of the Asia Minor (3 taxa – 29, 54, 78) and the Carychinidae, Vertiginidae, Pupillidae, Orculidae, -Turanian (2 taxa – 51, 84) xerophilic species Cochlicopidae, Frussaciidae, Gastrodontidae, of the South-East Asian faunistic complex. The Helicodontidae and Bradybaenidae (1 species). presence of the Mediterranean (1 taxon – 88) We can register that the malacofauna is and the Steppe-Eurasian species (1 taxon – 87) is constituted commonly found and wide-spread symbolic and that supports the assertion that the species. The relatively large representation of the malacofauna of the city of Plovdiv is relatively species from the family Clausiliidae is surprising, removed from these subregions of the European because in their origin and occurrence they are faunistic complex. The specific regional mostly mountainous, calciphilous species. character of the malacofauna of the city of Regardless of the absence of limestone they are Plovdiv is manifested in the surprisingly high found mostly on the hills of the city as these percentage of presence of endemics – Bulgarian partially resemble the woodland-mountainous (5 taxa – 31, 33, 35, 36, 85) and Balkan (2 taxa – habitats. 38, 42). One of the possible reasons for the high In terms of the ecological type, it seems that endemism is the presence of habitats unique for the maesophilic and the maesothermal species an urban environment among the hills in the with greater drought-resistance mostly prevail central district of the city. and this is tied down to the specific climatic Interesting case in the fauna of the city is the characteristics of Plovdiv City with its dry and occurrence of two coastal species Cernuella hot summer and humid and soft winter. virgatа, Eobania vermiculata, and two others The zoogeographic analysis suggests a endemic of the Western Rhodopes Laciniaria distinct prevalence of species of the European macilenta and Bulgarica fraudigera, as well as faunistic complex (28 taxa, 57%), followed by an endemic subspecies Bulgarica varnensis the Siberian (7 taxa, 14%)q the Southwest Asian trimontsiana only in Trihalmie Hill. C. virgatа (5 taxa, 10%), Mediterranean (1 taxon) and Steppe Eurasian (1 taxon) complexes, Bulgarian и E. vermiculata are found most frequently in endemics (5 taxa,10%) and Balkan endemic (2 the coastal habitats of the Coast, very taxa). Among the species of European origin often among the psamophytic vegetation on the three groups are differentiated – Sub- dunes and on the beaches and are seldom Mediterranean (14 taxa), typical of the warmer dispersed far from the sea. Their presence in and more humid flat country and woodland Plovdiv City is in an isolated insular habitat, regions of Europe, the MidEuropean (13 taxa – significantly removed from the typical habitats. 2, 9, 12, 16, 22, 30, 32, 48, 64, 66, 67, 72, 80) The numerous and stable population of the two with wide-spread distribution in Trans-Palearctic species is a clear evidence for their long-term and Holarctic and Atlanto-Mediterranean (1 presence in the city although historically their taxon – 74), in the coastal areas of the Atlantic origin remains obscure for now. Even more and the Mediterranean. The Sub-Mediterranean surprising is the identification of the Western species in their turn could be divided into Holo- Rhodopes Mts. endemics L. macilenta and B. Sub-Mediterranean (2 taxa – 25, 56), East Sub- fraudigera only on one of the hills of the city Mediterranean (10 taxa – 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, (Halm Bunardzhik Hill). Both species are 65, 68, 73, 76) and Euxenian (2 taxa – 60, 62). typically mountainous, calciphilous, closely tied The domination of the East Sub-Mediterranean down to specific limestone habitats. It seems faunistic element results from the geographical that the occurrence on the hill is only local, most location and the Mediterranean Transient climate often in the proximity of a stone fountain built of Plovdiv City, as well as the presence of of with a specific porous and soft variety of specific rocky and woodland-frutescent habitats limestone, known under the name of “bigor” on the hills in the centre of the city. Among the (travertine). Bigor is not a commonly found wide-spread species in the temperate latitudes of stone in our mountains, yet in the Western

26 Atanas A. Irikov Rhodopes Mts., for instance on the Dobrostan curator of the Eco-museum with Aquarium, part Elevation, it is wide-spread. The occurrence of of the Regional Museum of History in the city of the two endemic species in that region to a large Rousse, Krassimir Kirov who during their degree coincides with the availability of the students years participated perseveringly in the stone. We presume that during the construction collection of material from various parts of of the fountain the snails were transported (both Plovdiv City, for without their efforts the present ova and grown-ups in the pores of the stone) paper would hardly be such a valuable unintentionally by using construction materials contribution. of bigor stones from the Western Rhodopes Mts. The numerous populations, even though References locally dispersed demonstrate a successful DAMYANOV S., I. LIKHAREV. 1975. The Fauna of adaptation following a possible anthropochoria. Bulgaria, IV. Gastropoda terrestria. Sofia, The reported subspecies B. v. trimontsiana Bulgarian Academy of Science, 425 p. Irikov, 2006, endemic for the Trihalmie Hill, DEDOV I., L. PENEV. 2000. Species composition and through additional research most likely shall origins of the terrestrial gastropod fauna of acquire a new systematic statute of a species Sofia City, Bulgaria. Ruthenica, 10(2): 121-131. closest to B. varnensis and B. fritillaria. Its FRIVALDSZKY I. 1835. Köslések à' Balkány' presence on silicate rock terrains is a rare vidékén tett természettudományi phenomenon among the calciphilous species in utazásról. A' Magyar Tudós Társaság' the family Clausiliidae. Its insular occurrence in Évkönyvei, Budan, 2(1-7): 235-276. Trihalmie Hill and its absence from the GEORGIEV D. 2014. On the occurrence of remaining hills probably is due to its adaptation Oxychilus camelinus (Bourguignat, 1852) to the syenite rock habitats. in Bulgaria (Gastropoda: Zonitidae). Malacologica Bohemoslovaca, 13: 106-109. Conclusion GEORGIEV D., S. STOYCHEVA. 2013. First records The current paper on the region of Plovdiv City discusses 89 terrestrial snails, 37 out of of Cecilioides tumulorum (Gastropoda: which are reported for the first time in the city as Ferussaciidae) in Bulgaria. ZooNotes, 46: 1-6. a result of an original research. The rich variety HESSE P. 1911. Zur Kentnis der Molluskenfauna von of of correctly identified terrestrial malacofauna Ostrumelien, I. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen has average values of 49 species. In comparison Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 43: 142-155. 41 species have been registered in Sofia City HESSE P. 1912. Beschreibungen neuer Arten. – (DEDOV & PENEV, 2000), and 35 in the city of Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Stara Zagora City (IRIKOV & GEORGIEV, 2002). Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 44: 56-62. Many of the species reported in the literature HESSE P. 1913. Zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna from the alluvial deposits in the Maritsa River von Ostrumelien. II. Nachrichtsblatt der and in the surroundings of Plovdiv City are void Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, in the fauna of the city. The snails are 45(1-16): 69-74. predominantly maesophilc and maesothermal HESSE P. 1914a. Helix frequens Mousson with greater drought-resistance, often found and (Helicidae, Mollusca). Mitteilungen des wide-spread in the SubMediterranean and Kaukasischen Museums. – Izvěstija Middle European subregions of the Palearctic. Kavkazskago Muzeja, 6:253-269. The relatively high percentage proportion of HESSE P. 1914b. Zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna von endemics is the result of the presence of hills unique in the urban environment with available Ostrumelien. III. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen specific habitats. Five species require additional Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 45: 49-58. research of their origin, occurrence, ecological HESSE P. 1916a. Zur Kentnnis der Molluskenfauna characteristics and taxonomy. von Ostrumelien, IV. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Acknowledgments 43: 113-122. I would like to express my gratitude to HESSE P. 1916b. Mollusken von Varna und Associate Professor Dilian Georgiev, DSc, Umgebung. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Associate Professor Ivelin Mollov, PhD, and the Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 48: 145–157.

27 Terrestrial Gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the City of Plovdiv

IRIKOV A. 2006. New taxa of Clausiliidae from PETRBOK J. 1948. A Contribution to the knowledge of Bulgaria (Gastropoda: ). Archiv the Post-Tertiary Molluscs of Bulgaria. Sbornik für Molluskenkunde der Senckenbergischen Národniho Musea, Praha, 4B(3): 1-28. Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt URBAŃSKI J. 1960а. Beiträge zur Molluskenfauna a. M., 135(1): 81-89. Bulgarien (excl. Clausiliidae). (Systematische, IRIKOV A. 2008. Genus Monacha Fitzinger, 1833 in zoogeographische und ökologische Studien Bulgaria (Gastopoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae). über dieMollusken der Balkan-Halbinsel. V). Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 40(1): 785-811. Bulletin de la Société des Amis des Sciences IRIKOV A., D. GEORGIEV. 2002. Species composition, et des Lettres de Poznań, (D)I: 69-110. habitat occurrence, zoogeographic structure URBAŃSKI J. 1960b. Bemerkenswerte Clausiliiden and origin of the malacofauna in the city of (Mollusca, Pulmonata) aus Bulgarien. Stara Zagora. Travaux Scientifiques de (Systematische, zoogeographische und l’Universite de Plovdiv, Biologie, Animalia, ökologische Studien über die Mollusken 38(6): 5-16. (In Bulgarian, English Summary). der Balkan-Halbinsel. VI). Bulletin de la IRIKOV A., G. GERDZHIKOV. 2016. Molluscs Société des Amis des Sciences et des Lettres (Mollusca) (Terrestrial Gastropods and de Poznań, (D)I: 113-147. Freshwater Gastropods et Bivalvia) in URBAŃSKI J. 1969. Bemerkenswerte balkanische Sakar Mountain (Bulgaria). Historia Stylommatophoren (Systematische, Naturalis Bulgarica, 23: 195-206. zoogeographische und ökologische Studien IRIKOV A., I. MOLLOV. 2006. Terrestrial gastropods über dieMollusken der Balkan-Halbinsel. IX). (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Western Bulletin de la Société des Amis des Sciences et Rhodopes (Bulgaria). In: Beron P. (Ed.). des Lettres de Poznań, (D)9: 225-261. Biodiversity of Bulgaria. 3. Biodiversity of WAGNER A. 1927. Studien zur Molluskenfauna Western Rhodopes (Bulgaria and Greece) I. der Balkan-Halbinsel mit besonderer Pensoft and National Museum of Natural Berucksichtigung Bulgariens und Traziens, History, Sofia, pp. 753-832. nebst monographischer Bearbeitung IRIKOV A., I. MOLLOV 2015. Terrestrial gastropods einzelner Gruppen. – Annales zoologici (Mollusca, Gastropoda) of Strandzha Mountain Museum Polish, 6(4): 263-399. and the Black Sea Coast (Bulgaria and Turkey). WOHLBEREDT O. 1911. Zur Molluskenfauna von Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 21: 13-48. Bulgarien. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden JAECKEL S.G., W. KLEMM, W. MEISE. 1957. Die Gesellschaft zu Görlitz, 27: 167-234. Land- und Süsswasser-Mollusken der nördlichen Balkanhalbinsel. Abhandlungen Сухоземни охлюви (Mollusca: Gastropoda) в und Berichten aus dem Staatlichen Museum гр. Пловдив fuer Tierkunde in Dresden, 23(2): 141-205. KOBELT W. 1906. Die Familie der Heliceen, АтанасА . Ириков sechste Abtheilung. - Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, 6: 308. Резюме: За първи път в настоящата статия е KÖRNIG G. 1983. Beitrag zur Ökologie und направен пълен преглед на сухоземната Zoogeographiebulgarischer Landgastropoden. малакофауна на град Пловдив, на базата на всички досега публикувани данни и нови изследвания. За Malakologische Abhandlungen Staatliches региона на гр. Пловдив се разглеждат 89 вида Museum fur Tierkunde in Dresden, 9(5): 31-52. сухоземни охлюви и е установено, че 7 от тях, NORDSIECK H. 1973. Neue Balkanformen der съобщени преди това, не се срещат в града. В Mentissoideinae und Baleinae (mit резултат на изследването са установени 49 вида и taxonomischer Revision der zugehörigen подвида сухоземни охлюви, принадлежащи на 19 Gruppen). Zur Anatomie und Systematik семейства, а 37 вида се съобщават за първи път за der Clausilien. XIII. Archiv für града. Извършен е паралел между таксоните Molluskenkunde, 103: 179-208. намерени в наноси на река Марица в рамките на PETRBOK J. 1941. Posttertiaria nonmarina града и актуалната градска малакофауна. Направен е mollusca bulgarica. Vestnik Kralovskê зоогеографски анализ и се съобщава за интересни České Společnosti Nauk. Praha, Třida случаи на регистрирани два крайморски, два Matemat.-přirodoved. Ro nik:c 1-39. ендемични за Родопите и един за Пловдив видове.

28 Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 29-30

The Freshwater Molluscs (Mollusca: Gastropoda et Bivalvia) of the City of Plovdiv

Dilian G. Georgiev*

University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, 24 Tsar Assen Str., Plovdiv, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. During the period of a more than one hundred years (1911-2016) a total of 16 species of freshwater molluscs were recorded in Plovdiv city: 11 snail species and 5 mussel species. Richest in species are the floods of Maritsa River holding 13 species, 81% from all registered molluscs.

Key words: aquatic molluscs, snails, mussels, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Introduction Results and Discussion The freshwater malacofauna (Mollusca: During the period of a more than one Gastropoda et Bivalvia) of Plovdiv City was hundred years (1911-2016) a total of 16 species studied during one hundred years period, of freshwater molluscs were recorded in starting with the work of HESSE (1911). The Plovdiv City: 11 snail species and 5 mussel author reported many species mainly collected species (Table 1). Richest in species are the from the floods of Maritsa River or among its floods of Maritsa River - 13 species, 81.0% deposits as empty shells. Some of these species from all recorded species. Interestingly, the were later with changed or corrected names river itself has the lowest number of species (ANGELOV, 2000; SCHNIEBS et al., 2011). In found – 37.5%. this short note the species list of all known and valid names of aquatic molluscs in the city of Acknowledgements. This survey was a Plovdiv is presented. part of the project of Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski” “Evaluation of the anthropogenic Material and Methods stress on the wetlands of South Bulgaria”, No. All published literature considering original data FP17-BF-001. on the freshwater molluscs of Plovdiv City was surveyed (HESSE, 1911, 1913; ANGELOV, 2000; References SCHNIEBS et al., 2011; VASILEVA et al., 2009; VASILEVA, 2011, 2012; YANCHEVA et al., 2016). A ANGELOV A. 2000. Mollusca (Gastropoda et synopsis and a critical overview on the species Bivalvia) aquae dulcis, catalogus composition and habitat distribution of this animal Faunae Bulgaicae. Pensoft & Backhuys group in the city of Plovdiv were made. Publ., Sofia, Leiden, 54 pp.

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House The Freshwater Molluscs (Mollusca: Gastropoda et Bivalvia) of the City of Plovdiv Table 1. Species diversity and habitat distribution of the freshwater molluscs in Plovdiv City.

Maritza Maritza Rice Fish Irrigation Rowing Species River floods fields ponds canals canal Gastropoda Viviparus acerosus (Bourguignat, 1862) - - - - + + Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J. E. Gray 1843) + - - - - - Valvata piscinalis (O. F. Müller, 1774) + + - - - - Galba truncatula (O. F. Müller, 1774) + + - - - - Stagnicola montenegrinus Glöer & Pešić, 2009 - + - - + - Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + + + + Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) - + + + + + Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) - + + + + + Planorbarius corneus (Linnaeus, 1758) - + + + + + Planorbis planorbis (Linnaeus, 1758) - + + + + + Anisus vortex (Linnaeus, 1758) - + - - - - Bivalvia Unio pictorum (Linnaeus, 1758) + + - - - + Anodonta cygnaea (Linnaeus, 1758) + + - - - + Sphaerium corneum (Linnaeus, 1758) + Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) + Pisidium amnicum (Müller, 1774) +

HESSE P. 1911. Zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna VASILEVA S., D. GEORGIEV, G. GECHEVA. von Ostrumelien. Nachrung Der 2009. Aquatic Macrophytes as Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Microhabitats of Radix auricularia 43: 142-155. (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): A Case Study HESSE P. 1913. Zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna from Southeast Bulgaria. Ecologia von Ostrumelien. II. Nachrung Der Balkanica, 1: 91-94. Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, YANCHEVA V., I. MOLLOV, I. VELCHEVA, E. 45: 1-75. GEORGIEVA, S. SOYANOVA. 2016. SCHNIEBS K., P. GLÖER, D. GEORGIEV, A. Heavy metal effects on the lysosomal HUNDSDOERFER. 2011. First record of membrane stability and respiratory rate Stagnicola montenegrinus Glöer & in Chinese Pond Mussel (Sinanodonta Pešić, 2009 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: woodiana) under ex situ exposure: Lymnaeidae) in Bulgaria and its preliminary data. Biharean Biologist, taxonomic relationship to other 10(1):55-57. European lymnaeids based on molecular analysis. North-Western Journal of Zoology, 8(1): 164-171. Сладководните мекотели (Mollusca: VASILEVA S. 2011. Shell Size of the Freshwater Gastropoda et Bivalvia) в гр . Пловдив Snail Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) collected from water vegetation: A Case ДилянГ . Георгиев Study from South-East Bulgaria. Ecologia Balkanica, 3(1): 61-64. Резюме: В продължение на повече от сто VASILEVA S. 2012. Shell Size of the Freshwater години (1911-2016) в града са регистрирани общо 16 Snail Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, вида сладководни мекотели: 11 вида охлюви и 5 вида 1758) collected from water vegetation: миди. Най-богати на видове са разливите на р. A Case Study from South-East Bulgaria. Марица с 13 вида, 81% от всички регистрирани в Ecologia Balkanica, 4(1): 111-115. града мекотели.

30 Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 31-36

Urban Т ardigrades from Plovdiv City and Some Ecological Remarks

Maria L. Yankova, Dilian G. Georgiev*

University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, 24 Tsar Assen Str., Plovdiv, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. There is insufficient data on urban tardigrade distribution, diversity and density. The present paper is based on preliminary data of an ongoing research of tardigrade diversity and ecology in Plovdiv region. Specimens from family Macrobiotidae Thulin, 1928, from genus Milnesium Doyère, 1840, from Ramazzotius Binda and Pilato, 1986 and from genus Echiniscus Schultze, 1840 were discovered.

Key words: Tardigrada, urban tardigrades, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Introduction According to MOLY DE PELUFFO et al. The phyllum Tardigrada consists of (2006) urban tardigrades provoke a number of meiofaunal organisms, up to 500 μm long, questions on rapid urbanization and the found on every continent, in marine, freshwater consequences of this process, such as: “a) what and terrestrial habitats such as sand, algae, is the diversity of tardigrades in a city? b) is it aquatic vegetation, moss, lichen, soil, and leaf different from that in the surrounding rural litter. They are known to occur from high areas? c) can an internal gradient or inter-site altitude to abyssal depths. Tardigrades are differences be detected within a city? d) do herbivorous on bacteria, algae, mosses, and different cities host different faunas? e) if so, lichens or carnivorous on protozoans, rotifers, how different are these faunas? f) do nematodes, mites, and other tardigrades populations of the same species living in (JOHANSSON, 2009). different cities show morphometric variations? The non-urban communities of tardigrades and g) are such differences due to phenotypic have been well and broadly studied, while little plasticity or genetic differences?”. is known about urban tardigrades. Several JOHANSSON et al. (2011) compared urban studies have been conducted by SÉMÉRIA and rural tardigrade community richness and (1981; 1982) in , MEININGER et al. whether it is determined by pH. The findings of (1985) and JOHANSSON et al. (2011) in USA, the study confirmed the negative relationship UTSUGI (1986) in Japan, STEINER (1994a; b; c) between urban sites and tardigrade richness. in , PELUFFO et al. (2007) and However, it was not explained by the lower pH MOLY DE PELUFO et al. (2006) in Argentina. usually associated with urban environment. Recent tardigrade studies are mainly focused on Up to date one of the unanswered questions taxonomy and zoogeography, with few in tardigrade studies is the uneven pattern of researches on their ecology. distribution. Despite the fact that they are © Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Urban Т ardigrades from Plovdiv City and Some Ecological Remarks found everywhere in the world, they are not 5. Eastern District, Kamenitza, Plovdiv found in every moss or lichen sampled and City, 42 08 42.32N, 24 45 41.38E, 1 when found, abundances vary widely. cm³ moss from shaft, leg. M. Yankova; Moreover, even within close areas a great 6. “Geo Milev” Str. and “Han ” Str. variation in abundance can be observed (e.g. Corner, 42 08 44.59N, 24 45 38.16E, 2 NELSON & ADKINS, 2001; MEYER, 2006). The cm³ moss from brick wall, leg. M. biotic and abiotic factors that play a role in Yankova; defining the tardigrade habitat are poorly 7. “Geo Milev” Str., 42 08 44.81N, 24 45 known and rarely studied (GUIL et al., 2009). 39.29E, 1 cm³ moss from pavement in Data on tardigrade fauna in Bulgaria, front of auto service, leg. M. Yankova; including Plovdiv Region, is scarce. Two 8. Commodity Station, 0,5 cm³ moss from species were reported by IHAROS (1982) – A. altissima, leg. D. Georgiev; Macrobiotus richtersi J. Murray, 1911 and 9. Institute of Fishery and Aquaculture, 2 Hypsibius microps Thulin, 1928 from Plovdiv 11 18.88N, 24 45 03.03E, 0,6 cm³ moss City, but the exact locality is unknown. from pavement, leg. M. Yankova; The information presented in this paper is 10. Institute of Fishery and Aquaculture, 2 based on preliminary data of an ongoing research 11 18.88N, 24 45 03.03E, lichens from of tardigrade diversity and ecology in Plovdiv Prunus domestica, leg. M. Yankova; region. 11. Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 42 11 18.88N, 24 45 03.03E, 0,5cm³ Material and Methods moss from Morus nigra, leg. M. Literature survey was conducted Yankova; considering tardigrades found in Plovdiv Region. Moss and lichens samples were 12. Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, collected from 41 different localities. At the 42 11 18.88N, 24 45 03.03E, 0,5 cm³ laboratory the samples were soaked in tap water moss from pavement, leg. M. Yankova; for 6 to 24 hours. After this period, water 13. Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, containing tardigrades, their eggs and sample 42 11 18.88N, 24 45 03.03E, 0,5 cm³ particles was decanted and further examined from window wooden frame, leg. M. under stereomicroscope and light microscope. Yankova; Specimens were mounted on microscope slides 14. Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, in glycerol. All species were identified using 42 11 18.88N, 24 45 03.03E, 1 cm³ original descriptions and modern keys mainly moss from concrete wall, leg. M. by RAMAZZOTTI & MAUCCI (1983). GUIDETTI Yankova; & BERTOLANI (2005); MICHALCZYK et al. 15. Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, (2012a; b); KACZMAREK et al. (2011); MOREK 42 11 18.88N, 24 45 03.03E, 5 cm³ et al. (2016). Systematic follows DEGMA et al. moss from base of a trunk of Acacia (2017). sp., leg. M. Yankova; The material was collected from the 16. Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, following localities: 42 11 18.88N, 24 45 03.03E, 5 cm³ 1. Central Post Office, 42 08 44.59N, 24 moss and lichens from sp., leg. 45 38.16E, 1 cm³ moss from pavement, M. Yankova; leg. M. Yankova; 17. Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2. Concrete area in front of apartment 42 11 18.88N, 24 45 03.03E, 0,5 cm³ building, 42 07 33.53N, 24 44 43.85E, moss from sp., leg. M. moss from pavement, leg. D. Georgiev; Yankova; 3. Djumaya Mosque, 42 08 52.26N, 24 44 18. “Maria Luiza” Blvd., 42 08 44 85N, 24 53.63E, 0,5 cm³ moss from wall, leg. M. 45 34 43E, 3 cm³ moss from Yankova; sp., leg. M. Yankova; 4. Eastern District, Kamenitza, 42 08 19. “Maria Luiza” Blvd., 42 08 49.26N, 24 44.35N, 24 45 35.51E, 1 cm³ moss 45 54.98E, 3 cm³ moss from pavement, from edge stone, leg. M. Yankova; leg. M. Yankova;

32 Maria L. Yankova, Dilian G. Georgiev 20. Nature monument (NM) “Mladezhki 35. “Ponedelnik Pazar” Marketplace, 42 08 halm” Hill, 0,5 cm³ moss, leg. D. 43.00N, 24 45 11.47E, 1 cm³ moss Georgiev; from pavement, leg. M. Yankova; 21. NM “Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill, 42 08 36. “Ponedelnik Pazar” Marketplace, DKC 42.05N, 24 44 26.42E, 1 cm³ moss 1, 2 cm³ moss from wall, leg. M. from rock, leg. M. Yankova; Yankova; 22. NM “Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill, 42 08 37. “Trihalmie” Hills, 42 08 47.8N, 24 45 42.09N, 24 44 26.39E, 1 cm³ moss 12.8 182E, moss (Grimmia sp.) from from rock, leg. M. Yankova; brick wall, leg. D. Georgiev; 23. Old Town Plovdiv, 42 08 50.85N, 24 38. “Trihalmie” Hills, 42 08 47.8N, 24 45 45 07.36E, 1 cm³ moss from shaft, leg. 12.8 182E, moss from rock (granite) M. Yankova; crevice, leg. D. Georgiev; 24. Old Town Plovdiv, 42 08 51.41N, 24 39. “Tsar Simeonova gradina” Park, 42 08 45 01.96E, 0,5 cm³ moss from wall, leg. 26.94N, 24 44 51.98E, 1 cm³ moss M. Yankova; from shaft, leg. M. Yankova; 25. Old Town Plovdiv, 42 08 51.09N, 24 40. Unspecified locality, 1cm³ moss, leg. D. 45 01.91E, 0,5 cm³ moss from wall, leg. Georgiev; D. Georgiev; 41. Unspecified locality, moss (Grimmia 26. Old Town Plovdiv, 42 08 52.47N, 24 sp.) 0,5 cm³ from wall, leg. D. 44 59.68E, 0,5 cm³ moss from wall, leg. Georgiev. M. Yankova; 27. Old Town Plovdiv, Biological Faculty Results and Discussion of University of Plovdiv, 42 08 51.42N, Tardigrades were found in 20 (48.8%) of 24 45 02.01E, 0,9 cm³ moss from the 41 localities sampled. Moss and lichen pavement, leg. M. Yankova; samples were taken from urban paved areas, 28. Old Town Plovdiv, Church of Saint walls and trees, exposed to heavy, medium or Nicolas, 42 08 51.46N, 24 45 00.23E, no vehicle traffic. More than 49 specimens 1,5 cm³ moss from pavement, leg. M. from family Macrobiotidae Thulin, 1928, 49 Yankova; from genus Milnesium Doyère, 1840, 31 from 29. Old Town Plovdiv, Church of Saint Ramazzotius Binda and Pilato, 1986 and 2 Paraskeva, 42 08 47.32N, 24 45 11.82E, from genus Echiniscus Schultze, 1840 were 0,5 cm³ moss from granite wall, leg. M. discovered. Due to bad preservation or fixation Yankova; of the specimens 47 eutardigrades were 30. Old Town Plovdiv, Church of Saint unidentified. Free laid eggs and exuvia with or Paraskeva, 42 08 47.32N, 24 45 11.82E, without eggs were found in 19.5% of the 0,2 cm³ moss from pavement, leg. M. samples. Yankova; All mentioned taxa has been reported from 31. Old Town Plovdiv, Church of Saint previous studies of urban tardigrades. MOLY Paraskeva, 42 08 47.32N, 24 45 11.82E, DE PELUFFO et al. (2006) state that similarities 1 cm³ moss from brick wall, leg. M. among tardigrade taxocenoses in cities suggest Yankova; that these animals are also undergoing a process 32. Old Town Plovdiv, Church of the Holy of biotic homogenization linked to Mother of God, 42 08 51.71N, 24 45 urbanization, in a different measure according 01.73E, 2 cm³ moss between pavement, to the level of organization and spatial scale leg. M. Yankova; considered, and it appears that homogenization 33. Old Town Plovdiv, Church of the Holy reaches a taxonomic level at a regional scale. Mother of God, 42 08 52.70N, 24 45 Registered Tardigrades in the city of 00.05E, 1,25 cm³ moss from pavement, Plovdiv: leg. M. Yankova; Phyllum: Tardigrada Doyère, 1840 34. Old Town Plovdiv, City Art Gallery, 42 Class: Heterotardigrada Marcus, 1927 08 53.24N, 24 45 09.65E, 0,6 cm³ moss Order: Echiniscoidea Richters, 1926 from pavement, leg. M. Yankova; Family: Echiniscidae Thulin, 1928

33 Urban Т ardigrades from Plovdiv City and Some Ecological Remarks Genus: Echiniscus Schultze, 1840 Milnesium cf. tardigradum tardigradum Echiniscus testudo (Doyère, 1840) - Locality Doyère, 1840 [2-3]-[3-2] ♀ - Locality 38. 29 and 30. Milnesium sp. [3-3]-[3-3] – Locality 2. Class: Eutardigrada Marcus, 1927 In the present study individuals from Order: Parachela Schuster, Nelson, Macrobiotidae were predominantly found in Grigarick and Christenberry, 1980 moss collected from pavement, whereas Family: Macrobiotidae Thulin, 1928 – Milnesium sp. were mostly discovered in moss Locality 7, 33, 39 from walls and Ramazzottius cf. oberhauseri Genus: Macrobiotus Schultze, 1834 dominated in moss and lichen samples from Macrobiotus hufelandi group – Locality 27. trees (Fig. 1). This might be due to different Genus: Paramacrobiotus Guidetti, Schill, factors or their combination (e.g., pH, Bertolani, Dandekar & Wolf, 2009 moisture, substrate, exposure to sun). MOLY Paramacrobiotus richtersi (Murray, 1911) – DE PELUFFO et al. (2006) found Macrobiotus Macrobiotus richtersi J. Murray, 1911: Plovdiv areolatus Murray, 1907 in paved areas with City (IHAROS, 1982). medium to heavy traffic. They also established Family: Hypsibiinae Pilato, 1969 that Ramazzottius oberhauseri was absent from Family: Hypsibiinae Pilato, 1969 samples collected from area with heavy traffic, Genus: Hypsibius Ehrenberg, 1848 unlike Milnesium cf. tardigradum which was Hypsibius microps Thulin, 1928 – Plovdiv the only species found in heavy traffic areas. In City (IHAROS, 1982). another research by PELUFFO et al. (2007), R. Family: Microhypsibiidae Pilato, 1998 oberhaeuseri and M. cf. tardigradum were the Genus: Ramazzottius Binda and Pilato, most frequent species. They recorded that R. 1986 oberhaeuseri dominates in peri-urban areas with Ramazzottius cf. oberhaeuseri (Doyère, high suspension dust and exposure to sun and 1840) – Locality 11, 17, 18, 21, 31 and 38. M. cf. tardigradum dominates on paved streets Order: Apochela Schuster, Nelson, with intense vehicle traffic. These findings Grigarick and Christenberry, 1980 correlate with the results from the current Family: Milnesiidae Ramazzotti, 1962 study. Genus: Milnesium Doyère, 1840 – Locality Milnesium sp. and Ramazzottius cf. 14, 16, 17, 21, 28, 29, 30. oberhauseri were registered in NM “Hulm Milnesium cf. beasleyi Kaczmarek, Bunardzhik” Hill, and several unidentified Jakubowska & Michalczyk, 2012 – Locality 31. eutardigrades in NM “Mladezhki halm” Hill.

Fig. 1. Number of individuals per 1 cm3 moss and lichens from different habitats in the city of Plovdiv.

34 Maria L. Yankova, Dilian G. Georgiev In 10% of the samples Milnesium sp. were JOHANSSON C. 2009. Santa Monica Mountains found together with Ramazzottius cf. National Recreation Area Invertebrate oberhauseri. Such association might be a result Inventory, Fresno City College, 20 p. of selective or similar preferences JOHANSSON C., S. CALLOWAY, W. MILLER, E. towards specific environmental conditions of LINDER. 2011. Are urban and rural the microhabitat (e.g. WRIGHT, 1991). tardigrade (Tardigrada) communities distinct and determined by pH: a case study Conclusions from Fresno County, California. The Pan- Both micro and macro habitat features Pacific Entomologist, 87(2), 86-97. should be considered as factors potentially KACZMAREK Ł., B. GOŁDYN, Z. PROKOP, Ł. influencing the distribution and abundance of MICHALCZYK. 2011. New records of tardigrades (e.g. MOLY DE PELUFFO et al., Tardigrada from Bulgaria with the 2006; GUIL et al., 2009; JOHANSSON et al., description of Macrobiotus binieki sp. 2011). nov. (Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae) and PELUFFO et al. (2007) support the a key to the species of the harmsworthi hypothesis of the relationship between air group. Zootaxa, 2781: 29-39. quality and tardigrade diversity in urban MEININGER C., G. VETZ, J. SNIDER. 1985. environment. Variation in epiphytic micro-communities There is insufficient data on urban (tardigrade-lichen-bryophyte assemblages) tardigrade distribution, diversity and density. of the Cincinnati, Ohio area. Urban Further research and systematic sampling is Ecology, 9: 45-61. needed in order to establish these parameters MEYER A. 2006. Small-scale spatial distribution and the mechanisms that produce them. variability in terrestrial tardigrade Another interesting and neglected aspect of populations, Hydrobiologia, 558:133-139. tardigrade research is their possible role as MICHALCZYK Ł., W. WEŁNICZ, M. FROHME, bioindicators (e.g. VARGHA et al., 2002). Ł. KACZMAREK. 2012a. Redescriptions of three Milnesium Doyère, 1840 taxa Acknowledgements. The authors would (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae), like to express their gratitude to the including the nominal species for the tardigradologists at Adam Mickiewicz genus. Zootaxa, 3154: 1-20. University, Department of Animal Taxonomy MICHALCZYK Ł., W. WEŁNICZ, M. FROHME, and Ecology, Poznań and Jagiellonian Ł. KACZMAREK. 2012b. Corrigenda of University, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Zootaxa, 3154, 1-20: Redescriptions of Research, Kraków, Poland for their constant three Milnesium Doyère, 1840 taxa help and support. (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae), including the nominal species for the References genus. Zootaxa, 3393: 66-68. DEGMA P., R. BERTOLANI, R. GUIDETTI. 2017. MOLY DE PELUFFO M., J. PELUFFO, A. Actual checklist of Tardigrada species. 45 p., ROCHA, I. DOMA. 2006. Tardigrade Available at: [tardigrada.modena.unimo.it]. distribution in a medium–sized city of GUIDETTI R., R. BERTOLANI. 2005. Tardigrade central Argentina. Hydrobiologia, taxonomy: an updated checklist of the 558(1): 141-150. taxa and a list of characters for their MOREK, W., P. GĄSIOREK, D. STEC, B. identification. Zootaxa, 845:1-46. BLAGDEN, Ł. MICHALCZYK. 2016. GUIL N., J. HORTAL, S. SÁNCHEZ-MORENO, Experimental taxonomy exposes A. MACHORDOM. 2009. Effects of ontogenetic variability and elucidates the macro and micro-environmental factors taxonomic value of claw configuration on the species richness of terrestrial in Milnesium Doyère, 1840 (Tardigrada: tardigrade assemblages in an Iberian Eutardigrada: Apochela). Contributions mountain environment. Landscape to Zoology, 85(2), 173–200. Ecology, 24:375-390. NELSON D., R. ADKINS. 2001. Distribution of IHAROS G. 1982. Tardigradologische Notizen. I. tardigrades within a moss cushion: Do Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica, 1: 85-90. tardigrades migrate in response to

35 Urban Т ardigrades from Plovdiv City and Some Ecological Remarks changing moisture conditions? Градски тардигради от гр . Пловдив с някои Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of екологични бележки Comparative Zoology, 240(3-4): 493-500. PELUFFO J., A. ROCHA, M. MOLY DE МарияЛ . Янкова , ДилянГГеоргиев . PELUFFO. 2007. Species diversity and morphometrics of tardigrades in a Резюме: Понастоящем няма достатъчно данни medium - sized city in the Neotropical за разпространението, разнообразието и плътността Region : Santa Rosa (La Pampa, на тардиградите в градовете. Настоящата статия се Argentina). Animal Biodiversity and основава на предварителни данни от текущо Conservation, 1: 43-51. изследване на разнообразието и екологията на RAMAZZOTTI G., W. MAUCCI. 1983. Il Phylum тардиградите в гр. Пловдив. Открити са екземпляри Tardigrada. III edizione riveduta e от семейство Macrobiotidae Thulin, 1928, от род aggiornata. Memorie dell'Istituto Milnesium Doyère, 1840, от Ramazzotius Binda & Italiano di Idrobiologia, 41:1-1012. Pilato, 1986 и от род Echiniscus Schultze, 1840. SÉMÉRIA Y. 1981. Recherches sur la faune Посочено е хабитатното разпределение и са дадени urbaine et sub-urbaine des tardigrades някои екологични бележки за установените таксони. muscicoles et lichenicoles. 1. Nice-Ville. Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 50: 231-237. SÉMÉRIA Y. 1982. Recherches sur la faune urbaine et sub-urbaine des tardigrades muscicoles et lichenicoles. 2. L’espace sub-urbain: les hauteurs orientales de Nice-Ville. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 51: 315-328. STEINER W. 1994a. The influence of air pollution on moss–dwelling animals: 1. Methodology and composition of flora and fauna. Revue de Zoologie, 101: 533-556. STEINER W. 1994b. The influence of air pollution on moss-dwelling animals: 2. Aquatic fauna with emphasis on Nematoda and Tardigrada. Revue de Zoologie, 101: 699-724. STEINER W. 1994c. The influence of air pollution on moss-dwelling animals: 4. Seasonal and long-term fluctuations of rotifer, nematode and tardigrade populations. Revue de Zoologie, 101: 1017-1031. UTSUGI K. 1986. Urban tardigrades in Kyushu. Zoological Science, 3: 1110. VARGHA B., E. OTVOS, Z. TUBA. 2002. Investigations on ecological effects of heavy metal pollution in by moss-dwelling water bears (Tardigrada), as bioindicators. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 9(2):141-146. WRIGHT J. 1991. The significance of four xeric parameters in the ecology of terrestrial Tardigrada. Zoological Society of London, 224: 59-77.

36 Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 37-46

Species Composition, Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of Ixodidae Ticks Invaded Pasture Animals in the Region of Plovdiv City

Atanas Arnaudov1*, Dimo Arnaudov2

1 - University of Plovdiv „Paisii Hilendarski“, Faculty of Biology, Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 24 Tzar Assen Str., BG-4000 Plovdiv, BULGARIA 2 - Regional Research Veterinary Institute, BG-4006 Plovdiv, BULGARIA * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. Based on literary data and our own research, it was found out that there are 11 species of ixodid ticks that parasitise in pasture animals in the region of Plovdiv City. Their distribution, biological features and ecological and epidemiological significance are described in the current synopsis.

Key words: biotopes, Ixodid ticks, Plovdiv Region, tick sampling.

Introduction bixenic and trixenic) ticks consecutively parasitise Ixodid ticks are temporary obligate blood- on two or three different host species (VASILEV & sucking ectoparasites in vertebrates. Most of them VISHNYAKOV, 1977). parasitise on mammals, including on marsupials Ixodid ticks have great epidemiological and monotremes. Less frequently, the hosts could importance. They can transmit the causative be reptiles and birds, and there are few cases found agents of infectious or protozoal diseases on amphibians (Bufo marinus Gran.) and even on transovarially and through three-phase invertebrates - coleoptera (Platymeris horrida) and transmission, and also keep the pathogens molluscs (Limicolaria adansoni Pfr.) throughout their biological existence, which (POMERANTZEV, 1950). Ixodid ticks are makes them an important reservoir. commonly found worldwide and the largest species The populations of these contain diversity is characteristic for the subtropical and the genes that determine their effectiveness as tropical areas (BALASHOV, 1967). vectors of infectious diseases in their The duration of the development cycle of the heterozygous recessive alleles. Among species and different tick species varies depending on their populations, there are significant variations in the biological characteristics and the environmental vector's ability to carry pathogenic conditions they live in, ranging from 1 to 3-4 years. microorganisms. Their effectiveness as vectors of Based on their development and feeding transmissible infections is also influenced by age, patterns, the ixodid ticks can have one, two or nutrition and physiological state (MONOV, 2010). three hosts. One-host (or monoxenic) ticks spend In this publication, we present data from our all stages of their biological development on the own research, as well as from other authors on skin of the same host. Two- and three-host (or the distribution of ticks in the region of Plovdiv

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Species Composition, Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of Ixodidae Ticks Invaded...

City, their biological characteristics and their (2004), MANGOLD et al. (1994), OMERAGIC ecological and epidemiological significance. (2011), PAPADOPOULOS et al. (1996), PAVLOVIĆ et al. (2013; 2014; 2016), RUBEL et al. (2016) and Material and Methods others. The ixodid tick hosts, which were investigated In Bulgaria, there are representatives of all six in our research, lived in farms that had different ixodid tick genera that are characteristic for the number of animals and were located in the continental temperate climate zone – municipalities of , , Sadovo, Rhipicephalus (Koch, 1844), Ixodes (Latreille, Saedinenie, and Rodopi. Samples 1795), Dermacentor (Koch, 1844), Hyalomma were collected from sheep, goats, cattle and dogs (C. Z. Koch, 1844), Boophilus (Curtice, 1891), and and the investigations were conducted during the Haemaphysalis (Koch, 1844) (MINCHEVA et al., period 1999-2016, with some interruptions. 1965). According to DRENSKI (1955), The animals were examined monthly, during approximately 32 species can be found in the grazing period from their leave to the pasture Bulgaria. They are described in detail by BERON to their return to the barn (March - October). The (1973-1974). Most of the studies on the tick fauna examination of the animals for invasion was in Bulgaria, however, took place more than 4 performed in the following order: head (between decades ago. the horns and ears), neck, back, under the tail, groin, udder. After the collection, the tick samples MINCHEVA et al. (1965) collected and were stored in a 70% ethyl alcohol solution. identified more than 350,000 ticks from all over Determining the species of the collected ticks the country, describing their biotopes in every was carried out in the Laboratory of Parasitology region of the country, their epizootic significance at the Regional Research Institute of Veterinary and the seasonal variations of the parasites, as well Medicine, Plovdiv and in the laboratory at the as cases of piroplasmosis caused by them in Department of Anatomy and Physiology at the regions with diverse climate. According to the University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”. The authors, in the Plovdiv region can be found 10 collected ixodid tick specimens were observed ixodid tick species within the six genera using a CARL ZEISS JENA binocular magnifier. mentioned above. The species determination was performed The studies on the species composition and the distribution of the ticks in the Plovdiv Region according to the descriptions of POMERANTSEV were triggered by the outbreak of the first (1950) and ESTRADA-PENA et al. (2004). epidemic of tick-borne encephalitis in Bulgaria in the village of Iskra in the region of Parvomay Results and Discussion Town in 1953. Studies on the distribution, species Similar studies were reported by SARBOVA composition and seasonal dynamics of ticks (1956) and PAVLOV et al. (1962) for the region of the village of Iskra in the municipality of conducted in Bulgaria and in other countries The dynamics of the global climate change Parvomay; GEORGIEV et al. (1971) and PAVLOV create a risk of drastic changes in the species et al. (1972) within a mass study of a viral composition of the ticks in a given geographic encephalitis epidemic on sheep and goats in the area (ESTRADA-PEÑA & VENZAL, 2007). This village of Dobrostan, Asenovgrad Municipality; necessitates further studies on the species ARNAUDOV et al. (2014) for the region of composition and the distribution of ixodid ticks. Parvomay; ARNAUDOV & ARNAUDOV (2017) for The high epidemiological significance of ticks the regions of Saedinenie, Stamboliiski, Sadovo from the Ixodidae family determines the number and the village of Gradina and Parvomay Town of existing studies on their spread, species and ARNAUDOV (2005) for the villages of Izbegli composition, seasonal dynamics and and Parvenets. epidemiological features in different geographic As a result of these studies, the following 11 regions – DANTAS-TORRES et al. (2011), tick species were found: Rhipicephalus bursa DUMITRACHE et al. (2012), ESTRADA-PENA & (Canestrini et Fanzago, 1877), Rhipicephalus SANTOS-SILVA (2005), ESTRADA-PENA & sanguineus (Latreille, 1806), Rhipicephalus VENZAL (2007), GILLOT (1985), HOOGSTRAAL turanicus (Pomerancev, 1940), Ixodes ricinus & VALDEZ (1980), JONGEJAN & UILENBERG (Linneaus, 1758), Dermacentor marginatus

38 Atanas Arnaudov, Dimo Arnaudov (Sulzer, 1776) Hyalomma plumbeum (Panzer, density of invasion is the highest (ARNAUDOV & 1795), Hyalomma scupense (Schulze, 1918), ARNAUDOV, 2017). Boophilus calcaratus (Birula, 1895), Rh. bursa has been established throughout the Haemophysalis sulcata (Canestrini & Fanzago, whole period during which the animals are on the 1878), Haemophysalis punctata (Canestrini & pasture, with the maximum of infestation being in Fanzago,1878) and Haemophysalis intermis June (ARNAUDOV & ARNAUDOV, 2017). Because (Birula, 1895). it is a thermophilic tick species, a connection can be found between the wide spread of this species and the climate conditions in the region of Distribution and biological characteristics of Plovdiv - wet and hot (HOOGSTRAAL & VALDES, ticks found in the Plovdiv Region 1980). For this reason it is also widespread in the Mediterranean region (PAPADOPULUS et al., 1996; The Genus Rhipicephalus ESTRADA-PENA & SANTOS-SILVA, 2005). In the region of Plovdiv City three species Rh. turanicus is also commonly found in the from this genus were identified - Rh. bursa, Rh. region of Plovdiv. It is usually observed together turanicus and Rh. sanguineus. with Rh. bursa, but it can be found earlier – in Rh. bursa (Fig. 1) is the most widespread March, and the majority of he infestation is in species in the area. On the territory of Plovdiv May (MINCHEVA et al., 1965). A typical species Region it was discovered in the village of Iskra by for dry subtropical areas (VASILEV & SARBOVA (1956) and by PAVLOV et al., (1962); in VISHNYAKOV, 1977), it prefers flat terrains and the municipalities of Parvomai, Saedinenie, pastures located not more than 500 m above sea Stamboliyski and Sadovo by ARNAUDOV et al. level. It is a three-host tick where the larvae and (2014), ARNAUDOV & ARNAUDOV (2017) and in pupae parasitise mainly on domestic and wild the villages of Izbegli and Parvenets by rodents and insectivores, and the imago forms ARNAUDOV (2005). According to MINCHEVA et invade even-toed ungulates and also domestic and al. (1965), it can be found across the entire wild carnivores. The larvae and pupae parasitise territory of the area except for the high-mountain their hosts between May and September and the areas. We think that explains why this tick was not imagos - between February and late September. detected in the village of Dobrostan in the Typically, only the mature individuals hibernate research conducted by GEORGIEV et al. (1971) (VASILEV & VISHNYAKOV, 1977). and PAVLOV et al. (1972), although it was Rh. turanicus is a carrier of diseases mainly in previously found at the foot of Mount Botev in domestic animals - piroplasmosis and the area of the resort near Town anaplasmosis on ruminants, pigs and horses (MINCHEVA et al., 1965). Its biotopes include (MINCHEVA et al., 1965, VASILEV & pastures with lush vegetation, covered in bushes VISHNYAKOV, 1977). and weeds, natural meadows, pastures in short- Rh. sanguineus (fig. 2) was found on sheep stem forests and others, mostly located up to 500 and goats in the municipality of Parvomay m above sea level. In the plain areas, it is prevalent (ARNAUDOV et al., 2014), around the towns of in regions which have well-developed agriculture Saedinenie and Sadovo and the village of Tsarimir (MINCHEVA et al., 1965). and in sheep near the town of Stamboliyski Rh. bursa is a two-host type of tick. The larvae (ARNAUDOV & ARNAUDOV, 2017). We have also and the pupae predominantly parasitise on large observed a tick invasion on dogs in the towns of and small ruminants and the imago - on all Saedinenie and Sadovo (unpublished data). Nearly domestic animals, as well as on humans (VASILEV 42% of the dogs were infected, which is the & VISHNYAKOV, 1977; HOOGSTRAAL, 1979). As highest level of invasion. According to a two-host parasite, Rh. bursa plays an important MINCHEVA et al. (1965), Rh. sanguineus is spread role in the epidemiology of the Crimean Congo among dogs in a number of towns and villages in hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in the countries on the area. Globally, it is the most common tick the Balkan Peninsula (PAPA et al., 2014; 2017; species (DANTAS-TORESS, 2010). SHERIFI et al., 2014). The maximum levels of infestation with this This tick is the predominant species acarid are reached in May and June. This can be parasitizing on sheep and goats, in which the related to its biological features – intense feeding

39 Species Composition, Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of Ixodidae Ticks Invaded... and molting of the larvae and pupae in the imago forms parasitise on a variety of domestic summer (DANTAS-TORESS et al., 2011). and wild animals – cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, Rh. sanguineus is a three-host parasite, and its goats, dogs, deer, foxes, rabbits, badgers and main hosts are domestic and wild carnivores, it hedgehogs. It often invades (VASILEV & even parasitises on humans, although it is VISHNYAKOV, 1977). High humidity conditions relatively less anthropophilic (VASILEV & benefit the distribution of I. ricinus (ESTRADA- VISHNYAKOV, 1977, DANTAS-TORRES, 2008). PENA & SANTOS-SILVA, 2005), which explains That is why its epidemiological significance should the fact that two waves of infestation have been not be underestimated. observed - one in spring and one in autumn, during the wet months (March-April and The Genus Ixodes September) and its absence through the dry Within this genus, there are three species that months. Ix. ricinus is a widespread species in are found in Bulgaria - I. ricinus, I. redikorz and different parts of Europe (DANIEL et al., 2003; I. trianguliceps. In the area of Plovdiv City, only LINDGREN et al., 2000; GRAY, 1991). the first species has been found. In some areas of the former and in I. ricinus (Fig. 3) was established in the village northern Greece, it is the predominant on small and large domestic ruminants of Iskra by SARBOVA (1956) and by PAVLOV et (OMERAGIC, 2011; PAVLIDOU et al., 2008; al. (1962) where it is the predominant parasitic PAVLOVIC et al., 2013; 2014; 2016). In Bulgaria, it species in cattle and goats. GEORGIEV et al. is the predominant species in the region of Veliko (1971) and PAVLOV et al. (1972) found it in the Tarnovo (GEORGIEVA, 1991). village of Dobrostan and ARNAUDOV et al. (2014) and ARNAUDOV & ARNAUDOV (2017) The Genus Dermacentor observed it in the municipalities of Parvomay, D. marginatus is the only representative of Saedinenie, Stamboliyski and Sadovo. According this genus in Bulgaria. It is known to be spread in to MINCHEVA et al. (1965), in the region of mountain-steppe and valley-steppe terrains but Plovdiv, the tick inhabits the long-stem beech can also be found in forest areas. Its biotopes are forests on of the northern slopes of the Rhodopes mainly mountain pastures covered in vegetation, Mountains, Sredna Gora Mountains and parts of but can also be found on open pastures, dry the Stara Planina Mountains. Its biotopes include valleys and on small, bushy hills. In the region of pastures in broadleaf forests, as well as bare Plovdiv, it has been found mostly in mountain terrains with bushes. Although it is a moisture- terrains – the valleys of Chepelarska River (Chaya) loving species, it avoids very wet and shady places and Vacha River (MINCHEVA et al., 1965), in the (MINCHEVA et al., 1965). In this respect, the village of Dobrostan, where it is one of the two Plovdiv Region is not particularly different to the species carrying viral Encephalomyelitis on sheep other regions in the country as the tick is and goats, as well as in the mountain parts of the distributed almost evenly in Bulgaria (DRENSKI, municipality of Parvomay (SАRBOVA, 1956, 1955). PAVLOV et al., 1962, ARNAUDOV et al., 2014). In Unlike its wide territorial distribution, the a more recent study, we found this tick species in invasion intensity of the species is relatively low. the region of Saedinenie and Stamboliyski, where However, according to LINDGREN et al. (2000), it its biotopes are the damp grassy terrains near the will grow under the influence of environmental, Maritsa River (ARNAUDOV & ARNAUDOV, 2017). climate and anthropogenic factors. This This tick is a three-host parasite. The larvae determines its high epidemiological significance as and the pupae invade smaller animals - rodents, its populations in many European countries are insectivores and others. The imago parasitises on highly infected with Borelia burgdorferi and other large and small ruminants (domestic and wild), dangerous pathogens (DUMITRACHE et al., 2012). odd-toed ungulates, dogs, rabbits, hedgehogs and ANGELOV et al. (1995) proved its leading role in others. It reproduces just once per year. the epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis in Bulgaria. Throughout the year, D. marginatus is one of I. ricinus is a three-host parasite. Its larvae the earliest ticks to be found - it starts invading and pupae parasitise mainly on rodents, but sheep and goats as soon as they start grazing during the summer months they mainly invade (mainly in March and in mild winters, in reptiles, wild ducks and small mammals. The February). Thus, two waves of infestation are

40 Atanas Arnaudov, Dimo Arnaudov likely to be observed - a spring (March-April) and piroplasmosis in horses in Southeastern Europe, a autumn (September-October) one, the former the Middle East and the South of (SCOLES having higher levels of invasion. During the hot & UETI, 2015). months of the year, this tick species has not been Within the same genus, H. scupense (syn. H. detected (MINCHEVA et al., 1965; ARNAUDOV et detrium) is also found in the region. It has been al., 2014; ARNAUDOV & ARNAUDOV, 2017). located in the villages located in the Sredna Gora Besides in Bulgaria, this tick species is found Mts., near the Stryama River Gorge (MINCHEVA in many Mediterranean countries. There it et al., 1965). Its biotopes are hilly pastures in inhabits biotopes located in forests (especially the short-stem forests. In Bulgaria, this tick is Quercus sp.) at an altitude of 800-1000 m widespread in the region of Bourgas, where it (ESTRADA-PENA & SANTOS-SILVA, 2005). mainly invades cattle during the autumn-winter period and in early spring (MINCHEVA et al., The Genus Hyalomma 1965). Worldwide, H. scupense is one of the most H. plumbeum (Fig. 4) is widely spread in the widespread tick species out of the 30 valid region of Plovdiv. It is found in all parts of the Hyalomma species. It is present in the Palaearctic area, except for in the higher mountain areas. As zoogeographic region, in the humid to arid well as in this region of Bulgaria, it is commonly regions of 42 countries on three continents found throughout the whole country. It prefers (GHARBI & DARGHOUTH, 2014). low mountain areas, where it is the the most It is a single-host parasite. It parasitises mainly common tick species (SARBOVA & GEORGIEVA, on large ruminants and more rarely on sheep and 1973). It is also found in plains. It is the horses. It has been observed in spring months, predominant species in the region of Bourgas February, March and April, as well as in May when (GEORGIEVA, 1991). only single specimens have been found. Its Its biotopes are natural meadows, dry epidemiological significance is limited; it takes part pastures, field boundaries, old alfalfa fields, and in the spread of piroplasmosis in domestic animals. others (MINCHEVA et al., 1965). It sometimes It can be a reservoir of the cause of brucellosis and gets transported into the barns together with the plague (VASILEV & VISHNYAKOV, 1977). forage and this allows it to invade its hosts there. This tick species is a two-host parasite. The The Genus Boophilus larvae and the pupae mainly invade domestic and Within this genus, only one species, B. wild birds, as well as the European hare (Lepus calcaratus, is found across Europe, including in europeus), which is their main host. The imago Bulgaria. In the region of Plovdiv, it is widely form prarasitizes on large and small ruminants, distributed in places with altitudes of up to 750 m. odd-toed ungulates and pigs. It often attacks Its biotopes are situated on South-facing slopes humans as well (VASILEV & VISHNYAKOV, 1977). and hills with a high concentration of ravines, It is a predominant parasitic species for cattle streams and gullies and along river valleys (in the (ARNAUDOV & ARNAUDOV, 2017). areas of Saedinenie, Sadovo, Manole, Gradina). In H. plumbeum has a one-year life cycle. Its most of these biotopes there is a lush spring activity depends on the temperature and the vegetation, which lasts during the summer in the humidity, as well as on other environmental presence of precipitation. In the plains, where characteristics of their biotope. The larvae invade intensive agriculture is developed, the tick is not the European hare and some other hosts in June spread. and the pupae parasitise from July until the end of According to MINCHEVA et al. (1965) this October (and sometimes early November). The species is commonly found countrywide, except adult forms attack their hosts almost all year for in the regions of Sofia, , , round (from February to December), with the , , Montana and most of the intensity of invasion being the highest between and regions. Globally, it spreads in March and August. countries with tropical and subtropical climates Its important epidemiological significance is (TAYLOR et al., 2013). The northern boundaries determined by the fact that it is the main carrier of of its range reach a latitude of 490 North the tick-borne encephalitis (SARBOVA, 1964) and (VASILEV & VISHNYAKOV, 1977). is one of the main carriers of CCHF (SHERIFI et B. calcaratus is a single-host parasite. All of its al., 2014). In animals, the tick is a carrier of forms parasite mainly on cattle and sheep, and

41 Species Composition, Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of Ixodidae Ticks Invaded... more rarely on pigs, horses and goats. In our and summer (April and July). The imago study, we only found it in cattle (ARNAUDOV & parasitises on even-toed ungulates, mainly on ARNAUDOV, 2017). Its invasion pattern is related sheep and goats. It attacks the hosts in winter in to the periods when the animals graze - the larvae two waves of invasion – In December and March. are found mostly in April, and the imago forms - Ha. punctata has a more limited distribution in May. This tick can be found on specific areas of in the region of Plovdiv. It is found in Sredna the animals’ skin - the head, neck and around the Gora Mts., as well as in the hilly part of the tail and more rarely on the ears and legs of the Parvomay Municipality (the villages of host. Its epidemiological significance is related to Pravoslaven, Dragoynovo and Bukovo) and in its ability of transmitting infectious agents the village of Dobrostan within the Asenovgrad transovarially and the possibility of the pathogen Municipality (MINCHEVA et al., 1965, to be stored in it for three generations. This tick is ARNAUDOV et al., 2014; PAVLOV et al., 1972). It a carrier of piroplasmosis in cattle, but it is not is known as well adaptive species. Its biotopes are dangerous for humans. both low, medium-high and high-mountain pastures. It prefers areas with abundant The Genus Haemaphysalis vegetation. In humid areas it is drawn to places The different species within this genus are with moderate humidity and dry biotopes – to widespread in all parts of the earth. The most wetter areas. species have been observed in Southeast Asia Ha. punctata is a three-host parasite. The (VASILEV & VISHNYAKOV, 1977). In the region larvae parasitise mainly on birds, and the pupae – of Plovdiv, the following species are found: Ha. on rodents and insectivores. The adults invade sulcata, Ha. punctata and Ha. intermis. Besides large and small wild and domestic ruminants, odd- them, H. otophila is also present in Bulgaria toed ungulates, pigs and other animals. The (MINCHEVA et al., 1965). Their epidemiological parasitism of this tick is outlined in two waves – significance is limited to spreading piroplasmosis spring and autumn. and some other bacterial and viral diseases in large Ha. intermis is found in the region of the and small ruminants. Together with D. Rhodope mountains – in the village of Dobrostan marginatus, Ha. punctata is one of the two (PAVLOV et al., 1972) and in Sredna Gora Mts., carriers of viral encephalitis in sheep and goats in mainly in the valleys of the rivers flowing down a natural outbreak in the village of Dobrostan in these mountains (Vacha River and others). Its the municipality of Asenovgrad (GEORGIEV et prevalence is mainly focal. The habitats of the tick al., 1971). are broadleaf forests at altitudes of up to 500 m. Ha. sulcata is the most widely spread in the Apart from the region of Plovdiv, in Bulgaria, it is region. It is known as the desert-steppe type. Its also found in the Region, and single biotopes are located on hilly areas that have individuals have been discovered in the northern pastures covered in bushes. It is found in the and middle slopes of the Stara Planina Mts. foothills of the Rhodopes Mts., Stara Planina and (MINCHEVA et al., 1965). Sredna Gora Mountains. In our study, it was This tick is a two-host parasite. The immature located in the hilly areas within the Parvomay forms parasitise on small mammals, rodents and Municipality, in the villages of Pravoslaven, insectivores. The imago parasitises mainly on Dragoynovo and Bukovo (ARNAUDOV et al., sheep, goats and deer, and it can also invade 2014). Across Bulgaria, the species is also spread humans. It is also found in other countries on the in Southeast Bulgaria and at isolated places in the Balkan Peninsula, in the Mediterranean, in France, region of . It is not found in Northern Poland and others. It parasitises during the winter months, which is why it is called "winter tick" Bulgaria (MINCHEVA et al., 1965). (SALMAN, 2012). Ha. sulcata is a two-host parasite. The larvae are found in sheep (on the ears) in winter and Acknowledgements. The authors thank spring. The pupae parasitise the same spots, but Svetla Gospodinova, Nelly Mukareva, Liliya during a different period - from April to Gavrailova and Victoriya Andreeva (University December. In November–December they also of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”) for their invade horses, cattle and young turkeys. The assistance in the collection and handling of larvae and pupae also parasitise reptiles in spring samples.

42 Atanas Arnaudov, Dimo Arnaudov

Fig.1. Rh. bursa female, dorsal side. X 0.6 Fig.2. Rh. sanguineus female, dorsal side. X 0.6 (original). (original).

Fig. 3. I. ricinus female, dorsal side. X 0.6 Fig. 4. H. plumbeum female dorsal side. X 0.6 (original). (original).

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43 Species Composition, Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of Ixodidae Ticks Invaded...

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44 Atanas Arnaudov, Dimo Arnaudov MINCHEVA N., B. GEORGIEV, I. DJANKOV, Y. PAVLOVIĆ I., S. JOVČEVSKI, V. KUKOVSKA, A. DENEV, S. SHERKOV. 1965. DIMITRIĆ. 2014. Tick fauna of sheep Hemosporidioses of farm animals in and cattle at Kumanovo area Bulgaria and their carrier ticks. (Macedonia). Lucrari Stiintifice- Zemizdat, Sofia, 145 p. (In Bulgarian). Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole a MONOV V. 2010. Ecological Approach to Banatului Timisoara, Medicina Zoonoses. Bulgarian Medicinal Veterinara, 47(3): 88-95. Journal, 4(3): 7-11 (In Bulgarian). POMERANCEV B. 1950. Fauna SSSR - OMERAGIC J. 2011. Ixodid ticks in Bosnia and Paukoobraznye. Iksodovye kleshti Herzegovina. Experimental and (Ixodidae). Akademii Nauk SSSR, Applied Acarology, 53(3): 301-309. Moskow, 4, 2, 223 p. (In Russian). PAPA A., P. SIDIRA, V. LARICHEV, L. RUBEL F., K. BRUGGER, M. PFEFFER, L. GAVRILOVA, K. KUZMINA, M. CHITIMIA-DOBLER, Y. DIDYK, S. MOUSAVI-JAZI, U. STRÖHER, S. NICHOL. LEVERENZ, H. DAUTEL, O. KAHL. 2016. 2014. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Geographical distribution of virus, Greece. Emerging Infectious Dermacentor marginatus and Diseases, 20(2): 288-290. Dermacentor reticulatus in Europe. Ticks PAPA A., E. VELO, P. KADIAJ, K. TSIOKA, A. and Tick-borne Diseases, 7(1): 224-233. KONTANA, M. KOTA, S. BINO. 2017. SALMAN M. 2012. Ticks and tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus diseases: geographical distribution and in ticks collected from livestock in control strategies in the Euro-Asia . Infection, Genetics and region. CABI, 291 p. Evolution, 54: 496-500. SARBOVA S. 1956. Species composition and PAPADOPOULOS B., P. MOREL, A. AESCHLIMANN. seasonal dynamics of ticks of the family 1996. Tickcs of domestic animals in the Ixodidae, village of Iskra, the region of Macedonia region of Greece. Veterinary Parvomay. Works of the Research Parasitology, 63(1): 25-40. Institute of Epidemiology and PAVLIDOU V., S. GEROU, M. KAHRIMANIDOU, A. Microbiology, 3: 209-216 (In Bulgarian). PAPA. 2008. Ticks infesting domestic SARBOVA S. 1964. Distribution and animals in northern Greece. Experimental epidemiological significance of ticks of and Applied Acarology, 45(3-4): 195-198. the Ixodidae family in Bulgaria. – PAVLOV P., S. SURBOVA, O. MACHICHKA. Bulletin of the Zoological Institute with 1962. On the species composition of Museum, Sofia, 15: 135-150. ixodid ticks in the surroundings vill. SARBOVA S., G. GEORGIEVA. 1973. Particularities of Iskra, Plovdiv District. Bulletin of the the spread and parasitism of ticks of the Microbiological Institute, 11: 35-38 (In Ixodidae family in Bulgaria in view of their Russian). epidemiological significance. Epidemiology, PAVLOV P., H. RASHEV, B. GEORGIEV, D. Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 3: 293- ARNAUDOV. 1972. Natural outbreak of 297 (In Bulgarian). viral encephalitis in sheep and goats in SCOLES G., M. UETI. 2015. Vector ecology of the vicinity of the village of Dobrostan. equine piroplasmosis. Annual Review Veterinarnomedicinski nauki, 9(6): 13- of Entomology, 60: 561-580. 19 (In Bulgarian). SHERIFI K., D. CADAR, S. MUJI, A. ROBAJ, S. PAVLOVIĆ I., S. IVANOVIĆ, A. DIMITRIĆ, M. AHMETI, X. JAKUPI, P. EMMERICH, A. VEGARA, A. VASIĆ, S. ŽIVKOVIĆ, B. KRÜGER. 2014. Crimean-Congo MIJATOVIĆ. 2016. Tick population in hemorrhagic fever virus clades V and VI goats and sheep in Šabac. Macedonian (Europe 1 and 2) in ticks in Kosovo. Veterinary Review, 39(1): 103-109. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(9): PAVLOVIC I., S. IVANOVIC, M. ZUJOVIC. 2013. e3168. Tick fauna of goat and sheep in TAYLOR A., R. COOP, R. WALL. 2013. Belgrade area. Scientific Works Series Veterinary Parasitology, 3rd edition, C, Veterinary Medicine, 59(1): 51-53. Hoboken (John Wiley& Sons), 600 p.

45 Species Composition, Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of Ixodidae Ticks Invaded...

VASILEV I., Y. VISHNJAKOV. 1977. Veterinary Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Zemizdat, Sofia, 413 p. (In Bulgarian).

Състав на видовете , разпространение и сезонна динамика на иксодови кърлежи (Ixodidae), паразитиращи по пасищни животни в Пловдивска област

АтанасАрнаудов , ДимоАрнаудов

Резюме: На базата на литературни данни и на собствени изследвания е установено, че по пасищните животни в Пловдивска област паразитират 11 вида иксодови кърлежи, принадлежащи към 6 рода. В настоящия обзор са описани тяхното разпространение, биологичните и екологичните им особености и епидемиологично значение..

46 Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 47-48

Psocoptera Records from the City of Plovdiv

Dilian G. Georgiev1,2*

1 - University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, 24 Tzar Assen Str., BG-4000 Plovdiv, BULGARIA 2 - Regional Natural History Museum - Plovdiv, 34 Hristo G. Danov Str., BG-4000 Plovdiv, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. After this study a total of six species from four families of Psocoptera were known from the city of Plovdiv. Original data was provided on five species – four new records and one recollected from a new locality. The species Dorypteryx domestica (Smithers, 1958) was a new record for Bulgaria.

Key words: Barkflies, anthropogenic, species diversity.

Introduction author. The barklice were searched by following The information on the species diversity of methods: 1. actively searched and collected by Barkflies (Insecta: Psocoptera) in anthropogenic hand; 2. sieving with 1 mm mesh width sieve of habitats of Bulgaria is scarce. The very first data detritus or crushed tree bark particles above was provided by POPOV (1948) reporting white cloth; 3. beating the vegetation above a Liposcelis divinatoria (Müller, 1776) (= nomen sieve; 4. checking for dead individuals in various dubium, Lienhard, 1998) for the region of village places. Specimens were then over narcotized by of among stored products (onions diethyl ether, stored in ethanol or glycerin, and Allium cepa). Later DRENSKY (1953) published after processing deposited in the collection of some records from Sofia city: Lachesilla the author. Taxonomy and species determinations followed LIENHARD (1998). pedicularia (Linnaeus, 1758) (in parks and from windows of buildings), Liposcelis divinatoria (Müller, 1776) (among a scientific collection of Results and Discussion seeds), and pulsatorium (Linnaeus, Roesler, 1944 1758) (in wet home rooms). Recently GEORGIEV Lepinotus reticulatus Enderlein, 1904 (2017) added two species found among Material examined: Plovdiv City, Trihalmie boxes at the Regional Natural History Museum of Hill, near the Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv Plovdiv: Liposcelis decolor (Pearman, 1925) and University, detritus beneath Robinia pseudoacacia Liposcelis corrodens (Heymons, 1909). This was and Celtis australis, N42 08 51.84, E24 45 1.2, and the only information on any Psocoptera 150 m a.s.l., 06.04.2017, 7 ♀, 3 nymphs. records in the city of Plovdiv. Liposcelididae Broadhead, 1950 Material and Methods Liposcelis decolor (Pearman, 1925) The study was carried out in 2017 All Material examined: Plovdiv City, Kyuchuk materials were collected and identified by the Parizh district, apartment in a block of flats, on © Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Psocoptera Records from the City of Plovdiv wall behind a dresser, N42 07 30.27, E24 44 LIENHARD C., SMITHERS C. 2002. Psocoptera 17.15, 120 m a.s.l., 29.08.2017, 1 ♀. (Insecta): world catalogue and Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, 1931 bibliography. Instrument Biodiversitatis Material examined: Plovdiv City, bank of V. Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Genève, Maritsa River near Grebna Baza, flood forest, Switzerland, 745 p. under bark of Sambucus sp., N42 09 08.7, E24 POPOV V. 1948. Stored product and material 43 08.1, 166 m a.s.l., 18.05.2017, 1 ♀; Plovdiv pests in Bulgaria and the fight against City, Bunardzhik Tepe Hill, broad leaf park them. Nauchno populyarna poreditsa, forest, under bark of Fraxinus sp., N42 08 42.9 BAS, Sofia, 5. (In Bulgarian). E24 44 18.1, 199 m a.s.l., 29.08.2017, 1 ♂. Находища на Psocoptera от гр . Пловдив Psyllipsocidae Lienhard & Smithers, 2002 Dorypteryx domestica (Smithers, 1958) ДилянГ . Георгиев Material examined: Plovdiv City, Kyuchuk Parizh Quarter, apartment in a block of flats, Резюме: След настоящото проучване в град on wall behind a dresser, N42 07 30.27, E24 44 Пловдив са известни общо шест вида от четири 17.15, 120 m a.s.l., 29.08.2017, 1 nymph; семейства Psocoptera. Оригинални данни са Plovdiv City, the library of the Regional Natural предоставени за пет вида - четири нови находища и History Museum of Plovdiv, on a wall, N42 07 един събран наново от ново място. Видът 30.27, E24 44 17.15, 120 m a.s.l., 29.08.2017, 1 Dorypteryx domestica (Smithers, 1958) е нов за фауната ♀. Remark: This is the first record of the на България. species from Bulgaria (LIENHARD & SMITHERS, 2002). Psyllipsocus ramburii Selys-Longchamps, 1872 Material examined: Plovdiv City, the library of the Regional Natural History Museum of Plovdiv, on a wall, N42 07 30.27, E24 44 17.15, 120 m a.s.l., 29.08.2017, 1 ♀.

Psocidae Hagen, 1865 Blaste sp. Material examined: Plovdiv, bank of Maritsa River near Gerdzhika Bridge, under bark of dry Clematis vitalba, N42 09 10.4, E24 44 03.2, 167 m a.s.l., 18.05.2017, 2 nymphs.

References DRENSKY P. 1953. On the distribution of the Order Copeognatha (Insecta) in Bulgaria. Izvestia na Zoologicheskia Institut s Muzei, BAS 2: 377-381 (In Bulgarian). GIESE B. 1964. Ergebnisse der Albanien- Expedition 1961 des Deutschen Entomologischen Institutes. Beiträge zur Entomologie, 14(3/4): 245-249. LIENHARD C. 1998. Psocoptères euro- méditerranées. Faune de France 83, Fédération Francaise des Sociétés de Sciences Naturelles, Paris, 517 p.

48 Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 49-55

Проучване на видовия състав на комарите от семейство Culicidae в град Пловдив

Танчо Агушев*

СУ „П. Яворов”, бул. „България” № 136, 4000, Пловдив, БЪЛГАРИЯ *Кореспондиращ автор: [email protected]

Abstract. Mosquitoes are found in almost all geographic areas. They are one of the most important epidemiological insects. They are vectors of more than 50 viral and bacterial infections and infestations. With the addition of Culex (Culex) bilineatus (Theobald, 1903) to the official classification, the number of recognized species of mosquitoes of the family Culicidae (Insecta: Diptera) to date is 3537. In Bulgaria are so far described 46 species from nine genera. The aim of this study was to investigate the species composition of mosquitoes in the family Culicidae in urban biocenoses in Plovdiv City. The study was conducted in 2011, 2012 and 2013 from May to November. For the territory of Plovdiv City were identified 8 biotopes. As a result of the research there were 19 species of 6 genera recorded. The article provides information on the species composition of mosquitoes in Plovdiv City. For the first time since 1989 the species composition of mosquitoes in the Plovdiv City is examined and for the first time, a complete list of species is presented.

Key words: Culicidae, mosquitoes, species composition, Plovdiv.

Въведение брой градски и крайградски биотопи също Комарите от сем. Culicidae (Insecta: допринасят за масовото развъждане на Diptera) наброяват повече от 3600 вида в света комари. и се срещат почти във всички географски Наличието на маларийни (Anopheles) и области. Те са едни от най-важните в немаларийни комари (Culex, ) е епидемиологично отношение насекоми. ентомологичен рисков фактор, който е Преносители са на повече от 50 вирусни и потенциална заплаха за здравето на хората и бактериални инфекции и паразитози. животните в градската жизнена среда. Град Пловдив се намира в западната част на българската част от Тракия, на двата бряга Материал и Методи на река Марица. Отстои на 15 км северно от Работни площадки за събиране на ларви Родопите и на 50 км южно от Стара планина. на комари . Климатът е преходно-континентален, През април-ноември 2011-2013 г., за типичен за доста централни южни части на сбор на ларви на комари на територията гр. Европа. Пловдив са изследвани 4 пункта, както Река Марица е развъдник на комари, а следва: топлото и влажно време благоприятства • Пункт 1 - разливи на р. Марица до развитието им. Гребният канал и огромният УХТ (естествен и постоянен); © Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Проучване на видовия състав на комарите от семейство Culicidae в град Пловдив • Пункт 2 - аквадукт, Бунарджик keys & Reference collections, EUTAXA (изкуствен и временен); (LECHTHALER, 2005). • Пункт 3 - фонтан в Цар Симеоновата Определянето на предимагиналните градина (изкуствен и постоянен); стадии е извършвано по определители на • Пункт 4 - автомобилни гуми, ЖК МОНЧАДСКИЙ (1951) и ГУЦЕВИЧ и др . (1970). „Тракия” (естествен и временен). Методи за събиране на преимагинирали Резултати и Обсъждане форми Общо за трите години от всички работни 1. Метод на потапяне на „бялата тава” площадки и с всички използвани методи са (20х15х3 см) за определяне на плътността при събрани 3847 комара, от които ларвната фаза на развитие и метод на 2755♀♀/1092♂♂. потапяне на хидробиологична мрежа За всяка година броят е съответно: монтирана на кръгла рамка (15 см диаметър) и • 2011 г. - общо 1155, от които прикрепен към дървена или алуминиева 859♀♀/296♂♂. дръжка (1,50 м). (SERVICE, 1993). • 2012 г. - общо 1326, от които 2. Метод на събиране на лаври чрез 905♀♀/421♂♂. „черпак” - вместимост 250 мл., диаметър 15 см • 2013 г. - общо 1366, от които и височина 13 см (Dippers) (SERVICE, 1993). 991♀♀/375♂♂. 3. Събиране на ларви и какавиди чрез Разпределението на брой комари чрез капан от автомобилни гуми и съдове (SCOTT & различни методи на улавяне, е както следва: CRANS, 2003). Малейзиеви ловилки: Методи за събиране на имаго на комари . • Пловдив - общо 1617, от които 1. Ръчен сбор на възрастни комари по 1126♀♀/491♂♂. метод събиране с епруветка. (WHO, 1992). • Контрола - общо 1258, от които 2. Събиране на насекоми чрез 889♀♀/369♂♂. Малейзиеви ловилки (MALAISE, 1937). • Капан с СО2 - общо 220, от които 3. Капан за комари BG-Сентинел с 167♀♀/53♂♂. използване на СО2 и с добавяна на UV • Капан с UV светлина - общо 252, от светлина (NASCI, 1981; WILTON & KLOTER, които 201♀♀/51♂♂. 1985). • Ръчен сбор - общо 500, от които Методи за обработка и съхраняване на 372♀♀/128♂♂. материала. Общо за трите години от пунктове и Събраният материал от 3867 екземпляра, всички използвани методи са събрани 759 от които 2771♀♀/1094♂♂ и 759 ларви, е ларви. За всяка година броят е съответно: етикетиран и се съхранява в 75% етилов • 2011 г. – общо 237; 2012 г. – общо 249; алкохол. 2013 г. – общо 273. Част от събрания материал е изпратен за • Разпределението на брой ларви на идентификация на д-р Франсис Шафнер комари чрез различни методи на улавяне, е (експерт по медицинска и ветеринарна както следва: ентомология) при Институтът по - Потапяне на „бялата тава”- общо 193. паразитология към Университета Цюрих, - Потапяне на хидробиологична мрежа Швейцария, за молекулярни изследвания. монтирана на кръгла рамка - общо 239. Определянето на видовете е извършено по - Капан от автомобилни гуми и съдове морфологични белези на имагото и ларвите, в - общо 327. лабораторни условия. Установения видов състав на комарите Систематично положение на родовете и от семейство Culicidae в град Пловдив е видовете е определено по HARBACH & представен в списъка по-долу. KNIGHT (1980); SNOW & RAMSDALE (2003) и REINERT et al. (2009). За видовата идентификация основно са Семейство Culicidae използвани трудовете на БОЖКОВ (1991) и Подсемейство Anophelinae Grassi, 1900 електронни определители „The Mosquitoes of Род Anopheles Meigen, 1818 Europe” на SHAFFNER et al. (2001) и Electronic Подрод Anopheles Meigen, 1818

50 Танчо Агушев 1. Anopheles (Anopheles) claviger (Meigen, = Anopheles superpictus vassilievii 1804) Portschinsky, 1911. = Anopheles bifurcatus Meigen, 1818. = Pyreretophorus superpictus macedoniensis = Anopheles villosus Robineau-Desvoidy, Cot et Hovasse, 1917. 1827. = Anopheles superpictus berestnevi = Anopheles grisescens Stephens, 1828. Shingarev, 1926. = Anopheles antennatus Becker, 1903. = Anopheles atheniensis Cardamatis, 1931. = Anopheles bifurcatus portucaliensis = Anopheles hellenicus Peus, 1954. Figueiredo, 1904. = Anopheles algeriensis turkestani Shingarev, Подсемейство Meigen, 1818 1926. Род Aedes Meigen, 1818 = Anopheles amaurus Martini, 1929. Подрод Aedes Meigen, 1818 = Anopheles claviger missiroli del Vecchio, 1939. 6. Aе des (A е des) cinereus (Meigen, 1818) = Anopheles petragnani Del Vecchio, 1939. = Aedes rufus Gimmerthal, 1845. = Anopheles claviger pollutus Torres = Culex nigritulus Zetterstedt, 1850. Canamares, 1945. = Aedes fuscus Osten Sacken,1877. = Aedes leucopygos Eysell, 1903. 2. Anopheles (Anopheles) hyrcanus (Pallas, 1771) = Aedes pallidohirta Grossbeck, 1905. = Anopheles pictus Loew, 1845. = Aedes hemiteleus Dyar, 1924. = Anopheles pseudopictus Grassi, 1899. = Anopheles flerowi Portschinsky, 1910. Подрод Aedimorphus Theobald, 1903 = Anopheles hyrcanus mesopotamiae Christophers et Chand, 1915. 7. Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen, 1830) = Anopheles marzinovskii Shingarev, 1926. = А. euochrus Howard, Dyar & Knab, 1917. = Anopheles hyrcanus popovi Shingarev, = А. montcalmi Blanchard, 1905. 1928. = А. sudanensis Theobald, 1911. = Anopheles chodukini Martini, 1929. = А. sylvestris Theobald, 1901. = Anopheles hyrcanus mahmuti Martini, = Culicada minuta Theobald, 1907. 1930. = Culicada eruthrosops Theobald, 1910. = Macquart, 1834. 3. Anopheles (Anopheles) maculipennis (Meigen, Culex parvus 1818) = Culex articulatus Rondani, 1872. = Anopheles lewisi Ludlow, 1920. = Culex malariae Grassi, 1898. = Anopheles selengensis Ludlow, 1920. = Anopheles alexandrae-schingarevi Подрод Arribalzaga, 1891 Shingarev, 1928. = Anopheles basilei Falleroni, 1932. 8. Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas, 1771) = Culex siculus Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827. 4. Anopheles (Anopheles) messeae (Falleroni, = Culex penicillaris Rondani, 1872. 1926) = Mansonia arabica Giles, 1906. = Aedes duplex Martini, 1926. Подрод Cellia Theobald, 1902 = Culex punctatus Meigen, 1804. = Culex maculiventris Macquart, 1804. 5. Anopheles (Cellia) superpictus (Grassi, 1899) = Grabhatnia longisquamosa Theobald, = Anopheles nursei Theobald, 1907. 1905. = Pyretophorus palestiniensis Theobald, = Grabhatnia subtilis Sergent et Sergent, 1903. 1905. = Aldrichia error Theobald, 1903. = Taeniorhynchus africanus Neveu-Lemaire, = Pyretophorus cardamatisi Newstead et 1906. Carter, 1910. = Grabhatnia willcocksii Theobald, 1907.

51 Проучване на видовия състав на комарите от семейство Culicidae в град Пловдив = Culex arabicus Uccker, 1910. = C. azoriensis Theobald, 1903. = Aedes albineus Seguy, 1923. = C. berbericus Roubaud, 1935. = Aedes epsilonn Seguy, 1924. = C. bicolor Meigen, 1818. = Aedes africanus Neveu-Lemaire, 1906. = C. bifurcatus Linnaeus, 1785. = Aedes arabica Giles, 1906. = C. calcitrans Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827. = Aedes broquetii Theobald, 1913. = C. calloti Rioux & Pech,1959. = Aedes curriei Coquillett, 1901. = C. comitatus Dyar & Knab, 1909. = Aedes grahami Ludlow, 1919. = C. consobrinus Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827. = Aedes lativittatus Coquillett, 1906. = C. dipseticus Dyar & Knab, 1909. = Aedes longisquamosa Theobald, 1905. = C. disjunctus Roubaud, 1957. = Aedes maculiventris Macquart, = C. doliorum Edwards, 1912. 1844(1846). = C. domesticus Germar, 1817. = Aedes onondagensis Felt, 1904. = C. erectus Iglisch, 1977. = Aedes penicillaris Rondani, 1872. = C. fasciatus Mueller, 1764. = Aedes punctatus Meigen, 1804. = C. haematophagus Ficalbi, 1893. =Aedes quaylei Dyar and Knab, 1906. = C. longefurcatus Becker, 1903. =Aedes siculus Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827. = C. luteus Meigen, 1804. = Aedes subtilis Sergent and Sergent, 1905. = C. marginalis Stephens, 1825. = Aedes willcocksii Theobald, 1907. = C. melanorhinus Giles, 1900. = C. meridionalis Leach, 1825. Подрод Rusticoidus = C. molestus Forskal, 1775. Shevchenko et Prudkina, 1973 = C. osakaensis Theobald, 1907. = C. pallipes Macquart, 1838. 9. Aе des (Rusticoidus) rustics (Rossi, 1790) = C. pallipes Waltl, 1835. = Culex maculatus Meigen, 1804. = C. phytophagus Ficalbi, 1889(1890). = Culex musicus Leach, 1825. = C. quasimodestus Theobald, 1905. = Culex pungens Robinaeu-Desvoidy, 1827. = C. rufinus Bigot, 1888. = Culex quadrimaculatus Macquart, 1834. = C. rufus Meigen, 1818. = Culex diversus Theobald, 1901. = C. sternopallidus Roubaud, 1945. = Culex nemorosus luteovittatus Theobald, = C. sternopunctatus Roubaud, 1945. 1901. = C. thoracicus Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827. = Aedes rusticus subtrichurus Martini, 1927. = C. torridus Iglisch, 1977. = Aedes luteovittata Theobald, 1901. = C. trifurcatus Fabricius, 1794. = Aedes diversus Theobald, 1901. = C. unistriatus Curtis, 1837. Подвидове: ssp. subtrichurus Martini, 1927; ssp. = C. varioannulatus Theobald, 1903. trichurus Dyar, 1904. 11.1. Culex pipiens pipiens (Linnaeus, 1775) Подрод Stegomyia Theobald, 1901 = C. bifurcatus Linnaeus, 1758. = C. fasciatus Muller, 1764. 10. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) = C. trifurcatus Fabricius, 1794. = A. nigritia Ludlow, 1910. = C. luteus Meigen, 1804. = A. quasinigritia Ludlow, 1911. = C. rufus Meigen, 1818. = A. samarensis Ludlow, 1903. = C. bicolor Meigen, 1818. = C. marginalis Stephens, 1825. Род Culex Linnaeus, 1758 = C. meridionalis Leach, 1825. Подрод Culex Linnaeus, 1758 = C. calcitrans Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827. = C. thoracicus Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827. 11. Culex (Culex) pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) = C. pallipes Waltl, 1835. = C. agilis Bigot, 1885. = C. unistriatus Curtis, 1837. = C. autogenicus Roubaud, 1935. = C. pallipes Macquart, 1838.

52 Танчо Агушев = C. rufinus Bigot, 1888. = Theobaldia annulata ferruginata Martini, = C. agilis Bigot, 1888. 1924. = C. phytophagus Ficalbi, 1890. = C. melanorhinus Giles, 1900. 16. Culiseta (Culiseta) glaphyroptera (Schiner, = C. varioannulatus Theobald, 1903. 1864) = C. azoriensis Theobald, 1903. = Cu. zottae Ungureanu, 1956 = C. longefurcatus Becker, 1903. = C. pipiens doliorum Edwards, 1912. Род Ochlerotatus = C. pipiens disjunctus Roubaud, 1957. Подрод Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891

11.2. Culex pipiens f. molestus (Forskal, 1775). 17. Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) cataphylla = C. domesticus Germar, 1817. (Dyar, 1916) = C. haematophagus Ficalbi, 1893. = O. pacificensis Hearle, 1927. = C. bicolor quasimodestus Theobald, 1905. = O. prodotes Dyar, 1917. = C. pipiens autogenicus Roubaud, 1935. = O. rostochiensis Martini, 1920 = C. pipiens berbericus Roubaud, 1935. = C. autogenicus sternopallidus Roubaud, Род Uranotaenia Arribalzaga, 1891 1945. Подрод Pseudoficalbia Theobald, 1910 = C. autogenicus sternopunctatus Roubaud, 1945. 18. Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) unguiculata (Edwards, 1913) 12. Culex (Culex) torrentium (Martini, 1925) Подвидове: ssp. pefflyi Stone, 1960. = C. pavlovsky Shingarev, 1928. През периода на проведеното изследване Подрод Neoculex Dyar, 1905 2011-2013 г. в град Пловдив през сезона на активност на кръвосмучещите комари, от ларвен сбор, от общо 759 ларви, са 13. Culex (Neoculex) territans (Walker, 1856). установени родове в относителен дял, както = C. frickii Ludlow, 1906. следва: род Culex - 478 бр. (62,97%), род = C. nematoides Dyar & Shannon, 1925. Aedes - 122 бр. (16,07%), род Anopheles - 136 = C. pyrenaicus Brolemann, 1919. бр. (17,92%), род Culiseta – 23 бр. (3,04%). = C. saxatilisGrossbeck, 1905. По биотопи относителният дял на установените родове комари е в следното Род Culiseta Felt, 1904 процентно съотношение: Подрод Allotheobaldia Broelemann, 1919 1. Разливите на река Марица до УХТ – 235 бр. - род Culex - 132 бр. (56,17%), род 14. Culiseta (Allotheobaldia) longiareolata Aedes - 44 бр. (18,72%), род Anopheles - 49 бр. (Macquart, 1938) (20,85%); 10 бр. (4,26%) - род Culiseta. = Cu. spathipalpis Rondani, 1872. 2. Аквадукт – Бунарджика - род Culex - = Cu. leucogrammus Loew, 1874. 197 бр. - 131 бр. (66,5%), род Aedes - 26 бр. = Cu. serratipes Becker, 1908. (13,2%), род Anopheles - 40 бр. (20,3%). = Cu. marocanus d'Anfreville, 1916. 3. Фонтан в Цар Симеоновата градина - през целия сезон не са установени ларвни форми. Подрод Culiseta Felt, 1904 4. Автомобилни гуми, ЖК „Тракия” - 327 бр. - род Culex - 215 бр. (65,72%), род Aedes – 15. Culiseta (Culiseta) annulata (Schrank, 1776) 52 бр. (15,9%), род Anopheles – 47 бр. (14,4%); = C. annulatus Fourcroy, 1785. род Culiseta - 13 бр. (3,98%). = C. annulatus Fabricius, 1787. = C. affinis Stephens,1825. Изводи = C. nicaensis Leach, 1825. 1. Комарната фауна на град Пловдив е = C. ferruginata Martini, 1924. богата на видове. След настоящото

53 Проучване на видовия състав на комарите от семейство Culicidae в град Пловдив проучване, може да обобщим, че за Пловдив anatomy. Plexus Publishing, Inc., са известни 19 вида от 6 рода. Marlton, New Jersey. 415 p. 2. Общо от 47 вида от 9 рода LECHTHALER W. 2005. Culicidae - Key to установени за България, настоящото Larvae, Pupae and Males from Central проучване представя за град Пловдив and Western Europe. Electronic keys & наличие на 39,13% от комарната фауна за Reference collections, EUTAXA, страната. Available at: [eutaxa.com] 3. С най-висока степен на MALAISE R. 1937. A new insect-trap. доминантност е представен род Culex, Entomologisk Tidskrift, Stockholm, 58: следван от род Anopheles, род Aedes и род 148-60. Culiseta. NASCI R.S. 1981. A lightweight battery- 4. За първи път за комарната фауна на powered aspirator for collecting resting гр. Пловдив са установени видовете: mosquitoes in the field. News, Anopheles (Anopheles) messeae (Falleroni, 41: 808-811. 1926), Anopheles (Cellia) superpictus (Grassi, SAMANIDOU A., R-E. HARBACH. 2001. Keys to 1899), Aе des (A е des) cinereus (Meigen, 1818), the adult female mosquitoes (Culicidae) Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen, 1830), of Greece. European Mosquito Bulletin, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas, 1771), 10: 13-20. Aе des (Rusticoidus) rusticus (Rossi, 1790), REINERT J.F., R.E. HARBACH, I.J. KITCHING. 2009. Phylogeny and classification of Culex (Neoculex) territans (Walker, 1856), tribe Aedini (Diptera:Culicidae). Ochlerotatus cataphylla (Dyar, 1916), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Uranotaenia unguiculata (Edwards, 1913). Society, 157: 700-794. 5. За комарната фауна на България, при SCHAFFNER F., G .ANGEL, B. GEOFFROY, J.-P. нашето проучване, е установен един нов вид HERVY, A. RHAIEM, J. BRUNHES. 2001. Culex torrentium (Martini, 1925). The Mosquitoes of Europe. An 6. Настоящото изследване потвърждава Identification and Training Programme, наличието на друг нов вид за страната ни, IRD Éditions. Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) и за първи път SCOTT J.J., W.J. CRANS. 2003. Expanded го установява в района на устието на река polystyrene (EPS) floats for Ропотамо, по късно и в град Пловдив. Ochlerotatus japonicus surveillance. 7. Резултати от изследването посочват и наличие на вертикална миграция с Journal of American Mosquito Control установяването видове в град Пловдив, Association, 19(4): 376-381. срещащи се в места с по-висока надморска SERVICE M.W. 1993. Mosquito Ecology: Field височина, Culiseta glaphyroptera и Sampling Methods. Elsevier Science Ochlerotatus cataphylla. Publ., Essex, 988 p. SNOW E.R, C.D. RAMSDALE. 2003. A revised Литература checklist of European mosquitoes. БОЖКОВ Д. 1991. Кръвосмучещите комари в European Mosquito Bulletin, 15: 1-5. България. - Природа, 21(6): 55-57. THEOBALD F.V. 1903. A monograph of the ГУЦЕВИЧ А.В., А.С. МОНЧАДСКИЙ, А.А. Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 3, British ШТАКЕЛЬБЕРГ. 1970. Комары. Семейство Museum of Natural History. London, 359 p. Culicidae. В: Фауна СССР . Насекомые WILTON D.P., K.O. KLOTER. 1985. двукрылые. Ленинград, 3(4): 1-384. Preliminary evaluation of a black МИКОВ О. 2011. EMCA WORKSHOP, cylinder suction trap for Aedes aegypti Budapest, Hungary, 12-15 September. and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: МОНЧАДСКИЙ А.С. 1951. Личинки Culicidae). Journal of Medical кровососущих комаров СССР и Entomology, 22: 113-114. сопредельных стран ( подсем . Culicinae), WHO. 1992. Entomological Field Techniques for Академии наук СССР, 290 стр. Malaria Control. Part I. Learner’s Guide. HARBACH R.E., K.L. KNIGHT. 1980. World Health Organization, Geneva, Taxonomists’ glossary of mosquito Switzerland.

54 Танчо Агушев Проучване на видовия състав на комарите описани 46 вида от 9 рода. Целта на от семейство Culicidae в град Пловдив проучването е да се изследва видовият състав, морфология и биология на комарите ТанчоАгушев от семейство Culicidae в урбанизирани биоценози в град Пловдив. Проучването е Резюме: Комарите се срещат почти във проведено 2011, 2012 и 2013 г. през периода всички географски области. Те са едни от от май до ноември. През периода май – най-важните в епидемиологично отношение декември 2011, 2012 и 2013, за всеки от насекоми. Преносители са на повече от 50 месеците, са събирани и проби по метода вирусни и бактериални инфекции и „Ръчен сбор”. За територията на град паразитози. С добавянето на Culex (Culex) Пловдив бяха определени 8 биотопа. В bilineatus (Theobald, 1903) към официалната резултат на проведеното проучванеса класификация, броят на признатите видове определени 19 вида от 6 рода. В статията се комари от сем. Culicidae (Insecta: Diptera) до дава подробна информация, за видовия момента е 3537. В България до момента са състав на комарите в град Пловдив.

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Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 57-68

The Chalcid Wasp Fauna (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae, Eupelmidae, Ormyridae and Torymidae) of the City of Plovdiv

Anelia M. Stojanova*, Miroslav I. Antov

University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Zoology, 24 Tsar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. The published data on Eurytomidae, Eupelmidae, Torymidae and Ormyridae families collected from territory of the city of Plovdiv, Bulgaria was summarized. New records are herein presented as well. A total of 29 Eurytomids (of them 21 are new records to the region and 1 species – Eurytoma herbaria Zerova, 1994 is new to the Bulgarian fauna), 9 Eupelmids (4 are new records to the region), 16 Torymids (7 are new records to the region) and 5 Ormyrids (3 are new records to the region) are reported. New associations with plants and hosts for six chalcid wasps were established. Chorotype classification of the species is proposed.

Key words: Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, new associations, chorotype, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Introduction genera and three subfamilies (GIBSON, 1989; 2017). Chalcid wasps belong to the superfamily Species develop mostly as idiobiont parasitoids on Chalcidoidea of the insect order Hymenoptera. the immature stages (larvae or pupae) of many Currently about 23 000 species have been described insects concealed within protected habitats such as and catalogued, and an estimated total diversity of plant tissue or cocoons or are endoparasitoids or more than 500 000 species have yet to be studied predators of insect or spider eggs (GIBSON, 1997). (MUNRO et al., 2011; HERATY et al., 2013; Chalcid wasps of the family Torymidae Walker, NOYES, 2017). Chalcidoidea superfamily is 1833 are over 980 species belonging to 68 genera presently divided into 22 families and phylogenetic with worldwide distribution (NOYES, 2017). analysis in the group based on both morphological Torymids have diverse life history: they are and molecular data (HERATY et al., 2013). predominantly parasitoids or hyperparasitoids of Eurytomidae Walker, 1832 is a cosmopolitan various insects from 8 orders, but approximately family with over than 1400 species and 88 genera at 1/6 of the species are phytophagous (inquilines in present (NOYES, 2017). Most species are primary galls or seed-feeders associated with coniferous parasitoids or hyperparasitoids on wide range of trees and rosaceous plants) (GRISSELL, 1995). insect hosts, but the larvae of other species are Ormyridae Förster, 1856 is a relatively minor phytophagous (gall-inducers, inquilines or seed- chalcid family with about 125 species arranged into feeders). three genera (NOYES, 2017). Ormyrids are Eupelmidae Walker, 1833 is a cosmopolitan ectoparasitoids in galls induced mainly by Hymenoptera family comprising more than 1000 recognized (Cynipidae) and Diptera (, Tephritidae, species (NOYES, 2017) classified in 44 extant Agromizidae) gall-makers (ASKEW, 1994). © Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House The Chalcid Wasp Fauna (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the City of Plovdiv

The Chalcid wasp fauna of the fourth 2017) and follows the concept of VIGNA mentioned families on the territory of the city of TAGLIANTI et al.(1999), with adaptations. Plovdiv has not been a subject of a special investigation. Only 7 species of Eurytomidae Results and Discussion (IVANOV, 1957; OVCHAROV & PELOV, 1993; A total of 29 Eurytomids, 9 Eupelmids, 16 STOJANOVA, 1999, 2000, 2001), 6 species of Torymids and 5 Ormyrids were established on Eupelmidae (NIEVES-ALDREY & MELIKA, 2005; the territory of city of Plovdiv. STOJANOVA, 2005b; ANTOV & STOJANOVA, 2015; GIBSON & FUSU, 2016; ANTOV et al., 2017; FUSU, Family Eurytomidae Walker, 1832 2017), 9 species of Torymidae (ANGELOV, 1970; ZEROVA et al., 2004; STOJANOVA, 2005b, 2007) *Bruchophagus robiniae Zerova, 1970 and 2 species of Ormyridae (STOJANOVA, 2005a) Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 6.VI.1997, 11 have been published in chalcidological papers till females, 2 males; 23.IV.1997, 2 males; now. 13.X.1998, 6 females (ex. seeds of Robinia The aim of this article is to summarize the published data on Eurytomidae, Eupelmidae, pseudoacacia L.). Torymidae and Ormyridae families from territory General distribution: Armenia, Bulgaria, of the city of Plovdiv, Bulgaria, and to present Iran, Russia, Turkey, , Uzbekistan, new original faunistic material. Tadzhikistan. Chorotype: Turano-European. Material and Methods *Bruchophagus roddi Gussakovsky, 1933 The published data on Eurytomidae, Eupelmidae, Torymidae and Ormyridae families Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 19.VII.1999, 64 collected from territory of the city of Plovdiv, females, 36 males (ex. seeds of Medicago sp.). Bulgaria was summarized. The original material was General distribution: Palearctic, Oriental, collected between 1965 and 2015 from territory of Nearctic, Neotropic, Australian kingdoms. the city parks of Plovdiv, mainly by sweeping. Some Chorotype: Subcosmopolitan. specimens were reared at laboratory conditions from galls, flower heads and seeds of different plants. Bruchophagus sophorae Crosby et Crosby, The list of the species presents the following 1929 data: the valid taxa name, published data for city Bruchophagus sophorae: OVCHAROV & of Plovdiv (if any), locality name, mean altitude PELOV (1993) above the sea level in meters, date of collecting, Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 10.I.1999, 200 number and sex of specimens, host (in case of females, 170 males (ex. seeds of Sophora rearing), name of the collector (when the material japonica L.). was not collected by the authors), general General distribution: Bulgaria, Hungary, distribution and chorotype group. The material is People Republic of China, Georgia, Romania, preserved in the authors’ collections at the Russia, , , Ukraine. University of Plovdiv. Chorotype: Asiatic-European. The species recorded as new to the fauna of Plovdiv are marked with an asterisk (*) in the Eurytoma acericola Zerova, 1975 faunistic list; new to the fauna of Bulgaria species Eurytoma acericola: STOJANOVA (2001) are marked with double asterisk (**). The species are arranged in alphabetic order. General distribution: Bulgaria, , Identification of the species was done mainly Georgia, Russia, Ukraine. after ZEROVA (1976, 1995), KALINA (1981), Chorotype: Southeast European. ASKEW (1994), GRISSELL (1995), GRAHAM & GIJSWIJT (1998), ZEROVA & SERYOGINA (1998, *Eurytoma aemula Szelenyi, 1974 1999), ASKEW & NIEVES-ALDREY (2004), Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 GIBSON & FUSU (2016), FUSU (2017). m, 2.VI.2002, 6 females; 9.VI.2002, 14 females, 2 The chorotype classification is based on the males; 22.VI.2002, 1 male; 29.VI.2002, 2 females data of general distribution of the species (ex. galls of Aylax hypecoi Trotter on Hypecoum (GIBSON & FUSU, 2016; FUSU, 2017; NOYES, imberbe Sibth. et Sm.).

58 Anelia M. Stojanova, Miroslav I. Antov General distribution: Armenia, Bulgaria, 165 m, 15.XII.1998, 1 female, 1 male (ex. galls Mongolia, Turkey. Asphondylia verbasci on Verbascum sp.). Chorotype: Centralasiatic-European. General distribution: , Azerbaijan, , , Bulgaria, Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein, 1907 Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, , Eurytoma amygdali: IVANOV (1957) Greece, Hungary, India, Italy, Philippines, General distribution: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Romania, Russia, , Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, , Ukraine, . France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Chorotype: Palearctic-Oriental. Jordan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Russia, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine. Eurytoma flaveola (Zerova, 1976) Chorotype: Turano-European. Eurytoma flaveola: STOJANOVA (2000) General distribution: Bulgaria, Georgia, *Eurytoma brunniventris Ratzeburg, 1852 Kazakhstan, Ukraine. Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 Chorotype: Turano-European. m, 9.IX.1998, 9 females, 1 male (ex. seeds Amorpha fruticosa L.). The association of the **Eurytoma herbaria Zerova, 1994 species with Amorpha fruticosa (Fabaceae) is Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 24.VI.1967, 1 newly recorded. female (A. Germanov); Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe General distribution: Andorra, Austria, loc., 250 m, 8.IX.1996, 1 female. Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, , General distribution: Bulgaria, Russia (Far Bulgaria, Croatia, , , East), Turkey, Ukraine. , France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Chorotype: Asiatic-European. Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Korea, , Morocco, *Eurytoma jaceae Mayr, 1878 Netherland, Peoples’ Republic of China, Portugal, Romania, Russia (to the Far East), Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 Serbia, , Spain, Sweden, Turkey, m, 17.V.2002, 1 female; 19.V.2002, 3 females, 2 Ukraine, United Kingdom. males; 2.VI.2002, 7 females (ex. galls of Aylax Chorotype: Palearctic. hypecoi on Hypecoum imberbe). General distribution: Austria, Azerbaijan, *Eurytoma castor Claridge, 1959 Bulgaria, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Material: Plovdiv, Ostrova loc., 165 m, 24. Israel, Romania, Russia (European part), Spain, IV. 1983, 1 female (S. Petrov). Ukraine. General distribution: Bulgaria, Germany, Chorotype: European. Sweden, United Kingdom. Chorotype: European. *Eurytoma nikolskayae Zerova, 1989 Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 14.X.1999, 2 females, Eurytoma compressa (Fabricius, 1794) 1 male (ex. galls of Diplolepis rosae L. on Rosa sp.). Eurytoma tibialis: STOJANOVA (2000) General distribution: Bulgaria, Ukraine. General distribution: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Chorotype: Southeast European. Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, *Eurytoma pistaciae Rondani, 1877 Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Netherland, Romania, Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, m, 9.IX.1998, 2 females (ex. seeds Amorpha Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom. fruticosa). The association of the species with Chorotype: Asiatic-European. Amorpha fruticosa (Fabaceae) is newly recorded. General distribution: Austria, Azerbaijan, *Eurytoma dentata Mayr, 1878 Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Georgia, Germany, Material: Plovdiv, Adata isle, 165 m, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Japan, Romania, Russia, 5.I.1997, 3 females (ex. galls Asphondylia Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, verbasci (Vallot) on Verbascum sp.); Plovdiv, United Kingdom.

59 The Chalcid Wasp Fauna (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the City of Plovdiv Chorotype: Asiatic-European. *Sycophila mellea (Curtis, 1831) Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 14.VII.1967, 2 *Eurytoma robusta Mayr, 1878 females (A. Germanov). Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 General distribution: Bulgaria, Canada, m, 24.X.1999, 7 females (ex. Centaurea sp.). Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, General distribution: Austria, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Netherland, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA. Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Chorotype: Holarctic. Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherland, Romania, Russia (till Far East), Serbia, Slovakia, Sycophila submutica (Thomson, 1876) Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Eudecatoma submutica: STOJANOVA (1999) Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 Uzbekistan. m, 24.X.1999, 24 females, 14 males (ex. Chorotype: Asiatic-European. Centaurea sp.). General distribution: Andorra, Austria, *Eurytoma rosae Nees, 1834 Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 14.X.1999, 5 Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, females (ex. galls of Diplolepis rosae on Rosa Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, sp.) Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Moldova, , General distribution: Palearctic, Oriental, Netherland, Romania, Russia (till Far East), Neotropic kingdoms. Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Chorotype: Subcosmopolitan. Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan. Chorotype: Asiatic-European. *Eurytoma strigifrons Thomson, 1876 *Sycophila variegata (Curtis, 1831) Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 m, 10.XI.1997, 3 females, 1 male (ex. seeds m, 9.IX.1998, 2 females, 1 male (ex. seeds Cuscuta monogyna Vahl.); 2.IX.1998, 2 females, Amorpha fruticosa). The association of the 1 male (ex. seeds Cuscuta monogyna); species with Amorpha fruticosa (Fabaceae) is 15.XI.1998, 1 female, 2 males (ex. seeds Cuscuta newly recorded. ); 24.X.1999, 16 females, 13 males (ex. monogyna General distribution: Andorra, Austria, Centaurea sp.); 24.X.1999, 2 females, 3 males Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, (ex. seeds Cuscuta monogyna). Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, General distribution: Andorra, Armenia, Jordan, Korea, Netherland, Peoples’ Republic of Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, China, Romania, Russia (Far East), Slovakia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Italy, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom. Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Chorotype: Asiatic-European. Kingdom. Chorotype: Asiatic-European. *Systole conspicua Erdös, 1951 Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 10.XI.1998, 9 *Sycophila biguttata (Swederus, 1795) females, 10 males (ex. seeds of Conium Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 2.IX.1968, 2 maculatum L.). The association of the species females (A. Germanov). with Conium maculatum () is newly General distribution: Andorra, Austria, recorded. Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, General distribution: Bulgaria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine. Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Jordan, Chorotype: Europeo-Mediterranean. Moldova, Netherland, Poland, Romania, Russia (till Far East), Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, *Tetramesa aciculata (Schlechtendal, 1891) Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom. Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 Chorotype: Palearctic. m, 1. III. 2003, 4 females, 3 males (ex. Stipa sp.).

60 Anelia M. Stojanova, Miroslav I. Antov General distribution: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, L.); Plovdiv, Bunardzhika, 170 m, 14.X.2008, 1 Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Moldova, female (ex. sp. galls). Mongolia, Romania, Russia (European part), Serbia, General distribution: Palearctic, Oriental, Slovakia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom. Afrotropical, Nearctic kingdoms. Chorotype: Centralasiatic-European. Chorotype: Subcosmopolitan.

*Tetramesa cylindrica (Schlechtendal, 1891) *Calymmochilus dispar Bouček & Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 Andriescu, 1967 m, 1.III.2003, 7 females, 1 male (ex. Stipa sp.). Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 07.VI.1966, 1 General distribution: Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, female (А. Germanov) (Det. G. A. P. Gibson, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, 2013). Mongolia, Romania, Russia (European part), General distribution: Armenia, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine. Croatia, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Chorotype: Centralasiatic-European. Romania, Serbia, Spain. Chorotype: Turano-European. *Tetramesa dispar Zerova, 1965 Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 * Eupelmus (Eupelmus) azureus Ratzeburg, m, 1. III. 2003, 2 females, 1 male (ex. Stipa sp.). 1844 General distribution: Bulgaria, Hungary, Material: Plovdiv, 180 m, 19.III.1997, 3 Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Romania, Russia females, 1 male (ex. Cynipidae galls on Quercus (European part), Ukraine. sp.). Chorotype: Centralasiatic-European. General distribution: Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, *Tetramesa fulvicollis (Walker, 1832) Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Material: Plovdiv, Ostrova loc., 165 m, 21. Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Turkey. III. 1976, 2 females (S. Petrov). Chorotype: West Palearctic. General distribution: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Eupelmus (Eupelmus) confusus Al khatib, Montenegro, , Romania, Russia 2015 (European part), Slovakia, Sweden, Turkey, Eupelmus (Eupelmus) confusus: GIBSON & Ukraine, United Kingdom. FUSU (2016). Chorotype: European. Material: Plovdiv, 180 m, XI.1997, 3 females *Tetramesa gracilipennis Szelenyi, 1968 (ex. Althaea sp.); Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe, 250 m, 16.XI.1997, 1 female; 02.III.1998, 2 females, 1 male Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 8.V.1985, 2 females (S. Petrov). (ex. Cuscuta monogyna); 14.X.1999, 11 females, 6 General distribution: Bulgaria, Hungary, males (ex. Amorpha sp.); 24.X.1999, 1 female (ex. Romania, Russia (European part), Ukraine. Centaurea sp.); 16.XI.1999, 3 females, 1 male (ex. Chorotype: Southeast European. Acer campestre L.); 22.V.2005, 1 female (ex. Aylax hypecoi galls on Hypecoum imberbe.); Tetramesa phleicola (Hedicke, 1921) 01.XII.2006, 1 female, 1 male (ex. Robinia Tetramesa phleicola: STOJANOVA (2001) pseudoacacia) (det. G. A. P. Gibson, 2015); General distribution: Bulgaria, Czech 21.XI.2007, 1 female (ex. R. pseudoacacia) (det. G. Republic, Germany, Russia (European part), A. P. Gibson, 2015); 07.II.2008, 1 female (ex. Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom. inflorescences) (det. G. A. P. Gibson, Chorotype: European. 2015); 14.X.2008, 5 females, 1 male (ex. seeds of Amorpha fruticosa) (det. G. A. P. Gibson, 2015); Family Eupelmidae Walker, 1833 14.X.2008, 2 females (ex. pods of R. pseudoacacia) (det. G. A. P. Gibson, 2015); 16.V.2015, 1 female *Anastatus bifasciatus (Geoffroy, 1785) (ex. A. hypecoi galls on H. imberbe). The Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 association of the species with A. campestre m, 24.X.1999, 1 female (ex. Centaurea stoebe (Aceraceae), Althaea sp. (Malvaceae), A. hypecoi

61 The Chalcid Wasp Fauna (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the City of Plovdiv (Cynipidae), Centaurea sp. (Asteraceae) and H. General distribution: Austria, Belgium, imberbe (Papaveraceae) is newly recorded. Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, General distribution: Armenia, Bulgaria, France including , Germany, Greece, Canary Islands, Crimea, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Hungary, Iran, Italy, Lebanon, Montenegro, Republic, Egypt, England, France (Corsica), Morocco, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Jordan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Montenegro, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey, United Kingdom. Netherlands, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Chorotype: West Palearctic. Switzerland, Turkey, United Arab Emirates. Chorotype: West Palearctic. Eupelmus (Macroneura) aseculatus (Kalina, 1981) Eupelmus aseculatus: ANTOV & STOJANOVA Eupelmus (Eupelmus) microzonus Förster, 1860 (2015); Eupelmus (Macroneura) aseculatus: Eupelmus microzonus: STOJANOVA (2005b); ANTOV et al. (2017); FUSU (2017). NIEVES-ALDREY & MELIKA (2005); ANTOV & Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 STOJANOVA (2015); Eupelmus (Eupelmus) m, 23.V.2004, 1 female (ex. Aylax hypecoi galls microzonus: ANTOV et al. (2017). on Hypecoum imberbe; 01.XI.2006, 3 females Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 (ex. A. hypecoi galls on H. imberbe); 02.VI.2011, m, 24.X.1999, 17 females, 5 males (ex. 18 females (ex. A. hypecoi galls on H. imberbe). Centaurea sp.); 1 female (ex. Centaurea stoebe General distribution: Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, L.); 19.V.2001, 5 females (ex. A. hypecoi galls on Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Hypecoum imberbe); 19.V.2002, 5 females, 3 Romania, Spain, Turkey. males (ex. Aylax hypecoi galls on H. imberbe); Chorotype: Turano-European. 29.V.2002, 41 females, 7 males (ex. A. hypecoi Eupelmus (Macroneura) messene Walker, galls on H. imberbe); 02.VI.2002, 39 females, 4 1839 males (ex. A. hypecoi galls on H. imberbe); Eupelmus vesicularis: STOJANOVA (2005b); 09.VI.2002, 10 females (ex. A. hypecoi galls on Eupelmus (Macroneura) messene: FUSU (2017). H. imberbe); 17.V.2003, 2 females (ex. A. Material: Plovdiv, 180 m, 19.III.1997, 2 hypecoi galls on H. imberbe); 02.VI.2003, 1 females (ex. Cynipidae galls on Quercus sp.); female (ex. A. hypecoi galls on H. imberbe); Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 m, 22.V.2004, 2 females (ex. A. hypecoi galls on H. 19.V.2001, 13 females (ex. Aylax hypecoi galls imberbe); 29.V.2004, 14 females (ex. A. hypecoi on Hypecoum imberbe); 19.V.2002, 4 females galls on H. imberbe); 22.V.2005, 119 females (ex. (ex. A. hypecoi galls on H. imberbe); 17.V.2003, A. hypecoi galls on H. imberbe); 02.VI.2007, 2 17 females (ex. A. hypecoi galls on H. imberbe); females, 1 male (ex. A. hypecoi galls on H. 02.VI.2003, 1 female (ex. A. hypecoi galls on H. imberbe). The association of the species with imberbe). Centaurea stoebe (Asteraceae) is newly recorded. General distribution: Argentina, Armenia, General distribution: Afghanistan, Bulgaria, Australia, Austria, Azores, Bulgaria, Canada, Canada, Canary Islands, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Colombia, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Japan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Israel, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Madeira, Moldova, New Zealand, Peoples’ Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Republic of China, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Morocco, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia (till Far East), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, United Kingdom, USA. Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Chorotype: Cosmopolitan. United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan. Chorotype: Holarctic. Eupelmus (Macroneura) vladimiri Fusu, 2017 *Eupelmus (Eupelmus) urozonus Dalman, 1820 Eupelmus (Macroneura) vladimiri: FUSU Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 (2017) m, 28.IV.2000, 1 female (ex. Cynipidae galls on Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 Quercus sp.). m, 22-29.V.2004, 5 females (ex. Aylax hypecoi

62 Anelia M. Stojanova, Miroslav I. Antov galls on Hypecoum imberbe); 16.VI.2004, 1 General distribution: Austria, Bulgaria, female (ex. A. hypecoi galls on H. imberbe); Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Romania. 18.V.2015, 1 female (ex. A. hypecoi galls on H. Chorotype: European. imberbe). General distribution: Albania, Bulgaria, Idiomacromerus papaveris (Förster 1856) Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Iran, Montenegro, Idiomacromerus papaveris: STOJANOVA (2007) Turkey. General distribution: Andorra, Austria, Chorotype: Turano-European. Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Family Torymidae Walker, 1833 Macedonia, Moldova, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom. Exopristoides hypecoi Zerova et Stojanova, 2004 Chorotype: Turano-European. Exopristoides hypecoi: ZEROVA et al. (2004) Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 *Idiomacromerus terebrator (Masi, 1916) m, 18.V.2015, 12 females, 8 males (ex. galls of Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 2.IX.1968, 1 Aylax hypecoi (Cynipidae) on Hypecoum female (A. Germanov). imberbe); 5.VI.2015, 17 females, 12 males (ex. General distribution: Armenia, Bulgaria, galls of A. hypecoi on H. imberbe). Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Macedonia, Moldova, General distribution: Bulgaria, Iran. Romania, Russia, Ukraine, United States of Chorotype: Turano-European. America, Uzbekistan. Chorotype: Holarctic. *Exopristus trigonomerus (Masi, 1916) Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 Megastigmus aculeatus (Swederus, 1795) m, 24.X.1999, 2 females (ex. Centaurea sp.). Megastigmus aculeatus: ANGELOV (1970) General distribution: Bosnia and Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 20.V.1966, 1 Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, female (A. Germanov); Plovdiv, Dzendem tepe France, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, loc., 250 m, 10.I.1997, 13 females. 3 males (ex. Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Rosa sp. fruits). North Africa, Romania, Russia (European part), Slovakia, Spain, Tadzhikistan, Turkey, General distribution: Palearctic, Oriental, Turkmenistan, Ukraine. Afrotropical, Nearctic, Neotropic, Australian, Antarctic kingdoms. Chorotype: Centralasiatic-Mediterranean. Chorotype: Cosmopolitan. Glyphomerus aylax Stojanova, 2005 Microdontomerus annulatus (Spinola, 1808) Glyphomerus aylax: STOJANOVA (2005b) Microdontomerus annulatus: STOJANOVA Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 (2007) m, 18.V.2015, 28 females, 12 males (ex. galls of General distribution: Austria, Bulgaria, Aylax hypecoi (Cynipidae) on Hypecoum Croatia, Czech Republic, Egypt, France, Germany, imberbe); 5.VI.2015, 11 females, 18 males (ex. Hungary, Iran, Italy, Libya, Moldova, Montenegro, galls of A. hypecoi on H. imberbe). Pakistan, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, General distribution: Bulgaria, Iran, Ukraine. Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom. Chorotype: Turano-European. Chorotype: Palearctic.

Idiomacromerus budensis (Erdös 1955) Monodontomerus obscurus Westwood, 1833 Idiomacromerus budensis: STOJANOVA (2007) Monodontomerus obscurus: ANGELOV (1970) General distribution: Bulgaria, Hungary, Moldova. Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 20.VII.1965, 2 Chorotype: Southeast European. females (A. Germanov); 7.VI.1966, 2 females (A. Germanov); 20.V.2004, 1 female. Idiomacromerus mayri (Wachtl, 1883) General distribution: Azores, Bulgaria, Idiomacromerus mayri: ANGELOV (1970) Canada, Chile, Croatia, Czech Republic,

63 The Chalcid Wasp Fauna (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the City of Plovdiv Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Hungary, *Torymus flavipes (Walker, 1833) Iran, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 Macedonia, Moldova, Netherland, Pakistan, m, 28.IV.2000, 5 females, 1 male (ex. galls Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Biorhiza pallida (Oliver) on Quercus sp.); Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, 2.IV.2001, 10 females, 9 males (ex. galls on Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of Quercus sp.); 11.IV.2007, 12 females, 4 males America. (ex. galls Biorhiza pallida on Quercus sp.). Chorotype: Holarctic. General distribution: Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech *Pseudotorymus papaveris (Thomson, 1876) Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 Israel, Italy, Netherland, Peoples’ Republic of m, 2. VI. 1999, 4 females, 4 males (ex. Papaver China, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, sp. boxes). Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, General distribution: Austria, Bulgaria, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, America. Moldova, Mongolia, Netherland, Romania, Chorotype: Holarctic. Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine. Chorotype: Asiatic-European. Torymus ventralis (Fonscolombe, 1832) Torymus ventralis: ANGELOV (1970) *Torymoides dispar (Masi, 1916) General distribution: Austria, Bulgaria, Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 14.VII.1967, 2 Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, females (A. Germanov). France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, General distribution: Albania, Azerbaijan, Montenegro, Netherlands, Romania, Russia Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, (European part), Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden, Italy, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom. Slovakia, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine. Chorotype: European. Chorotype: European. Family Ormyridae Förster, 1856 *Torymoides kiesenwetteri (Mayr, 1874) Material: Plovdiv, 165 m, 7.IX.1967, 2 gratiosus (Förster, 1860) females (A. Germanov); 9.VIII.1968, 1 female Ormyrus gratiosus: STOJANOVA (2005a) (A. Germanov). General distribution: Armenia, Austria, General distribution: Andorra, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Canary Islands, Croatia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Kazakhstan, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Macedonia, Moldova, Nepal, Peoples’ Republic Russia (European part), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, of China, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan. United Kingdom, Yemen. Chorotype: Asiatic-European. Chorotype: Palearctic. Ormyrus nitidulus (Fabricius, 1804) *Torymus auratus (Müller, 1764) Ormyrus nitidulus: STOJANOVA (2005a) Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 m, Material: Plovdiv, Bunardzhika, 230 m, 19. III. 1997, 3 females (ex. galls on Quercus sp.). 14.X.2008, 2 females (ex. Andricus sp. galls on General distribution: Andorra, Austria, Quercus) (V. Vasilska). Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, General distribution: Algeria, Andorra, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Iran, Italy, Moldova, Morocco, Netherland, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States Hungary, Iran, Italy, Jordan, Macedonia, of America. Netherlands, North Africa, Romania, Russia Chorotype: Holarctic. (European part), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia,

64 Anelia M. Stojanova, Miroslav I. Antov Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, species and Tetramesa – 6 species. Of them, 21 United Kingdom, United States of America. are new records to the region and 1 species – Chorotype: Holarctic. Eurytoma herbaria is new to the Bulgarian fauna. Nine Eupelmids from three genera: *Ormyrus orientalis Walker, 1871 Anastatus with 1 species, Calymmochilus with 1 Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 species and Eupelmus with 7 species are m, 21.XI.2007, 1 female (ex. Centaurea sp.) (V. reported for the fauna of the city of Plovdiv. Vasilska); Plovdiv, Bunardzhika, 230 m, Four of them are new records to the region. A 18.XII.2006, 1 female (ex. Centaurea sp.) (V. total of 16 Torymids from 10 genera: Vasilska) Exopristoides – 1 species, Exopristus – 1 species, General distribution: Afghanistan, Glyphomerus – 1 species, Idiomacromerus - 4 Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, species, Megastigmus – 1 species, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Georgia, Microdontomerus – 1 species, Monodontomerus Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Italy, – 1 species, Pseudotorymus – 1 species, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Pakistan, Torymoides – 2 species and Torymus - 3 were Russia (till Far East), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, established; 7 species of them are new records to Tadzhikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, the region. Five Ormyrids from the genus Uzbekistan. Ormyrus are herein reported; 3 of them are new Chorotype: Asiatic-European. records to the city of Plovdiv. As a result of our study, we established new *Ormyrus pomaceus (Geoffroy, 1785) associations with plants and hosts for six chalcid Material: Plovdiv, Dzhendem tepe loc., 250 wasps. We collected from Dzhendem tepe locality m, 09.IX.1996, 1 female (ex. seeds of Amorpha seeds of Amorpha fruticosa (Fabaceae), which is fruticosa); 14.VIII.2004, 2 females (ex. Andricus native to United States, Canada and Mexico. The quercustozae (Bosc) galls on Quercus sp.); plant is introduced in Europe and Asia, but at 14.X.2008, 2 females (ex. Neuroterus sp. galls on present is categorized as an invasive species in Quercus sp.) Bulgaria. In laboratory we reared 3 eurytomids General distribution: Andorra, Austria, from Amorpha seeds - Eurytoma brunniventris, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Eurytoma pistaciae and Sycophila variegata Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, together with a large number Acanthoscelides Iran, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Moldova, pallidipennis Motschulsky, 1874 (Coleoptera: Montenegro, Netherlands, Peoples’ Republic of Bruchidae). The primary hosts of the reared species China, Poland, Romania, Russia (till Far East), are mostly cynipid gall makers (Hymenoptera: Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Cynipidae) (NOYES, 2017), but in our study, a seed Ukraine, United Kingdom. beetle is the possible host of the parasitoids. Chorotype: Asiatic-European. The association of the Systole conspicua with Conium maculatum (Apiaceae) is herein newly *Ormyrus wachtli Mayr, 1904 recorded. According to BOUČEK (1952) and Material: Plovdiv, Sahat tepe loc., 200 m, NOYES (2017), the larvae develop in the seeds of 14.X.2008, 1 female (ex. Centaurea sp.) (V. Anthriscus scandicina Mansf. (Apiaceae). Vasilska). Anthriscus longirostris Bertol. (Apiaceae) is General distribution: Austria, Bulgaria, reported as a host as well (ZEROVA, 1995). Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Iran, The polyphagous species Eupelmus confusus Italy, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Romania, Russia, and Eupelmus microzonus have very wide range Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine. of hosts from Diptera, Hymenoptera, Chorotype: Asiatic-European. and Coleoptera orders (NOYES, 2017). In our study we established new A total of 29 Eurytomids were established on associations with Acer campestre (Aceraceae), the territory of Plovdiv City that belong to 5 Althaea sp. (Malvaceae), Hypecoum imberbe genera: Bruchophagus – 3 species; Eurytoma – (Papaveraceae), Centaurea sp. (Asteraceae) and 15 species; Sycophyla – 4 species; Systole – 1 Aylax hypecoi (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) for the

65 The Chalcid Wasp Fauna (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the City of Plovdiv first species, and with Centaurea stoebe territories of Palearctic have not been studied (Asteraceae) for the second one. with regard to the fourth families (Siberia, The current distribution of the chalcid wasps China, Central and East Asia, the of Eurytomidae, Eupelmidae, Torymidae and Mediterranean), so it is not possible at present Ormyridae families is related not only to the to make complete zoogeographic analysis. time and place of origin, the speed of evolution The chorotype classification of the and dispersion, the current and past ecological reported species of Eurytomidae, situation, but also the spread of their hosts. Eupelmidae, Torymidae and Ormyridae The information about the distribution families to the territory of Plovdiv is patterns of the species is not full. Huge presented on Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Chorotypes of the species of families from the territory of Plovdiv. Abbreviations: COS – Cosmopolitan, SCO – Subcosmopolitan, HOL – Holarctic, PAL – Palearctic, WPA – West Palearctic, ASE – Asiatic-European, CAE – Centralasiatic-European, CAM – Centralasiatic- Mediterranean, TUE – Turano-European, EUR – European, SEE – Southeast-European, PAO – Palearctic-Oriental, EUM – Europeo-Mediterranean.

The species are arranged in 13 chorotype References groups and the most numerous groups are Asiatic- ANGELOV P. 1970. Neue Chalcidoidea für die European (13 species), Turano-European (9 species), Holarctic (7 species) and European (with Fauna Bulgariens. Travaux 7 species). With an equal number of species, 4 Scientifiques de l’Universite de Plovdiv, respectively, are presented Southeast-European, Biologie, Animalia, 8 (1): 137-140. (In Centralasiatic-European and Palearctic groups and Bulgarian, Russian and German West Palearctic group includes 3 species. With the summaries). lowest and equal number of species, 1 respectively, ANTOV M., A. STOJANOVA. 2015. Published are presented Palearctic-Oriental, Europeo- and data and new records to the fauna of Centralasiatic-Mediterranean groups. Eupelmidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in We recorded 2 species with Cosmopolitan Bulgaria. ZooNotes, 83: 1-11. and 3 species with Subcosmopolitan spread ANTOV M., I. STOYANOV, A. STOJANOVA, T. from Eurytomidae, Eupelmidae and Torymidae STAYKOVA. 2017. Allozyme variability families. Expanding the range of all these in three Eupelmus species species is a result of human activity. (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) from

66 Anelia M. Stojanova, Miroslav I. Antov Bulgaria. North-Western Journal of HERATY J, R. BURKS, A. CRUAUD, G. GIBSON, J. Zoology, 13(2): 220-226. LILJEBLAD, J. MUNRO, J-Y. RASPLUS, G. ASKEW R. 1994. Two new European species of DELVARE, P. JANŠTA, A. GUMOVSKY, J. Ormyrus (Hym., Ormyridae). – HUBER, J. WOOLLEY, L. KROGMANN, S. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 130: 87-93. HEYDON, A. POLASZEK, S. SCHMIDT, D. ASKEW R.R., J.L. NIEVES-ALDREY. 2004. Further DARLING, M. GATES, J. MOTTERN, E. observations on Eupelminae (Hymenoptera, MURRAY, A. DAL MOLIN, S. TRIAPITSYN, Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae) in the Iberian H. BAUR, J. PINTO, S. VAN NOORT, J. Peninsula and Canary Islands, including GEORGE, M. YODER. 2013. A phylogenetic descriptions of new species. Graellsia, 60 analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (1): 27-39. (Hymenoptera). Cladistics, 29(5): 466-542. BOUČEK Z. 1952. A new pest of the Cummin, IVANOV S. 1957. Almond seedeater (Eurytoma Systole albipennis Walk. Folia zoologica et amygdali) and possibilities for its control. entomologica, 1: 4-9. Byuletin po rastitelna zashtita, 1: 64-67. FUSU L. 2017. An integrative taxonomic study of (In Bulgarian). European Eupelmus (Macroneura) KALINA V. 1981. The Palearctic species of the (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae), genus Anastatus Motschulsky, 1860 with a molecular and cytogenetic analysis of (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae), Eupelmus (Macroneura) vesicularis: with descriptions of new species. several species hiding under one name for Silvaecultura tropica et subtropica, 8: 3-24. 240 years. Zoological Journal of the MUNRO J.B., J.M. HERATY, R.A. BURKS, D. HAWKS, Linnean Society, 181: 519-603. J. MOTTERN, A. CRUAUD, J.-Y. RASPLUS, P. JANSTA. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the GIBSON G.A.P. 1989. Phylogeny and classification of Eupelmidae, with a revision of the world Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One, genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae 6(11): e27023, 1-27. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the NIEVES-ALDREY J.L., G. MELIKA. 2005. Aylax Entomological Society of Canada, 148: 3-121. hypecoi Trotter (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in Europe: Redescription, with taxonomic GIBSON G.A.P. 1997. Chapter 11. Eupelmidae. In: Gibson, G.A.P., J.T. Huber, J.B. Woolley. and biological notes. Journal of Natural (Eds), Annotated Keys to the Genera of History, 39(27): 2525-2535. Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). NOYES J. 2017. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 430-476. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available at: [www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids]. GIBSON G.A.P. 2017. Synonymy of Reikosiella (Accessed: IX.2017). Yoshimoto under Merostenus Walker OVCHAROV D., V. PELOV. 1993. A new pest of (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae), the seeds of Sophora japonica L. in with a checklist of world species and a revision of those species with brachypterous Bulgaria. – In: TSANKOV G. (Ed.), Second females. Zootaxa, 4255 (1): 1-65. national Scientific Conference of GIBSON G. A. P., L. FUSU. 2016. Revision of the Entomology, Sofia 25-27.10.1993, 209-212. Palaearctic species of Eupelmus (Eupelmus) STOJANOVA A. 1999. Species of family Dalman (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae newly established in Bulgaria Eupelmidae). Zootaxa, 4081(1): 1-331. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Travaux GRAHAM M.W.R., M.J. GIJSWIJT. 1998. Revision Scientifiques de l’Universite de Plovdiv, of the European species of Torymus Biologie, Animalia, 35(6): 59-61. Dalman (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). STOJANOVA A. 2000. Species of genus Eurytoma Zoologische Verhandelingen, 317: 202 p. Illiger, 1807, newly established in Bulgaria GRISSELL E.E. 1995. Toryminae (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). Acta Chalcidoidea: Torymidae): a redefinition, Zoologica Bulgarica, 52 (2): 31-35. generic classification and annotated STOJANOVA A. 2001. Contribution to the study of Eurytomidae family from Bulgaria world catalogue of species. Memoirs on Entomology, International 57, 470 p. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Acta Entomologica Bulgarica, 7 (1,2): 7-10.

67 The Chalcid Wasp Fauna (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the City of Plovdiv STOJANOVA A. 2005a. Ormyridae family Халцидната фауна (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Bulgaria. Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae, Eupelmidae, In: GRUEV A, M. NIKOLOVA, A. DONEV Ormyridae и Torymidae) на град (Eds.), Proceedings of the Balkan Scientific Пловдив conference of Biology in Plovdiv (Bulgaria), May 19-21, 2005. Part II., АнелияМ . Стоянова , МирославИ . Антов Plovdiv University Press, Plovdiv, 392-396. STOJANOVA A. 2005b. Glyphomerus aylax sp. n. Резюме: Публикуваните данни за (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) from Bulgaria. семейства Eurytomidae, Eupelmidae, Revue suisse de Zoologie, 112(1): 173-182. Torymidae и Ormyridae за територията на STOJANOVA A. 2007. The Torymid fauna град Пловдив, България са обобщени. В (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) of Bulgaria: резултат на проведеното проучване са published data and new records. Linzer установени: 29 вида Eurytomidae, от които biologische Beitrage, 39(1): 657-665. 21 са нови за региона, а 1 – Eurytoma VIGNA TAGLIANTI A., P. AUDISIO, M. BIONDI, herbaria Zerova, 1994 е нов за фауната на M. BOLOGNA, G. CARPANETO, A. DE България; 9 вида Eupelmidae, 4 от които са BIASE, S. FATTORINI, E. PIATTELLA, R. нови за региона; 16 вида Torymidae, 7 от SINDACO, A. VENCHI, M. ZAPPAROLI. които са нови за региона и 5 вида 1999. A proposal for a chorotype Ormyridae, 3 от които са нови за региона. За classification of the Near East fauna, in 6 халцидни вида са установени нови the framework of the Western Palearctic асоциации с растения и гостоприемници. region. Biogeographia, 20: 31-59. Предложена е хоротипна класификация на ZEROVA M. 1976. Fauna USSR. Hymenoptera, видовете. VII (6). Family Eurytomidae, subfamilies Rileyinae and Harmolitinae. Leningrad, Nauka, 230 p. (In Russian). ZEROVA M. 1995. Parasitic Hymenoptera – Eurytominae and Eudecatominae of Palaearctics. Kiev, Naukova dumka, 457 p. (In Russian). ZEROVA M. D., L. Y. SERYOGINA. 1998. Chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) – Ormyridae and Torymidae (Megastigminae) of the Ukrainian fauna. Vestnik Zoologii, Supplement 7: 65 pp. (In Russian, English summary). ZEROVA M. D., L. Y. SERYOGINA. 1999. Torymid chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) of tribes Podagrionini and Monodontomerini of the Ukrainian fauna. Vestnik Zoologii, Supplement 13: 130 p. (In Russian, English summary). ZEROVA M., A. STOJANOVA, L. SEREGINA. 2004. Taxonomic status of the genus Exopristoides (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) with description of a Exopristoides new species from Bulgaria. Entomological Review, 84(7): 840-845.

68 Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 69-79

Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (Insecta) from Water Bodies in the Region of Plovdiv City

Yanka N. Vidinova*, Vesela V. Evtimova, Violeta G. Tyufekchieva

Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 “Tsar Osvoboditel” Blvd., Sofia - 1000, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. This work summarises both literature and unpublished historical and new data on the mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies fauna from the Maritsa River Valley in the region of Plovdiv City. The data originates from a period with broad time limits (1930-2017). In total, 40 taxa at species level were recorded. They belong to 16 families and represent, correspondingly, 23.28, 3.67 and 3.49 % of the species of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera currently known from Bulgaria. Among the established taxa, only one (Palingenia longicauda) is Extinct in Bulgaria (EX); one is Regionally Extinct (RE), one is Critically Endangered (CR), one - Potentially threatened and eight - rare or very rare on the territory of Bulgaria. Endemic species within the study area have not been reported.

Key words: mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, species richness, conservation status, Maritsa River, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Introduction The aim of this work is to present data on First sporadic data on semi-aquatic insects the faunistic diversity of the mayflies, stoneflies within the region of Plovdiv are given by RUSSEV and caddisflies in the region of Plovdiv City, (1957; 1960), who reported the findings of single Bulgaria, with information on their distribution, mayfly species. Later RUSSEV (1966; 1967), habitat preferences and conservation status at a summarising the results of hydrobiological studies regional level. on the Maritsa River, carried out during the period 1955-1963, reported the first data on Plecoptera Material and Methods and Trichoptera from the region of Plovdiv City. The study comprises the already published data Based on purposeful seasonal studies in 1976 and on the findings of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and 1977, UZUNOV et al. (1981) reported 15 mayfly Trichoptera (EPT) representatives in the water and one caddisfly taxa at two locations in the bodies within Plovdiv City and its surroundings. Maritsa River within the district of Plovdiv City. Additionally, unpublished data were included as In his contributions to the Fauna of Bulgaria follows: faunistic records by B. Russev from 1955, series KUMANSKI (1985; 1988; 2007). presents data from “NATURA 2000” studies of “Maritsa data on the distribution of adult specimen of the River” Protected zone BG0000578 in 2011 (July, order Trichoptera from Bulgaria. Among the 30th), as well as materials from newly sampled localities of many of the species he mentions the localities in 2017 (May, 18th), the latter two collected Maritsa River. However, the specific data on the by Y. Vidinova. These localities are new for some stonefly and caddisfly fauna from the area of the of the species and are marked with * in the text Plovdiv City are scarce. (Table 1). © Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (Insecta) from Water Bodies in the Region of Plovdiv City

Table 1. Location data of the newly observed sites.

River Locality Geographic coordinates Altitude UTM Grid Parvenetska upstream the mouth N 42.131869° E 24.683758° 169 m LG06 (87) Pyasachnik upstream the mouth N 42.164443° E 24.773945° 158 m LG16 (39) Maritsa near the Fair town N 42.154369° E 24.750878° 163 m LG16 (29) downstream Plovdiv, Maritsa under the railway N 42.152852° E 24.807722° 155 m LG16 (89) bridge and ring road

The unpublished materials were collected (RUSSEV & VIDINOVA, 1994). Found in using the multihabitat method (CHESHMEDJIEV Europe, excluding the British Isles, Iceland and et al., 2011), fixed with alcohol and later sorted the Iberian Peninsula (PUTHZ, 1978). by systematic groups. Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) were determined according to MÜLLER- Family Baetidae Leach, 1815 LIEBENAU (1969) and the rest of the mayflies - Genus Baetis Leach, 1815 using the keys of BAUERNFEIND & HUMPESCH Subgenus Baetis Leach, 1815 (2001). The systematic order followed Baetis (B.) buceratus Eaton, 1870 BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN (2012). Localities: LG06 (87) - Parvenetska River*, The current review of four stoneflies 18.05.2017 - 4 la; LG06 (99) - Maritsa River, species was based on the available literature upstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., (two species) and new data (one species). One 1981); LG16 (29) - Maritsa River, Plovdiv, near of the records originated from an unpublished the Fair Town*, 18.05.2017 - 34 la; LG16 (39) - protocol by Prof. B. Russev. The used Pyasachnik River*, 18.05.2017 - 78 la; LG16 systematic order was after MURANYI (2008). (89) - Maritsa River, downstream Plovdiv, We present here literature and original data 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., 1981). on the occurrence of, respectively, five taxa and Distribution: large lowland rivers, five species of Trichoptera. The newly collected sometimes dominant in β-mesosaprobic caddisfly larvae were identified using the key of conditions of organic pollution (BAUERNFEIND WARINGER & GRAF (2011). & SOLDAN, 2012). Frequent in Bulgaria, very often with rich populations; widely distributed Results and Discussion in the West Palaearctic (BAUERNFEIND & Check-list SOLDAN, 2012).

Order Ephemeroptera Baetis (B.) nexus Navás, 1918 Superfamily Baetoidea Localities: LG16 (39) - Pyasachnik River*, Family Siphlonuridae Ulmer, 1920 18.05.2017 - 2 la. Genus Siphlonurus Eaton, 1868 Distribution: lowland waters of different Subgenus Siphlonurus Eaton, 1868 size, mostly in rivers, backwaters and artificial Siphlonurus (S.) aestivalis (Eaton, 1903) water channels with rather low current velocity, Localities: LG16 - swamp in Plovdiv (leg. evidently preferring places with submerged prof. А. Valkanov), 04.04.1948 - mass flight aquatic vegetation (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, (RUSSEV, 1960). 2012). Not so common in Bulgaria; probably widely distributed in the West Palaearctic Distribution: macrophytic vegetation or without clear area limits (BAUERNFEIND & layers of rotten leaves in lentic sections of rivers, in ponds and the shore zone of lakes, SOLDAN, 2012). usually below 600 m a.s.l. (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). In Bulgaria the species has Baetis (B.) fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1761) been found at several locations, some of them Localities: LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, at higher altitude (to about 1000 m a.s.l.); in downstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et riparian vegetation in river spills and swamps al., 1981).

70 Yanka N. Vidinova, Vesela V. Evtimova, Violeta G. Tyufekchieva Distribution: from the rhithral to the Baetis (B.) vernus Curtis, 1834 potamal of streams and rivers with stony Localities: LG06 (99) - Maritsa River, bottom, preferably inhabiting lotic sections upstream Plovdiv; LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, with submerged aquatic plants (BAUERNFEIND downstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et & SOLDAN, 2012). No actual data on the al., 1981). in Bulgarian freshwaters. Distribution: eudominant in many Found in the Palaearctic, widely distributed in localities, due to its very broad ecological range. almost all of Europe, including some Larvae usually prefer the rhithral of smaller Mediterranean Islands (BAUERNFEIND & streams but high densities may be observed in SOLDAN, 2012). larger lowland rivers (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). Widespread in Bulgaria. Baetis (B.) scambus Eaton, 1870 Рeported from almost the whole of Europe, Localities: LG16 (29) - Maritsa River, including the British Isles but not recorded Plovdiv, near the Fair Town*, 18.05.2017 - 20 from the Mediterranean Islands la. (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). Distribution: exclusively in lotic habitats, only as an exception in artificial water courses. Subgenus Labiobaetis Novikova & Kluge, Substratum preferences similar to B. fuscatus 1987 (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). No actual Baetis (L.) atrebatinus Eaton, 1870 data on the species distribution in Bulgarian Localities: LG06 (99) - Maritsa River, freshwaters. West Palaearctic species upstream Plovdiv; LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, (HAYBACH, 1998; JACOB, 2003), reported from downstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et almost all European countries (BELFIORE & al., 1981). THOMAS, 2017). Distribution: exclusively in large rivers, preferably inhabits submerged macrophytes and Baetis (B.) macani Kimmins, 1957 less frequently stony habitats (BAUERNFEIND & Localities: LG06 (99) - Maritsa River, SOLDAN, 2012). No actual data on the species upstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., distribution in Bulgarian freshwaters. In 1981). continental Europe and the East Palaearctic Distribution: typical lowland species, which (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012); larvae occur in all types of aquatic habitats, predominantly in Western Europe, including frequently in still water, usually on aquatic the British Isles and (BELFIORE & vegetation (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). THOMAS, 2017). No actual data on the species distribution in Bulgarian freshwaters. Holarctic species; Baetis (L.) tricolor Tshernova, 1928 recorded in Northern Europe, including Localities: LG06 (99) - Maritsa River, upstream Fennoscandia (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., 1981); LG16 - 2012). Maritsa River, Plovdiv, 07.1942 - 4 la (leg. A. Valkanov); 07.10.1955 - several la (RUSSEV, 1966); Baetis (B.) tracheatus Keffermüller & LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, downstream Plovdiv, Machel, 1967 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., 1981). Localities: LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, Distribution: potamal of large lowland downstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et rivers, preferring low current velocity and rich al., 1981). submerged vegetation and roots Distribution: slow-flowing lowland rivers, (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). No actual predominantly among submerged vascular data on the species distribution in Bulgarian vegetation. Typical lowland species, relatively freshwaters. Found in the central and eastern pollution resistant, inhabits rivers and parts of Europe (BELFIORE & THOMAS, 2017). eutrophied still waters (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). No actual data on the species Subgenus Rhodobaetis Jacob, 2003 distribution in Bulgarian freshwaters. Typical Baetis (Rh.) rhodani (Pictet, 1843) for the Western Palaearctic lowlands Localities: LG06 (87) - Parvenetska River*, (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). 18.05.2017 - 13 la; LG06 (99) - Maritsa River,

71 Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (Insecta) from Water Bodies in the Region of Plovdiv City upstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., Subgenus Similicloeon Kluge & Novikova, 1981); LG16 - Maritsa River, Plovdiv, 1992 23.04.1955 - mass (RUSSEV, 1966); LG16 (29) - Cloeon (S.) simile Eaton, 1870 Maritsa River, near the Fair Town, 18.05.2017 - Localities: LG06(99) - Maritsa River, 3 la; LG16 (39) - Pyasachnik River*, 18.05.2017 upstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., - 2 la; LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, downstream 1981). Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., 1981). Distribution: larvae inhabit predominantly Distribution: lotic erosional habitats from still waters with aquatic vegetation, preferring the crenal to the potamal of rivers, also pools relatively cold oligotrophic lakes and fishponds and oligotrophic lakes, including artificial at higher altitudes (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, watercourses (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). No actual data on the species 2012). Baetis rhodani represents the most distribution in Bulgarian freshwaters, rarely eurythermic and eurytopic species within the found species. Transpalaearctic; in Europe - genus (SARTORI & LANDOLT, 1999). One of records from almost the whole territory, except the most common and ubiquitous species in for European Russia and the Western Balkans Bulgaria. Recorded from all over Europe (BELFIORE & THOMAS, 2017). (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). Genus Procloeon Bengtsson, 1915 Subgenus Nigrobaetis Novikova & Kluge, Subgenus Procloeon Bengtsson, 1915 1987 Procloeon (Pr.) bifidum (Bengtsson, 1912) Baetis (N.) muticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Localities: LG17 - channel near Plovdiv, Localities: LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, State Fisheries Farm (SFF) - 14 la (leg. M. downstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et Dimitrov) (RUSSEV, 1960). al., 1981). Distribution: fairly numerous in the Distribution: similar to B. rhodani but metarhithral to potamal of middle-sized distinctly less abundant and very rarely streams and (preferably) larger rivers. Rare in dominant. Larvae prefer the rhithral of smaller artificial water bodies. Larvae inhabit streams but have been found in the crenal and submerged vegetation as well as gravel, stone potamal (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). and coarse sediments (BAUERNFEIND & Frequent species, however no actual data on its SOLDAN, 2012). Relatively rare in Bulgaria distribution in Bulgarian freshwaters. Reported despite the lack of data on the actual from all over Europe except the central part of distribution in the country. Transpalaearctic; in European Russia (BELFIORE & THOMAS, Europe widely distributed (BAUERNFEIND & 2017). SOLDAN, 2012).

Genus Cloeon Leach, 1815 Subgenus Pseudocentroptilum Bogoescu, Subgenus Cloeon Leach, 1815 1947 Cloeon (Cl.) dipterum (Linnaeus, 1761) Procloeon (Ps.) pennulatum (Eaton, 1870) Localities: LG06 (99) - Maritsa River, Localities: LG06 (99) - Maritsa River, upstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., upstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., 1981); LG16 - Maritsa River, Plovdiv, 1981, reported as Centroptilum pennulatum); 07.10.1955 - 2 la (RUSSEV, 1966). LG16 - Maritsa River, Plovdiv, 07.10.1955 - 6 la Distribution: almost all types of aquatic (RUSSEV, 1966); LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, habitats, eudominant in still water but also downstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et found in running waters, especially in large al., 1981). slow-flowing rivers and backwaters Distribution: in the rhithral of smaller (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). Very brooks, preferring stony habitats in pools or common in Bulgarian standing waters, places with very slow current and partly coarse especially with the presence of macrophytes. sand. Frequently found also in the potamal of Records from all over Europe excluding Italy larger rivers (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). and the surrounding islands (BELFIORE & No actual data on the species distribution in THOMAS, 2017). Bulgarian freshwaters. Holarctic species; in the

72 Yanka N. Vidinova, Vesela V. Evtimova, Violeta G. Tyufekchieva Palaearctic recorded from the Iberian Peninsula localities, mainly in the hyporhithral of rivers and the British Isles through Europe to West (VIDINOVA & RUSSEV, 1997). West Palaearctic Siberia (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). species, reported from most of the European countries (BELFIORE & THOMAS, 2017). Superfamily Heptagenioidea Family Isonychiidae Burks, 1953 Genus Heptagenia Walsh, 1863 Genus Isonychia Eaton, 1871 Subgenus Heptagenia Walsh, 1863 Subgenus Isonychia Eaton, 1871 Heptagenia (H.) flava Rostock, 1878 Isonychia (I.) ignota (Walker, 1853) Localities: LG06 (99) - Maritsa River, Localities: LG16 - Maritsa River, Plovdiv, upstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., 08.1942 - 2 la, the aquatic vegetation along the 1981); LG16 - Maritsa River, Plovdiv, river banks (RUSSEV, 1957); LG16 (89) - 15.06.1947 - 1 la; 23.04.1955 - several la on the Maritsa River, downstream Plovdiv, 15.06.1947 vegetation along the river bank (RUSSEV, 1966); (RUSSEV, 1966). LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, downstream Distribution: larger rivers in the plains, Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., 1981). preferably in places with submerged plants Distribution: eurybiontic species with and strong current (BAUERNFEIND & comparatively high ecological plasticity; widely SOLDAN, 2012). In Bulgaria the species was spread in potamal of lowland rivers, usually on reported from several large rivers in sections submerged logs, including larger Bulgarian with lower water velocity and/or rich in rivers (VIDINOVA & RUSSEV, 1997). Palearctic macrophytes (RUSSEV & VIDINOVA, 1994). species, in Continental Europe, not in Transpalearctic species, almost in the whole of Fennoscandia, the British Isles and the Iberian Continental Europe (BAUERNFEIND & Peninsula (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). SOLDAN, 2012). Subgenus Kageronia Matsumura, 1931 Family Heptageniidae Needham, 1901 Heptagenia (K.) fuscogrisea (Retzius, 1783) Genus Ecdyonurus Eaton, 1868 Localities: LG16 - Maritsa River, Plovdiv, Subgenus Ecdyonurus Eaton, 1868 15.06.1947 - 1 la (RUSSEV, 1966). Ecdyonurus (E.) insignis (Eaton, 1870) Distribution: mostly in lowland lakes and Localities: LG06 (87)- Parvenetska River*, ponds, occasionally also in slow-flowing rivers 18.05.2017 - 20 la. up to approximately 600 m a.s.l., exclusively on Distribution: hyporhithral to metapotamal macrophytic vegetation, preferably sedges of rivers with stony bottom, occasionally also in (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). Very rare in the shore zone of oligotrophic lakes. Highest Bulgaria, known from few localities (VIDINOVA densities in lowlands up to 300-400 m a.s.l. & RUSSEV, 1997; PRESOLSKA, 2014). Palearctic (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). Moderately species, reported from Northern, Eastern and spread in Bulgaria, predominantly in lowland Central Europe (BELFIORE & THOMAS, 2017). sections of larger and deeper rivers (PRESOLSKA, 2014). Found in Europe, Family Palingeniidae Albarda,1888 including the British Isles; not in Scandinavia Genus Palingenia Burmeister, 1839 (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). Palingenia longicauda (Olivier, 1791) Localities: LG17 - channel near Plovdiv Genus Electrogena Zurwerra & Tomka, (SFF), Maritsa River, Plovdiv, 13.06.1956, 1985 03.06.1958 - mass flight (leg. V. Naidenov) Electrogena lateralis (Curtis, 1834) (RUSSEV, 1966). Localities: LG16 - Maritsa River, Plovdiv, Distribution: metapotamal of large lowland 14.07.1955 - 3 la (RUSSEV, 1966, reported as rivers with well-oxygenated and fast-flowing Heptagenia lateralis). water. Larvae require a specially defined type of Distribution: larvae prefer rivulets and substratum (argyllal) with a high amount of clay smaller rivers with stony bottom. In Central and fine silt, they are highly sensitive against Europe usually more common above 400 m changes of abiotic factors and disappear rapidly a.s.l. (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). In from rivers with regulated banks or sections Bulgaria the species is known from many with organic pollution (BAUERNFEIND &

73 Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (Insecta) from Water Bodies in the Region of Plovdiv City

SOLDAN, 2012). In Bulgaria P. longicauda has Localities: LG06 - 14.07.1955 - 7 la (RUSSEV, been found until the 70s of the last century at 1966); LG06 (87) - Parvenetska River*, 18.05.2017 several locations in the Danube River (RUSSEV, - 17 la; LG06 (99) - Maritsa River, upstream 1987). In Europe - historic records from many Plovdiv; LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, downstream of the larger rivers in Central and South- Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., 1981). Eastern Europe; at present probably only in the Distribution: rheophilic species, inhabits Danube and Tisza Rivers refuge in Hungary, the hyporhithral and epipotamal of rivers, Slovakia and Ukraine (by BAUERNFEIND & especially with gravel and stony bottom, as well SOLDAN, 2012). as the shore zone of lakes (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). The most common mayfly in Superfamily Ephemerelloidea Bulgaria (PRESOLSKA, 2014). Palaearctic; widely Family Ephemerellidae Klapálek, 1909 distributed all over Europe (BELFIORE & Genus Ephemerella Walsh, 1863 THOMAS, 2017). Ephemerella ignita (Poda, 1761) Localities: LG06 (87) - Parvenetska River*, Caenis pseudorivulorum Keffermüller, 1960 18.05.2017 - 17 la; LG06 (99) - Maritsa River, Localities: LG16 (29) - Maritsa River, upstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., Plovdiv, near the Fair Town*, 18.05.2017 - 3 la; 1981); LG16 (29) - Maritsa River*, Plovdiv, LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, downstream Plovdiv, near the Fair Town, 18.05.2017 - 1 la; LG16 near the railway bridge*, 30.07.2011 - 38 la. (89) - Maritsa River, downstream Plovdiv, Distribution: larvae inhabit the potamal of 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., 1981). large lowland rivers below 300 m a.s.l.; Distribution: predominantly in rhithral of sometimes syntopic with C. macrura medium-sized to large rivers, especially in the (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). In Bulgaria meta- and hyporhithral. With wide ecological recorded from larger rivers in the Aegean range, larvae inhabit almost all types of running Basin, less common in the tributaries (Ogosta waters (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). and River) of the Danube River Ephemerella ignita is the most common mayfly (PRESOLSKA, 2014). Palaearctic species; widely species in Bulgaria (PRESOLSKA, 2014). distributed all over Europe (BELFIORE & Transpalearctic, in Europe there are records THOMAS, 2017). from all over the continent (BELFIORE & THOMAS, 2017). Caenis rivulorum Eaton, 1884 Localities: LG16 - Maritsa River, Plovdiv, Ephemerella notata Eaton, 1887 23.04.1955 - several la (RUSSEV, 1966). Localities: LG06 - 23.04.1955 - 8 la, Distribution: larvae typically inhabit the nymphs (RUSSEV, 1966). rhithral and epipotamal of brooks and rivers, as Distribution: rare species; larvae seem to well as stillwater and lakes between 200-500 m prefer potamal (epipotamal) conditions but the a.s.l.; lentic sections with stony bottom and a meta- and hyporhithral of rivers are inhabited, layer of detritus are usually preferred too. Larvae usually prefer gravel bottom and (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). Rare in places with relatively high current velocity. Bulgaria; all records until 1990 (PRESOLSKA, Registered mainly in the large rivers in 2014). Palaearctic species; widely distributed all South Bulgaria, less rare in the tributaries of the over Europe, not recorded from Italy, the Danube River. Since 1990, E. notata is found Mediterranean Islands and Greece only in the Veleka River (SE Bulgaria; see (BAUERNFEIND & SOLDAN, 2012). PRESOLSKA, 2014). Reported from the western, central and eastern parts of Continental Order Plecoptera Europe, including the British Isles (BELFIORE Suborder Arctoperlaria & THOMAS, 2017). Family Perlodidae Klapálek, 1909 Genus Isoperla Banks, 1906 Superfamily Caenoidea Isoperla grammatica (Poda, 1761) Family Caenidae Newman, 1853 Localities: LG16 (29) - Maritsa River, Genus Caenis Stephens, 1836 Plovdiv City, 23.04.1955 (unpublished data by Caenis macrura Stephens, 1836 Prof. B. Russev).

74 Yanka N. Vidinova, Vesela V. Evtimova, Violeta G. Tyufekchieva Distribution: widespread species with high Distribution: lowland rhithro- and ecological plasticity. Inhabits predominantly the potamobiont, as an exception in low mountains up rocky bottom (mesolithal) with sands (psamal) to 1000 m a.s.l.; very rare for Bulgaria but when and fine to medium-sized gravel (akal), within recorded - in great abundance (KUMANSKI, 1988). the ranges of 50-2000 m a.s.l.. The most In all of Europe excluding the British Isles and the common stonefly in Bulgaria; European species Scandinavian Peninsula (KUMANSKI, 1988). (MURANYI, 2008). Family Limnephilidae Isoperla obscura (Zetterstedt, 1840) Genus Limnephilus Leach, 1815 Localities: LG16 (29) - Maritsa River, Limnephilus stigma Curtis, 1834 Plovdiv City, 23.04.1955 (RUSSEV, 1966). Localities: swampy water bodies near Distribution: mostly in lowland rivers; Plovdiv City (KUMANSKI, 1988). known in the past from the Maritsa River near Distribution: eurybiont, found mostly in the towns of Pazardzhik, Plovdiv, standing or slow-flowing water bodies from 0 up to Dimitrovgrad and . Prefers coarse 1600 m a.s.l.; very rare for Bulgaria (KUMANSKI, gravel substratum (mesolithal), macrophytes 1988). Holarctic species (KUMANSKI, 1988). and fine particulate organic matter. Very rare and Regionally Extinct (RE) in Bulgaria. It has Limnephilus lunatus Curtis, 1834 been found until the 70s of the last century; in Localities: Plovdiv City, 24.05.1930 - 2♀ Europe also rarely distributed. Palearctic (KUMANSKI, 1968). species (MURANYI, 2008). Distribution: eurybiont; very common for Family Leuctridae Klapalek, 1905 Bulgaria (KUMANSKI, 1981); mostly in slow- flowing water bodies in mountains and plains, Genus Leuctra Stephens, 1835 various standing waters (including brackish) Leuctra sp. from 0 up to 2000 m a.s.l., found throughout Localities: LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, the country and one of the most common downstream Plovdiv, under the railway bridge species of the genus and the order in Bulgaria and ring road*, 30.07.2011 - 1 la. (KUMANSKI, 1988). West Palearctic species Family Perlidae Latreille, 1802 (KUMANSKI, 1988). Genus Perla Geoffroy, 1762 Perla marginata (Panzer, 1799) Family Leptoceridae Localities: LG16 (29) - Maritsa River, Genus Oecetis McLachlan, 1877 Plovdiv City, 1966, 1967 (RUSSEV, 1967). Oecetis ochracea (Curtis, 1825) Distribution: one of the most common Localities: from Plovdiv without specific rheophil stonefly species in Bulgaria; mainly location (KUMANSKI, 1971). inhabits xylal and micro-, meso- and macrolithal Distribution: common for Bulgaria substrata. It can be found in the whole rhithral (KUMANSKI, 1981); the most common and and potamal sections of Bulgarian rivers and abundant species of the family in the country streams (up to 2500 m a.s.l.) with xeno- with broad ecological spectrum, inhabiting oligosaprobic conditions. European species various standing and slow-flowing water bodies (MURANYI, 2008). (coastal or lowland inner water bodies, including swamps, lakes, reservoirs, oxbow lakes, richly Order Trichoptera vegetated sections) at 0-600 m a.s.l. (KUMANSKI, Suborder Integripalpia 1988). Holarctic species (KUMANSKI, 1988). Family Brachycentridae Family Goeridae Genus Brachycentrus Curtis, 1834 Genus Goera Leach, 1815 Brachycentrus maculatus (Fourcroy, 1785) Goera pilosa (Fabricius, 1775) Localities: LG16 (29) - inundated grass Localities: LG06 (87) - Parvenetska River*, along the Maritsa River, Plovdiv, 23.04.1955 - 1 18.05.2017 - 1 la. la (RUSSEV, 1966, recorded as Oligoplectrum Distribution: with very wide ecological maculatum). This locality has been destroyed spectrum, its larvae prefer calm sections of the (KUMANSKI, 1988). rhithral, potamal in bigger rivers and limnal; in

75 Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (Insecta) from Water Bodies in the Region of Plovdiv City Bulgaria very common especially in slower City was found among its localities in the mountain streams at lower altitudes, in the potamal available literature. of almost all bigger rivers up to β-mesosaprobic Distribution: one of the most common and conditions, at 0-1000 m a.s.l. (KUMANSKI, 1988). evenly distributed caddisflies, with preferences West Palearctic species (KUMANSKI, 1988). for smaller rivers (potamal) but also found in bigger rivers and hyporhithral of premountain Suborder Annulipalpia rivers; with broad ecological spectrum and Family Psychomyiidae could be found from the sea level up to 900 m Genus Psychomyia Latreille in Cuvier, 1829 a.s.l. (KUMANSKI, 1985). West Palearctic Psychomyia pusilla (Fabricius, 1781) species (KUMANSKI, 1985). Localities: LG06 (87) - Parvenetska River*, 18.05.2017 - 1 la. Hydropsyche cf. angustipennis (Curtis, 1834) Distribution: typical of stony sections of Localities: LG16 (29) - Maritsa River, the potamal of all Bulgarian rivers except for Plovdiv, near the Fair town*, 18.05.2017 - 11 la the Danube River, common also in the (9 of which earlier instars); LG16 (39) - (hypo)rhithral of lowland rivers, sometimes in Pyasachnik River*, 18.05.2017 - 4 la (earlier the crenal; typical in the plains and sometimes instars). No specific mentioning of the Maritsa reaching 1000-1100 m a.s.l., with broad River near Plovdiv was found among its ecological spectrum, inhabiting also more localities in the available literature. polluted waters, very common in Europe Distribution: broadly and evenly (KUMANSKI, 1985). West Palearctic species distributed, typical for smaller or lowland rivers, (KUMANSKI, 1985). often with great abundance; rarely reaching up to 1100 m a.s.l. (KUMANSKI, 1985). European Family Hydropsychidae species (KUMANSKI, 1985). Genus Hydropsyche Pictet, 1834 Hydropsyche modesta Navàs, 1925 Hydropsyche sp. Localities: LG16 (29) - Maritsa River, Localities: LG06 (99) - Maritsa River, Plovdiv, near the Fair town*, 18.05.2017 - 2 la; upstream Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, downstream 1981); LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, downstream Plovdiv, under the railway bridge and ring road*, 30.07.2011 - 16 la (5 were earlier instars). Plovdiv, 1976-1977 (UZUNOV et al., 1981 - see RUSSEV 1967); Distribution: one of the most common caddisflies with preferences for bigger rivers Early instars and/or pupae of Hydropsyche with slower flow but also found in smaller sp. indet. were recorded from LG06 (87) - lowland streams. With broad ecological Parvenetska River*, 18.05.2017; LG16 (29) - spectrum and typically found in lowlands up to Maritsa River, Plovdiv, near the Fair town*, 500-600 (rarely 700) m a.s.l.; known from the 18.05.2017; LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, Maritsa River near the towns of and downstream Plovdiv, under the railway bridge and ring road*, 30.07.2011. Svilengrad (KUMANSKI, 1985). No specific mentioning of Maritsa River near Plovdiv was found among its localities in the available Faunistic and zoogeographical notes literature. Known from Southern Europe and The listed here 27 mayflies belong to seven Asia Minor (KUMANSKI, 1985). of the 15 Ephemeroptera families established in Bulgaria. They represent 23.27% of the Hydropsyche bulbifera McLachlan, 1878 currently known 116 species (PRESOLSKA, Localities: LG06 (87) - Parvenetska River*, 2014). Three of them are newly reported for 18.05.2017 - 2 la; LG16 (29) - Maritsa River, the area of Plovdiv City - B. nexus, E. insignis Plovdiv, near the Fair town*, 18.05.2017 - 14 la; and C. pseudorivulorum. The recent field LG16 (39) - Pyasachnik River*, 18.05.2017 - 9 studies, which included two of the Maritsa la; LG16 (89) - Maritsa River, downstream River tributaries, enriched with new localities Plovdiv, under the railway bridge and ring the knowledge on the distribution of some road*, 30.07.2011 - 2 la. No specific mayflies, namely the mouth sections of mentioning of the Maritsa River near Plovdiv Parvenetska and Pyasachnik Rivers.

76 Yanka N. Vidinova, Vesela V. Evtimova, Violeta G. Tyufekchieva The zoogeographical analysis showed as most any data of the species occurrence in Bulgaria. numerous the group of Palearctic species (10), It is classified as “Regionally Extinct” also in followed by West Palearctic (8), Transpalearctic Italy (FOCHETTI et al., 1998) and very rare in all (6) and Holarctic (3). Additionally, three of Europe (ZWICK, 1992). The order zoogeographical complexes are covered: Siberian Plecoptera is one of the most endangered (15), Pontic (7) and Mediterranean (5). groups of insects (FOCHETTI & TIERNO DE A total of four stonefly species from only FIGUEROA, 2006). Due to the high ecological one locality are known from the Maritsa River requirements of the stoneflies and the in the region of Plovdiv City, Bulgaria. They increasing pollution of rivers, all potamal represent 3.67% of the total number (109) of species in Europe are either extinct or the known taxa of the order Plecoptera in extremely vulnerable (RAVIZZA & NICOLAI, Bulgaria (TYUFEKCHIEVA et al., 2019). From a 1983; ZWICK, 1992; SANCHEZ-ORTEGA & zoogeographical point of view, the Bulgarian TIERNO DE FIGUEROA, 1996; TYUFEKCHIEVA stonefly fauna is determined by Palaearctic and et al., 2013). European species. Among them one Palearctic At present, the order of Trichoptera is not (I. obscura) and two European species (I. included in the Red List of Threatened grammatica, P. marginata) were recorded Invertebrates of Bulgaria (GOLEMANSKY ed., from the Maritsa River in the region of Plovdiv 2011), while only four extinct species are City, Bulgaria. included in the IUCN Red List of caddisflies Here we present a total of nine caddisflies (IUCN, 2014). These prevents us from (larvae and adults) from the region of Plovdiv providing information on the conservation City based on literature and original data. status of the recorded species. Two of the Overall, they represent 3.49% of the total previously found species (Br. maculatus and L. number (258: KUMANSKI, 2007), while the stigma) have been qualified as very rare by newly (2011 and 2017) recorded species KUMANSKI (1988) and were not recorded from represent only 1.94% of the currently known the samples from 2011 and 2017. taxa of the order Trichoptera in Bulgaria. In Endemic species of mayflies, stoneflies or terms of zoogeography, two of the recorded caddisflies have not been reported within the species were European, five - West Palearctic study area. and two - Holarctic. Pollution with industrial and domestic waste waters, extraction of inert materials, Conservation status and threats destruction and dike building on the banks of Among the above listed mayflies, only two larger rivers, as well as the hydrotechnical species were assigned to one of the categories constructions are the main negative factors according to the IUCN criteria, namely P. which influence not only the species of longicauda as “Extinct” in Bulgaria (EX) and H. importance for the conservation, but the whole (K.) fuscogrisea as “Critically endangered” (CR) diversity of aquatic insects in rivers. The water (VIDINOVA, 2011, 2011a). Further, the later courses in this urban area have been affected by species was stated as “rare” for Bulgaria organic pollution for a long time as it is (PRESOLSKA, 2014). Apart, I. ignota is listed in mentioned in RUSSEV (1967) and RUSSEV et al. the category “Potentially threatened” by RUSSEV (1981). Therefore, applying the measures for (1992). As the information on the distribution of conservation and protection of water bodies Baetidae species in the Bulgarian rivers is not up- from pollution would increase the self- to date, it is difficult to give a reliable assessment purification capacity of the Maritsa River in its of the conservation status of some of the species middle course. known from the area of Plovdiv City. Only one rare stonefly (I. obscura) with Acknowledgements high conservation value has been established A part of the unpublished material was within the study region. It can be considered as collected within the project Mapping and “Extinct” in the Bulgarian stretch of the Identification of the Conservation Status of Maritsa River and “Regionally Extinct” (RE) Natural Habitats and Species - Phase I, Lot 2: for the country according to TYUFEKCHIEVA et “Mapping and Determining Conservation Status al. (2019). During the past 40 years there are no of Fishes” - C-30-43/21.03.2011; Consortium

77 Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (Insecta) from Water Bodies in the Region of Plovdiv City

"Natura-Bulgaria". The authors are grateful to JACOB U. 2003. Baetis Leach 1815, sensu stricto ReconArt Bulgaria Ltd. for the logistic support oder sensu lato. Ein Beitrag zum during the field sampling in 2017. Gattungskonzept auf der Grundlage von Artengruppen mit Bestimmungsschlüsseln. References Lauterbornia, 47: 59-129. KUMANSKI K. 1968. Beitrag zur Erforschung der BAUERNFEIND E., U. HUMPESCH. 2001. Die Trichopteren Bulgariens (I). Eintagsfliegen Zentraleuropas (Insecta: Faunistische , Dresden, 2 (16): 109-115. Ephemeroptera): Bestimmung und Abhandlungen KUMANSKI K. 1971. Beitrag zur Untersuchung der Ökologie. Verlag des Naturhistorischen Köcherfliegen (Trichoptera) Bulgariens. III. Museums Wien, 239 p. - Bull. Inst. zool. & Museum, Acad. Sei. BAUERNFEIND E., T. SOLDAN. 2012. The Bulg, 33: 99-109. (In Bulgarian, Summaries Mayflies in Europe (Ephemeroptera). in Russian and German). Apollo Books, Ollerup, Denmark, 781 p. KUMANSKI K. 1981. Faunistic investigations on BELFIORE C., A. THOMAS. 2017. Ephemeroptera, Bulgarian Trichoptera to June, 1980 - Mayflies. Fauna Europaea version 2017.06, with a revised check-list. In: Moretti, Available at: [fauna-eu.org]. (Accessed on rd 13 November 2017). G.P., (Ed.) Proc. 3 Int. Symp. on CHESHMEDJIEV S., R. SOUFI, Y. VIDINOVA, V. Trichoptera, Ser. Entomol., 20. Junk, TYUFEKCHIEVA, I. YANEVA, Y. The Hague, pp. 139-147. UZUNOV, E. VARADINOVA. 2011. Multi- KUMANSKI K. 1985. Trichoptera, Annulipalpia: habitat sampling method for benthic Fauna Bulgarica. Volume 15, 244 p. (In macroinvertebrate communities in Bulgarian). different river types in Bulgaria. Water KUMANSKI K. 1988. Trichoptera, Integripalpia: Research and Management, 1(3): 55-58. Fauna Bulgarica. Volume 19, 356 p. (In FOCHETTI R., J. M. TIERNO DE FIGUEROA. Bulgarian). 2006. Notes on diversity and KUMANSKI K. 2007. Second addition to conservation of the European fauna of volume 15 (Trichoptera: Annulipalpia) Plecoptera (Insecta). Journal of Natural and volume 19 (Trichoptera: Integripalpia) of Fauna Bulgarica. History, 40(41-43): 2361-2369. FOCHETTI R., A. De BIASE, C. BELFIORE, P. Historia naturalis bulgarica, 18: 81-94. ÜLLER IEBENAU AUDISIO. 1998. Faunistica e M -L I. 1969. Revision der biogeografia regionale dei plecotteri europäischen Arten der Gattung Baetis Italiani (Plecoptera). Memorie Societa` Leach, 1815 (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Entomologica Italiana, 76: 3-19. Gewässer und Abwässer, 48/49: 1-214. MURÁNYI D. 2008. Taxonomical problems and GOLEMANSKY V. (Ed.) 2011. Red Data Book of zoogeographical investigation of the the Republic of Bulgaria. Vol. 2. stonefly (Plecoptera) fauna of the Animals. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Carpathian Basin and the Balkans. PhD & Ministry of Environment and Water. Available at: [e-ecodb.bas.bg/rdb/bg/] Thesis, Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, HAYBACH A. 1998. Die Eintagsfliegen (Insecta: Állatrendszertani és Ökológiai Tanszék, Ephemeroptera) von Rheinland Pfalz. Biológia Doktori Iskola, 2008, 149 p. Zoogeographie, Faunistik, Ökologie, PRESOLSKA Y. 2014. Composition, distribution Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. Unter and ecology of Ephemeroptera (Insecta) besonderer Berücksichtigung der Familie in Bulgaria. PhD thesis, Institute of Heptageniidae und unter Einbeziehung Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, der übrigen aus Deutschland bekannten Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 367 p. Arten. Dissertation Johannes-Gutenberg- (In Bulgarian, English Summary). Universität Mainz, 417 p. PUTHZ V. 1978. Ephemeroptera. In: Illies, J. nd IUCN. 2014. The IUCN Red List of (ed.), Limnofauna Europaea. 2 ed. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart; pp. 256-263. Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. RAVIZZA C., P. NICOLAI. 1983. I Plecotteri Available at: [iucnredlist.org]. (Accessed on 17 November 2014). minacciati di estinzione nella regione

78 Yanka N. Vidinova, Vesela V. Evtimova, Violeta G. Tyufekchieva italica. Bollettino Societa Entomologica VIDINOVA Y. 2011. Long-tailed palingeniid mayfly, Italiana, 115: 70-78. Palingenia longicauda, EX. In: RUSSEV B. 1957. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der GOLEMANSKY, V. (Ed.), Red Data Book Eintagsfliegen (Ephemeroptera) Bulgariens. of the Republic of Bulgaria. Vol. 2. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Institut, Animals. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences & 6: 558-563. (In Bulgarian). Ministry of Environment and Water. RUSSEV B. 1960. Neue Eintagsfliegen für die Fauna Available at: [e-ecodb.bas.bg/rdb/bg/]. Bulgariens. Beiträge zur Entomologie, VIDINOVA Y. 2011a. Brown Mayfly, Kageronia 10(7/8): 697-705. fuscogrisea, CR. In: GOLEMANSKY, V. RUSSEV B. 1966. Hydrobiologische Untersuchungen (Ed.), Red Data Book of the Republic of der Marica. I. Die Fauna Thrakiens, III: Bulgaria. Vol. 2. Animals. Bulgarian 231-291. (In Bulgarian). Academy of Sciences & Ministry of RUSSEV B. 1967. Hydrobiologische Untersuchungen Environment and Water. Available at: der Marica. II. Saprobiologische Bewertung [e-ecodb.bas.bg/rdb/bg/]. für die Jahre 1965 und 1966. Mitteilungen VIDINOVA Y., B. RUSSEV. 1997. Distribution and aus dem Zoologischen Institut und Museum, ecology of the representatives of some V: 87-99. (In Bulgarian). Ephemeropteran families in Bulgaria. In: RUSSEV B. 1987. Ecology, life history and Landolt, P., M. Sartori (Eds.), Ephemeroptera distribution of Palingenia longicauda & Plecoptera: Biology-Ecology-Systematics, (Olivier)(Ephemeroptera). Tijdschrift MTL, Fribourg, pp. 139-146. voor Entomologie, 130:109-127. WARINGER J., W. GRAF. 2011. Atlas der RUSSEV B. 1992. Threatened Species of mitteleuropäischen Köcherfliegenlarven / Ephemeroptera (Insecta) from Bulgaria. Atlas of Central European Trichoptera Lauterbornia, 9: 13-17. Larvae. Erik Mauch Verlag, Germany, 468 p. RUSSEV B., Y. VIDINOVA. 1994. Verbreitung und ZWICK P. 1992. Stream - Ökologie der Vertreter einiger Familien a threat to biodiversity. Biodiversity der Ordnung Ephemeroptera (Insecta) in and Conservation, 1: 80-97. Bulgarien. Lauterbornia, 19: 107-113. RUSSEV B., J. UZUNOV, S. KOVACHEV, I. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera и Trichoptera (Insecta) YANEVA, L. IVANOVA. 1981. Tendencies отводоемиврайонанагр . Пловдив of the changes in the saprobic condition of the Maritsa river. Hydrobiology, 14: ЯнкаВидинова , ВеселаЕвтимова , 51-64. (In Bulgarian). ВиолетаТюфекчиева SANCHEZ-ORTEGA A., J. M. TIERNO DE FIGUEROA. 1996. Current situation of stonefly fauna (Insecta: Plecoptera) in the Резюме: Настоящата работа обобщава както Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic литературата, така и непубликувани и нови данни за Islands. Mitteilungen Schweizerischen фауната на Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera и Trichoptera (Insecta) от долината на река Марица в района на гр. Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 69: 69-94. Пловдив. Данните произхождат от периода 1930- SARTORI M., P. LANDOLT. 1999. Atlas de 2017. Регистрирани са общо 40 вида, принадлежащи distribution des Ephemeres de Suisse (Insecta, към 16 семейства. Ephemeroptera). Fauna Helvelica 3: 214 p. TYUFEKCHIEVA V., V. EVTIMOVA, D. MURÁNYI. 2019. First Checklist of Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) of Bulgaria, with Application of the IUCN Red List Criteria at National Level. Acta zoologica bulgarica, 71 (in press). UZUNOV J., B. RUSSEV, S. KOVACHEV, I. YANEVA. 1981. Species composition and distribution of the macrozoobenthos of the Maritsa river. Hydrobiology, 14: 3-15 (In Bulgarian).

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Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 81-93

Checklists of Insects of the City of Plovdiv. Part 1: “Otdih i kultura” Park

Desislava N. Arnaudova*, Dimitar N. Bechev

University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Department of Zoology, 24 Tzar Assen Str., BG-4000 Plovdiv, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. Checklist of Insects of “Otdih i kultura” Park, city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria) contains 442 species from 87 families of Odonata (10 spp.), Mantodea (1 sp.), Orthoptera (12 spp.), Dermaptera (2 spp.), (36 spp.), Coleoptera (299 spp.), Rhaphidioptera (1 sp.), Neuroptera (3 sp.), Hymenoptera (4 sp.), Lepidoptera (71 spp.), Mecoptera (1 sp.) and Diptera (2 spp.).

Key words: fauna, Insecta, urban park, Plovdiv City, Bulgaria.

Introduction The protected species from the checklist are The insect fauna of city of Plovdiv has not as follows: been studied thoroughly. A lot of data about Lepidoptera are given in ADJAROFF (1924) and Order ODONATA separate data for other insect groups in some Ophiogomphus cecilia (Fourcroy, 1785) papers in PASPALEV et al. (1964; 1965). The Order COLEOPTERA most complete is the study of the insects of Lucanus cervus (Linnaeus, 1758) ANGELOV (1960) on the “Otdih i kultura” Osmoderma eremita (Scopoli, 1763) Park. In the presented publication we try to cerdo (Linnaeus, 1758) complete all information about this park. Morimus asper funereus (Mulsant, 1862) Rosalia alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) Material and Methods Order LEPIDOPTERA The “Otdih i kultura” Park is situated to the Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) west of the city center (Fig. 1) and includes both urbanized, low urbanized and almost non- Checklist urbanized areas. The presented data for the insects in the park are entirely from literary sources: Class Insecta ADJAROFF (1924), ANGELOV (1960; 1964a; 1964b), ATANASSOV (1964) and TULEŠKOV Order ODONATA (1965). The valid species names are according to Suborder Zygoptera “Fauna Europaea” ver. 2017.06 (DEJONG et al., Family Lestidae 2014). Lestes dryas (Kirby, 1890): ANGELOV (1960). Protected Species included in Appendix 3 Lestes barbarus (Fabricius, 1798). Lestes of the Bulgarian Biological Diversity Act barbara F.: ANGELOV (1960).

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Checklists of Insects of the City of Plovdiv. Part 1: “Otdih i kultura” Park

Fig. 1. Location of “Otdih i kultura” Park in the city of Plovdiv.

Sympecma fusca (Vander Linden, 1820): Order MANTODEA ANGELOV (1960). Mantis religiosa (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Family Calopterygidae Calopteryx splendens (Harris, 1782). Order ORTHOPTERA Agrion splendens Harris.: ANGELOV (1960). Family Tettigoniidae Tettigonia viridissima (Linnaeus, 1758): Suborder Anisoptera ANGELOV (1960). Family Gomphidae Gomphus flavipes (Charpentier, 1825): Family Bradyporidae ANGELOV (1960). Bradyporus (Bradyporus) dasypus (Illiger, Ophiogomphus cecilia (Fourcroy, 1785). 1800): ANGELOV (1960). Ophiogomphus serpentinus Charp.: ANGELOV (1960). Family Gryllidae Gryllus campestris (Linnaeus, 1758): Family Aeshnidae ANGELOV (1960). Aeshna affinis (Vander Linden, 1820): ANGELOV (1960). Family Gryllotalpidae Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Linnaeus, 1758): Family Libellulidae ANGELOV (1960). Orthetrum albistylum (Selys, 1848): ANGELOV (1960). Family Tridactylidae Sympetrum fonscolombii (Selys, 1840). Xya variegata (Latreille, 1809). Tridactylus Sympetrum fonscolombei Selys.: ANGELOV (1960). variegatus Latr.: ANGELOV (1960). Sympetrum meridionale (Selys, 1841). Sympetrum meridionalis Selys.: ANGELOV Family Tetrigidae (1960). Tetrix sp.: ANGELOV (1960).

82 Desislava N. Arnaudova, Dimitar N. Bechev Family Acrididae Family Nepidae Acrida ungarica mediterranea (Dirsh, Nepa cinerea (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV 1949). Acrida mediterranea Dirsch.: ANGELOV (1960). (1960). Ranatra (Ranatra) linearis (Linnaeus, Calliptamus italicus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg, Family Naucoridae 1815): ANGELOV (1960). Ilyochoris cimicoides (Linnaeus, 1758): Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Oedipoda caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758). Family Notonectidae Oedepoda coerulescens L.: ANGELOV (1960). Notonecta sp.: ANGELOV (1960). Oedipoda miniata (Pallas, 1771). Oedepoda Family Gerridae miniata Pall.: ANGELOV (1960). Gerris sp.: ANGELOV (1960). Order DERMAPTERA Family Labiduridae Family Miridae Labidura riparia (Pallas, 1773): ANGELOV Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze, 1778): (1960). ANGELOV (1960).

Family Forficulidae Family Reduviidae Forficula auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758): Rhynocoris (Rhynocoris) iracundus (Poda, ANGELOV (1960). 1761): ANGELOV (1960).

Order HEMIPTERA Family Reduviidae Suborder Auchenorrhyncha Phymata (Phymata) crassipes (Fabricius, Family Cercopidae 1775): ANGELOV (1960). Cercopis sanguinolenta (Scopoli, 1763). Family Tingidae Cercopis sanguineus Geoffr.: ANGELOV (1960). Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus, 1758). Stephanitis (Stephanitis) pyri (Fabricius, 1775). Stephanites pyri F.: ANGELOV (1960). Aphrophora spumaria L.: ANGELOV (1960).

Family Cicadidae Family Pyrrhocoridae Tibicina haematodes (Scopoli, 1763): Pyrrhocoris apterus (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960).

Subfamily Cicadellidae Family Cicadella viridis (Linnaeus, 1758): Lygaeus equestris (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). saxatilis (Scopoli, 1763). Family Membracidae Lygaeus saxatilis Scop.: ANGELOV (1960). cornutus (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Family Camptopus lateralis (Germar, 1817): Family Dictyopharidae ANGELOV (1960). Dictyophara (Dictyophara) europaea Coreus marginatus (Linnaeus, 1758). (Linnaeus, 1767): ANGELOV (1960). Mesocerus marginatus L.: ANGELOV (1960). laciniata (Villers, 1789): Suborder ANGELOV (1960). Family Corixidae Syromastus rhombeus (Linnaeus, 1767): Corixa sp.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960).

83 Checklists of Insects of the City of Plovdiv. Part 1: “Otdih i kultura” Park Family Pentatomidae Family Gyrinidae Aelia acuminata acuminata (Linnaeus, Gyrinus sp.: ANGELOV (1960). 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Apodiphus amygdali (Germar, 1817): Family ANGELOV (1960). quadrimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758): Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Hister quadrinotatus (Scriba, 1790): Eurydema (Eurydema) oleracea (Linnaeus, ANGELOV (1960). 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Hololepta (Hololepta) plana (Sulzer, 1776): Eurydema (Eurydema) ornata (Linnaeus, ANGELOV (1960). 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ? Eurydema festiva L.: ANGELOV (1960). Family Lucanidae Eurygaster austriaca (Schrank, 1776): Lucanus cervus (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960, 1964b). Eurygaster maura (Linnaeus, 1758): Dorcus parallelipipedus (Linnaeus, 1785): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960, 1964b). Graphosoma lineatum (Linnaeus, 1758). Platycerus caraboides (Linnaeus, 1758): Graphosoma italicum Mull.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1964b) Mustha spinosula (Lefèbvre, 1831): ANGELOV (1960). Family Trogidae Palomena prasina (Linnaeus, 1761): Trox (Trox) sabulosus (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Rhaphigaster nebulosa (Poda, 1761): Family ANGELOV (1960). Zicrona caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758): Acrossus depressus (Kugelann, 1792): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Acrossus luridus (Fabricius, 1775): Order COLEOPTERA ANGELOV (1960). Ahodius merdarius (Fabricius, 1775): Family Carabidae ANGELOV (1960). Brachinus (Brachynidius) explodens Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus, 1758): Duftschmid, 1812: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Calosoma (Calosoma) inquisitor (Linne, Aphodius prodromus (Brahm, 1790): 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Calosoma (Calosoma) sycophanta (Linne, ? Aphodius circumcinctus A. Schmidt.: 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Carabus (Procrustes) coriaceus( Linne, Copris lunaris (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV 1758): ANGELOV (1960). (1960). Cicindela (Cicindela) campestris (Linne, Geotrupes (Geotrupes) stercorarius 1758): ANGELOV (1960). (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Cicindela (Cicindela) hybrida (Linne, Lethrus (Lethrus) apterus (Laxmann, 1770): 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Diachromus germanus (Linne, 1758): Nimbus affinis (Panzer, 1823). Aphodius ANGELOV (1960). affinis Panz.: ANGELOV (1960). Elaphrus (Elaphrus) riparius (Linne, 1758): Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) ANGELOV (1960). coenobita (Herbst, 1783): ANGELOV (1960). (Zabrus) tenebrioides (Goeze, Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) vacca 1777): ANGELOV (1960). (Linnaeus, 1767): ANGELOV (1960). Zabrus spinipes Fabricius, 1798. Zabrus Oryctes (Oryctes) nasicornis (Linnaeus, blapoides Creutz.: ANGELOV (1960). 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ? Ophonus pubescens Mull.: ANGELOV Pentodon idiota idiota (Herbst, 1789): (1960). ANGELOV (1960).

84 Desislava N. Arnaudova, Dimitar N. Bechev Phyllognathus excavatus (Forster, 1771). Tropinota (Epicometis) hirta (Poda, 1761). Phyllognatus silenus F.: ANGELOV (1960). Epicometis hirta Poda.: ANGELOV (1960). Scarabaeus (Scarabaeus) pius (Illiger, 1803): Valgus hemipterus (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Scarabaeus (Scarabaeus) sacer (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Family Aclypea undata (O. F. Muller, 1776). Aclypea Family Melolonthidae undata Mull.: ANGELOV (1960). Omaloplia mutilata (Fairmaire, 1892). Dendroxena quadrimaculata (Scopoli, Homaloplia mutilata Fairm: ANGELOV (1960). 1772). Xylodrepa quadripunctata L.: Amphimallon solstitiale (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960; 1964b). ANGELOV (1960). Nicrophorus vestigator (Herschel, 1807): Holochelus (Miltotrogus) aequinoctialis ANGELOV (1960; 1964b). (Herbst, 1790). aequinoctialis Phosphuga atrata (Linnaeus, 1758): Hbst.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1964b) Rhizotrogus aestivus (Olivier, 1789): Silpha obscura (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV ANGELOV (1960). (1960). Melolontha melolontha (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Family Elateridae Polyphylla (Polyphylla) fullo (Linnaeus, Danosoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1758). 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Adelocera fasciata L.: ANGELOV (1960). Anoxia (Protanoxia) orientalis (Krynicky, Agrypnus murinus (Linnaeus, 1758). Lacon 1832): ANGELOV (1960). murinus L.: ANGELOV (1960). Anoxia (Anoxia) villosa (Fabricius, 1781): Ctenicera cuprea (Fabricius, 1775). ANGELOV (1960). Corymbites cupreus F.: ANGELOV (1960). Family Rutelidae Ctenicera pectinicornis (Linnaeus, 1758). Anomala vitis (Fabricius, 1775): ANGELOV Corymbites pectinicornis L.: ANGELOV (1960). (1960). ? Corymbites purpurea Poda.: ANGELOV (1960). Anisoplia (Autanisoplia) austriaca (Herbst, Selatosomus latus (Fabricius, 1801): 1783): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Chaetopteroplia segetum (Herbst, 1783). Agriotes (Agriotes) gurgistanus Anisoplia segetum Hbst.: ANGELOV (1960). (Faldermann, 1835): ANGELOV (1960). Hoplia brunnipes (Bonelli, 1812): Agriotes (Agriotes) lineatus (Linnaeus, ANGELOV (1960). 1767): ANGELOV (1960). Drasterius bimaculatus (Rossi, 1790): Family Glaphyridae ANGELOV (1960). Pygopleurus (Pygopleurus) vulpes (Fabricius, Melanotus villosus (Geoffroy et Fourcroy, 1781). Amphicoma vulpes F.: ANGELOV (1960). 1785). Melanotus rufipes Host.: ANGELOV (1960). Melanotus (Melanotus) fusciceps (Gyllenhal, Family Cetoniidae 1817). Melanotus fuscipes Hbst.: ANGELOV Cetonia aurata (Linnaeus, 1761): (1960). ANGELOV (1960). hirtus (Herbst, 1784). Osmoderma eremita (Scopoli, 1763): Athous hirtus Hbst.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). ? Cardiophorus erihsoni Bugss.: ANGELOV Oxythyrea funesta (Poda, 1761): ANGELOV (1960). (1960). Protaetia (Netocia) ungarica (Herbst, 1790). Family Potosia hungarica Hbst.: ANGELOV (1960). Acmaeodera (Acmaeotethya) degener Trichius fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758): (Scopoli, 1763). Acmoeodera degener Scop.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1964b).

85 Checklists of Insects of the City of Plovdiv. Part 1: “Otdih i kultura” Park Acmaeoderella (Carininota) flavofasciata Dermestes (Dermestinus) frischi (Kugelann, flavofasciata (Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783). 1792): ANGELOV (1960). Acmoeodera taeniata F.: ANGELOV (1960). Dermestes (Dermestes) lardarius (Linnaeus, Anthaxia (Anthaxia) daeurata daeurata 1758): ANGELOV (1960). (Gmelin, 1788). Anthaxia aurolenta F.: ANGELOV (1960). Family Cleridae Anthaxia (Cratomerus) hungarica (Scopoli, Clerus mutillarius Fabricius, 1775: 1772): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1964b). Capnodis tenebrionis (Linnaeus, 1758): Thanasimus formicarius (Linnaeus, 1758). ANGELOV (1960). Clerus formicarius L.: ANGELOV (1960). rubi (Linnaeus,1767). Coroebus Trichodes apiarius (Linnaeus, 1758): rubi L.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Cylindromorphus filum (Gyllenhal, 1817): ANGELOV (1964b). Family Malachidae Dicerca (Dicerca) aenea (Linnaeus, 1766): parilis (Erichson, 1840): ANGELOV (1960; 1964b). ANGELOV (1964b). Meliboeus (Meliboeus) graminis (Panzer, Family 1799): ANGELOV (1960). Perotis lugubris (Fabricius, 1777): Enicopus (Enicopus) pilosus (Scopoli, 1763). ANGELOV (1960). Henicopus pilosus Scop.: ANGELOV (1960). Trachys minutus (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960; 1964b). Family Coccinellidae Trachys pumilus (Illiger, 1803): ANGELOV Adalia (Adalia) bipunctata (Linnaeus, (1964b). 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Coccinella (Coccinella) septempunctata Family Bostrychidae (Linnaeus, 1758). Coccinella 7-punctata L.: Bostrichus capucinus (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata (Linnaeus, 1758). Coccinella 24-punctata L.: Family Cantharidae ANGELOV (1960). (Cantharis) fusca (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Family Meloidae Cantharis (Cantharis) livida (Linnaeus, Cerocoma (Metacerocoma) schreberi 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Fabricius, 1781: ANGELOV (1964b). Cantharis (Cantharis) obscura (Linnaeus, Meloe (Meloe) proscarabaeus (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Cantharis (Cantharis) rufa (Linnaeus, Meloe (Meloe) violaceus (Marsham, 1802): 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Cantharis (Cantharis) rustica (Fallen, Meloe (Lampromeloe) variegatus 1807): ANGELOV (1960). (Donovan, 1793): ANGELOV (1960). nigroruber (Degeer, 1774). Mylabris (Mylabris) variabilis (Pallas, Dictyoptera affinis Payk.: ANGELOV (1964b). 1781): ANGELOV (1960). Luciola (Luciola) lusitanica (Charpentier, Mylabris (Mylabris) quadripunctata 1825): ANGELOV (1960). (Linnaeus, 1767): ANGELOV (1960). Malachius aeneus (Linnaeus, 1758): Lytta (Lytta) vesicatoria (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Malachius bipustulatus (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Family Tenebrionidae Blaps sp.: ANGELOV (1960). Family Dermestidae Diaperis boleti (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV Anthrenus sp. ANGELOV (1960). (1960; 1964b).

86 Desislava N. Arnaudova, Dimitar N. Bechev Gnaptor spinimanus (Pallas, 1781): Necydalis ulmi Chevrolat, 1838. Necidalis ANGELOV (1960). ulmi Chevr.: ANGELOV (1964b). Opatrum sabulosum (Linnaeus, 1761): bilineatum (Germar, 1824). ANGELOV (1960). bilineatum: ANGELOV (1960). Pedinus femoralis (Linnaeus, 1767): Oberea (Amaurostoma) erythrocephala ANGELOV (1960). (Schrank, 1776): ANGELOV (1964b). Stenoimax aenieus (Scopoli, 1763). Pachyta sp.: ANGELOV (1960). Cilindronotus (=Helops) lanipes Linn. Pedestredorcadion pedestre (Poda, 1761). ANGELOV (1964b). Dorcadion pedestre Poda.: ANGELOV (1960). ? Cilindronotus (=Helops) exaratus Germ.: Pedestredorcadion sturmi (Frivaldsky, 1837). ANGELOV (1964b). Dorcadion sturmi Friv.: ANGELOV (1960). Plagionotus arcuatus (Linnaeus, 1758): Family Mordelidae ANGELOV (1960). (Mordellistena) tarsata Plagionotus detritus (Linnaeus, 1758): Mulsant, 1856: ANGELOV (1964b). ANGELOV (1960). Family Scraptiidae Plagionotus floralis (Pallas, 1776): ANGELOV (1960). Anaspis (Anaspis) frontalis (Linnaeus, Prionus (Prionus) coriarius (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1964b). 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Family Cerambycidae Purpuricenus budensis (Goeze, 1783): scabricorne (Scopoli, 1763): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960; 1964b). Pyrrhidium sanguineum (Linnaeus, 1758): Agapanthia violacea (Fabricius, 1775): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1964b). Ropalopus clavipes (Fabricius, 1775). Aromia moschata (Linnaeus, 1758): Rhopalopus clavipes F.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960; 1964b). Rosalia alpina (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV Carinatodorcadion fulvum fulvum (1960; 1964b). (Scopoli, 1763). Dorcadion fulvum Scop.: Saperda perforata (Pallas, 1773): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Saperda populnea (Linnaeus, 1758): Cerambyx cerdo (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960; 1964b). ANGELOV (1960). Saperda punctata (Linnaeus, 1767): Cerambyx scopolii (Fuessly, 1775): ANGELOV (1964b). ANGELOV (1960). Saperda scalaris (Linnaeus, 1758): Chlorophorus varius (Muller, 1766): ANGELOV (1960; 1964b). ANGELOV (1960). Stromatium unicolor (Olivier, 1795). Clytus arietis (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV Stromatium fulvum Vill.: ANGELOV (1960). (1960). Xylotrechus arvicola (Olivier, 1795): Clytus rhamni (Germar, 1817): ANGELOV ANGELOV (1964b). (1960; 1964b). Xylotrechus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758): Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Family Chrysomelidae Lamia textor (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960; 1964b). Subfamily Bruchinae Stictoleptura scutellata (Fabricius, 1781): Bruchus pisorum (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1964b). Mesosa curculionoides (Linnaeus, 1761): Subfamily Donaciinae ANGELOV (1960; 1964b). Donacia sp.: ANGELOV (1960). Mesosa nebulosa (Fabricius, 1781): ANGELOV (1960). Subfamily Criopcerinae Morimus asper funereus (Mulsant, 1862). Lilioceris merdigera (Linnaeus, 1758): Morimus funereus: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960; 1964b).

87 Checklists of Insects of the City of Plovdiv. Part 1: “Otdih i kultura” Park Oulema gallaeciana (Heyden, 1879). Lema Plagiosterna aenea (Linnaeus, 1758). lichenis Voest.: ANGELOV (1960). Melasoma aeneum L.: ANGELOV (1960). Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus, 1758). Timarcha (Timarcha) tenebricosa Lema melanopus L.: ANGELOV (1960). tenebricosa (Fabricius, 1775): ANGELOV (1960).

Subfamily Cruptocephalinae Subfamily Galerucinae Clytra (Clytra) laeviuscula (Ratzeburg, Agelastica alni (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV 1837): ANGELOV (1960). (1960). Clytra (Clytraria) atraphaxidis (Pallas, Galeruca (Emarhopa) rufa (Germar, 1824): 1773): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Coptocephala (Coptocephala) unifasciata Galeruca (Galeruca) pomonae (Scopoli, (Scopoli, 1763): ANGELOV (1960). 1763): ANGELOV (1960). (Cryptocephalus) moraei Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller, 1766). (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Galerucella luteola Mull.: ANGELOV (1960). Cryptocephalus (Cryptocephalus) sericeus (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Subfamily Hispinae Cryptocephalus (Heterichnus) coryli Hispa atra (Linnaeus, 1767): ANGELOV (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960; 1964b). (1960). Labidostomis (Labidostomis) beckeri (Weise, 1881): ANGELOV (1960). Subfamily Cassidinae Labidostomis (Labidostomis) lucida Cassida (Pseudocassida) murraea (Linnaeus, (Germar, 1824): ANGELOV (1964b). 1767): ANGELOV (1960). Lachnaia (Lachnaia) sexpunctata (Scopoli, Family Attelabidae 1763): ANGELOV (1960). Apoderus (Apoderus) coryli (Linnaeus, Pachybrachis (Pachybrachis) scriptidorsum 1758): ANGELOV (1964b). (Marseul, 1875): ANGELOV (1960). Byctiscus betulae (Linnaeus, 1758): ? Smaragdina salicina (Scopoli, 1763). ANGELOV (1960; 1964b). Gynandrophthalma cyanea L.: ANGELOV (1960). Byctiscus populi (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960; 1964b). Subfamily Family Rhynchitidae Pachnephorus (Pachnephorus) villosus Neocoenorrhinus germanicus (Herbst, (Duftschmid, 1825): ANGELOV (1960). 1797). Coenorrhinus germanicus Hbst.: Subfamily Chrysomelinae ANGELOV (1964b). Chrysolina (Colaphosoma) sturmi Pselaphorhynchites tomentosus (Gyllenhal, 1839): ANGELOV (1964b). (Westhoff, 1882). Chrysomela violacea Mull.: ( ) ANGELOV (1960). Rhynchites Epirhynchites auratus (Scopoli, 1763): ANGELOV (1964b). ? Chrysolina (Craspeda) limbata (Fabricius, Tatianaerhynchites aequatus (Linnaeus, 1775). Chrysomela limbata L: ANGELOV (1964b). 1767). Coenorrhinus aequatus L.: ANGELOV Chrysomela (Chrysomela) populi (Linnaeus, (1964b). 1758). Melasoma populi L.: ANGELOV (1960). Chrysomela (Chrysomela) saliceti (Suffrian, Family Brachyceridae 1851). Melasoma saliceti Ws.: ANGELOV (1960). Brachycerus cribrarius Olivier, 1807: Chrysomela (Strickerus) vigintipunctata ANGELOV (1960, 1964a). (Scopoli, 1763). Melasoma 20-punctatum Brachycerus sinuatus (Olivier, 1807): Scop.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960, 1964a). Entomoscelis adonidis (Pallas, 1771): ANGELOV (1960). Family Gonioctena (Spartomena) fornicata Subfamily Entiminae (Bruggemann, 1873). Phytodecta fornicate Charagmus griseus (Fabricius, 1775): Brugg.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960).

88 Desislava N. Arnaudova, Dimitar N. Bechev Elytrodon bidentatus (Steven, 1829): Coniocleonus nigrosuturatus (Goeze, ANGELOV (1964a). 1777): ANGELOV (1960). Eusomus (Eusomus) ovulum (Germar, Lachnaeus crinitus Schoenherr, 1826: 1824): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1964a). Graptus agrestis (Boheman, 1842). Alophus Larinus (Phyllonomeus) sturnus Schaller, agrestis Boh.: ANGELOV (1960). 1873: ANGELOV (1964a). Otiorhynchus (Choilisanus) raucus Larinus (Phyllonomeus) turbinatus (Fabricius, 1777): ANGELOV (1960). Gyllenhal, 1835: ANGELOV (1964a). Otiorhynchus (Cryphiphorus) ligustici Leucophyes pedestris (Poda, 1761): (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Otiorhynchus (Paracryphiphorus) Lixus (Epimeces) cardui Olivier, 1807: orbicularis (Herbst, 1795): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1964a). Otiorhynchus (Pendragon) ovatus Magdalis (Edo) nitidipennis (Boheman, (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). 1843): ANGELOV (1964a). Otiorhynchus (Podoropelmus) albidus Magdalis (Odontomagdalis) armigera Stierlin, 1861. Otiorrhynchus (Tournieria) (Geoffroy, 1785): ANGELOV (1964a). albidus Strl.: ANGELOV (1964a). Magdalis (Porrothus) cerasi (Linnaeus, Otiorhynchus (Podoropelmus) juglandis 1758): ANGELOV (1964a). Apfelbeck, 1896. Otiorrhynchus (Tournieria) Mecaspis alternans (Herbst, 1795): ANGELOV (1964a). juglandiformis Reitt.: ANGELOV (1964a). Otiorhynchus (Zustalestus) rugosostriatus Pseudocleonus (Pseudocleonus) cinereus (Schrank, 1781): ANGELOV (1960). (Goeze, 1777): ANGELOV (1960). Phyllobius (Dieletus) argentatus (Linnaeus, Subfamily Molytinae 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Lepyrus capucinus (Schaller, 1783): Phyllobius (Metaphyllobius) glaucus ANGELOV (1960). (Scopoli, 1763): ANGELOV (1960). Lepyrus palustris (Scopoli, 1763): Phyllobius (Metaphyllobius) pomaceus ANGELOV (1960). (Gyllenhal, 1834): ANGELOV (1960). (Pissodes) pini (Linnaeus, 1758): Phyllobius (Nemoicus) oblongus (Linnaeus, ANGELOV (1960). 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Polydrusus (Eustolus) corruscus (Germar, Subfamily Hyperinae 1824): ANGELOV (1960). ? Brachypera dauci (Olivier, 1807). Polydrusus (Polydrusus) picus (Fabricius, Phytonomus fasciculatus Hbst.: ANGELOV (1960). 1792): ANGELOV (1960). Hypera (Dapalinus) meles (Fabricius, 1792): Sitona crinita (Herbst 1795): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Sitona hispidulus (Fabricius, 1776): Hypera (Hypera) nigrirostris (Fabricius, ANGELOV (1960). 1775): ANGELOV (1960). Sitona humeralis (Stephens, 1831): Hypera (Hypera) postica (Gyllenhal, 1813). ANGELOV (1960). Phytonomus variabilis Hbst.: ANGELOV (1960). Sitona lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Subfamily Ceutorhynchinae Sitona longulus (Gyllenhal, 1834): Neophytobius granatus (Gyllenhal, 1835): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Tanymecus (Tanymecus) palliatus Poophagus sisymbrii (Fabricius, 1776): (Fabricius, 1787): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Rhinoncus bruchoides (Herbst, 1784): Subfamily Lixinae ANGELOV (1960). Bangasternus orientalis (Capiomont, 1873): ANGELOV (1960). Subfamily Bagoinae Cleonis pigra (Scopoli, 1763): ANGELOV Bagous tempestivus (Herbst, 1795): (1960). ANGELOV (1964a).

89 Checklists of Insects of the City of Plovdiv. Part 1: “Otdih i kultura” Park ? Bagous (Lyprus) cylindrus Payk.: Oxystoma craccae (Linnaeus, 1767): ANGELOV (1964a). ANGELOV (1964a). Oxystoma ochropus (Germar, 1818): Subfamily Baridinae ANGELOV (1964a). ? Baris tumida Rossi.: ANGELOV (1964a). Oxystoma pomonae (Fabricius, 1798): Aulacobaris lepidii (Germar, 1819). Baris ANGELOV (1960). lepidii Germ.: ANGELOV (1964a). Pseudorchestes cinereus (Fahaeus, 1843). Cosmobaris scolopacea (Germar, 1819). Rhynchaenus cinereus Fahr.: ANGELOV (1960). Baris scolopacea Germ.: ANGELOV (1964a). Pseudostyphlus pillumus (Gyllenhal, 1835): Labiaticola atricolor (Boheman, 1844). ANGELOV (1964a). Baris atricolor Boh.: ANGELOV (1964a). (Rhamphus) oxyacanthae (Marsham, 1802): ANGELOV (1964a). Subfamily Rhamphus (Rhamphus) pulicarius (Herbst, ? hysibatus Apf.: ANGELOV (1964a). 1795): ANGELOV (1960). Anthonomus (Anthonomus) pedicularius Rhamphus (Rhamphus) pulicarius (Herbst, (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1964a). 1795): ANGELOV (1964a). Anthonomus (Anthonomus) piri (Kollar, Rhinusa bipustulata (Rossi, 1792). 1837): ANGELOV (1960; 1964a). Gymnetron (Rhinusa) bipustulatum Rossi.: Anthonomus (Anthonomus) pomorum ANGELOV (1964a). (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1964a). salicis (Linnaeus, 1758). Rhynchaenus (Archarius) crux (Fabricius, 1776). (Tachyerges) salicis L.: ANGELOV (1964a). Balanobius crux Fabr.: ANGELOV (1964a). Tachyerges salicis (Linnaeus, 1758). Archarius (Archarius) crux (Fabricius, Rhynchaenus salicis L.: ANGELOV (1960). 1776): ANGELOV (1960). Archarius (Archarius) salicivorus (Paykull, 1792). Family Apionidae Balanobius salicivorus Payk.: ANGELOV (1964a). Apion frumentarium (Linnaeus, 1758). Archarius (Archarius) salicivorus (Paykull, Apion miniatum Germ.: ANGELOV (1960). 1792): ANGELOV (1960). Aspidapion (Aspidapion) radiolus Cionus hortulanus (Geoffroy, 1785): (Marsham, 1802). Apion radiolus Kby.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Cionus olivieri Rosenschold, 1838: Eutrichapion (Cnemapion) vorax (Herbst, ANGELOV (1964a). 1797). Apion vorax Hbst.: ANGELOV (1960). Cionus scrophulariae (Linnaeus, 1758): Eutrichapion (Eutrichapion) viciae ANGELOV (1960; 1964a). Dorytomus (Olamus) rufatus (Bedel, 1888): (Paykull, 1800). Apion viciaePayk.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Ellescus infirmis (Herbst, 1795). Elleschus Ischnopterapion (Chlorapion) virens (Herbst, 1797). Apion virens Hbst.: ANGELOV (1960). infirmis Hbst.: ANGELOV (1964a). Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal, 1838: Malvapion malvae (Fabricius, 1775). ANGELOV (1964a). Apion malvae F.: ANGELOV (1960). Mecinus collaris (Germar, 1821): ANGELOV Melanapion minimum (Herbst, 1797). (1960). Apion (Eutrichapion) minimum Hbst.: Mecinus janthinus Germar, 1821: ANGELOV (1964a). ANGELOV (1964a). Omphalapion laevigatum (Paykull, 1792). Mecinus pyraster (Herbst, 1795): ANGELOV Apion laevigatum Payk.: ANGELOV (1960). (1960; 1964а). Protapion fulvipes (Geoffroy, 1785). Apion (Orchestes) quercus (Linnaeus, flavipes Payk.: ANGELOV (1960). 1758). Rhynchaenus (Rhynchaenus) quercus L.: Protapion nigritarse (Kirby, 1808). Apion ANGELOV (1964a). nigritarse Kby.: ANGELOV (1960). Oxystoma craccae (Linnaeus, 1767): Protapion trifolii (Linnaeus, 1768). Apion ANGELOV (1960). aestivum Germ.: ANGELOV (1960).

90 Desislava N. Arnaudova, Dimitar N. Bechev Protapion truquii (Reiche et Saulcy, 1858). Pyrgus malvae (Linnaeus, 1758). Hesperia Apion (Protapion) truquii Reiche: ANGELOV malvae L.: ANGELOV (1960). (1964a). Protapion varipes (Germar, 1817). Apion Family Papilionidae varipes Germ.: ANGELOV (1960). Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758). Pseudoprotapion elegantulum (Germar, Papilio podalirius L.: ANGELOV (1960). 1818). Apion (Apion)elegantulum Germ.: Papilio machaon (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1964a). ANGELOV (1960). Squamapion flavimanum (Gyllenhal, Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758): 1833). Apion (Thymapion) flavimanum Gyii.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1964a). Taeniapion urticarium (Herbst, 1784). Family Pieridae Apion urticarium Hbst.: ANGELOV (1960). Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Order RAPHIDIOPTERA Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV Rhaphidia sp.: ANGELOV (1960). (1960). Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV Order NEUROPTERA (1960). Family Chrysopidae Leptidea sinapis (Linnaeus, 1758): Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836). ANGELOV (1960). Chrysopa vulgaris Schn.: ANGELOV (1960). Pontia edusa (Fabricius, 1777). Colias medusa F.: ANGELOV (1960). Family Myrmeleontidae Gonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus, 1758): Myrmeleon formicarius (Linnaeus, 1767): ADJAROFF (1924), ANGELOV (1960), ANGELOV (1960). TULEŠKOV (1965). Myrmeleon europaeus Mc. Lach.: ANGELOV (1960). Family Lycaenidae Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761). Order HYMENOPTERA Chrysophanus phloeas L.: ANGELOV (1960). Family Apidae Cupido argiades (Pallas, 1771). Lycaena Xylocopa violacea (Linnaeus, 1758): argiades Pall.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Plebejus argus (Linnaeus, 1758). Lycaena argus L.: ANGELOV (1960). Family Vespidae Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775). Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793). Lycaena icarus Rott.: ANGELOV (1960). Dolichivespula (Paravespula) germanica (F.): Polyommatus daphnis (Denis & ATANASSOV (1964a). Schiffermüller, 1775). Lycaena meleager Esp.: Vespa crabro (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV ANGELOV (1960). (1960). Polyommatus bellargus (Rottemburg, 1775). Lycaena bellargus Rott.: ANGELOV (1960). Family Scoliidae Leptotes pirithous Linnaeus 1767. Lampides Megascolia maculata (Drury, 1773). Scolia telicanus Land.: ADJAROFF (1924), TULEŠKOV flavifrons F.: ANGELOV (1960). (1965). Everes argiades (Pallas, 1771): ADJAROFF Order LEPIDOPTERA (1924), TULEŠKOV (1965). Note: ADJAROFF (1924) and TULEŠKOV (1965) reported the locality as “Mechkyur Island”. Family Nymphalidae Brintesia circe (Fabricius, 1775): ADJAROFF Family Hesperiidae (1924), TULEŠKOV (1965) Ochlodes sylvanus (Esper, 1777). Augiades Apatura ilia (Denis & Schiffermüller, sylvanus Esp.: ANGELOV (1960). 1775): ANGELOV (1960).

91 Checklists of Insects of the City of Plovdiv. Part 1: “Otdih i kultura” Park Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758): Family Geometridae ANGELOV (1960). Xanthorhoe fluctuata (Linnaeus, 1758): Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758). Pyrameis Larentia fluctuata L.: ANGELOV (1960). cardui L.: ANGELOV (1960). Timandra griseata (Petersen, 1902). Aglais io (Linnaeus, 1758). Vanessa jo L.: Timandra amata L.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Lomaspilis marginata (Linnaeus, 1758). Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758). Vanessa Abraxas marginata L.: ANGELOV (1960). urticae L.: ANGELOV (1960). Ematurga atomaria (Linnaeus, 1758): Nymphalis xanthomelas (Esper, 1781). TULEŠKOV (1965). Vanessa xanthomelas Esp.: ANGELOV (1960). ? Acidalia fiaccidaria L.: ANGELOV (1960). Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758). Vanessa polychloros L.: ANGELOV (1960). Family Notodontidae Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758). Cerura vinula (Linnaeus, 1758). Dicranura Vanessa antiopa L.: ANGELOV (1960). vinula L.: ANGELOV (1960). Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Family Lymantriidae Melitaea phoebe (Denis & Schiffermüller, Penthophera morio (Linnaeus, 1767). 1775): ADJAROFF (1924), ANGELOV (1960), Hypogimna morio L.: ANGELOV (1960). TULEŠKOV (1965). Orgyia antiqua (Linnaeus, 1758): Lasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767). ANGELOV (1960), TULEŠKOV (1965). Pararge megera L.: ANGELOV (1960). Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Linnaeus, 1758): Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV ANGELOV (1960). (1960). Leucoma salicis (Linnaeus, 1758). Argynnis pandora (Denis & Schiffermüller, Stilpnotia salicis L.: ANGELOV (1960). 1775): ANGELOV (1960). Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758): Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Family Family Lasiocampidae Spilosoma mendica Clerck 1759: ANGELOV Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus, 1758): (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Phragmatobia fuliginosa (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). Family Sphingidae Euplagia quadripunctaria (Poda, 1761). Laothoe populi (Linnaeus, 1758). Callimorpha quadripunctaria Poda.: Smerinthus populi L.: ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Mimas tiliae (Linnaeus, 1758). Smerinthus ? Phytometra (=Plusia) pulchtia Hb.: tiliae L.: ANGELOV (1960). TULEŠKOV (1965). Hyles euphorbiae (Linnaeus, 1758). Deilephila euphorbiae L.: ANGELOV (1960). Family Noctuidae Macroglossum stellatarum (Linnaeus, 1758): Acronicta rumicis (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus, 1758). Agrotis Family Saturniidae pronuba L.: ANGELOV (1960). Saturnia pyri (Denis & Schiffermüller, Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus, 1758). Agrotis 1775): ANGELOV (1960). c-nigrum L.: ANGELOV (1960). Saturnia pavonia (Linnaeus, 1758): Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus, 1758): ANGELOV (1960). ANGELOV (1960). Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766). Agrotis Family Drepanidae ypsilon Rott.: ANGELOV (1960). Drepana falcataria (Linnaeus, 1758): Nyctobrya muralis (Forster, 1771). ANGELOV (1960). Bryophila muralis Forst.: ANGELOV (1960).

92 Desislava N. Arnaudova, Dimitar N. Bechev Xylena exsoleta (Linnaeus, 1758). ANGELOV P. 1964b. Coleoptera aus der Trakischen Calocampa exoleta L.: ANGELOV (1960). Tiefebene und einigen angrenzenden Calymma communimacula (Denis & Gebieten.). In: Paspalev, G., G. Markov, G. Schiffermüller, 1775). Talpochares communimacula Peshev (Eds.) Die Fauna Trakiensis. Band Hb.: ANGELOV (1960). I. Verlag der Bulgarishen Akademie der Macdunnoughia confusa (Stephens, 1850). Wissenshaften, Sofia, pp. 306-324. (In Plusia gutta Gn.: ANGELOV (1960). Bulgarian, German summary). Prodotus stolid (Fabricius, 1775). ATANASSOV N. 1964. Hymenopteren aus der Trakischen Tiefebene (Südbulgarien). Leucanitis stolida F.: ANGELOV (1960). In: Paspalev, G., G. Markov, G. Peshev Catocala fraxini (Linnaeus, 1758): (Eds.) Die Fauna Trakiensis. Band I. ANGELOV (1960). Verlag der Bulgarishen Akademie der Catocala puerpera (Giorna, 1791): Wissenshaften, Sofia, pp. 145-206. (In ANGELOV (1960). Bulgarian, German summary). Catocala nupta (Linnaeus, 1767): DE JONG Y., M. VERBEEK, V. MICHELSEN, P. ANGELOV (1960). BJØRN, W. LOS, F. STEEMAN, N. BAILLY,C. BASIRE, P. CHYLARECKI, E. STLOUKAL,G. Family Psychidae HAGEDORN, F.T. WETZEL, F.GLÖCKLER, hirsuta (Poda, 1761). Canephora A. KROUPA, G. KORB, A.HOFFMANN, C. ULEŠKOV (=Pachytelia) unicolor Hufn.: T (1965). HÄUSER, A. KOHLBECKER, A. MÜLLER, A. GÜNTSCH, P. STOEV, L.PENEV. 2014. Fauna ORDER MECOPTERA Family Panorpidae Europaea - allEuropean animal species on the web. 2: e4034. doi: Panorpa communis (Linnaeus, 1758): Biodiversity Data Journal, 10.3897/BDJ.2.e4034. ANGELOV (1960). PASPALEV G., G. MARKOV, G. PESHEV (Eds.) ORDER DIPTERA 1964. Die Fauna Trakiensis. Band I. Verlag Family Muscidae der Bulgarishen Akademie der Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758): Wissenshaften, Sofia, 406 p. (In Bulgarian). ANGELOV (1960). PASPALEV G., G. MARKOV, G. PESHEV (Eds.) Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758): 1965. Die Fauna Trakiensis. Band II. ANGELOV (1960). Verlag der Bulgarishen Akademie der Wissenshaften, Sofia, 340 p. (In Bulgarian). References TULEŠKOV K. 1965. Schmetterlinge aus Thrakien. ADJAROFF M. 1924. Contribution à l’étude de la In: Paspalev, G., G. Markov, G. Peshev faune des papilions dans la region de la ville (Eds.) Die Fauna Trakiensis. Band II. de Philipopoli. Trudove na Bulgarskoto Verlag der Bulgarishen Akademie der Prirodoizpitatelno Druzhestvo, XI: 122- Wissenshaften, Sofia, pp. 183-128. (In 130. (In Bulgarian). Bulgarian, German summary). ANGELOV P. 1960. Etudes sur l’entomofaune de parc „Delassement et Culture” (L’ile Чеклистнанасекомитевгр- . Пловдив . au milieu de Maritza) pres de Plovdiv, Част 1. Парк “ Отдихикултура ” avec quelques notes faunologiques. ДесиславаАрнаудоваДимитърБечев , Godishnik na muzeite v Plovdiv. Prirodonauchen Muzey, 3: 7-40. (In Резюме: Настоящата статия представя Bulgarian, French summary). списък на известните до момента насекоми в ANGELOV P. 1964a. Rüsselkäfer (Curculionidae, парка „Отдих и култура” в гр. Пловдив. Списъка Coleoptera) aus der Trakischen Tiefebene съдържа 442 вида от 87 семейства, разпределени und einigen angrenzenden Gebieten.). In: по следния начин - Odonata (10 вида), Mantodea (1 Paspalev, G., G. Markov, G. Peshev (Eds.) вид), Orthoptera (12 вида), Dermaptera (2 вида), Die Fauna Trakiensis. Band I. Verlag der Hemiptera (36 вида), Coleoptera (299 вида), Bulgarishen Akademie der Wissenshaften, Rhaphidioptera (1 вида), Neuroptera (3 вида), Sofia, pp. 247-296 (In Bulgarian, German Hymenoptera (4 вида), Lepidoptera (71 вида), summary). Mecoptera (1 вида) и Diptera (2 вида).

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Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 95-96

The Potamon ibericum (Crustacea: Decapoda: Potamidae) in the Maritsa River in Plovdiv City

Dimitar N. Bechev*

University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Department of Zoology, 24 Tzar Assen Str., BG-4000 Plovdiv, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. The current short note presents literature data about the presence of Potamon ibericum in the Maritsa River in Plovdiv City, as well as some new data are presented.

Key words: Potamon ibericum, Plovdiv City, Maritsa River, Bulgaria.

Introduction River Maritza, UTM-grid: LG06 and LG16”, The freshwater Decapoda in the rivers of between 28.04.2005 and 12.07.2006. Provdiv Region have not been the subject of a special study. Data for the presence of New data: Potamon ibericum (Bieberstein, 1808) in the Maritsa River, Plovdiv City, 42.1503 N, Maritsa River, near city of Plovdiv, are given 24.6812 E, 23.08.2002, 1 male, D. Bechev in BULGURKOV (1961) and thereafter in observation. BECHEV (2000), GEORGIEV & STOYCHEVA Maritsa River, Plovdiv City, 42.1548 N, 24.7605 (2006). E, 11.07.2012, 1 female, D. Bechev observation (Fig. 1). Material and Methods The above presented data indicate a permanent All data from the above cited sources are presence of P. ibericum in Maritsa River in the city presented and some new data are added. of Plovdiv.

Results and Discussion Acknowledgements Thanks for the financial support of project Potamon (Pontipotamon) ibericum “Evaluation of the anthropogenic stress on the (Bieberstein, 1808) wetlands of South Bulgaria”, No. FP17-BF- 001, University of Plovdiv. Literature data: P. potamios (Oliv.): BULGURKOV (1961), References Halvadziyka River near Plovdiv. BECHEV D. 2000. New localities of Potamon P. fluviatilis (Herbst, 1785): BECHEV fluviatilis (Herbst, 1785) (Crustacea: (2000), Maritsa River, 2 km W of Plovdiv, Decapoda) in Bulgaria. Travaux mear “Rowing base”, 14.06.1997. Scientifiques de l’Universite de P. ibericum: GEORGIEV & STOYCHEVA Plovdiv, Biologie, Animalia, 36(6): 95- (2006), “eight kilometre long stretch of the 96. (In Bulgarian, English summary).

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House The Freshwater Crab Potamon ibericum (Crustacea: Decapoda: Potamidae) in the Maritsa River in Plovdiv City

Fig. 1. Potamon ibericum (female), Maritsa River, Plovdiv, D. Bechev observation.

BULGURKOV K. 1961. Systematik, Biologie Сладководниятрак (Potamon ibericum) und zoogeographishe Verbreitung der (Crustacea: Decapoda: Potamidae) врекаМарица , Süsswasserkrebse der Familien градПловдив Astacidae und Potamonidae in Bulgarien. Bulletin de l’Institut de ДимитърБечев Zoologie et Musée, 10: 165-192. (In Резюме: Настоящoтo краткo съобщение Bulgarian, German summary). представя литературни данни за наличието на GEORGIEV D., S. STOYCHEVA. 2006. Freshwater Potamon ibericum в р. Марица в град Пловдив, preyed on by the както и някои нови данни. Lutra lutra in a river habitat of Southern Bulgaria. Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy (n.s.), 17(2): 129-135.

96 Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 97-101

Selected Aquatic Invertebrate Animal Groups in the City of Plovdiv, Reported in “Fauna of Thrakia”

Dilian G. Georgiev1,2*

1 - University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, 24 Tzar Assen Str., BG-4000 Plovdiv, BULGARIA 2 - Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv, 34 Hristo G. Danov Str., BG-4000 Plovdiv, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. Published data on a total of 76 species was presented, according to their localities and the first author who reported them for the area of the city: Protozoa (4), Porifera (1 species), Hydrozoa (2 species), Turbellaria (at least 1 species), Hirudinea (5 species), Bryozoa (1 species), Cladocera (17 species), Cyclopoida (12 species), Harpacticoida (1 species), Isopoda (1 species), (1 species), Acari (5 species), Coleoptera (25 species). All species are presented in a table with the names with which they were reported by authors only in the volumes of “Fauna of Thrakia” volumes I (1964) and III (1966).

Key words: literature, synopsis, aquatic invertebrates.

Introduction who reported them for the area of the city: This survey does not pretend for a full Protozoa (4), Porifera (1 species), Hydrozoa (2 literature synopsis. My aim was only to provide species), Turbellaria (at least 1 species), additional data for some freshwater species Hirudinea (5 species), Bryozoa (1 species), which are not currently studied in Plovdiv city Cladocera (17 species), Cyclopoida (12 species), but there is some information already Harpacticoida (1 species), Isopoda (1 species), published, and to contribute to the Amphipoda (1 species), Acari (5 species), completeness of this issue. Coleoptera (25 species) (Table 1).

Material and Methods Acknowledgements. This literature All species are presented in a table with the survey was a part of the project of Plovdiv names with which they were reported by University “Evaluation of the anthropogenic authors only in the volumes of Fauna of stress on the wetlands of South Bulgaria”, No. Thrakia volumes I and III. Three papers were FP17-BF-001. used: GEORGIEV (1964), NAIDENOW (1964), and the synopsis of RUSSEV (1966). References ARNDT W. 1943. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Results Süsswasserfauna Bulgariens. Izvestya na Data on a total of 76 species was presented, Tzarskite Prirodonauchni Instituti, 16: according to their localities and the first author 189-206. © Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Selected Aquatic Invertebrate Animal Groups in the City of Plovdiv, Reported in “Fauna of Thrakia” Table 1. Species of chosen invertebrate animal groups, reported in “Fauna of Thrakia”.

Species Locality Author Phylum Protozoa Class Flagellata Maritsa River near IVANOV (1912), Songomonas cavetus Ivanov Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) waters near Maritsa IVANOV (1912), Euglena granulata Schnitz River synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) Class Rhizopoda VAVRA (1893), Difflugia pyriformis Perty Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) VAVRA (1893), Difflugia acuminata Ehnbg. Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) Phylum Porifera PATEV (1923), Spongilla lacustris Autt. Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) Phylum Coelenterata Class Hydrozoa DRYANOVSKA-VASILEVA (1949), Hydra attenuata (Pallas) Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) DRYANOVSKA-VASILEVA (1949), Chlorohydra viridissima (Pallas) Floods of Maritsa River synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) Phylum Plathelmithes Class Turbellaria Turbellaria indet. Maritsa River RUSSEV (1966) Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea AUGENER (1925), Glossiphonia complanata L. Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) ARNDT (1943), Glossiphonia heteroclita L. Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) ARNDT (1943), Helobdella stagnalis L. Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) ARNDT (1943), Haementaria costata (Fr. Müller) Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) VAVRA (1893), Erpobdella octoculata L. Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) Phylum Bryozoa ARNDT (1943), Plumatella repens (L.) Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Ordo Branchiopoda Ordo Cladocera Daphnia magna Straus Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Daphnia pulex (De Geer) Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Daphnia curvirostris Eylmann Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Daphnia hyalina Leydig Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Jurine) Whole Thrakia NAIDENOW (1964) Moina rectirostris Leydig Whole Thrakia NAIDENOW (1964) Scapholeberis mucronata (O. F. Müller) Whole Thrakia NAIDENOW (1964)

98 Dilian G. Georgiev VAVRA (1893), Simocephalus vetulus (O. F. Müller) Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) Bosmina longirostris (O. F. Müller) Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Bosmina coregoni Baird 1857 Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Ilyocryptus acutifrons Sas Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Macrotrix laticornis (Jurine) Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Rhynchotalona rostrata (Koch) Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Leydigia leydigii (Schödler) Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Alona rectangula Sars Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Alonella excisa (Fischer) Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Müller) Whole Thrakia NAIDENOW (1964) Ordo Copepoda Subordo Cyclopoida (12 species) Macrocyclops fuscus (Jurine) Whole Thrakia NAIDENOW (1964) SHISHKOV (1909), Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine) Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) Eucyclops serrulatus (Fischer) Whole Thrakia NAIDENOW (1964) Ectocyclops phaleratus (Koch) Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Cyclops strenuus Fischer Whole Thrakia NAIDENOW (1964) Acanthocyclops viridis (Jurine) Whole Thrakia NAIDENOW (1964) Acanthocyclops robustus (G. O. Sars) Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh, Whole Thrakia NAIDENOW (1964) 1893) Mesocyclops crassus (Fischer) Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Eudiaptomus vulgaris Schmeil Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Arctodiaptomus pectinicornis Marsh near Plovdiv NAIDENOW (1964) (Wierzejskii) Mixodiaptomus kupelwieseri (Behm) Plovdiv State Fishery NAIDENOW (1964) Subordo Harpacticoida SHISHKOV (1909), Canthocampus staphylinus (Jurine) Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) Ordo Isopoda VAVRA (1893), Asellus aquaticus L. Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) Ordo Amphipoda Rivulogammarus pulex komareki Maritsa River at Plovdiv RUSSEV (1966) Schäferna Subphyllum Chelicerata Class Arachnida Subclass Acari ARNDT (1943), Eylais triarcuata (O. F. Müller) Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) VIETS (1926), Eylais extendens (O. F. Müller) Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) VIETS (1926), Eylais mrazeki bulgarensis Viets. Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) VIETS (1926), Piona nodata (O. F. Müller) Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) VIETS (1926), Piona coccinea C. L. Koch Maritsa River at Plovdiv synopsis by RUSSEV (1966) Phyllum Subphyllum Insecta

99 Selected Aquatic Invertebrate Animal Groups in the City of Plovdiv, Reported in “Fauna of Thrakia” Aquatic Coleoptera Peltodytes caesus Duft. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Haliplus lineaticollis Marsh. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Haliplus ruficollis De Geer Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Haliplus fluviatilis Aubé Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Haliplus laminatus Schall. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Small swamp near Haliplus flavicollis Sturm GEORGIEV (1964) Maritsa River Haliplus flavus F. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) ovatus L. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Bidessus unistriatus Schr. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Guignotus pussilus Schr. Whole Thrakia GEORGIEV (1964) Hydroporus ionicus Mill. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Graptodytes pictus F. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Graptodytes concinnus Steph. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Porhyarus lineatus F. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) clavicornis De Geer Whole Thrakia GEORGIEV (1964) Noterus crassicornis Müll. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) variegatus Germ. Whole Thrakia GEORGIEV (1964) Laccophilus hyalinus De Geer Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Laccophilus minutus L. Whole Thrakia GEORGIEV (1964) Agabus bipustulatus L. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Rhantus pulverosus Steph. Rice fields near Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Hydaticus transversalis Pontop. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Dytiscus marginalis L. Fishponds in Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Aulonogyrus consinnus Klug. Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964) Gyrinus distinctus Aubé Plovdiv GEORGIEV (1964)

AUGENER H. 1925. Blutegel von der (Sammel Werk), Band I. Bulgarischen Balkanhalbinsel. Zoologischer Anzeiger, Akademie Wissenschaften, Sofia, pp. 62:161-173. 377-404. (In Bulgarian, German DRYANOVSKA-VASILEVA O. 1949. [The Summary). freshwater Hydrozoa of Bulgaria]. PATEV P. 1923. [Contribution to the study of the Godishnik na Sofiyskia Universitet, freshwater spongy (Spongillidae) in 45(3): 49-55. (In Bulgarian) Bulgaria]. Trudove na Balgarskoto GEORGIEV V. 1964. Coleoptera aus der Prirodoizpitatelno Druzhestvo, 10: 62-64 Thrakischen Tiefebene und Einigen (In Bulgarian). Angrenzenden Cebieten. In: Paspalev G., RUSSEV B. 1966. Hydrobiologische Markov G., Peshev G. (Eds.) Die Untersuchungen der Marica. I. In: FaunaThrakens (Sammel Werk), Band I. Paspalev G., Markov G., Peshev G. Bulgarischen Akademie Wissenschaften, (Eds.) Die Fauna Thrakens (Sammel Sofia, pp. 306-325. (In Bulgarian, Werk), Band III. Bulgarischen Akademie German Summary). Wissenschaften, Sofia, pp. 231-291. (In IVANOV H. 1912. [An attempt for studying the Bulgarian, German Summary). flagellates of Bulgaria]. Trudove na SHISHKOV G. 1909. [Materials on the study of Balgarskoto Prirodoizpitatelno Druzhestvo, the Bulgarian freshwater fauna. I. Free 5: 114-141. (In Bulgarian). living Copepoda]. Godishnik na NAIDENOW W. 1964. Untersuchungen über die Sofiyskia Universitet, 3/4: 1-51. (In Copepoden- und Cladocerenfauna Bulgarian). Thrakens. In: Paspalev G., Markov G., VAVRA V. 1893. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Peshev G. (Eds.) Die Fauna Thrakens Susswasserfauna von Bulgarien.

100 Dilian G. Georgiev Sitzungsberichte der konilgl Bohmischen Gessell der Wissensch, 1-4. VIETS K. 1926. Hydracarien aus Bulgarien. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 67(1/2): 7-27.

Избрани групи водни безгръбначни животни в гр . Пловдив , съобщени във “ Фауна на Тракия ”

ДилянГ . Георгиев

Резюме: Представени са публикувани данни за общо 76 вида, според местонахождението им и първия автор, който ги е докладвал за района на град Пловдив: Protozoa (4), Porifera (1 вид), Hydrozoa (2 вида), Turbellaria (поне 1 вид), Hirudinea (5 вида), Bryozoa (1 вид), Cladocera (17 вида), Cyclopoida (12 вида), Harpacticoida (1 вид), Isopoda (1 вид), Amphipoda (1 вид), Acari (5 вида), Coleoptera (25 вида). Всички видове са представени в таблица с имената, с които са докладвани от авторите в томовете на „Фауна на Тракия” - том I (1964) и том. III (1966).

101

Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 103-119

Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 1 - Urban City Parks

Ivelin A. Mollov1*, Peter S. Boyadzhiev2, Bozhana N. Bozhinova3

1 - University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, 24 Tzar Assen Str., Plovdiv, BG-4000 BULGARIA 2 - University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Zoology, 24 Tzar Assen Str., Plovdiv, BG-4000 BULGARIA 3 – MSc Student, Masters program “Ecology and Ecosystems Conservation”, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, 24 Tzar Assen Str., Plovdiv, BG-4000 BULGARIA * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. Urban green areas are of great importance for preserving biodiversity in cities. There is a wide variety of invertebrates in cities including a specific group that crawls on the surface of the earth called „epigeal“ invertebrates. The current study aims to characterize and compare the epigeal invertebrates communities in three urban parks on the territory of the city of Plovdiv („Parashutna Kula“ Park, „Lauta” Park and „Loven park” Park), based on the urban-to-rural gradient paradygm. „Lauta“ Park differs the most from the other two parks in terms of the measured abiotic factors (air and soil temperature, soil moisture and soil pH). The predominant tree and shrub vegetation in the three studied parks is mainly decorative and ruderal, and „Loven park“ Park is the only place, where most of the natural, autochthonous vegetation is still found. With the greatest number of individuals and with the highest species richness is the epigeal invertebrates community in „Loven park“ Park, followed by „Parashutna kula“ Park, and the lowest numbers and species richness, was recorded in „Lauta“ Park. In the three studied urban parks, Collembola and Hymenoptera, Formicidae predominate, while Aranea occupy significant share in „Loven park“ Park. In „Lauta“ Park the epigeal invertebrates community is characterized by the greatest diversityty, calculated using two diveristy indices, with the lowest share of random taxa in both the ecotone and the interior of the park compared to the other two parks. The surveyed epigeal invertebrates communities in the three urban parks do not follow the generally established dependence of declining the diversity from the periphery to the city center.

Key words: epigeal invertebrates, communities, urban parks, pit-fall traps, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Introduction have been altered and new ones have emerged. In the process of urbanization over time, the Some of the emerging habitats are urban green habitat types within the cities have changed, which areas. From this point of view, BREUSTE et al. in turn influences wild flora and fauna. Some (2008) consider urban habitats as a mosaic of green habitats have completely disappeared while others areas scattered by the urban “matrix” (including

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 1... residential, commercial, industrial buildings, but generally complex studies on invertebrate infrastructure, etc., see NIEMELÄ, 1999). communities of different taxa are very scarce. Urban green areas are of great importance for The aim of the present work is to characterize preserving biodiversity in cities as they play the role and compare the epigeal invertebrates of refuges for wild flora and fauna as well as communities in three urban parks on the territory corridors for the movement of certain species of the city of Plovdiv, based on the urban-to-rural (ZAPPAROLI, 1997). Many wild animal species find gradient paradigm. favorable conditions for their survival in urban settings, and other species adapt. Material and Methods There is a wide variety of invertebrates in cities Study area including even rare and endangered species The fieldwork was conducted on the territory (MCINTYRE & HOSTETLER, 2001; JONES, 2003; of Plovdiv City in May 2015. For the purposes of HELDEN & LEATHER, 2004). Considerable part of the study, three urban parks where chosen - them belong to a specific group that crawls on the „Parashutna kula“ Park, located in the center of the surface of the earth called „epigeal“ invertebrates or city, in the western part of the Nature Monument „epigeobionts“ (LAVELLE & SPAIN, 2001). „Hulm Bunardzhik“ Hill, but not within the Most authors assume that urbanization has a protected area (Fig. 1-A); „Lauta“ Park, located in detrimental effect on the species richness and the suburbs of the city in its eastern part (Fig.1-B) populations of invertebrates in cities (PYLE et al., and Park Loven Park, located on the outskirts of 1981; MCINTYRE et al., 2001). A convenient way the town, to Rowing base - Plovdiv, in the western to track variations in the diversity and abundance of part of the town (Fig. 1-C). The parks were chosen, different invertebrate groups to trace the effects of in view of their distance from the city center, to urbanization are „urban-to-rural gradients“, often trace the changes in the epigeal invertebrates communities on a hypothetical urban-to-rural used by a number of authors (MCINTYRE et al., 2001). Most of the ecological parameters most gradient from the city center to the periphery often change from the periphery to the city center (MCDONNELL et al., 1997; STOYANOV & PENEV, (KLAUSNITZER, 1987). These environmental 2004). This way one park from each zone is studied variables affect the structure and function of – urban center, suburbs and rural zone. populations, communities or entire ecosystems In addition, these three parks differ in the ratio (MCDONNELL & PICKETT, 1990). between natural and artificial vegetation, by degree In urban areas, there are more variations in of maintenance by the Municipality of Plovdiv, and species composition, while outlying areas are by degree of anthropogenic use (Environmental characterized by a more permanent species Protection Program in Plovdiv, 2011). composition during the year or season Field methods (KLAUSNITZER & RICHTER, 1983). However, there To capture epigeal invertebrates, pitfall traps is not always a reduction in the number of were used (SAMWAYS et al., 2010), placing a total invertebrate species in central urban areas, of 10 traps in each park - 5 in the ecotone at the compared to rural areas. Invertebrates in urban periphery of the park (bordering a road) and 5 traps settings are influenced by various factors: habitat in the interior of the park (Table 1) to trace the age, fragmentation and isolation, pollution and road differences in ecological characteristics of epigeal traffic, lawn mowing, etc. But so far, many invertebrates communities, not only between the taxonomic groups have been poorly studied in parks themselves but also between those in the urban environment (JONES & LEATHER, 2012). periphery and the inner part of the parks. Each trap Until now in Bulgaria, in urban environment, was a two-liter plastic cylinder filled with one liter systemic studies have been conducted only on the of 4% formalin solution. Drainage holes were malacofauna (DEDOV & PENEV, 2000; 2004; drilled at 2/3 of the cylinder height to avoid PENEV et al., 2008), the carabid fauna (NIEMELÄ overflow and loss of catch in case of rainfall. Traps et al., 2002; STOYANOV & PENEV, 2004; PENEV were placed in a straight line at a distance of 10-15 et al., 2008), myromecofauna (PENEV et al., 2008), m from each other without a barrier being placed the harvestmen fauna (MITOV & STOYANOV, between them. The traps were left for 10 days, 2004) and nematode fauna (MLADENOV et al., which is the minimal recommended duration with 2004), based on the concept of the urban gradient, similar studies (BORGELT & NEW, 2006).

104 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Bozhana N. Bozhinova When placing each trap, its exact GPS electronic moisture meter „tr-46908”, and for soil coordinates were captured using the Garmin eTrex pH measurements, soil samples sealed in plastic Vista Hcx GPS receiver (see Table 1); the zippered envelopes were collected and later, soil predominant bush and tree vegetation in the solutions were made under laboratory conditions, immediate vicinity of trapping locations was and pH was measured using electronic pH-meter identified. For the determination of the vegetation WHW (Germany). we used the field guide by DELIPAVLOV & The collected invertebrates from each trap were CHESHMEDZHIEV (2003) and VALEV et al. (1960). transferred to 70% ethanol in laboratory conditions, Also, some basic abiotic factors have been sorted, counted and identified to the lowest taxonomic measured - air temperature, soil temperature, soil level possible, using available guides (ANGELOV et al., moisture and soil pH. The air and soil temperature 1963; ANGELOV, 1982; GOLEMANSKI et al., 1990). was measured using the electronic thermometer The zoological nomenclature follows Fauna Europaea „TP-3001”, the soil moisture was measured with (DE JONG et al., 2014).

Fig. 1. Indicative map of the city of Plovdiv and the locations of the three studied urban parks. A - „Parashutna kula“ Park; B - „Lauta“ Park; C - „Loven park“ Park.

Table 1. Geographical coordinates of the used pitfall traps in the three studied urban parks.

Trap 1 Trap 2 Trap 3 Trap 4 Trap 5 „Parashutna kula“ Park N 42°08.603' N 42°08.611' N 42°08.614' N 42°08.619' N 42°08.632' Ecotone E 024°43.973' E 024°43.969' E 024°43.965' E 024°43.957' E 024°43.959' N 42°08.643' N 42°08.633' N 42°08.622' N 42°08.617' N 42°08.605' Interior E 024°43.986' E 024°43.985' E 024°43.996' E 024°43.998' E 024°44.004' „Lauta“ Park N 42°08.308' N 42°08.311' N 42°08.315' N 42°08.324' N 42°08.324' Ecotone E 024°46.376' E 024°46.384' E 024°46.389' E 024°46.402' E 024°46.414' N 42°08.213' N 42°08.215' N 42°08.219' N 42°08.224' N 42°08.225' Interior E 024°46.427' E 024°46.439' E 024°46.443' E 024°46.457' E 024°46.473' „Loven park“ Park N 42°08.191' N 42°08.192' N 42°08.198' N 42°08.209' N 42°08.215' Ecotone E 024°41.908' E 024°41.919' E 024°41.929' E 024°41.947' E 024°41.962' N 42°08.227' N 42°08.223' N 42°08.217' N 42°08.215' N 42°08.205' Interior E 024°41.946' E 024°41.936' E 024°41.928' E 024°41.920' E 024°41.903'

105 Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 1... Ecological properties of the epigeal one information index (Shannon’s diversity communities index). The following characteristics were used to assess the composition and properties of - Simpson’s diversity index (1/S) epigeal invertebrates communities (after In the present work, the reciprocal value of MAGURRAN, 2004): the Simpson’s diversity index was used, - Proportion (P) calculated using the formula: The ratio between the number of species (taxa) and the number of all species (taxa) in the community. Calculated by the following formula:

where: S – Simpson’s diversity index;

Pi – proportion of taxon i. where: Pi – proportion of the taxon i;

ni – number of individuals from taxon i; - Simpson’s evenness index (E) N – number of individuals from all taxa. The Simpson’s evenness index was calculated using the following formula: - Frequency of occurrence (F) It is calculated by the ratio between the number of individuals of one species (taxon) and the total number of individuals from all taxa expressed as a percentage. In practice, the frequency represents the proportion (Pi) where: E – Simpson’s evenness index; multiplied by 100. Pi – proportion of taxon i; K – number of all taxa in the - Consistency (C) community. Represents the ratio of the number of samples containing a given species (taxon) to the total number of samples, expressed as a - Shannon’s diversity index – H' percentage: Calculated, using the following formula:

where: C – consistency of the taxon i; where: H' – Shannon’s diversity index, a – number of samples, containing the Pi – proportion of taxon i. taxon; – total number of samples. A - Shannon’s equitability index – J In this article, a single cylinder (trap) is Calculated, using the following formula: taken for one sample. On the basis of the calculated consistency, the recorded taxa were classified as permanent (C>50%), additional (C=25-50%) and random (where C<25%).

- Diversity indices where: J – Shannon’s equitability index; To determine the diversity of the epigeal Pi – proportion of taxon i; invertebrates communities, we used one index K – number of all taxa in the of dominance (Simpson’s diversity index) and community.

106 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Bozhana N. Bozhinova Statistical analysis alba, Ilex aquifolium, Acer negundo and All data obtained during the study were Frangula alnus. The park vegetation is statistically processed as follows: the abiotic presented mainly by decorative and ruderal factor measurement data was processed using trees and shrubs, wildely used in the urban descriptive statistics (minimum, maximum, parks in Plovdiv city. Individual tree and shrub average, standard deviation and standard species are located at a distance from each error) and compared with each other using t- other, and the crowns of the trees do not form test (at p≤0.05), looking for differences thick cover, allowing more light to penetrate to between the ecotone and the interior of each the ground. park (FOWLER et al., 1998). For these analyzes „Lauta“ Park is also heavily visited by the statistical package „STATISTICA” v.7.0 people, although it is to a lesser extent than was used. (StatSoft Inc., 2010). To calculate „Parashutna kula“ Park, probably due to its Simpson and Shannon's diversity and remoteness from the city center and also the equitability indices, and a cluster analysis to park maintenance activities are to a much compare park faunistic similarity (unweighted lesser extent, in parallel with „Parashutna kula“ per group average, Bray-Curtis), the Park. Biodiversity Pro software package was used No statistically significant differences were (MCALEECE et al., 1997). found between the ecotone area and the park's interior by any of the studied abiotic factors - soil temperature (t-test, t=-1.62, p=0.14), air Results and Discussion temperature (t=-0.72, p=0.49), soil moisture (t=-0.87, p=0.4) and soil pH (t=-1.91, p=0.09). Analysis of abiotic factors and the The predominating tree and shrub prevailing vegetation in the studied urban vegetation, recorded by us in the ecotone area parks of the park includes: Robinia pseudoacacia, The values of air and soil temperature, soil tomentosa, Quercus rubur, Acer moisture and reaction (pH) in the ecotone area pseudoplatanus, Carpinus orientalis, Prunus and the interior of the three studied urban domestica, Fraxinus oxycarpa and Ulmus parks studied are presented in Table 2. minor, and in the interior of the park: From the three urban parks, „Parashutna Gleditschia triacanthos, Carpinus orientalis, kula“ Park is most visited by people and there Acer negundo. Dominating tree species – are activities carried out for the maintenance of decorative and some invasive ones, such as the park (watering, lawn mowing, removing Robinia pseudoacacia and Gleditschia dead vegetation and waste) most often. This triacanthos. Also, the vegetation is may have influenced the great variability we characterized by species that can be defined as recorded in soil moisture in the ecotone area of the remains of the natural vegetation - , the park. maple, etc. The crowns of the trees form a When comparing the measured abiotic thick cover, so the penetration of light is factors between the interior of the park and the limited and the habitats are shady. ecotone area we registered statistically From the three studied parks in Plovdiv significant differences only by three parameters City, „Loven Park“ Park is the least visited by – air temperature (t-test; t=4.26; p=0.003), soil people and almost no maintenance activities are moisture (t-test; t=3.10; p=0.014) and soil carried out in the park (no watering or pH(t-test; t=-2.91; p=0.02). grassing). The predominating tree and shrub When comparing the measured abiotic vegetation, recorded by us in the ecotone area factors between the interior of the park and the of the park includes: Acer pseudoplatanus, ecotone area, we found statistically significant Hedera helix, Morus alba, Morus nigra, Tilia differences in three parameters - air tomentosa, Syringa vulgaris, Fraxinus ornus, temperature (t-test, t=2.41, p=0.04), soil Euonymus japonicus, Lonicera nitida, temperature (t=3.56, p = 0.007) and soil pH Ligustrum ovalifolium, Catalpa bignonioides (t=3.76, p=0.005). No statistically significant and Ilex aquifolium, and in the interior of the difference was found for soil moisture (t=-0.87, park: Tilia tomentosa, Fraxinus ornus, Morus p=0.41).

107 Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 1... Table 2. Descriptive statistics of the measured abiotic factors in the three studied parks in the city of Plovdiv.

Air Air Soil Soil Soil Soil tempera- tempera- tempera- tempera- moisture, moisture, Soil pH Soil pH ture, ˚ C ture, ˚ C ture, ˚ C ture, ˚ C % % (Ecotone) (Interior) (Ecotone) (Interior) (Ecotone) (Interior) (Ecotone) (Interior) „Parashutna kula“ Park (Urban zone) Min 22.90 21.00 16.70 17.40 5.40 3.90 5.30 5.60 Max 26.40 22.70 18.50 19.10 30.90 8.50 5.70 5.92 Mean 24.72 22.00 17.70 18.06 19.12 6.14 5.50 5.79 Stand. dev. 1.27 0.64 0.72 0.63 9.17 1.90 0.16 0.15 Std. error 0.57 0.29 0.32 0.28 4.10 0.85 0.07 0.07 „Lauta“ Park (Suburban zone) Min 15.90 17.00 14.90 15.00 22.60 39.80 5.01 5.75 Max 17.80 22.40 15.40 15.40 75.50 64.70 5.83 5.83 Mean 16.94 18.62 15.20 15.28 42.10 51.70 5.50 5.80 Stand. dev. 0.72 2.20 0.19 0.16 21.50 11.13 0.35 0.03 Std. error 0.32 0.99 0.08 0.07 9.62 4.98 0.16 0.01 „Loven park“ Park (Rural zone) Min 27.80 24.80 17.70 16.70 7.61 7.50 7.20 6.50 Max 35.70 26.40 18.40 18.20 69.70 30.20 7.61 7.20 Mean 30.50 25.42 18.06 17.34 24.90 14.28 7.39 6.80 Stand. dev. 3.12 0.65 0.30 0.59 25.60 9.19 0.20 0.29 Std. error 1.40 0.29 0.14 0.27 11.45 4.11 0.09 0.13

Table 3. Taxonomic composition, number of individuals, proportion, and frequency of occurrence of the registered epigeal invertebrates in the three studied parks in Plovdiv City.

Legend: Ni – number of individuals from taxon i; Pi – proportion of taxon i; Fi – frequency of occurance of taxon i, %.

„Parashutna kula“ „Lauta“ Park „Loven park“ Park Taxa Park (Urban zone) (SubUrban zone) (Rural zone) Ni Pi Fi Ni Pi Fi Ni Pi Fi Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae 1 0.00069 0.06859 5 0.00378 0.37793 14 0.00446 0.44643 Pseudoscorpiones 4 0.00274 0.27435 7 0.00529 0.5291 19 0.00606 0.60587 Acarı 13 0.00892 0.89163 105 0.07937 7.93651 14 0.00446 0.44643 Araneae 85 0.0583 5.8299 37 0.02797 2.79667 540 0.17219 17.2194 Opiliones 0 0 0 3 0.00227 0.22676 12 0.00383 0.38265 Crustacea 2 0.00137 0.13717 1 0.00076 0.07559 0 0 0 Crustacea, Armadillidium sp. 1 0.00069 0.06859 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crustacea, Oniscus sp. 3 0.00206 0.20576 20 0.01512 1.51172 5 0.00159 0.15944 Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 15 0.01029 1.02881 40 0.03023 3.02343 58 0.01849 1.84949 Gastropoda 1 0.00069 0.06859 3 0.00227 0.22676 0 0 0 Myriapoda 1 0.00069 0.06859 1 0.00076 0.07559 2 0.00064 0.06378 Myriapoda, Geophilidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.00032 0.03189 Myriapoda, Chilopoda 4 0.00274 0.27435 0 0 0 41 0.01307 1.3074 Collembola 331 0.22702 22.7023 236 0.17838 17.8382 1144 0.3648 36.4796 Insecta - undet. 0 0 0 8 0.00605 0.60469 0 0 0 Insecta (larvae) - undet. 10 0.00686 0.68587 1 0.00076 0.07559 16 0.0051 0.5102 Coleoptera - undet. 9 0.00617 0.61728 16 0.01209 1.20937 14 0.00446 0.44643 Coleoptera, Cantharididae 5 0.00343 0.34294 1 0.00076 0.07559 2 0.00064 0.06378 Coleoptera, Carabidae 81 0.05556 5.55556 129 0.09751 9.75057 37 0.0118 1.17985 Coleoptera, Cerambicidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.00096 0.09566

108 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Bozhana N. Bozhinova Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae 1 0.00069 0.06859 0 0 0 5 0.00159 0.15944 Coleoptera, Coccinelidae 1 0.00069 0.06859 0 0 0 2 0.00064 0.06378 Coleoptera, Curculionidae 3 0.00206 0.20576 30 0.02268 2.26757 8 0.00255 0.2551 Coleoptera, Geotrupidae 23 0.01578 1.5775 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coleoptera, Elateridae 1 0.00069 0.06859 4 0.00302 0.30234 4 0.00128 0.12755 Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae 0 0 0 2 0.00151 0.15117 1 0.00032 0.03189 Coleoptera, Silphidae 0 0 0 5 0.00378 0.37793 9 0.00287 0.28699 Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 73 0.05007 5.00686 26 0.01965 1.96523 155 0.04943 4.9426 Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0.00128 0.12755 Coleoptera (larvae) 12 0.00823 0.82305 4 0.00302 0.30234 19 0.00606 0.60587 Dermaptera 10 0.00686 0.68587 4 0.00302 0.30234 0 0 0 Dermaptera (larvae) 79 0.05418 5.41838 61 0.04611 4.61073 6 0.00191 0.19133 Diptera 0 0 0 1 0.00076 0.07559 0 0 0 Diptera, Brachicera 62 0.04252 4.2524 10 0.00756 0.75586 42 0.01339 1.33929 Diptera, Nematocera 106 0.0727 7.27023 68 0.0514 5.13983 89 0.02838 2.83801 Diptera, Nematocera, Culicidae 0 0 0 1 0.00076 0.07559 0 0 0 Diptera, Nematocera, Tipulidae 0 0 0 1 0.00076 0.07559 0 0 0 Diptera, Tachinidae 21 0.0144 1.44033 14 0.01058 1.0582 10 0.00319 0.31888 Diptera (larvae) 1 0.00069 0.06859 232 0.17536 17.5359 31 0.00989 0.98852 Hemiptera 2 0.00137 0.13717 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hemiptera, Heteroptera 1 0.00069 0.06859 1 0.00076 0.07559 5 0.00159 0.15944 Hemiptera, Aphidoidea 28 0.0192 1.92044 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae 3 0.00206 0.20576 8 0.00605 0.60469 42 0.01339 1.33929 Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha 109 0.07476 7.47599 0 0 0 86 0.02742 2.74235 Hemiptera (larvae) 2 0.00137 0.13717 1 0.00076 0.07559 2 0.00064 0.06378 Hymenoptera, Aculeata 1 0.00069 0.06859 3 0.00227 0.22676 6 0.00191 0.19133 Hymenoptera, 33 0.02263 2.26337 19 0.01436 1.43613 12 0.00383 0.38265 Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea 1 0.00069 0.06859 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hymenoptera, Ichnemonidae 0 0 0 1 0.00076 0.07559 0 0 0 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 316 0.21674 21.6735 212 0.16024 16.0242 654 0.20855 20.8546 Lepidoptera 1 0.00069 0.06859 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lepidoptera (larvae) 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0.00478 0.47832 Ortopthera 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.00032 0.03189 Orthoptera, Acrididae, Acrida sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.00096 0.09566 Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Gryllus sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.00032 0.03189 Ortopthera, Tettigonidae 1 0.00069 0.06859 2 0.00151 0.15117 2 0.00064 0.06378 Orthoptera (larvae) 1 0.00069 0.06859 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1458 - 100 1323 - 100 3136 - 100

Table 4. Taxonomic composition, number of individuals, proportion, frequency of occurrence and consistency of the registered epigeal invertebrates in „Parashutna kula“ Park. Legend: Ni – number of individuals from taxon i; Pi – proportion of taxon i; Fi – frequency of occurence of taxon i, %; Ci – consistency of taxon i.

Trap Trap Trap Trap Trap Total Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 Ni Pi Fi Ci Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ecotone Acarı 1 1 0.001 0.146 20 Araneae 4 6 3 9 6 28 0.041 4.076 100 Crustacea 2 2 0.003 0.291 20 Crustacea, Armadillidium sp. 1 1 0.001 0.146 20

109 Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 1... Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 1 2 3 0.004 0.437 40 Myriapoda 1 1 0.001 0.146 20 Myriapoda, Chilopoda 1 1 1 3 0.004 0.437 60 Collembola 13 44 128 85 4 274 0.399 39.884 100 Insecta (larvae) - undet. 4 1 5 0.007 0.728 40 Coleoptera 2 1 3 0.004 0.437 40 Coleoptera, Cantharididae 1 1 2 0.003 0.291 40 Coleoptera, Carabidae 10 4 7 26 47 0.068 6.841 80 Coleoptera, Curculionidae 2 2 0.003 0.291 20 Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 2 5 2 9 0.013 1.310 60 Coleoptera (larvae) 1 1 1 2 5 0.007 0.728 80 Dermaptera 7 1 8 0.012 1.164 40 Dermaptera (larvae) 3 1 15 19 0.028 2.766 60 Diptera, Brachicera 4 1 2 1 8 0.012 1.164 100 Diptera, Nematocera 1 16 11 12 5 45 0.066 6.550 80 Diptera, Tachinidae 3 7 2 1 13 0.019 1.892 80 Diptera (larvae) 1 1 0.001 0.146 20 Hemiptera, Aphidoidea 28 28 0.041 4.076 20 Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha 2 12 71 2 87 0.127 12.664 80 Hemiptera (larvae) 1 1 0.001 0.146 20 Hymenoptera, Aculeata 1 1 0.001 0.146 20 Hymenoptera, Apocrita 4 7 3 14 0.020 2.038 60 Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea 1 1 0.001 0.146 20 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 3 11 22 18 21 75 0.109 10.917 100 Total (ecotone) 42 108 198 247 92 687 - 100 - Interior Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae 1 1 0.001 0.130 20 Pseudoscorpiones 2 2 4 0.005 0.519 40 Acarı 11 1 12 0.016 1.556 40 Araneae 7 4 24 18 3 56 0.073 7.263 100 Crustacea, Oniscus sp. 3 3 0.004 0.389 20 Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 1 1 10 12 0.016 1.556 60 Gastropoda 1 1 0.001 0.130 20 Myriapoda, Chilopoda 1 1 0.001 0.130 20 Collembola 28 18 1 8 1 56 0.073 7.263 100 Insecta (larvae) - undet. 1 2 2 5 0.006 0.649 60 Coleoptera - undet. 1 2 2 1 6 0.008 0.778 80 Coleoptera, Cantharididae 1 1 1 3 0.004 0.389 60 Coleoptera, Carabidae 2 1 24 2 8 37 0.048 4.799 100 Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae 1 1 0.001 0.130 20 Coleoptera, Coccinelidae 1 1 0.001 0.130 20 Coleoptera, Curculionidae 1 1 0.001 0.130 20 Coleoptera, Geotrupidae 20 1 2 23 0.030 2.983 60 Coleoptera, Elateridae 1 1 0.001 0.130 20 Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 3 34 10 14 3 64 0.083 8.301 100 Coleoptera (larvae) 2 5 7 0.009 0.908 40 Dermaptera 2 2 0.003 0.259 20 Dermaptera (larvae) 8 7 13 16 16 60 0.078 7.782 100 Diptera, Brachicera 14 22 5 10 3 54 0.070 7.004 100 Diptera, Nematocera 16 12 2 13 18 61 0.079 7.912 100 Diptera, Tachinidae 5 3 8 0.010 1.038 40 Hemiptera 2 2 0.003 0.259 20 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae 2 1 3 0.004 0.389 40

110 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Bozhana N. Bozhinova Hemiptera, Heteroptera 1 1 0.001 0.130 20 Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha 10 7 4 1 22 0.029 2.853 80 Hemiptera (larvae) 1 1 0.001 0.130 20 Hymenoptera, Apocrita 2 8 3 2 4 19 0.025 2.464 100 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 22 61 13 54 90 240 0.311 31.128 100 Lepidoptera 1 1 0.001 0.130 20 Ortopthera, Tettigonidae 1 1 0.001 0.130 20 Orthoptera (larvae) 1 1 0.001 0.130 20 Total (interior) 125 220 126 145 155 771 - 100 -

Table 5. Taxonomic composition, number of individuals, proportion, frequency of occurrence and consistency of the registered epigeal invertebrates in „Lauta“ Park. Legend: Ni – number of individuals from taxon i; Pi – proportion of taxon i; Fi – frequency of occurence of taxon i, %; Ci – consistency of taxon i.

Trap Trap Trap Trap Trap Total Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 Ni Pi Fi Ci Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ecotone Pseudoscorpiones 1 1 2 0.003 0.293 60 Acarı 4 10 14 0.021 2.053 60 Araneae 7 1 16 12 1 37 0.054 5.425 100 Opiliones 3 3 0.004 0.440 40 Crustacea 1 1 0.001 0.147 40 Crustacea, Oniscus sp. 7 9 2 18 0.026 2.639 60 Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 15 23 38 0.056 5.572 40 Gastropoda 2 1 3 0.004 0.440 40 Myriapoda 1 1 0.001 0.147 20 Collembola 32 39 50 11 21 153 0.224 22.434 100 Insecta - undet. 1 2 3 0.004 0.440 60 Insecta (larvae) - undet. 1 1 0.001 0.147 20 Coleoptera - undet. 1 7 1 9 0.013 1.320 60 Coleoptera, Carabidae 9 17 11 12 5 54 0.079 7.918 100 Coleoptera, Curculionidae 1 1 27 1 30 0.044 4.399 80 Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae 1 1 2 0.003 0.293 60 Coleoptera, Silphidae 1 1 0.001 0.147 20 Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 1 2 5 2 10 0.015 1.466 80 Dermaptera 1 1 2 4 0.006 0.587 60 Dermaptera (larvae) 1 2 1 4 0.006 0.587 60 Diptera, Brachicera 2 2 1 1 6 0.009 0.880 80 Diptera, Nematocera 5 8 7 4 3 27 0.040 3.959 100 Diptera, Nematocera, 1 1 0.001 0.147 20 Culucidae Diptera, Nematocera, Tipulidae 1 1 0.001 0.147 20 Diptera, Tachinidae 2 3 1 6 0.009 0.880 60 Diptera (larvae) 36 1 23 1 61 0.089 8.944 80 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae 3 2 5 0.007 0.733 40 Hemiptera, Heteroptera 1 1 0.001 0.147 20 Hemiptera (larvae) 1 1 0.001 0.147 20 Hymenoptera, Apocrita 5 3 9 17 0.025 2.493 60 Hymenoptera, Ichnemonidae 1 1 0.001 0.147 20 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 25 45 72 7 16 165 0.242 24.194 100

111 Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 1... Ortopthera, Tettigonidae 1 1 2 0.003 0.293 40 Total (ecotone) 134 161 282 50 55 682 - 100 - Interior Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae 1 2 2 5 0.008 0.780 60 Pseudoscorpiones 2 2 1 5 0.008 0.780 60 Araneae 23 17 3 26 22 91 0.142 14.197 100 Crustacea, Oniscus sp. 1 1 2 0.003 0.312 40 Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 1 1 2 0.003 0.312 40 Collembola 2 75 6 83 0.129 12.949 60 Insecta (larvae) - undet. 5 5 0.008 0.780 20 Coleoptera - undet. 2 5 7 0.011 1.092 40 Coleoptera, Cantharididae 1 1 0.002 0.156 20 Coleoptera, Carabidae 14 22 10 6 21 73 0.114 11.388 100 Coleoptera, Elateridae 1 2 1 4 0.006 0.624 60 Coleoptera, Silphidae 3 1 4 0.006 0.624 40 Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 3 2 6 5 16 0.025 2.496 80 Coleoptera (larvae) 2 2 4 0.006 0.624 40 Dermaptera (larvae) 13 12 1 5 25 56 0.087 8.736 100 Diptera 1 1 0.002 0.156 20 Diptera, Brachicera 2 2 4 0.006 0.624 40 Diptera, Nematocera 5 1 22 13 41 0.064 6.396 80 Diptera, Tachinidae 5 3 8 0.012 1.248 40 Diptera (larvae) 97 7 4 61 5 174 0.271 27.145 100 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae 2 1 3 0.005 0.468 40 Hymenoptera, Aculeata 3 3 0.005 0.468 20 Hymenoptera, Apocrita 1 1 2 0.003 0.312 40 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 15 13 2 12 5 47 0.073 7.332 100 Total (interior) 177 95 29 229 111 641 - 100 -

Table 6. Taxonomic composition, number of individuals, proportion, frequency of occurrence and consistency of the registered epigeal invertebrates in „Loven park“ Park. Legend: Ni – number of individuals from taxon i; Pi – proportion of taxon i; Fi – frequency of occurence of taxon i, %;

Ci – consistency of taxon i.

Trap Trap Trap Trap Trap Total Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 Ni Pi Fi Ci Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ecotone Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae 2 3 7 1 13 0.010 0.968 80 Pseudoscorpiones 1 1 5 2 8 17 0.013 1.266 100 Acarı 2 2 4 0.003 0.298 40 Araneae 51 52 48 62 20 233 0.173 17.349 100 Opiliones 1 1 1 3 0.002 0.223 60 Crustacea, Oniscus sp. 1 1 2 0.001 0.149 40 Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 2 5 4 1 12 24 0.018 1.787 100 Myriapoda 1 1 0.001 0.074 20 Myriapoda, Chilopoda 1 2 4 6 13 0.010 0.968 80 Collembola 23 10 44 35 31 143 0.106 10.648 100 Insecta (larvae) - undet. 1 3 5 2 4 15 0.011 1.117 100 Coleoptera 4 3 7 0.005 0.521 40 Coleoptera, Cantharididae 1 1 0.001 0.074 20

112 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Bozhana N. Bozhinova Coleoptera, Carabidae 2 6 1 3 12 0.009 0.894 80 Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae 1 1 1 3 0.002 0.223 60 Coleoptera, Coccinelidae 2 2 0.001 0.149 20 Coleoptera, Curculionidae 2 2 1 1 6 0.004 0.447 80 Coleoptera, Elateridae 1 1 0.001 0.074 20 Coleoptera, Elateridae (larvae) 1 1 0.001 0.074 20 Coleoptera, Silphidae 8 8 0.006 0.596 20 Coleoptera, Silphidae, (larvae) 1 1 2 0.001 0.149 40 Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 8 4 11 7 108 138 0.103 10.276 100 Coleoptera (larvae) 3 2 5 0.004 0.372 40 Dermaptera (larvae) 1 2 3 0.002 0.223 40 Diptera, Brachicera 7 11 4 4 1 27 0.020 2.010 100 Diptera, Nematocera 4 6 12 3 9 34 0.025 2.532 100 Diptera, Tachinidae 2 3 2 1 8 0.006 0.596 80 Diptera (larvae) 1 9 1 2 13 0.010 0.968 100 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae 14 9 6 6 35 0.026 2.606 80 Hemiptera, Heteroptera 2 1 3 0.002 0.223 40 Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha 1 2 75 4 82 0.061 6.106 80 Hemiptera (larvae) 1 1 2 0.001 0.149 40 Hymenoptera, Aculeata 1 1 2 0.001 0.149 40 Hymenoptera, Apocrita 2 5 1 8 0.006 0.596 60 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 58 70 260 33 35 456 0.340 33.954 100 Lepidoptera (larvae) 6 6 1 13 0.010 0.968 60 Orthoptera, Acrididae, Acrida sp. 1 1 0.001 0.074 40 Total (ecotone) 184 192 534 177 256 1343 - 100 - Interior Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae 1 1 0.001 0.056 20 Pseudoscorpiones 2 2 0.001 0.112 20 Acarı 1 4 3 1 1 10 0.006 0.558 100 Araneae 72 61 125 48 306 0.171 17.066 80 Opiliones 2 1 3 3 9 0.005 0.502 80 Crustacea, Oniscus sp. 1 2 3 0.002 0.167 40 Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 1 6 24 3 34 0.019 1.896 80 Myriapoda 1 1 0.001 0.056 20 Myriapoda,Geophilidae 1 1 0.001 0.056 20 Myriapoda, Chilopoda 8 5 13 2 28 0.016 1.562 80 Collembola 141 169 282 300 109 1001 0.558 55.828 100 Insecta (larvae) - undet. 1 1 0.001 0.056 20 Coleoptera 1 1 2 3 7 0.004 0.390 80 Coleoptera, Cantharididae 1 1 0.001 0.056 20 Coleoptera, Carabidae 5 4 3 3 10 25 0.014 1.394 100 Coleoptera, Cerambycidae 3 3 0.002 0.167 20 Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae 1 1 2 0.001 0.112 40 Coleoptera, Coccinelidae, 1 1 0.001 0.056 20 Coleoptera, Curculionidae 1 1 2 0.001 0.112 40 Coleoptera, Elateridae 1 2 3 0.002 0.167 40 Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae 1 1 0.001 0.056 20 Coleoptera, Silphidae 1 1 0.001 0.056 20 Coleoptera, Silphidae (larvae) 2 1 3 0.002 0.167 40 Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 5 4 2 3 3 17 0.009 0.948 100 Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae 1 3 4 0.002 0.223 40 Coleoptera (larvae) 1 4 5 0.003 0.279 40 Dermaptera (larvae) 3 3 0.002 0.167 20

113 Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 1... Diptera, Brachicera 2 6 6 1 15 0.008 0.837 80 Diptera, Nematocera 1 6 10 35 3 55 0.031 3.067 100 Diptera, Tachinidae 2 2 0.001 0.112 40 Diptera (larvae) 2 4 12 18 0.010 1.004 60 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae 1 1 5 7 0.004 0.390 60 Hemiptera, Heteroptera 2 2 0.001 0.112 60 Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha 1 1 2 4 0.002 0.223 60 Hymenoptera, Aculeata 1 2 1 4 0.002 0.223 60 Hymenoptera, Apocrita 2 1 1 4 0.002 0.223 60 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 41 24 56 57 21 199 0.111 11.099 100 Lepidoptera (larvae) 1 1 2 0.001 0.112 20 Orthoptera 1 1 0.001 0.056 20 Orthoptera, Acrididae, Acrida sp. 2 2 0.001 0.112 20 Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Gryllus sp. 1 1 0.001 0.056 20 Ortopthera, Tettigonidae 2 2 0.001 0.112 20 Total (interior) 284 233 476 576 224 1793 - -

Table 7. Diversity indices of the epigeal invertebrate communities in the three studied urban parks in the city of Plovdiv.

„Parashutna kula“ Park „Lauta“ Park „Loven park“ Park Index (Urban zone) (SubUrban zone) (Rural zone) Ecotone Interior Total Ecotone Interior Total Ecotone Interior Total Simpson Diversity (1/S) 4.992 7.356 8.08 7.467 7.11 8.954 5.767 2.818 Simpson Equitability (E) 0.312 0.347 0.2959 0.353 0.409 0.332 0.263 0.122 Shannon Diversity (H') 2.168 2.496 2.543 2.455 2.284 2.560 2.300 1.634 Shannon Evenness (J) 0.650 0.702 0.6762 0.702 0.719 0.699 0.632 0.437

Fig. 2. Cluster analysis (Group Average Link, Bray-Curtis similarity index) in the three studied urban parks in the city of Plovdiv, based on the faunal similarity.

114 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Bozhana N. Bozhinova The predominating tree and shrub to soil pH, „Loven park“ Park forms a single vegetation, recorded by us in the ecotone area cluster, with about 85% similarity, and the of the park includes: Quercus robur, other two parks form a second cluster, with caesius, Fraxinus oxycarpa, Clematis vitalba, about 95% similarity. Galium aparine, Fagus sylvatica, Juglans regia, Ecological analysis of the epigeal Robinia pseuodoacacia and Ilex aquifolium, invertebrates communities and in the interior of the park: Clematis In the present study on the epigeal vitalba, Quercus robur, Fraxinus oxycarpa, invertebrate communities in the three studied Ulmus minor, Robinia pseuodoacacia and parks in the city of Plovdiv, we identified a total Betula pendula. The vegetation consists of of 5917 individuals belonging to 57 taxa, the both natural vegetation and decorative species. parks distribution being as follows: „Parashutna The park is characterized by a higher grassland kula“ Park - 1458 ind. of 42 taxa; „Lauta“ Park height. Both better sun-lit parts and shady - 1323 ind. of 39 taxa and „Loven park“ Park - habitats are recorded. 3136 ind. of 42 taxa. It is noteworthy that the When comparing the average values of the species richness and number of individuals is measured abiotic factors in the three studied the lowest in „Lauta“ Park, while the species parks, it is noticeable that with regard to the air richness in „Parashutna kula“ Park and „Loven and soil temperature the lowest values of both park“ Park is the same, but in the latter the factors are recorded in „Lauta“ Park (Table 2). number of individuals recorded is twice as high. In principle, in the big cities, the air The taxonomic composition, number of temperature increases by 1-2 degrees from the individuals, proportion, and frequency of periphery to the center of the city, a occurrence of the registered epigeal phenomenon known as „urban heat island invertebrates in the three studied parks are effect” (OKE, 1982; CAMILLONI & BARROS, presented in Table 3. 1997). From the results presented in Table 3 it is Our study does not confirm the same visible, that in all three parks the three pattern. The lower temperature in „Lauta“ Park predominant taxa are Collembola; is due to the densely located tree vegetation in Hymenoptera, Formicidae and Coleoptera, this park, which determines a specific which is presented differently with the various microclimate in the park, which somewhat families in the three parks. The high number of explains the high moisture of the soil. In Diptera larvae, that we recorded in „Lauta“ addition, our research was conducted once in a Park can be explained by the higher humidity in single season. For a fuller explanation of this this park. At the time of placing the traps, there question, additional studies with multiple was also rainfalls, and in some places water had measurements in different seasons are needed. been retained in tree trunks, under thick foliage In terms of soil pH, it is highest in „Loven etc. (places, where Diptera larvae can develop). park“ Park, but within the neutral pH range In general, this taxon is not a typical (about 7), while the soil pH values in the other representative of epigeal soil invertebrates. The two parks are almost the same and close to 5. high share of spiders (Aranea) in „Loven park“ The observed differences are likely to be Park can be explained by the higher air and soil explained by the more specific type of alluvial temperature during the study period and the soils near the Maritsa River compared to the lower humidity. other two parks. Taxonomic composition, number of As a result of multiple cluster analyses of individuals, proportion, frequency of the three parks with respect to the four occurrence and consistency of the registered measured abiotic factors we found the same epigeal invertebrates in the ecotone zone and dependencies. In terms of air temperature, soil the interior of the three studied urban parks are temperature and soil moisture „Lauta“ Park in presented in Table 4-6. all three cases is grouped into a single cluster Table 4 shows that the predominant taxa in while the other two parks form a second the ecotone area of „Parashutna kula“ Park are cluster. The greatest is the similarity between Collembola, followed by representatives of the the three parks in terms of soil temperature and Hemiptera order and Hymenoptera, at least - in terms of soil moisture. With regard Formicidae, while in the interior ants

115 Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 1... predominate, followed by Coleoptera (mostly additional and 16 random taxa in the interior the representatives of the Staphylinidae and of the park. It is noteworthy that the Carabidae families) and after them are the community in „Lauta“ Park is perhaps the terrestrial snails and the spiders. This difference most stable and distinct, since it has the lowest in the composition of the fauna between the number of random taxa in both the ecotone ecotone and the interior of the park may be and the interior. explained by the fact that this is the most From the point of view of the diversity of maintained park of all three, and the shrub the communities, we registered the greatest vegetation located in the park is periodically diversity, measured with both indices the watered. Around some of the traps placed, near „Lauta“ Park (Table 7). A slightly lower bushes, the moisture is higher, while around diversity was recorded in the „Parashutna other traps, placed near trees (which are not kula“ Park, but the difference is not great. In watered), the moisture is lower and there the addition, in all three studied parks, with the ants and spiders prevail. Because of the high exception of „Parashutna kula“ Park, the moisture in some places in the ecotone area we diversity is higher in the ecotone area, as can also recorded a share of Diptera larvae, which be expected, as a result of the so-called „edge are not typical soil invertebrates. effect“ (ODUM, 1974). In „Parashutna kula“ In „Lauta“ Park, the differences in the Park, this is not the case, which may be due to faunistic composition of the epigeal the fact that the park is not large in size and invertebrates in the ecotone area and the has a heavily elongated rectangular shape. The interior of the park are very visible (Table 5). ecotone area in this park is not clearly Except for Diptera larvae, which as mentioned expressed. On the other hand, high emitting before are not typical soil invertebrates, the levels of gasses, high turbulence, noise, dust, predominating taxa in the ecotone are bright lights from passing cars are present in Collembola, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, with a the ecotone region bordering a heavily loaded lower presence of Coleoptera (mainly road (BRAUN & FLÜCKIGER, 1984; MADER, Carabidae and Curculionidae), while in the 1984), which in this particular case may be an interior Aranea, Collembola and Coleoptera, additional cause for the low diversity. Carabidae, predominate, while the ants are According to MCINTYRE (2000), the diversity comparatively poorly presented. Strong of invertebrates should decrease as the level of presence in the park's interior and almost contamination increases. absent in the ecotone area are the Dermaptera According to both evenness indices (Table larvae. 7) the communities in the three studied urban In the ecotone area of „Loven park“ Park, parks are bi- or poly-dominant, as ants and spiders are predominant, followed by predominating taxa are Collembola and Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, while in the interior Hymenoptera, Formicidae. the most numerous are the terrestrial snails Contrary to most studies (MCKINNEY, followed by the spiders and the ants occupy a 2008; JONES & LEATHER, 2012), where much smaller share. Spiders are generally more diversity is declining from the periphery to the numerous in this park, compared to the other city center, in our case this trend is not two. confirmed. The highest diversity we recorded Analyzing to the consistency of the taxa in for the community in „Lauta“ Park, located in the three studied parks, the following trend the suburbs of the city, which can be explained emerged: in „Parashutna kula“ Park there were with the „Intermediate disturbance hypothesis” 12 permanent, 5 additional and 10 random (CONNELL, 1978; BLAIR & LAUNER, 1997). taxa recorded in the ecotone area and 15 According to this hypothesis, at high levels of permanent, 5 additional and 15 random taxa - disturbance (strong anthropogenic pressure), in the interior of the park. In „Lauta“ Park - 20 species richness and diversity decrease, and permanent, 6 additional and 6 random taxa in when the level of disturbance is reduced, they the ecotone area and 11 permanent, 9 rise again, but to a certain level. When the additional and 4 random taxa in the interior of degree of anthropogenic pressure falls below the park. In „Loven park“ Park - 21 certain limits, species richness and diversity permanent, 10 additional and 7 random taxa in again are low, in other words, the highest the ecotone area and 18 permanent, 7 diversity is observed at an intermediate level of

116 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Bozhana N. Bozhinova anthropogenic pressure. Assuming that in the 6. The community in „Parashutna kula“ center of the city, the anthropogenic pressure in Park is bi-dominant, while the ones in „Lauta“ all its forms and manifestations is the most Park and „Loven park“ Park are polydominant. intense, and on the outskirts of the city (rural zone) - the weakest, the „Intermediate References disturbance hypothesis” could explain the ANGELOV A., D. BOZHKOV, N. highest diversity we registered in „Lauta“ Park. VIHODCEVSKI, M. JOSIFOV. 1963. As a result of the performed cluster [Fauna of Bulgaria. Invertebrates. Short analysis, the three parks are grouped into two Field guide.] Publ. “Narodna prosveta”, clusters, based on faunistic similarity of the Sofia, 406 p. (In Bulgarian). epigeal invertebrates communities (Fig. 2). At ANGELOV P., 1982. [Zoology atlas. approximately 20% similarity „Loven park“ Invertebrates], Publ. “Narodna Park, is separated in a single clster. The park is prosveta”, Sofia, 319 p. (In Bulgarian). located on the outskirts of the city (rural zone), BLAIR R.B., A.E. LAUNER. 1997. Butterfly where we registered the lowest diversity (Table diversity and human land use: species 7). Approximately at 25% similarity „Lauta“ assemblages along an urban gradient. Park and „Parashutna kula“ Park are separated in second cluster. The diversity, calculated Biological Conservation, 80: 113-125. using both indices in both parks was similar. BORGELT A., T. NEW. 2006. Pitfall trapping for ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in mesic Australia: what is the best Conclusions trapping period? Journal of Insect Conservation, 10: 75-77. 1. „Lauta“ Park differs the most from the BRAUN S., W. FLÜCKIGER. 1984. Increased other two parks in terms of the measured population of the aphid Aphis pomi at a abiotic factors, except that there was no motorway: Part 1 – field evaluation. statistically significant difference between the values of the factors in the ecotone area and the Environmental Pollution (A), 33: 107-120. interior of the park. BREUSTE J., J. NIEMELÄ, R.P.H. SNEP. 2008. 2. The predominant tree and shrub Applying landscape ecological principles vegetation in the three studied parks is mainly in urban environments. Landscape decorative and ruderal, and „Loven park“ Park Ecology, 23: 1139-1142. is the only place, where most of the natural, CAMILLONI I., V. BARROS. 1997. On the Urban autochthonous vegetation is still found. Heat Island Effect Dependence on 3. With the greatest number of individuals Temperature Trends. Climatic Change, and with the highest species richness is the 37: 665-681. epigeal invertebrates community in „Loven CONNELL J.H. 1978. Diversity in Tropical Rain park“ Park, followed by „Parashutna kula“ Forests and Coral Reefs. Science, Park, and the lowest numbers and species 199(4335): 1302-1310. richness, was recorded in „Lauta“ Park. DE JONG Y., M. VERBEEK, V. MICHELSEN, P. 4. In the three studied urban parks, DE PLACE BJØRN, W. LOS, F. STEEMAN, Collembola and Hymenoptera, Formicidae N. BAILLY, C. BASIRE, P. CHYLARECKI, predominate, while Aranea occupy significant E. STLOUKAL, G. HAGEDORN, F.T. share in „Loven park“ Park. WETZEL, F. GLÖCKLER, A. KROUPA, G. 5. In „Lauta“ Park the epigeal invertebrates KORB, A. HOFFMANN, C. HÄUSER, A. community is characterized by the greatest KOHLBECKER, A. MÜLLER, A. diversity, calculated using both indices, with the GÜNTSCH, P. STOEV, L. PENEV. 2014. lowest share of random taxa in both the Fauna Europaea - all European animal ecotone and the interior of the park compared species on the web. Biodiversity Data to the other two parks. The surveyed epigeal Journal, 2: e4034. doi: invertebrates communities in the three urban 10.3897/BDJ.2.e4034. Web Service parks do not follow the generally established [http//www.faunaeur.org]. dependence of declining the diversity from the DEDOV I., L. PENEV. 2000. Species periphery to the city center. composition and origins of the

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119

Mollov I., D. Georgiev, O. Todorov (Eds.) Faunistic diversity of the city of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), Volume 1 – Invertebrates Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2018, Supplement 1: 121-137

Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 2 - The Hills of Plovdiv

Ivelin A. Mollov1*, Peter S. Boyadzhiev2, Mina D. Dincheva3

1 - University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, 24 Tzar Assen Str., Plovdiv, BG-4000 BULGARIA 2 - University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Zoology, 24 Tzar Assen Str., Plovdiv, BG-4000 BULGARIA 3 – MSc Student, Masters program “Ecology and Ecosystems Conservation”, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, 24 Tzar Assen Str., Plovdiv, BG-4000 BULGARIA * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. The aim of the present work is to characterize and compare the epigeal invertebrates communities in three of the Plovdiv hills - „Mladezhki hulm“ Hill, „Hulm Bunardzhik“ Hill and „Danov hulm“ Hill. The most numerous is the community of epigeal invertebrates from the „Mladezhki hulm” Hill (922 individuals from 37 taxa), followed by „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill (876 individuals from 40 taxa), where the community has the highest taxonomic richness, and the most poor on individuals and taxa was the community at „Danov hulm” Hill (493 individuals of 34 taxa). In the three studied hills, Hymеnoptera, Formicidae predominate, followed by Coleoptera and Diptera, while Aranea occupy significant share in „Danov hulm“ Hill. The epigeal invertebrates community in „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill is the most distinct, since it contains the highest number of permanent and additional taxa compared to the other two hills and the lowest number of random taxa. The community at „Danov hulm” Hill, is probably the most unstable, which is probably due to the high anthropogenic pressure of this hill. The most diverse by both indices used is the community at „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill. The communities of epigeal invertebrates from all three studied hills are monodominant.

Key words: epigeal invertebrates, communities, Plovdiv hills, pit-fall traps, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Introduction in turn affects wild flora and fauna. Some Many studies track the impact of habitats have completely disappeared while urbanization on biodiversity in cities. The others have been altered and new ones have results of these studies indicate that emerged. Some of the emerging habitats are urbanization can either increase or reduce urban green areas. From this point of view, biodiversity depending on several factors, such BREUSTE et al. (2008) consider urban habitats as: taxonomic group studied, spatial scale of as a mosaic of green areas scattered by the studies and urbanization intensity. Over time, urban „matrix” (including residential, habitat types within cities are changing, which commercial, industrial buildings, infrastructure,

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 2... etc., see NIEMELÄ, 1999). Urban green areas are hulm” Hill in Plovdiv City in September 2017 of great importance for preserving biodiversity (Fig. 1). in cities as they play the role of refuges for wild The three hills differ in the ratio between flora and fauna as well as corridors for the natural and artificial vegetation, by degree of movement of certain species (ZAPPAROLI, maintenance by the Municipality of Plovdiv, 1997). Many wild animal species find favorable and by degree of anthropogenic use conditions for their survival in urban settings, (Environmental Protection Program in Plovdiv, and other species adapt. 2011). According to MCKINNEY (2002), urbanization nowadays represents a major Field methods threat to global biodiversity, leading to the To capture epigeal invertebrates, pitfall destruction of „a large proportion of traps were used (SAMWAYS et al., 2010), placing indigenous species“. Urban sprawl is usually a total of 10 traps in each park - 5 in the lower associated with habitat loss, fragmentation, (park portion) of each hill and 5 traps near the habitat isolation and species changes (ALBERTI peak of the hill (Table 1) to trace the et al., 2003; MCKINNEY, 2008). differences in ecological characteristics of In cities (such as Baltimore or Berlin) even epigeal invertebrates communities, not only new invertebrate species can be found (CSUZDI between the hills themselves but also between & SZLAVECZ, 2002) and there is high those in the lower part and the peak. Each trap biodiversity in the urban matrix (GROFFMAN et was a two-liter plastic cylinder filled with one al., 2006). Data on invertebrate communities in liter of 4% formalin solution. Drainage holes urban ecosystems, such as spatially were drilled at 2/3 of the cylinder height to heterogeneous, dynamic, integrated socio- avoid overflow and loss of catch in case of ecological units, remain relatively limited rainfall. Traps were placed in a straight line at a (PICKETT et al., 2008). Only individual distance of 10-15 m from each other without a taxonomic groups have been well studied but barrier being placed between them. The traps there are no comprehensive studies on the were left for 14 days, while the minimal ecological properties of communities of recommended duration for similar studies is 10 different invertebrate taxa. days (BORGELT & NEW, 2006). Until now in Bulgaria, in urban When placing each trap, its exact GPS environment, systemic studies have been coordinates were captured using the Garmin conducted only on the nematode fauna eTrex Vista Hcx GPS receiver (see Table 1); the (MLADENOV et al., 2004), the malacofauna predominant bush and tree vegetation in the (DEDOV & PENEV, 2000; 2004; PENEV et al., immediate vicinity of trapping locations was 2008), the carabid fauna (NIEMELÄ et al., 2002; identified. For the determination of the vegetation STOYANOV, 2004; STOYANOV & PENEV, 2004; we used the field guide by DELIPAVLOV & PENEV et al., 2008), myrmecofauna (PENEV et CHESHMEDZHIEV (2003) and VALEV et al. al., 2008), the harvestmen fauna (MITOV & (1960). Also, some basic abiotic factors have been STOYANOV, 2004) and others. In general, measured - air temperature, soil temperature, soil studies on invertebrates in urban environments moisture and soil pH. The air and soil in Bulgaria are few and there are no temperature was measured using the electronic comprehensive studies on invertebrate animal thermometer „TP-3001”, the soil moisture was populations of different taxa, which determines measured with electronic moisture meter „tr- the aim of the current paper. The aim of the 46908”, and for soil pH measurements, we used present work is to characterize and compare soil pH-meter „PCE-PH20S“. the epigeal invertebrates communities in three The collected invertebrates from each trap were of the Plovdiv hills. transferred to 70% ethanol in laboratory conditions, sorted, counted and identified to the Material and Methods lowest taxonomic level possible, using available Study area guides (ANGELOV et al., 1963; ANGELOV, 1982; The fieldwork in the present study was GOLEMANSKI et al., 1990). The zoological conducted in the territory of „Mladezhki hulm” nomenclature follows Fauna Europaea (DE JONG Hill, „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill and „Danov et al., 2014).

122 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Mina D. Dincheva

Fig. 1. Indicative map of the city of Plovdiv and the locations of the three studied hills. A - „Mladezhki hulm“ Hill; B - „Hulm Bunardzhik“ Hill; C - „Danov hulm“ Hill.

Table 1. Geographical coordinates of the used pitfall traps in the three studied hills in the city of Plovdiv.

Trap 1 Trap 2 Trap 3 Trap 4 Trap 5 „Mladezhki hulm“ Hill N 42°08.116' N 42°08.112' N 42°08.119' N 42°08.125' N 42°08.132' Lower part E 24°43.641' E 24°43.635' E 24°43.628' E 24°43.618' E 24°43.614' N 42°08.232' N 42°08.237' N 42°08.242' N 42°08.246' N 42°08.252' Peak E 24°43.963' E 24°43.960' E 24°43.958' E 24°43.954' E 24°43.949' „Hulm Bunardzhik“ Hill N 42°08.308' N 42°08.592' N 42°08.597' N 42°08.604' N 42°08.611' Lower part E 24°46.376' E 24°44.381' E 24°44.384' E 24°44.383' E 24°44.382' N 42°08.685' N 42°08.682' N 42°08.685' N 42°08.683' N 42°08.683' Peak E 24°44.245' E 24°44.237' E 24°44.229' E 24°44.220' E 24°44.215' „Danov hulm“ Hill N 42°08.728' N 42°08.736' N 42°08.733' N 42°08.735' N 42°08.733' Lower part E 24°44.742' E 24°44.750' E 24°44.752' E 24°44.763' E 24°44.769' N 42°08.789' N 42°08.788' N 42°08.784' N 42°08.778' N 42°08.773' Peak E 24°44.793' E 24°44.799' E 24°44.805' E 24°44.813' E 24°44.815'

123 Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 2... Ecological properties of the epigeal one information index (Shannon’s diversity communities index). The following characteristics were used to assess the composition and properties of - Simpson’s diversity index (1/S) epigeal invertebrates communities (after In the present work, the reciprocal value of MAGURRAN, 2004): the Simpson’s diversity index was used, - Proportion (P) calculated using the formula: The ratio between the number of species (taxa) and the number of all species (taxa) in the community. Calculated by the following formula:

where: S – Simpson’s diversity index;

Pi– proportion of taxon i. where: Pi – proportion of the taxon i;

ni– number of individuals from taxon i; - Simpson’s evenness index (E) N – number of individuals from all taxa. The Simpson’s evenness index was calculated using the following formula: - Frequency of occurrence (F) It is calculated by the ratio between the number of individuals of one species (taxon) and the total number of individuals from all taxa expressed as a percentage. In practice, the frequency represents the proportion (Pi) where: E – Simpson’s evenness index; multiplied by 100. Pi– proportion of taxon i; K – number of all taxa in the - Consistency (C) community. Represents the ratio of the number of samples containing a given species (taxon) to the total number of samples, expressed as a - Shannon’s diversity index – H' percentage: Calculated, using the following formula:

where: C – consistency of the taxon i; where: H' – Shannon’s diversity index, a – number of samples, containing the Pi– proportion of taxon i. taxon; – total number of samples. A - Shannon’s equitability index – J In this article, a single cylinder (trap) is Calculated, using the following formula: taken for one sample. On the basis of the calculated consistency, the recorded taxa were classified as permanent (C>50%), additional (C=25-50%) and random (where C<25%).

- Diversity indices where: J– Shannon’s equitability index; To determine the diversity of the epigeal Pi– proportion of taxon i; invertebrates communities, we used one index K – number of all taxa in the of dominance (Simpson’s diversity index) and community.

124 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Mina D. Dincheva Statistical analysis The predominating vegetation, recorded by us All data obtained during the study were in the park area of the hill includes: Rosa sp., statistically processed as follows: the abiotic Ulmus minor, Marrubium vulgare, Euonymus factor measurement data was processed using verrucosus, Sophora japonica, Crataegus descriptive statistics (minimum, maximum, monogyna, Geum urbanum, Fraxinus ornus, average, standard deviation and standard Galium aparine and others, and at the peak of the error) and compared with each other using hill: Koelreuteria paniculata, Asparagus officinalis, Mann-Whitney U-test (at p≤0.05), where the Muscari butre, Jasminum fruticans, Juglans regia, data was not normally distributed, looking for differences between the lower park zone and Quercus robur, Robinia pseudoacacia, Papaver rhoeas, Sedum album, Rosa canina, Dactylis the peak of each hill (FOWLER et al., 1998). Differences in abiotic factor values between glomerata, Allium sphaerocephalon, Marrubium the three hills were compared by the Kruskall- vulgare, Ulmus minor, Agropyrum repens, Wallis test for three independent samples. The Rumex acetosella, Euphorbia dendroides, Echinops similarity between the epigeal invertebrates ritro, Ailanthus altissim, Syringa vulgaris, communities between the three hills was Quercus pubescens, Centaurea sp., Prospero calculated using cluster analysis (Unweighted autumnale, Pistacia terebinthus, Achillea depressa, Per-Group Average, Jaccard similarity index). Echinops ritro, Portulaca oleracea, Asparagus For these analyzes the statistical package officinalis, Vulpia myurus and others. The "STATISTICA" v.7.0 (StatSoft Inc., 2010) and vegetation is presented mainly by decorative and „PAST“ v.3.0. (HAMMER et al., 2001). The last ruderal trees and shrubs, wildly used in the urban program was also use to calculate Simpson parks in Plovdiv city. Partially there are species and Shannon's diversity and equitability belonging to the autochtoneous vegetation. indices, and the cluster analysis. Individual tree and shrub species are located close to each other, and the crowns of the trees form a Results and Discussion thick cover at some places, allowing less sunlight to penetrate to the ground. At other places there are more open habitats. Analysis of abiotic factors and the „Hulm Bunardzhik“ Hill is the middle by prevailing vegetation in the studied urban size and height of the three studied hills, parks heavily visited by people, and also intense park The values of air and soil temperature, soil maintenance activities are present here. moisture and reaction (pH) in the lower park When comparing the measured abiotic zone and the peak of the three studied hills are factors between the lower park zone of the hill presented in Table 2. and the peak, we found statistically significant From the studied hills in Plovdiv City, differences between two parameters - soil „Mladezhki hulm” Hill is the largest and temperature (Mann-Whitney U-test, U=0.00, comparatively less visited by people than the z=-2.52, p=0.01) soil pH (U=2.00, z=-2.08, other two studied hills, but there are often p=0.04). For the air temperature (U=5.00, z=- carried out activities for the maintenance of the 1.46, p=0.14) and soil moisture (U=11.5, z=- park zone by the municipality officials 0.10, p=0.91) there were no statistically (watering, lawn mowing, removing of fallen significant differences. vegetation and wastes). The predominating vegetation, recorded by When comparing the measured abiotic us in the park area of the hill includes: Acer factors between the lower park zone of the campestre, Spiraea vanhouttei, Seltis australis, peak of the hill we registered statistically significant differences on three parameters - air Hedera helix, Tilia tomentosa, Sambucus temperature (Mann-Whitney U-test, U=2.00, nigra, Sophora japonica, Ulmus minor, z=-2.09, p=0.04) soil temperature (U=1.00, z=- Mahonia sp., Robinia pseudoacacia, Fraxinus 2.30, p=0.02) and soil moisture (U=0.00, z=- ornus, Crataegus monogyna, Phytolacca 2.51, p=0.01). No statistically significant decandra, Catalpa bignonioides and others, differences were detected for the soil pH and at the peak of the hill: Ulmus minor, (U=4.00, z=-1.67, p=0.09). Rhamnus frangula, Syringa vulgaris,

125 Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 2... Amorpha fruticasa, Rosa canina, Seltis H=20.00, p=0.000045). The lower temperature australis, Hedera helix, Robinia pseudoacacia on „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill is probably due to and others. The vegetation at this hill is also the densely dispersed tree vegetation on this hill, characterized by species that can be defined as which determines a specific microclimate in the decorative and ruderal, while in some paces the park area. In addition, our research has been remains of the natural vegetation still exist. In conducted once in one season, and further the park zone the crowns of the trees form a research with multiple measurements in different thick cover, so the penetration of light is seasons is needed to further clarify this issue. limited and the habitats are shady, while at the Highest soil moisture was recorded on peak the habitats are more open. „Mladezhki hulm” Hill but the values of the „Danov hulm” Hill is the smallest and the other two hills were similar and we did not lowest of the three studied hills in the city of recorded a statistically significant difference Plovdiv. It is heavily visited by people, since it between the three hills on this factor (Kruskal- is located in the very center of the city and Wallis test, H=5.78, p=0.055). Probably the there also activities for the maintenance of the higher soil moisture of „Mladezhki hulm” Hill is park are carried out. due to the dense tree vegetation, especially in the When comparing the measured abiotic park zone. With regard to soil pH, it has the factors between the lower park zone of the hill highest value on „Danov hulm” Hill, but within and the peak we found statistically significant the neutral pH (6.71), as well as the values of soil differences only for two parameters – soil pH in the other two hills, which are close to 6.5. moisture (Mann-Whitney U-test, U=0.00, z=- We also did not registered statistically significant 2.51, p=0.01) and soil pH (U=0.00, z=-2.51, differences on this factor between the three hills p=0.01). For the air temperature (U=6.50, z=- (Kruskal-Wallis test, H=0.29, p=0.86). 1.15, p=0.25) and the soil temperature (U=6.00, z=-1.25, p=0.21) there were no Ecological analysis of the epigeal statistically significant differences. invertebrates communities The predominating vegetation, recorded by The taxonomic composition, number of us in the lower park area of the hill includes: individuals, proportion, frequency of Morus alba, Seltis australis, Hedera helix, occurrence and the consistency of the Ulmus minor, Marrubium vulgare, Muscari registered epigeal invertebrates in „Mladezhki hulm” Hill are presented in Table 3. The results butre, Quercus robur and others, and at the show, that the three predominant taxa are peak of the hill: Fraxinus ornus, Geranium Hymenoptera, Formicidae; Coleoptera, from macrorrhizum, Sophora japonica, Hedera which the Carabidae and Tenebrionidae helix, Quercus frainetto, Ulmus minor, families predominate on the lower park zone Chenopodium album, Spiraea vanhouttei, and the Curculionidae and Chrysomelidae Seltis australis, Rosa canina and others. The families at the peak. The third taxon with the vegetation on „Danov hulm” Hill, similarly to highest number is arachnids, with the Opiliones the other two hills (although with some predominating in the park area, and the spiders differences), is represented mainly by ruderal (Araneae) at the peak. The differences in fauna and decorative tree and shrub species as well as of epigeal invertebrates in the lower park area remnants of natural autochthonous vegetation. of the hill and the peak can be explained by the The trees are separated from each other and a type of habitats existing in the both places. In much larger amount of sunlight reaches the the park area there are densely planted ruderal ground, with the vegetation at the peak being trees and shrubs, and the peak is more open significantly thinner. with open rocks and predominant grass and In the comparative analysis of the average shrub vegetation in certain places. values of the measured abiotic factors in the In the park area of the hill we recorded 10 three studied hills, it is noticeable that in terms of permanent taxa, 3 additional and 10 random, air and soil temperature the lowest values of and at the peak - 11 permanent, 5 additional both factors were recorded on „Hulm and 15 random taxa. Bunardzhik” Hill and the highest - on „Danov In „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill (Table 4) again hulm” Hill (Kruskal-Wallis test, air temperature - the highest number of individuals and H=20.93, p=0.000028, soil temperature - frequency of occurrence take the ants

126 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Mina D. Dincheva (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), followed by the numbers only in „Mladezhki hulm” Hill and Coleoptera, of which the Staphylinidae and their numbers in the other two hills decrease Tenebrionidae families predominate both at the significantly, which may be due to the fact that lower park zone and at the peak, and the third the representatives of this taxon adhere to taxon with the highest numbers was Araneae, forest habitats and are sensitive to followed by Diptera. It is also noteworthy the anthropogenic pressure (STOYANOV, 2004; relatively high share of Collembola and STOYANOV & PENEV, 2004; PENEV et al., Crustacea, especially those of the Porcelio 2008). Similar dependence is also observed for genus on „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill, which are Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae and almost absent from the other two hills or are Tenebrionidae. The Opiliones were recorded very poorly represented. This can probably be with high numbers of individuals at “Mladezhki explained by the presence of dense tree hulm” Hill and „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill and vegetation in the park zone of the hill and are presented only with single specimens on somewhere with the relatively high soil „Danov hulm” Hill. Myriapoda are also moisture and the presence of rainfall during the represented with the highest numbers on the study period. Rainfall and the fact that water is „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill and are considerably collected in some places, like tree trunks, close lower on the other two hills (Table 6). to the ground and on the thick foliage, etc., also According to the consistency of the taxa in explains the high proportion of the Diptera the three studied hills, the following trend was larvae recorded on this hill. In general, this formed: for „Mladezhki hulm” Hill we taxon is not a typical representative of epigeal registered 21 permanent taxa, 8 additional and invertebrates. 25 random, for „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill - 22 Based on the calculated consistency, from are permanent, 14 are additional and 24 are the 32 taxa recorded in the park area, 12 taxa random; for „Danov hulm” Hill - 12 are permanent, 8 are additional and 11 are permanent taxa, 11 additional and 26 random random, and from 29 taxa recorded at the peak taxa. It is noteworthy that the community of - 10 are permanent, 6 are additional and 13 are epigeal invertebrates in „Hulm Bunardzhik” random. Hill is probably the most stable and distinct At „Danov hulm” Hill (Table 5), like the because it has the highest number of other two hills, the taxon with the highest permanent and additional taxa compared to the number of individuals and frequency of other two hills and the lowest number of occurrence is Hymenoptera, Formicidae, but random taxa. The biggest portion of random the second place is taken by Diptera, followed taxa was recorded on „Danov hulm” Hill, by the Araneae, which predominate in the park which significantly exceeds the number of zone. The high share of spiders (Aranea) in permanent and additional taxa, probably due to „Danov hulm” Hill can probably be explained the high anthropogenic pressure of this hill by the higher air and soil temperature during because of its easy access and location in the the study period and the lower soil moisture. very center of the city. Coleoptera at this hill are comparatively less From the point of view of the diversity of represented than the other two hills. the communities, we recorded the highest In the park zone of the hill we recorded 5 diversity, calculated with both used indices in permanent taxa, 5 additional and 14 random the „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill (Table 7). The taxa, and on the peak - 7 permanent taxa, 6 second place is taken by the community at additional and 12 random. „Danov hulm” Hill, but the difference with the According to the comparative analysis of diversity indices for the community at the epigeal invertebrates communities between „Mladezhki hulm” Hill is not great. In addition, the three studied hills is evident that the most in all of the studied hills, with exception of common taxa are Hymenoptera (Formicidae), „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill, the diversity is higher Aranea and Diptera. According to PENEV et al. in the park zone, as can be expected, as a result (2008), most species of ants in the city of Sofia of the so-called „edge effect” (ODUM, 1974). have permanent nests, so they are usually in The highest diversity of epigeal invertebrates on high numbers in urban habitats. From the other „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill can be explained by taxa it is noticeable that the carabid beetles „The Intermediate Disturbance Hypotesis” (Coleoptera, Carabidae) occur in larger (CONNELL, 1978; BLAIR & LAUNER, 1997).

127 Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 2...

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of the measured abiotic factors in the three studied hills in the city of Plovdiv.

Air Air Soil Soil Soil Soil tempera- tempera- tempera- tempera- Soil pH Soil pH moisture, % moisture, % ture, ˚ C ture, ˚ C ture, ˚ C ture, ˚ C (Park zone) (Peak) (Park zone) (Peak) (Park zone) (Peak) (Park zone) (Peak) „Mladezhki hulm“ Hill Min 20.08 19.50 19.00 18.10 0.10 0.10 5.53 6.40 Max 24.60 21.70 19.70 18.80 2.80 0.10 6.62 7.09 Mean 21.64 20.29 19.40 18.52 0.64 0.10 6.23 6.85 Stand. dev. 1.73 0.83 0.25 0.29 1.20 0.00 0.44 0.26 Std. error 0.77 0.37 0.11 0.13 0.54 0.00 0.20 0.12 „Hulm Bunardzhik“ Hill Min 21.64 20.29 19.40 18.52 9.60 9.58 6.23 6.85 Max 20.08 19.50 19.00 18.10 6.70 7.80 5.53 6.40 Mean 24.60 21.70 19.70 18.80 11.90 12.40 6.62 7.09 Stand. dev. 1.73 0.83 0.25 0.29 2.28 1.81 0.45 0.27 Std. error 0.77 0.37 0.11 0.13 1.02 0.81 0.20 0.12 „Danov hulm“ Hill Min 28.76 30.42 22.28 24.14 10.52 5.72 6.27 7.15 Max 26.80 28.00 21.30 20.50 8.50 4.30 6.21 6.68 Mean 30.60 32.00 23.40 26.80 14.10 7.30 6.31 7.60 Stand. dev. 1.47 2.03 0.87 2.59 2.14 1.13 0.04 0.33 Std. error 0.66 0.91 0.39 1.16 0.96 0.51 0.02 0.15

Table 3. Taxonomic composition, number of individuals, proportion, frequency of occurrence and consistency of the registered epigeal invertebrates in „Mladezhki hulm“ Hill. Legend: Ni – number of individuals from taxon i; Pi – proportion of taxon i; Fi – frequency of occurrence of taxon i, %; Ci – consistency of taxon i.

Trap Trap Trap Trap Trap Total Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 Ni Pi Fi Ci Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Park area Acari 0 5 1 0 1 7 0.023 2.258 60 Araneae 7 7 4 6 5 29 0.094 9.355 100 Opiliones 8 20 8 0 2 38 0.123 12.258 80 Crustacea, Oniscus sp. 0 1 0 1 1 3 0.010 0.968 60 Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 1 1 0 2 4 8 0.026 2.581 80 Myriapoda 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.003 0.323 20 Myriapoda, Scutigera coleoptrata 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.003 0.323 20 Coleoptera, Alleculidae 0 0 1 0 9 10 0.032 3.226 40 Coleoptera, Carabidae 9 3 18 12 4 46 0.148 14.839 100

128 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Mina D. Dincheva Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae 0 2 0 0 0 2 0.006 0.645 20 Coleoptera, Curculionidae 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.003 0.323 20 Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.003 0.323 20 Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae 0 1 0 4 12 17 0.055 5.484 40 Dermaptera 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.003 0.323 20 Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.003 0.323 20 Diptera, Brachicera 2 5 7 9 2 25 0.081 8.065 100 Diptera, Nematocera 0 1 4 0 0 5 0.016 1.613 40 Diptera, Tachinidae 2 0 2 0 6 10 0.032 3.226 60 Hemiptera 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.003 0.323 20 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae 1 1 0 0 1 3 0.010 0.968 60 Hemiptera (larvae) 2 0 0 0 0 2 0.006 0.645 20 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 64 15 6 9 3 97 0.313 31.290 100 Lepidoptera 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.003 0.323 20 Total (park area) 98 63 51 45 53 310 - 100 - Peak Pseudoscorpiones 0 0 0 0 2 2 0.003 0.327 20 Acari 0 0 13 13 0 26 0.042 4.248 40 Araneae 13 8 4 36 23 84 0.137 13.725 100 Opiliones 0 1 0 0 2 3 0.005 0.490 40 Crustacea, Oniscus sp. 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.002 0.163 20 Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 2 3 2 2 0 9 0.015 1.471 80 Collembola 0 0 3 0 0 3 0.005 0.490 20 Gastropoda 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.002 0.163 20 Myriapoda 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.002 0.163 20 Myriapoda, Scutigera coleoptrata 4 2 2 1 1 10 0.016 1.634 100 Coleoptera 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.002 0.163 20 Coleoptera, Alleculidae 1 2 0 1 0 4 0.007 0.654 60 Coleoptera, Carabidae 1 2 0 0 0 3 0.005 0.490 40 Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae 0 1 3 12 1 17 0.028 2.778 80 Coleoptera, Curculionidae 16 1 0 0 1 18 0.029 2.941 60 Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.002 0.163 20 Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae 1 1 0 0 10 12 0.020 1.961 60 Diptera, Brachicera 2 3 32 0 20 57 0.093 9.314 80 Diptera (larvae) 0 5 0 0 3 8 0.013 1.307 40 Ortopthera, Gryllidae 3 1 0 1 0 5 0.008 0.817 60 Ortopthera, Gryllidae (larvae) 0 0 0 0 2 2 0.003 0.327 20 Ortopthera, Tettigonidae 0 3 2 0 1 6 0.010 0.980 60 Hemiptera, Aphidoidea 0 0 2 0 0 2 0.003 0.327 20 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae (larvae) 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.002 0.163 20 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae 0 0 5 0 3 8 0.013 1.307 40 Hemiptera, Heteroptera 3 0 0 0 1 4 0.007 0.654 20 Hymenoptera 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.002 0.163 20 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 44 38 87 110 40 319 0.521 52.124 100 Homoptera 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.002 0.163 20 Lepidoptera 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.002 0.163 20 Neuroptera, Mantispidae 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.002 0.163 20 Total (peak) 125 220 126 145 155 771 - 100 -

129 Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 2...

Table 4. Taxonomic composition, number of individuals, proportion, frequency of occurrence and consistency of the registered epigeal invertebrates in „Hulm Bunardzhik“ Hill. Legend: Ni – number of individuals from taxon i; Pi – proportion of taxon i; Fi – frequency of occurrence of taxon i, %; Ci – consistency of taxon i.

Trap Trap Trap Trap Trap Total Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 Ni Pi Fi Ci Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Park area Oligohaeta, Lumbricidae 0 0 1 0 1 2 0.004 0.365 40 Pseudoscorpiones 9 0 1 0 0 10 0.018 1.825 40 Acarı 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.002 0.182 20 Araneae 10 4 3 0 24 41 0.075 7.482 80 Opiliones 2 1 0 0 4 7 0.013 1.277 60 Crustacea, Oniscus sp. 0 0 3 0 0 3 0.005 0.547 20 Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 8 7 5 5 25 50 0.091 9.124 100 Gastropoda 0 0 1 0 4 5 0.009 0.912 40 Gastropoda, Chondrula sp. 0 0 2 0 1 3 0.005 0.547 40 Myriapoda 6 7 3 6 0 22 0.040 4.015 80 Myriapoda, Geophilidae 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.002 0.182 20 Myriapoda, Scutigera coleoptrata 4 3 0 0 1 8 0.015 1.460 60 Collembola 13 8 5 1 7 34 0.062 6.204 100 Insecta (larvae) - undet. 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.002 0.182 20 Coleoptera 9 0 0 0 0 9 0.016 1.642 20 Coleoptera, Alleculidae 4 0 0 0 0 4 0.007 0.730 20 Coleoptera, Carabidae 1 2 4 0 1 8 0.015 1.460 80 Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.002 0.182 20 Coleoptera, Cicindelinae 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.002 0.182 20 Coleoptera, Curculionidae 0 2 0 0 0 2 0.004 0.365 20 Coleoptera, Geotrupidae 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.002 0.182 20 Coleoptera, Silphidae (larvae) 0 0 2 1 0 3 0.005 0.547 40 Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 14 6 11 4 5 40 0.073 7.299 100 Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae 0 1 0 0 36 37 0.068 6.752 40 Diptera, Brachicera 5 4 5 0 14 28 0.051 5.109 80 Diptera, Nematocera 5 1 0 0 0 6 0.011 1.095 40 Diptera (larvae) 44 1 2 0 1 48 0.088 8.759 80 Hemiptera, Pentatomidae 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.002 0.182 20 Hemiptera, Cicadelidae 0 0 1 0 1 2 0.004 0.365 40 Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoris apterus 1 1 0 1 0 3 0.005 0.547 60 Heteroptera 0 2 0 0 0 2 0.004 0.365 20 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 48 4 69 19 24 164 0.299 29.927 100 Total (park area) 184 55 119 38 150 548 - 100 - Peak Pseudoscorpiones 1 1 0 0 0 2 0.006 0.610 40 Opiliones 21 10 1 0 0 32 0.098 9.756 60 Acari 2 0 0 0 0 2 0.006 0.610 20 Araneae 9 6 9 9 16 49 0.149 14.939 100 Collembola 2 3 1 0 1 7 0.021 2.134 80 Crustacea, Oniscus sp. 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.003 0.305 20 Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 2 2 1 5 6 16 0.049 4.878 100

130 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Mina D. Dincheva Gastropoda 2 0 0 0 3 5 0.015 1.524 40 Myriapoda, Scolopendridae 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.003 0.305 20 Myriapoda, Scutigera 6 1 2 3 4 16 0.049 4.878 100 coleoptrata Coleoptera (larvae) 0 2 0 0 0 2 0.006 0.610 20 Coleoptera, Alleculidae 0 2 0 0 1 3 0.009 0.915 40 Coleoptera, Carabidae 3 0 0 0 0 3 0.009 0.915 20 Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae 1 0 0 4 0 5 0.015 1.524 40 Coleoptera, Curculionidae 0 1 0 1 3 5 0.015 1.524 60 Coleoptera, Elateridae 16 0 0 0 0 16 0.049 4.878 20 Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 3 8 0 0 0 11 0.034 3.354 40 Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.003 0.305 20 Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.003 0.305 20 Diptera, Brachicera 3 0 3 20 5 31 0.095 9.451 80 Diptera, Nematocera 4 0 14 2 1 21 0.064 6.402 80 Diptera, Tachinidae 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.003 0.305 20 Diptera (larvae) 8 1 0 0 4 13 0.040 3.963 60 Heteroptera 0 0 2 0 0 2 0.006 0.610 20 Hemiptera - неопр. 0 0 0 3 0 3 0.009 0.915 20 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae 0 1 0 1 0 2 0.006 0.610 40 Orthoptera, Gryllidae 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.003 0.305 20 Lepidoptera (larvae) 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.003 0.305 20 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 22 9 9 9 26 75 0.229 22.866 100 Total (peak) 108 47 43 60 70 328 - 100 -

Table 5. Taxonomic composition, number of individuals, proportion, frequency of occurrence and consistency of the registered epigeal invertebrates in „Danov hulm“ Hill. Legend: Ni – number of individuals from taxon i; Pi – proportion of taxon i; Fi – frequency of occurrence of taxon i, %;

Ci – consistency of taxon i.

Trap Trap Trap Trap Trap Total Taxa 1 2 3 4 5 Ni Pi Fi Ci Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Park area Acari 4 0 5 10 4 23 0.086 8.647 80 Araneae 4 0 12 13 23 52 0.195 19.549 80 Crustacea, Oniscus sp. 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.004 0.376 20 Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.004 0.376 20 Gastropoda 1 2 0 0 0 3 0.011 1.128 40 Myriapoda, Scutigera coleoptrata 2 0 0 3 8 13 0.049 4.887 60 Collembola 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.004 0.376 20 Coleoptera 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.004 0.376 20 Coleoptera, Alleculidae 1 0 2 0 0 3 0.011 1.128 40 Coleoptera, Cantharidae 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.004 0.376 20 Coleoptera, Carabidae 0 0 0 3 0 3 0.011 1.128 20 Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae 1 0 0 0 2 3 0.011 1.128 40 Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.004 0.376 20 Diptera, Brachicera 9 2 4 2 23 40 0.150 15.038 100 Diptera, Nematocera 0 0 0 1 4 5 0.019 1.880 40 Diptera (larvae) 0 0 0 1 1 2 0.008 0.752 40 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae 0 0 0 0 3 3 0.011 1.128 20 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 9 2 21 19 51 102 0.383 38.346 100

131 Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 2... Hymenoptera, Mymaridae 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.004 0.376 20 Hymenoptera, Vespidae 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.004 0.376 20 Ortopthera, Gryllidae 0 0 3 0 0 3 0.011 1.128 20 Ortopthera, Tettigonidae 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.004 0.376 20 Lepidoptera (larvae) 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.004 0.376 20 Lepidoptera 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.004 0.376 20 Total (park area) 33 6 48 55 122 266 - 100 - Peak Acari 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.004 0.441 20 Araneae 1 3 2 1 3 10 0.044 4.405 100 Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.004 0.441 20 Opiliones 1 0 0 0 1 2 0.009 0.881 40 Collembola 4 0 0 0 1 5 0.022 2.203 40 Gastropoda 0 2 0 0 0 2 0.009 0.881 20 Myriapoda, Scutigera coleoptrata 2 0 2 2 1 7 0.031 3.084 80 Coleoptera, Alleculidae 0 4 0 0 0 4 0.018 1.762 20 Coleoptera, Cantharididae 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.004 0.441 20 Coleoptera, Carabidae 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.004 0.441 20 Coleoptera, Curculionidae 1 0 0 0 1 2 0.009 0.881 40 Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae 0 0 1 0 1 2 0.009 0.881 40 Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.004 0.441 20 Diptera, Brachicera 5 4 26 9 7 51 0.225 22.467 100 Diptera, Nematocera 2 0 1 3 0 6 0.026 2.643 60 Diptera, Tachinidae 2 0 0 0 0 2 0.009 0.881 20 Diptera (larvae) 0 0 2 0 0 2 0.009 0.881 20 Hemiptera, Heteroptera 2 1 2 0 2 7 0.031 3.084 20 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae 1 0 2 0 0 3 0.013 1.322 40 Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoris apterus 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.004 0.441 20 Hymenoptera 0 6 0 0 1 7 0.031 3.084 40 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 7 6 32 19 28 92 0.405 40.529 100 Hymenoptera, Scolia hirta 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.004 0.441 20 Hymenoptera, Vespidae 0 0 1 1 1 3 0.013 1.322 60 Psocoptera 0 0 0 0 2 2 0.009 0.881 20 Ortopthera, Gryllidae 2 4 5 0 0 11 0.048 4.846 60 Total (peak) 31 27 71 36 49 227 - 100 -

Table 6. Taxonomic composition, number of individuals, proportion, frequency of occurrence of the registered epigeal invertebrates in the three studied hills in the city of Plovdiv. Legend: Ni – number of individuals from taxon i; Pi – proportion of taxon i; Fi – frequency of occurrence of taxon i, %.

„Mladezhki hulm“ „Hulm „Danov hulm“ Taxa Hill Bunardzhik“ Hill Hill Ni Pi Fi Ni Pi Fi Ni Pi Fi Acarı 33 0.036 3.579 3 0.003 0.342 24 0.049 4.868 Araneae 113 0.123 12.256 90 0.103 10.274 62 0.126 12.576 Coleoptera 1 0.001 0.108 9 0.010 1.027 1 0.002 0.203 Coleoptera (larvae) 0 0.000 0.000 2 0.002 0.228 0 0.000 0.000 Coleoptera, Alleculidae 14 0.015 1.518 7 0.008 0.799 7 0.014 1.420 Coleoptera, Cantharididae 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 2 0.004 0.406 Coleoptera, Carabidae 49 0.053 5.315 11 0.013 1.256 4 0.008 0.811 Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae 19 0.021 2.061 6 0.007 0.685 3 0.006 0.609

132 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Mina D. Dincheva Coleoptera, Cicindelinae 0 0.000 0.000 1 0.001 0.114 0 0.000 0.000 Coleoptera, Curculionidae 19 0.021 2.061 7 0.008 0.799 2 0.004 0.406 Coleoptera, Elateridae 0 0.000 0.000 16 0.018 1.826 0 0.000 0.000 Coleoptera, Geotrupidae 0 0.000 0.000 1 0.001 0.114 0 0.000 0.000 Coleoptera, Silphidae (larvae) 0 0.000 0.000 3 0.003 0.342 0 0.000 0.000 Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 2 0.002 0.217 51 0.058 5.822 0 0.000 0.000 Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae 29 0.031 3.145 38 0.043 4.338 3 0.006 0.609 Collembola 3 0.003 0.325 41 0.047 4.680 6 0.012 1.217 Crustacea, Oniscus sp. 4 0.004 0.434 4 0.005 0.457 1 0.002 0.203 Crustacea, Porcelio sp. 17 0.018 1.844 66 0.075 7.534 2 0.004 0.406 Dermaptera 1 0.001 0.108 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 Dermaptera, Forficula auricularia 1 0.001 0.108 0 0.000 0.000 1 0.002 0.203 Diptera (larvae) 8 0.009 0.868 61 0.070 6.963 4 0.008 0.811 Diptera, Brachicera 82 0.089 8.894 59 0.067 6.735 91 0.185 18.458 Diptera, Nematocera 5 0.005 0.542 27 0.031 3.082 11 0.022 2.231 Diptera, Tachinidae 10 0.011 1.085 1 0.001 0.114 2 0.004 0.406 Gastropoda 1 0.001 0.108 10 0.011 1.142 3 0.006 0.609 Gastropoda, Chondrula sp. 0 0.000 0.000 3 0.003 0.342 0 0.000 0.000 Gastropoda, 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 2 0.004 0.406 Hemiptera 0 0.000 0.000 3 0.003 0.342 0 0.000 0.000 Hemiptera, Heteroptera 4 0.004 0.434 0 0.000 0.000 7 0.014 1.420 Hemiptera (larvae) 2 0.002 0.217 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 Hemiptera, Aphidoidea 2 0.002 0.217 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae 11 0.012 1.193 4 0.005 0.457 6 0.012 1.217 Hemiptera, Cicadellidae (larvae) 1 0.001 0.108 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 Hemiptera, Pentatomidae 0 0.000 0.000 1 0.001 0.114 0 0.000 0.000 Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoris apterus 0 0.000 0.000 3 0.003 0.342 1 0.002 0.203 Heteroptera 0 0.000 0.000 4 0.005 0.457 0 0.000 0.000 Homoptera 1 0.001 0.108 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 Hymenoptera 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 7 0.014 1.420 Hymenoptera 1 0.001 0.108 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 Hymenoptera, Formicidae 416 0.451 45.119 239 0.273 27.283 194 0.394 39.351 Hymenoptera, Mymaridae 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 1 0.002 0.203 Hymenoptera, Scolia hirta 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 1 0.002 0.203 Hymenoptera, Vespidae 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 4 0.008 0.811 Insecta (larvae) 0 0.000 0.000 1 0.001 0.114 0 0.000 0.000 Lepidoptera 2 0.002 0.217 0 0.000 0.000 1 0.002 0.203 Lepidoptera (larvae) 0 0.000 0.000 1 0.001 0.114 1 0.002 0.203 Myriapoda 2 0.002 0.217 22 0.025 2.511 0 0.000 0.000 Myriapoda, Geophilidae 0 0.000 0.000 1 0.001 0.114 0 0.000 0.000 Myriapoda, Scolopendridae 0 0.000 0.000 1 0.001 0.114 0 0.000 0.000 Myriapoda, Scutigera coleoptrata 11 0.012 1.193 24 0.027 2.740 20 0.041 4.057 Neuroptera, Mantispidae 1 0.001 0.108 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae 0 0.000 0.000 2 0.002 0.228 0 0.000 0.000 Opiliones 41 0.044 4.447 39 0.045 4.452 2 0.004 0.406 Orthoptera, Gryllidae 5 0.005 0.542 1 0.001 0.114 14 0.028 2.840 Orthoptera, Gryllidae (larvae) 2 0.002 0.217 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 Orthoptera, Tettigonidae 6 0.007 0.651 1 0.001 0.114 1 0.002 0.203 Pseudoscorpiones 2 0.002 0.217 12 0.014 1.370 0 0.000 0.000 Psocoptera 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 2 0.004 0.406 Total 922 - 100% 876 - 100% 493 - 100%

133 Ecological Properties of Epigeal Invertebrate Communities in Green Areas in the City of Plovdiv. Part 2... Table 7. Diversity indices of the epigeal invertebrate communities in the three studied urban parks in the city of Plovdiv.

„Mladezhki hulm“ Hill „Hulm Bunardzhik“ Hill „Danov hulm“ Hill Index Ecotone Interior Total Ecotone Interior Total Ecotone Interior Total Simpson Diversity (1/S) 6.48 3.30 4.26 7.74 9.44 8.93 4.63 4.53 4.77 Simpson Equitability (E) 0.41 0.21 0.23 0.39 0.47 0.37 0.30 0.32 0.26 Shannon Diversity (H') 2.26 1.88 2.16 2.54 2.61 2.70 1.98 2.13 2.17 Shannon Evenness (J) 0.72 0.55 0.60 0.73 0.78 0.73 0.62 0.65 0.62

Fig. 2. Cluster analysis (Unweighted Per-Group Average Link, Jaccard similarity index) of the three studied hills in the city of Plovdiv, based on the faunal similarity.

According to this hypothesis, at high levels monodominant, with the dominant taxon being of disturbance (strong anthropogenic pressure), Hymenoptera, Formicidae. species richness and diversity decrease, and As a result of the cluster analysis, the three when the level of disturbance is reduced, they hills are grouped into two clusters, based on rise again, but to a certain level. When the faunistic similarity of the epigeal invertebrates degree of anthropogenic pressure falls below communities (Fig. 2). With about 47% certain limits, species richness and diversity similarity „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill is separated again are low, in other words, the highest into a single cluster, where we have also diversity is observed at an intermediate level of recorded the highest diversity (Table 7). anthropogenic pressure. As „Hulm Approximately with 55% similarity „Mladezhki Bunardzhik” Hill is with the average size and hulm” Hill and „Danov hulm” Hill form the height compared to the other two hills and is second cluster. The diversity calculated with moderately visited by people (less than „Danov both indices in these two hills was similar. hulm” Hill but more intensely than „Mladezhki hulm” Hill), it can be assumed that from the Conclusions three hills, the anthropogenic stress on this hill is somewhere in the middle. 1. „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill stands out with According to the evenness indices (Table 7), the lowest air and soil temperatures. Highest the communities in all three studied hills are soil moisture was recorded on „Mladezhki

134 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Mina D. Dincheva hulm” Hill, but the values for the other two [Fauna of Bulgaria. Invertebrates. Short hills are similar, and the highest soil pH was Field guide.] Publ. “Narodna prosveta”, recorded at „Danov hulm” Hill, but within the Sofia, 406 p. (In Bulgarian). neutral pH range (6.71). ANGELOV P., 1982. [Zoology atlas. 2. The predominant tree and shrub Invertebrates], Publ. “Narodna vegetation in the three studied hills is presented prosveta”, Sofia, 319 p. (In Bulgarian). with mainly decorative and ruderal species, with BLAIR R.B., A.E. LAUNER. 1997. Butterfly most of the natural, indigenous vegetation diversity and human land use: species appears to be preserved at „Hulm Bunardzhik” assemblages along an urban gradient. Hill. Biological Conservation, 80: 113-125. 3. The most numerous is the community of BORGELT A., T. NEW. 2006. Pitfall trapping for epigeal invertebrates from the „Mladezhki ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in hulm” Hill (922 individuals from 37 taxa), mesic Australia: what is the best followed by „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill (876 trapping period? Journal of Insect individuals from 40 taxa), where the community has the highest taxonomic richness, Conservation, 10: 75-77. and the most poor on individuals and taxa was BREUSTE J., J. NIEMELÄ, R.P.H. SNEP. 2008. the community at „Danov hulm” Hill (493 Applying landscape ecological principles individuals of 34 taxa). in urban environments. Landscape 4. In the three studied hills, Hymenoptera, Ecology, 23: 1139-1142. Formicidae predominate, followed by CONNELL J.H. 1978. Diversity in Tropical Rain Coleoptera and Diptera, while Aranea occupy Forests and Coral Reefs. Science, significant share in „Danov hulm“ Hill. 199(4335): 1302-1310. 5. The epigeal invertebrates community in CSUZDI CS., K. SZLAVECZ. 2002. Diplocardia „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill is the most distinct, patuxentis, a new species since it contains the highest number of from Maryland, North America permanent and additional taxa compared to the (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae). Annales other two hills and the lowest number of Historico-Naturales Musei Hungarici, random taxa. The community at „Danov hulm” 94: 45-51. Hill, is probably the most unstable, which is DE JONG Y., M. VERBEEK, V. MICHELSEN, P. probably due to the high anthropogenic DE PLACE BJØRN, W. LOS, F. pressure of this hill. STEEMAN, N. BAILLY, C. BASIRE, P. 6. The most diverse by both indices used is CHYLARECKI, E. STLOUKAL, G. the community at „Hulm Bunardzhik” Hill, HAGEDORN, F.T. WETZEL, F. which is probably explained by the GLÖCKLER, A. KROUPA, G. KORB, A. „Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis”. The HOFFMANN, C. HÄUSER, A. communities of epigeal invertebrates from all KOHLBECKER, A. MÜLLER, A. three studied hills are monodominant. GÜNTSCH, P. STOEV, L. PENEV. 2014. Fauna Europaea - all European animal Acknowledgements species on the web. Biodiversity Data The authors are grateful to Mr. Atanas Journal, 2: e4034. doi: Gramadnikov for his help, during the field studies. 10.3897/BDJ.2.e4034. Web Service [http//www.faunaeur.org]. References DEDOV I., L. PENEV. 2000. Species ALBERTI M., J.M. MARZLUFF, E. composition and origins of the SHULENBERGER, G. BRADLEY, C. terrestrial gastropod fauna of Sofia City, RYAN, C. ZUMBRUNNEN. 2003. Bulgaria. Ruthenica, 10(2): 121-131. Integrating humans into ecology: DEDOV I., L. PENEV. 2004. Spatial variation in opportunities and challenges for terrestrial gastropod communities studying urban ecosystems. - Bioscience, (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) along urban- 53(12): 1169-1179. rural gradients in Sofia City, Bulgaria. - ANGELOV A., D. BOZHKOV, N. In: L. Penev, J. Niemelä, J. Kotze & N. VIHODCEVSKI, M. JOSIFOV. 1963. Chipev (Eds.), Ecology of the City of

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136 Ivelin A. Mollov, Peter S. Boyadzhiev, Mina D. Dincheva city (Bulgaria): a checklist. - In: Penev, Екологични свойства на L., Niemela, J., Kotze, J. & Chipev, N. съобществата от безгръбначни (Eds.): Ecology of the City of Sofia. епигеобионти в зелени площи в Species and Communities in Urban град Пловдив . Environment. PENSOFT Publishers, Част 2 – Пловдивските хълмове Sofia-Moscow, pp. 401-415. STOYANOV I., L. PENEV. 2004. Spatial ИвелинА . Моллов , Structure of Carabid Beetle ПетърС Бояджиев МинаД Динчева Assemblages along an Urban-Rural . , . Gradient. - In: Penev L., J. Niemelä, D. Kotze, N. Chipev (Eds.), Ecology of the (Резюме) City of Sofia. Species and Communities Целта на настоящата работа е да се in an Urban Environment, PENSOFT характеризират и сравнят съобществата от Publishers, Sofia-Moscow, pp. 371-400. епигобионтни безгръбначни животни в три от VALEV S., I. GANCHEV, V. VELCHEV. 1960. Пловдивските хълмове - „Младежки хълм“, [Field guide of the flora of Bulgaria.] „Хълм Бунарджик“ и „Далов хълм“. Най- Publ. “Narodna prosveta”, Sofia, 735 p. многобройно е съобществото от епигеобионти (In Bulgarian). от „Младежки хълм” (922 индивида от 37 ZAPPAROLI M. 1997. Urban development and таксона), следвано от „Хълм Бунарджик” (876 insect biodiversity of the Rome area, индивида от 40 таксона), където съобществото Italy. Landscape Urban Planning, 38: има най-високо таксономично богатство, и най- 77-86. бедни на индивиди и таксони е съобщесвтото от „Данов хълм” (493 индивида от 34 таксона). И в трите изследвани хълма преобладават Hymеnoptera, Formicidae, следвани от Coleoptera и Diptera, докато Aranea заема значителен дял в „Данов хълм“. Съобществото от епигеобионти от „Хълм Бунарджик” е най-добре обсособено, тъй като съдържа най-много постоянни и допълнителни таксони в сравнение с другите два хълма и най-малко случайни таксони. Съобщестовто от „Данов хълм” най-вероятно е най-нестабилното от трите, което вероятно се дължи на високия антропогенен натиск на този хълм. Най-голямо разнообразие бе установено при съобществото „Хълм Бунарджик”, като съобществата и от трите проучени хълма са монодоминантни.

Accepted: 11.05.2018 Published: 14.12.2018

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