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! University Microfilms, a XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 72 - 461*5 SHOBAILI, Abdulrahraan Saleh, 1943- AN HISTORICAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF BROADCASTING AND PRESS IN SAUDI ARABIA. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 | Mass Communications i ! University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED AN HISTORICAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OP BROADCASTING AND PRESS IN SAUDI ARABIA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Abdulrahman S. Shobaili^ B. A,, B.S., A.M. ***** The Ohio State University 1971 . Approved by Adviser Department of Speech- Communication Behavior PLEASE NOTE: Some Pages have in d is tin c t print. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the course of this study's conception* growth and completion many people have provided all kinds of aids: First, I am very happy to extend my grateful recogni­ tion to the Ministry of Information and the former Minister Mr. Jamil Hojailan whose encouragement and support made Qiy graduate work and this study possible. I owe a heavy debt to the Minister of Information, Mr. Ibrahem A1 Angary, who approved the completion of this graduate work. Special thanks should also be expressed to my brother, Abdulrahman A. Abalkhail, who provided, during my four- year stay In this country, his personal affectionate help and inspiration. I have been privileged to attend The Ohio State University, owing thanks to all friends, colleagues, and faculty with much memory and respectj My advisor, Professor Walter B. Emery, whose helpful guidance and counsel have been a constant source of in­ spiration and success. My gratitude is also due to Professors Ali Z. Elgabri, Joseph M. Foley and G.- Robert Holsinger, members of my doctoral committees providing numerous advice and valuable suggestions. Mohammed Darrab, Mansour Abalkhail and Abdulla Shobaili have also contributed much personal assistance. The loyal typist Mrs. James Bradley deserves the credit for her inexhaustible patience to the typing. Finally, there are those at home In Saudi Arabia, my beloved parents, Saleh and Fatmah with honor, esteem and respect. And my love is always to those who sacrificed at home in Columbus, Zakiah, my wife; Talal, our son and Rasha, our daughter who was born while this was being done. A. Shobaili O.S.U. August 1971 ii VITA 1 9 4 3 .......... Born - Onaizah, Saudi Arabia 1962-1963 . B.A., Arabic Language College, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1964-1965 . B.S., University of Riyadh, S.A. 1963-1965 . • * Announcer, Assistant Program Manager of Radio, Riyadh, S.A. 19 65 -19 67 • • • Program Manager of Television, Riyadh, S.A. 1969 M.A., The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Broadcast Communication Studies in Legal Aspects and International Broadcasting. Professor Walter B. Emery Studies in Productional, Political and Historical Aspects of Broadcasting. Professor Joseph Foley Studies in Journalism. Professor G. Robert Holsinger Studies in Film Production. Professor Ali Z. Elgabri iii TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................. ii VITA ........................................ iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS........................ Vi PART ONE. INTRODUCTION Chapter I. METHODOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION ........ 1 II. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND OP SAUDI A R A B I A .................. 12 III. MINISTRY OP INFORMATION: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION .............. 27 PART TWO. THE PRESS INTRODUCTION ^ . ........ 39 IV. PRESS DURING THE PRE-SAUDI ERA (1908- 1924) ,. ..... .. ...... 4l V. SAUDI PRESS: INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP' (1924-1963) ............. 55 VI. SAUDI PRESS: GROUP OWNERSHIP (1963- PRESENT) .......... 71 PART THREE; RADIO BROADCASTING INTRODUCTION ; . .... 110 VII. EARLY HISTORY OP RADIO (I949-I9 6O) . 113 VIII. PRESENT RADIO BROADCASTING (1960- PRESENT) .............. 136 iv PART FOUR. TELEVISION BROADCASTING Chapter Page INTRODUCTION ........................ 170 IX. EARLY PLANNING AND OPERATION........ 172 X. TELEVISION: EXPANDING TECHNOLOGY . l86 XI. ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS OF TELEVISION . ■ 2l4 XII. TELEVISION PROGRAMMING . .......... 227 PART FIVE. OTHER COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS OPERATION IN SAUDI ARABIA INTRODUCTION.................... 26l XIII. AMERICAN FORCES* RADIO AND TELEVISION 262 XIV. ' ARAMCO PRESSj RADIO AND TELEVISION . 266 PART SIX. CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY XV. CONCLUSIONS: A SEARCH FOR IMPROVEMENTS 282 XVI. SUMMARY . ^ . '. ..... 309 APPENDIX A. THE PRESS LAW OF 1 9 6 3 .............. 319 B. ESTABLISHING ROYAL DECREE OF RADIO BROADCASTING .................. 328 C. ESTABLISHMENT OF TV: OFFICIAL AGREEMENT WITH THE U.S. , .... .... 334 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................... 344 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Present Map of Saudi A r a b i a .................... 11 Administrative Structure of a Typical Newspaper . 101 A Typical Administrative Structure of a Radio Station . i . ............ 149 Cities and Locations of the Present TV Operation 198 The Proposed Route for the Future TV Network . 203 A Typical Organizational Structure of Television 216 A Typical Television Program Schedule............ 231 vi PART ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I METHODOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION The earliest history of mass media in Saudi Arabia can be traced back to the year 1908 when that country had its first newspaper. It was about twenty-five years before the country was to be united and called by its present name, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, (1932). It is the purpose of this study to tell, for the first time, the history of mass media in that country$ the development of the press - including a brief review of press history during the twenty-five years preceding the formation of Saudi Arabia as an independent state, it will trace the history of radio broadcasting since its inception in 19^9 and, finally, it will describe the growth of television during the last six years (since 1 9 6 5). The Intention is to describe the media's organiza­ tional, technical, programatic, and administrative develop­ ment and to provide a deeper insight Into the historical and cultural context that affected the programming char­ acteristics, exploring the relationships between the problems of the media and the past and present life in that country, and show how this relationship gave the programs their 1 2 special and final traits. Attention will also be given to the future of the media* especially the technical aspects. This student has experienced the last few years of the media development in his country as a member of the radio and television management* and hopes that this study will contribute toward filling the gap of knowledge about the history of media in that country. Descriptive and analytical procedure will be employed in writing this dissertation. The story of mass media - press* radio and television - is presented in chronologi­ cal order with considerable emphasis on the decade of the 1960 's which witnessed the beginning of meaningful growth in the history of the media in Saudi Arabia. When this dissertation was researched fog a consider­ able attention was paid to select the approach of the study* whether to be merely a descriptive and historical approach concerned with the series of events which led to the present system in all the three media* or to be an analytical approach studying the interaction between causes and effects* between society in which a medium lives and develops and the medium itself reflecting and affecting that society. The first approach alone was found to be inadequate. It would have meant the bringing of quantitative information without putting it in a qualitative perspective. The second approach alone was also found insufficient because the historical events and the quantitative dimension of press, radio and television broadcasting have never been reported or studied before. As has been indicated earlier, this dissertation would be the first to study the Saudi media, and in order to analyze their history, this history should be known and available to the reader. For this reason, a compromise has been attempted. A considerable attention has been given to the -historical development of the media in the Saudi Arabian society with an analysis of the interaction between the social, political, and cultural conditions and the media. In other words, this study will try to trace the historical development of the media* in Saudi Arabia, with proper attention to the social, cultural, economical, and political events which shaped their direction throughout the years.. Charts and maps are provided to illustrate the reporting relationship between various departments, and the consequent phases of development in radio and television. The study will be, in part, a critical evaluation of the administrative and progra.mmatic problems, an evalua­ tion based on this student's academic study in the United States, taking into consideration the cultural conditions of Saudi Arabia. In organizing the following sections of this study, 4 the first part will examine the cultural and historical background of Saudi Arabia, followed by a brief review of the Ministry of Information's development and function. The second part will deal with the Press before and during the present Saudi government, with special emphasis on the current system of organization and control. The third part, will focus on radio broadcasting. Current organization and programming will receive the major part of analysis and description. The fourth part of this dissertation will tell the story of
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