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The front cover illustration is one of artist-author M James Montgomery Flagg's World War I patriotic posters, g] Flagg, born in 1877, studied at the Art Students League M in New York and at Herkomer's Art School in Bushey, M England; he later studied with Victor Marec of Paris. An illustrator for various magazines including St. Nicholas Magazine, Judge and Life, Flagg's portrait paintings were exhibited at the Paris Salon and the National Academy of Design. He prepared patriotic posters during both World Wars. His writings include the books: Yankee Girls Abroad, Why They Married, City People and the autobiographical H Roses and Buckshot. Flagg died on May 27, 1960. || Flagg's poster is one of many varied items in the So- M ciety's latest gallery and corridor exhibition entitled, "Con- [§] flict: Men, Events and Artists." Among the artists and || lithographers included in the exhibition are: George Caleb jS Bingham, Thomas Hart Benton, Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, S. J. H Ray, George Wilhelm Fasel, Louis Kurz, Alexander Allison, g| Gladys Wheat and William Knox. Paintings, lithographs, B posters and drawings are some of the items constituting SI the exhibit. "Conflict: Men, Events and Artists" can be n viewed Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m.-4:30 p.m. M m MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communi­ cations, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a VOLUME LXVI year or $40 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. NUMBER 1 OCTOBER 1971 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1968-71 T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Second Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Third Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Fourth Vice President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fifth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society

RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1971

LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence * ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1972

GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1973 WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington * GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton * GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Four members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the fifth member, compose the Finance Committee. ELMER ELLIS, Columbia, Chairman WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield *Deceased w

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fflj^ristmag dttfte

The giving of gift memberships in the State Historical Society, which S includes a subscription to the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, has come to be an established part of Christmas with many members of the Society. The Society invites you to give this distinguished Christmas gift.

The gift membership serves a multiple purpose. It extends interest in Missouri's proud history, adds members to the Society, expands the jg m influence of the REVIEW, and provides the recipient with an esteemed B magazine rich in facts about Missouri and Missourians, which conveys " pleasure throughout the entire year.

With each membership which you designate as a Christmas gift, the Society will send a card to the recipient. The card will give your name as the donor of the Christmas gift membership. Please send names and H addresses for membership to: THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY ** OF MISSOURI, HITT AND LOWRY STREETS, COLUMBIA, MIS­ SOURI 65201, on or before December 15, with enclosed check. Annual membership dues are $2.00. CONTENTS

SENATOR LEWIS F. LINN AND THE OREGON QUESTION.

By Michael B. Husband 1

MISSOURI'S UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES. By H. Roger Grant 20

THE MILITARY CAREER OF JAMES CRAIG. By Paul M. Robinett and Howard V. Canan 49

MISSOURI'S NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS: PATEE HOUSE. By Dorothy J. Caldwell 76

THE LONDON Times AND THE ST. LOUIS WORLD'S FAIR.

By Lawrence F. Barmann 93

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Missouri Commemorates 150th Birthday 101

Errata 101

Views from the Past: Missouri Mills 102-103

Editorial Policy 104

News in Brief 105

Local Historical Societies 109

Gifts 125

Missouri History in Newspapers 133

Missouri History in Magazines 138

In Memoriam 141

BOOK REVIEWS 145

BOOK NOTES 150

A LEGEND OF WILD MOSS MILL. By High P. Williamson 153

EDNA GELLHORN Inside Back Cover Senator Lewis F. Linn and The Oregon Question

BY MICHAEL B. HUSBAND*

As the American expansionist compulsion manifested itself in an Oregon occupation movement in the years between 1820 and 1846, a few members of Congress who recognized the value of that far land raised their voices on behalf of an aggressive American policy. In the study of the federal relations of Oregon, two mem­ bers of Congress stand out most prominently. John Floyd, a mem-

* Michael B. Husband is an assistant professor of History at Morningside College, Sioux City, Iowa. He received the B.A. degree from Ft. Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, the M.A. degree from the University of Nebraska, Omaha, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. 2 Missouri Historical Review ber of the House of Representatives from Virginia, led the Oregon agitation from 1820 to 1829, when he retired from active participa­ tion in national politics and turned his attention to the affairs of Virginia. Senator Lewis Fields Linn of Missouri carried the banner of the Oregon crusade in Congress from 1837 until his death in 1843. The fact that Linn was a Missourian is perhaps enough to explain his expansionist activities. General William H. Ashley's fur trading expeditions into the Rocky Mountains had started from St. Louis and beginning in the 1840s, St. Louis and Independence, were the rendezvous and "jumping-off' points for many migrations of California- and Oregon-bound pioneers. Linn was greatly in­ fluenced by his senior colleague from Missouri, Senator Thomas Hart Benton, a zealous supporter of western interests and an ardent advocate of westward expansion and the American occupation of Oregon. Many of Missouri's prominent families including the Ap- plegates, the Burnetts, the Waldos and the Fords, provided Oregon with her leading citizens, and thus General E. L. Applegate's as­ sertion that "Missourians started the ball rolling" in the settlement of Oregon merits serious consideration.1 To many the Willamette Valley of Oregon appeared to be almost entirely a Missouri settle­ ment, and Senator Linn was to become the personification of Mis­ souri's "Oregon fever" spirit. Linn was born of pioneer stock, and he remained in close touch with the spirit of the westward movement and with the visions of his many supporters in the western states. His ancestors emigrated from Pennsylvania to Kentucky soon after the American Revolution and settled near Louisville, where Linn was born on November 5, 1795. His mother, Ann Hunter Linn, had been married to Israel Dodge before she became the wife of Asael Linn, and by this former union one son, Henry Dodge, was born. Dodge became an army officer, sheriff of Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri, one of the forty-one framers of Missouri's first constitution in 1820, governor of Wisconsin Territory, and a United States senator from Wisconsin. His son, Augustus C. Dodge, later served as United States senator from Iowa.2

i General E. L. Applegate, "Occasional Address," Transactions of the Sixteenth Annual Reunion of the Oregon Pioneer Association For 1888 (Port­ land, 1889), 31. 2 Biographical information obtained primarily from Mrs. Elizabeth A. Linn and G. B. Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Dr. Lewis F. Linn (New York, 1857) . Senator Lewis F. Linn and the Oregon Question 3

Young Linn was orphaned at age twelve, and Henry Dodge of Ste. Genevieve assumed the responsibilities of guardian and guide to his half-brother. Early in life Linn determined to become a doctor of medicine, and while still in his early teens he began his study under Dr. William Craig Gait of Louisville. When the War of 1812 broke out, Linn served as surgeon to the Missouri troops under the command of his guardian, General Henry Dodge. Following his military service, Linn completed his medical studies in Philadelphia and returned to Ste. Genevieve to establish his practice. For nearly twenty years Dr. Linn devoted himself exclu­ sively to the practice of medicine, and became the most popular and respected physician in Southeast Missouri. He possessed rare medical skill, and his learned investigations and devoted counsel played no small role in arresting the effects of the dreaded Asiatic cholera in Missouri during the early 1830s.3 Colonel Alexander Buckner, a United States senator from Missouri, did not escape the cholera epidemic, and as a result of his death, many petitions from southern Missouri were sent to Governor Daniel Dunklin urging him to appoint Dr. Linn to fill the vacancy. Although Linn himself had not fully recovered from the cholera, he received notice, in late 1833, of his appointment. Linn was elected and reelected to represent Missouri in the Senate for the next ten years. Prior to his appointment, he had accepted, in 1833, an assignment tendered by President Andrew Jackson to act as one of three commissioners to settle the old French and Spanish land claims in Missouri. In addition, he had once been persuaded to serve one session in the state legislature to imple­ ment the passage of legislation beneficial to the people of south­ ern Missouri. Thus Linn did not enter the national political arena without some valuable legislative experience. During his first few years in the Senate, Linn devoted much of his time to the private land claims of Missourians, and in this he was singularly successful. Benton and Linn pushed vigorously for the Platte Purchase bill of 1837, which rounded out Missouri's boundaries and eventually resulted in the creation of six new counties. In his later years Linn engaged more actively in major

3 For Linn's contributions to medicine as well as additional biographical notes, see Robert E. Schlueter, "Lewis Fields Linn, Physician and Statesman," Bulletin of the St. Louis Medical Society, XXIX (January 25, 1935), 1-8, and J. M. Greenwood, "Lewis Fields Linn, Physician and Statesman," address before the Greenwood Club of Kansas City, Missouri, May 11, 1900, 1-20, in State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia. Senate debates; still his courtesy and quiet dignified manner won him the respect of his colleagues regardless of party affiliation. Henry Clay, in a letter to Mrs. Linn, made reference to her hus­ band's personal attributes: "The greatest boon you can ask from Heaven ... is that your son may resemble his father, who com­ mands the admiration and gains the love of all that know him."4 One day when he introduced a number of bills designed solely Courtesy State Hist. Soc. of Iowa for the benefit of Missouri, his Henry Dodge friend, Senator James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, who was much im­ pressed with Linn's legislative success, jestingly remarked that "it would save much time to the Senate, and a great trouble to the Doctor in reading these bills, to put them in a pile, and say, 'These bills are Doctor Linn's for the benefit of Missouri,' and let them pass as they are sure to do."5 Although Senator Linn worked tirelessly for the interests of Missouri and the West throughout his career, it was the Far West— the Oregon country—that attracted his special attention. The Ore­ gon question had been dormant since 1829. John Floyd had urged the immediate occupation of Oregon, but a lack of enthusiasm among his listeners led to the failure of his Oregon bills, and Linn did not make his first move in that direction until the special session of Congress in the summer of 1837. At that time, he secured a resolution requesting the president to furnish early in the next session "any correpondence that may have taken place between this Government and foreign powers, in relation to our territory west of the Rocky Mountains, and what, if any, portion thereof was in possession of a foreign power."6 Interest in the Oregon matter was also manifest in the House during the 1837-1838 session when Representative Albert G. Harrison of Missouri introduced a

4 Quoted in Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri's Hall of Fame (Columbia, 1918), 166. 5 Ibid., 167. 6 Congressional Globe, V, U. S. 25th Cong., 1st Sess. (1837) , 144. Senator Lewis F. Linn and the Oregon Question resolution which was even more direct than that proposed by Linn. Harrison asked the president to inform the House . . . whether any foreign power, or the subjects of any foreign power, have possession of any portion of the terri­ tory of the United States upon the Columbia River, or are in any occupancy of the same, and if so, in what way, by what authority, and how long such occupancy has been kept by such persons.7 In response to the Linn resolution, President Martin Van Buren, in December 1837, sent a message to the Senate trans­ mitting a letter from Secretary of State John Forsyth. Forsyth's letter indicated that there had been no correspondence with any foreign power since that which resulted in the treaty of 1827 with Great Britain, renewing the joint occupation agreement of 1818. In addition, the secretary noted the sale of Astoria to the North West Company and mentioned that the Hudson's Bay Company, which had since absorbed the North West Company, maintained several trading posts in the area. The secretary concluded that the posts ". . . have not been considered as being in contravention of the . . . convention of 1818 . . . ," and that ". . . there is no por­ tion of the territory claimed by the United States west of the Stony Mountains known to be in the exclusive possession of a foreign power. . . ."8 Within a few days the House received a similar an­ swer to the Harrison resolution. Senator Linn soon took it upon himself to bring the Oregon question back to life in Congress. On February 7, 1838, Linn introduced in the Senate a bill to establish the Oregon Territory west of the Rocky Mountains and Thomas Hart Benton north of latitude 42°. The bill pro­ vided for the construction of a fort on the Columbia River and would authorize the occupation of the country by military force. A provision for a port of entry at which the customs laws of the United States could be enforced was included, as well as an ap­ propriation of $50,000. There was

7 Ibid., 112. 8 James D. Richardson, ed., Messages and Papers of the Presidents (New York, 1897), IV, 1614-1615. 6 Missouri Historical Review a sense of immediacy in Linn's proposal, for he believed that if the region should be neglected, it would pass from American pos­ session within five years. Henry Clay questioned the propriety of the bill in consideration of the existing Anglo-American treaty stipulations. James Buchanan, on the other hand, congratulated his friend for introducing the bill, declaring that the time had come when the United States ought to assert its claim to Oregon or abandon it forever. Congress, however, was not ready to take such a belligerent step, and upon Senator Benton's recommendation, Linn suggested the appointment of a special Oregon committee with himself as chairman to more fully investigate the matter. Linn then submitted a resolution, which subsequently was adopted, that the secretary of war be requested to send to the Senate all information relating to the Oregon country in the department's possession. The committee studied the Oregon matter until June 6, when it presented an elaborate report to the Senate. The 1838 report drew on Washington Irving's fanciful Astoria, the journals of Lewis and Clark, the favorable reports of such Oregon missionaries as Henry Harmon Spalding, and the report of Lieutenant William A. Slacum, sent by President Jackson to investigate the condition of the American missions in Oregon. Slacum's report, published in December 1837, offered an enthusi­ astic description of the Oregon countryside, and aroused con­ siderable interest in the states. Linn's report briefly reviewed the previous diplomatic and congressional action taken on the Oregon matter, and proceeded to call attention to the commercial value of the Oregon country. The occupation of Oregon, according to the report, . . . would secure a vast Indian and fur trade; its forests of gigantic timber, extended plains, rich alluvions, where animals and vegetables assume their brightest forms, would open a direct trade with California, China, Japan, and the Sandwich and Oriental Islands generally; it would secure its prodigious fisheries of sturgeon, anchovies, and salmon; ... It would doubtless secure, beyond the danger of interruption, constant intercourse and trade be­ tween the valley of the Mississippi and the Oregon.9 Oregon's climate, already exaggerated out of proportion in numerous reports, was improved even further: ". . . it may almost be con-

9 Mr. Linn's Report, June 6, 1838, U. S. 25th Cong., 2nd Sess., Senate Doc. 470 (1838), 6. Senator Lewis F. Linn and the Oregon Question

"*** ;"'w ^aK

Bay Collection W. H. Jackson's Depiction of the First Wagon Train Over the Oregon Trail sidered tropical. . . ."10 The report rejected the argument that the mountains would constitute a perpetual obstacle in the way of migration to and communication with Oregon, and suggested instead that the passage of the Rockies had become a matter of ordinary occurrence, performed even by "delicate females." A review of the principal explorations led to the conclusion that the American title was good at least to the 49th parallel, and the report closed with a plea for presidential action to bring the controversy to a speedy end. In addition, the report included a map of the Oregon country prepared by the War Department at the unanimous request of the Senate. Due to the fact that it shows the boundary at 49° and quotes former Secretary of State Henry Clay's strong defense of the validity of this claim, it has been known as the "Ultimatum Map." The Linn report was widely circulated and it did much to prepare the way for the Oregon migrations of the 1840s. With the able assistance and support of Caleb Cushing of Massachusetts in the House, Senator Linn was able to keep the smoldering issue

10 Ibid., 18. 8 Missouri Historical Review alive in Congress by serving notice on his colleagues that he would continue to present bills, memorials and resolutions demanding the occupation of the region. On December 11, 1838, he again introduced in the Senate a bill to authorize the occupation of the Oregon country, but owing to the pressure of other business and the delicate situation of Anglo-American relations over both the Maine and Oregon boundaries, the bill met with little congres­ sional support. The dissatisfaction of American settlers in Oregon with their neglect by the federal government provided Linn with a timely weapon in his crusade for the American claim to the region. Re­ flecting on the hardships of prairie and mountain travel, Jesse Applegate, a respected pioneer of both Missouri and Oregon and a member of the 1843 Oregon migration, recalled sadly: "How little the United States did to recognize our claims—to praise, at least! . . 'ni It was in this spirit that a petition inspired by Jason Lee, Oregon's Methodist missionary-turned civil leader, had been drawn up in 1838 and signed by members of the missionary force and by a number of American settlers in the Oregon country. Lee started east shortly thereafter, and during the next few months he traveled widely throughout the northern United States, lectur­ ing on the advantages of emigration to Oregon. Moreover, he de­ livered the petition to Senator Linn, who presented it to Congress in January of 1839. The petitioners praised Oregon's fertile soil, pleasant climate and commercial advantages, and bemoaned the dependence of the settlers on the Hudson's Bay Company and the lack of government protection:

The territory must populate. The Congress of the United States must say by whom. The natural resources of the country, with a well-judged civil code, will invite a good community. But a good community will hardly emigrate to a country which promises no protection for life and property.12 The petition was tabled, but Linn attempted to keep western interests alive during this session by introducing, in February, a memorial from citizens of Missouri requesting a customs house and a port of entry on the Missouri River. The memorial called

ii Reese P. Kendall, Pacific Trail Campfires (Chicago, 1901) , 88. 12 Congressional Globe, VII, U. S. 25th Cong., 3rd Sess. (1839), 141; See also The Oregon Memorial of 1838, U. S. 25th Cong., 3rd Sess., House Report 101 (1839). Senator Lewis F. Linn and the Oregon Question 9 particular attention to the then declining condition of the formerly flourishing trade with the Indians of Oregon. During the same period, Caleb Cushing presented two reports to the House in January and February 1839. There was little new information therein regarding title and the commercial advantages of Oregon, but the need for immediate steps to assert the "na­ tional rights" was strongly reemphasized, and the alleged attempts of the Hudson's Bay Company to discourage American settlement north of the Columbia River were noted.13 The report included a letter from Jason Lee, written from Connecticut, as well as the aforementioned Oregon petition and numerous letters, testimonials and memorials relating to the matter. Ten thousand copies of the report were printed for distribution, and for some time, the Linn and Cushing reports were among the most widely read works on Oregon. Once again, the general congressional reaction reflected a reluctance to offend Great Britain. The public attitude, how­ ever, had changed considerably since the early 1820s when Rep­ resentative John Floyd had agitated for the occupation of Oregon. The "Oregon fever" would soon be raging in the western states, and the era of congressional indifference was drawing to a close. An editorial in the National Intelligencer on May 25, 1839, re­ flected this change in attitude: ... It is no more than fourteen years ago that a bill for the occupation of that territory [Oregon] was introduced by Mr. FLOYD then a representative from Virginia . . . who supported it with great earnestness and zeal. The bill passed the house of representatives by a vote of more than two to one, but, in the senate, was, after debate, ordered to lie on the table .... Mr. LINN, of Missouri, has, with equal earnestness, recently pressed the subject on the attention of the senate; and now we have the elaborate report published today, understood to be the production of Mr. C JSHING .... SO that movements towards the occupation of the territory, and the organization of government therein, have been made successively, from the south, west, and the east; which, though so far without success, can hardly fail to end in some decisive legislation on the subject by the next Congress. This, however, was not to be the case. The Maine boundary dispute with Great Britain caused Congress to proceed with ex-

13 Cushing's Report, U. S. 25th Cong., 3rd Sess., House Report 101 (1839). 10 Missouri Historical Review

treme caution, and the issues of the upcoming presidential cam­ paign of 1840 would command the full attention of leading politi­ cians. Despite this inactivity, however, Senator Linn continued to bombard Congress with petitions, resolutions and more Oregon bills. There were resolutions from settlers in Oregon, from various individuals and groups, and from the legislatures of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri and Kentucky urging Congress to settle the Ore­ gon boundary dispute. Many of the petitioners requested grants of land in Oregon, and it was in response to this request that Linn introduced, in December 1839, a resolution consisting of five pro­ posals: (1) that the title of the United States to Oregon is indis­ putable, and will never be abandoned; (2) that the president should notify the British government that the provisions of the conventions of 1818 and 1827 should cease after one year; (3) that it would be expedient to extend such portions of the laws of the United States over Oregon as may be necessary to protect American lives and property there; (4) that it would be expedient to raise an additional regiment of infantry for use in Oregon and to protect emigrants on their way to Oregon; and (5) that 640 acres of land should be granted to any white male inhabitant of the territory over eighteen years of age who would cultivate said land for five consecutive years.14 This last resolution was the origin of what was to become Caleb Cushing the Donation Land Act of 1850, the first federal law affecting public Diet of Amer. Portraits lands in Oregon. Although no ac­ tion was taken on the resolutions at this time, the land donation clause attracted considerable attention throughout the western states, and from this point forward, the land issue was the basis of Linn's Ore­ gon agitation. Citizens from several western states, including Missouri, presented petitions to Congress urging land grant legislation for the Oregon country.15 The time 14 Congressional Globe, VIII, U. S. 26th Cong., 1st Sess. (1839), 60. 15 Petition of Missouri Citizens, Janu­ ary 6, 1840, U. S. 26th Cong., 1st Sess., Senate Doc. 40 (1840) . Senator Lewis F. Linn and the Oregon Question 11

was drawing near when the demands of the settlers in Oregon and those of would-be Oregonians as well could no longer be ignored. The resolutions were based in part on Linn's belief that Americans in Oregon deserved the protection of their government. When Thomas Jefferson Farnham traveled to the Oregon country in 1839, he was approached by anxious American settlers who asked: "Why are we left without protection in this part of our own country's domain? Why are foreigners permitted to domineer over American citizens . . . and make us dependent on them for the clothes we wear, . . . ?"16 Acting upon this informa­ tion, Senator Linn introduced yet another bill in late April of 1840, calling once again for the extension of the laws of the United States over the Oregon country. The bill was tabled and ordered to be printed, but owing to the popular assumption that the Oregon question might figure in the upcoming Maine boundary negotia­ tions, Linn succeeded only in securing the referral of his proposal to the special Oregon Committee in the Senate. By this time, Linn had become increasingly belligerent in his attitude toward Great Britain. In a Senate speech on January 8, 1841, he complained that ". . . every one there [Oregon] would be numbered with the dead . . ." before the British government would agree to settle the question amicably.17 The United States, he asserted, had a just claim to the Oregon country, and there should be no appeas­ ing of either the British goverment or the Hudson's Bay Company. While many members of Congress felt that Linn's proposals, if adopted, would seriously endanger the shaky Anglo-American peace, Linn insisted that war was inevitable and that the Amer­ ican hestitancy to act would strengthen the British position. Senator Linn, by now the acknowledged apostle of the occu­ pation of Oregon movement in the Senate, began to attract strong support for his almost holy crusade. By 1842, Congress was the scene of increasing discussions on a complete Oregon bill provid­ ing for grants of land to settlers and the extension of American laws to the region. During 1841, Linn had managed to keep the issue alive in Congress; on August 2 he again submitted a resolu­ tion that the president of the United States give notice to the British government to end the treaty of joint occupation. On De­ cember 16, he reintroduced a bill to authorize the adoption of

16 Thomas J. Farnham, Travels in the Great Western Prairies . . . (London, 1843), reprinted in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels, 1748- 1846 (Cleveland, 1905), XXIX, 23. 17 Congressional Globe, IX, U. S. 26th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1841) , 90. 12 Missouri Historical Review

measures for the occupation and settlement of Oregon and for extending American laws over the area. On January 4, 1842, Linn submitted yet another resolution similar to that proposed in August of the previous year. The bill and the resolution came up for discussion in the Senate on several occasions during the session, and on August 31, Linn addressed the Senate in strong support of his stand on the Oregon issue. Taking full advantage of favorable public opinion, he made reference to "hundreds upon hundreds" of letters in his possession from every part of the Union making anxious inquiries as to what Congress was doing, and what it was likely to do, relative to the long-deferred Oregon question.18 Linn's bill was placed on the calendar, but before it could come up for consideration, the Webster-Ashburton negotiations over the disputed Maine boundary were initiated, and it was considered "on all hands indelicate (not to say unwise)" to press the bill to a decision while these talks were proceeding.19 The Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 neglected the Oregon

18 Ibid., XI, U. S. 27th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1842), Appendix, 736. wibid., 737.

The Blue Mountains in Idaho, reproduced from a W. H. Jackson painting, were traversed by Oregon emigrants heading for the Columbia River Valley. Bay Collection question, much to the chagrin of Linn and a multitude of would-be Oregonians seeking land and gov­ ernment protection. Although through hindsight it is clear that there was no danger of the loss of Oregon to Great Britain, John Burch McClane, a member of the large Oregon migration of 1843 which clinched the American claims to the region, felt that ". . . our government was inclined to give up our country [Oregon] to the British government. [Secretary Courtesy Library of Congress of State] Webster was particu­ Brady-Handy Coll. larly inclined to do it. . . ."20 Dr. Diet, of Amer. Portraits Linn now deemed it his imper­ George McDuffie ative duty to press his bill to a final decision during late 1842. Accordingly, Linn continued to introduce his complete Oregon bill, hoping for an early vote. The bill included provisions for the appointment of Indian agents for the Oregon country, and for the extension of the civil and criminal jurisdiction of the courts of Iowa Territory over the region. For the pioneer, the most appealing aspect of the bill was the provision for grants of 640 acres of land to each man, as well as additional grants of 160 acres to the wife and each child under eighteen years of age. Debate on the bill continued into early February 1843. An early attack upon it was in the form of an amendment to strike out the preamble which read, "Whereas the title of the United States to the Territory of Oregon is certain, and will not be abandoned."21 In moving the amendment, Benjamin Tappan of Ohio, although he favored the bill himself, said that such a state­ ment was in poor taste and quite unnecessary. But Linn was unyielding in his position; despite the views of those who would not offend Great Britain, Linn felt that the preamble should stand. After a vote was taken, however, Linn agreed to the amendment, and the preamble was struck out by general consent.

20 John Burch McClane, "The First Wagon Train to Oregon," manuscript in the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. 2i Congressional Globe, XII, U. S. 27th Cong., 3rd Sess. (1842), 99. 14 Missouri Historical Review

Prominent among the opponents of the Linn bill in the Senate were John C. Calhoun and George McDuffie of South Carolina, Rufus Choate of Massachusetts, John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, Daniel Berrien of Georgia and William Archer of Virginia. Sen­ ators Choate and Calhoun felt that the proposals, if adopted, would violate the joint occupation treaty of 1818 and thus endanger Anglo-American peace. Linn, however, in a speech before the Senate on January 9, 1843, insisted that the bills introduced by John Floyd twenty years earlier had been far stronger, and that since the American claim was incontrovertible, Americans should march toward Oregon ". . . with every public right in the lead. . . ,"22 Linn became increasingly adamant in his denuncia­ tion of the Hudson's Bay Company, asserting that Britain's agent in the Oregon country ". . . is spreading her coils around the whole territory; and we know that her policy must eventuate in her obtaining, not a joint occupancy and jurisdiction, but an exclusive possession. . . ."23 Finally, he offered a strong defense of the land grant provision of the bill. Although Senator Choate felt that such a provision would violate the aforementioned convention, Linn held that his bill would be a dead letter if this inducement for settlement should be ignored. Senator McDuffie, in a Senate speech delivered on January 25, denied that Oregon was worth the effort expended on Linn's bill, and characterized the Oregon country as barren and unapproach­ able: . . . Why sir, of what use will this be for agricultural purposes? I would not for that purpose give a pinch of snuff for the whole territory. I wish to God we did not own it. . . . Do you think your honest farmers in Pennsyl­ vania, New York, or even Ohio or Missouri, will abandon their farms to go upon any such entrprise as this. God for-

22 Ibid. (1843) , Appendix, 79. 23 Ibid., 80. The British government, made uneasy by President Polk's belligerent inaugural address regarding the American claim to the Oregon country, sent Sir John Gordon and Lieutenant William Peel to Oregon in 1845 to report on means of defense in the event of an armed American invasion. Peel's report included the following observation: "The American immigrants arrive in this country strongly prejudiced against us, in consequence of the calumnies propagated by designing persons in the United States, and of an assertion made by the late Dr. Linn . . . that the Hudson's Bay Company, either directly or by their influence over the Indians, had caused 500 American citizens to be murdered on the west side of the Rocky Mountains . . . ." "Re­ port of Lieutenant Peel, 1845-6," Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXIX (March, 1928), 58-59. Linn made the aforementioned charge before the Senate on January 9, 1843. Congressional Globe, XII, U. S. 27th Cong., 3rd Sess. (1843) , Appendix, 79. Senator Lewis F. Linn and the Oregon Question 15

bid! If any man who is to go to that country, under the temptations of this bill, was my child—if he was an honest and industrious man, I would say to him, for God sake, do not go there. . . . But if I had a son whose conduct was such as made him a fit subject for Botany Bay, I would say, in the name of God, go. . . .24 Senator Linn addressed the Senate for two hours on the fol­ lowing day, and, in response to McDuffie's objections, reempha- sized the agricultural and commercial advantages of the Oregon country. Would-be Oregon pioneers as well as expansionist-minded politicians resented McDuffie's views; the following response ap­ peared in a Missouri newspaper: Numbers of our citizens are preparing to take up their march for Oregon this spring. The people are getting tired of the terrapin policy or our rulers, and are going to make a home for themselves on the shores of the distant Pacific. Could a few of the prudent members of the Amer­ ican Senate be induced to make a trip out here and peep at the material which asks for a grant of land, they might acquire sufficient nerve to dare seize on their own terri­ tory, instead of prating about the rights of England. Ore­ gon may seem a Botany Bay to Mr. McDuffie, but many, very many, of the hardy yeomanry of the West would refer its sunny shores to the moist stamping ground E:om which the Senator hails, although it may be redolent of magnolia and cologne water.25 Senators Benton, Benjamin Tappan of Ohio, Ambrose Sevier of Arkansas, Samuel Phelps of Vermont, Ambrose Walker of Mis­ sissippi and Richard Young of Illinois, among others, actively sup­ ported Linn's bill. Of these, Benton stood out as Linn's most articulate ally in the Senate, and his arguments for the bill were based primarily on his belief in the necessity of grants of land to settlers: ... Nobody would go there [Oregon] without the induce­ ment of land. The British had planted a power there—the Hudson Bay Fur Company— .. . This company was settling and colonizing the Columbia for the British Government, and we wish American citizens to settle and colonize it for us. The British Government gives inducement to this company. It gives them trade, commerce, an exclusive charter, laws, and national protection. We must give in-

24 ibid., 200. 25 Weston Platte Eagle and Weston Commercial Gazette, February 25, 1843. 16 Missouri Historical Review

ducement also; and our inducement must be land and pro­ tection. . . . There is nothing left to induce emigration; and emigration is the only thing which can save the coun­ try from the British, acting through their powerful agent— the Hudson Bay Company.26 After a heated debate, the Linn bill passed the Senate by a vote of twenty-four to twenty-two in early February 1843, but it failed in the House. So far as Anglo-American relations were concerned, the failure of the measure to become law was deemed fortunate by its opponents, including Great Britain's pugnacious Lord Palmerston, who declared in Parliament that the passage of such a bill in the face of his nation's claim to Oregon "would be a declaration of war" against the British government.27 But to the pioneer, the matter of boundary disputes was of secondary importance, for the idea had become fixed in the popular mind that settlers might expect land donations in Oregon. A Missouri farmer called his family together and declared: Out in Oregon I can get me a square mile of land. And a quarter section for each of you all. Dad burn me, I am done with this country. Winters it's frost and snow to freeze a body; summers the overflow from Old Muddy drowns half my acres; taxes take the yield of them that's left. What say, Maw, it's God's country.28 The Oregon debates in Congress and the popularity of Linn's proposals, together with the propaganda emanating from the re­ ports of explorers and Oregon missionaries, resulted in a spirited emigration movement. In 1842, Dr. Elijah White led more than 100 persons to the Oregon country. White was greatly impressed with the extent of the "Oregon fever" in Missouri, and remarked that if the Linn bill should fail, ". . . it will create a dissaffection so strong as to end only in open rebellion."29 Indeed, the appoint­ ment of White by Congress to serve as an Indian agent in Oregon was some indication that the days of neglect were over. In the spring of 1843, the American inhabitants of Oregon's Willamette Valley organized a provisional government. This "First Organic Law," adopted in early July, provided for simple govern-

26 Congressional Globe, XII, U.S. 27th Cong., 3rd Sess. (1843) , Appendix, 74. 27 Quoted in Lester Burrell Shippee, "The Federal Relations of Oregon," Chapter V, Oregon Historical Quarterly, XIX (December, 1918), 303-304. 28 Quoted in Verne Bright, "The Folklore and History of the 'Oregon Fever,' " Oregon Historical Quarterly, LII (December, 1951), 252. 29 Elijah White, A Concise View of Oregon Territory (Washington, 1846), 30. mental machinery to function in the Oregon country until the imminent extension of United States jurisdiction over the area. The heart of the organic code was its land law; with special provi­ sions for local conditions this was in keeping with the provisions Linn had advocated in his meas­ ures. Claimants of land could hold as much as 640 acres, with the condition that they make improve­ ments within six months. In ad­ dition, claimants were required to designate the boundaries of their claims, and to have their Oregon Hut. Soc. claims recorded in the territorial Jesse Applegate recorder's office. This land law provided a safeguard for the interests of the settlers already in Oregon and for those that came between 1843 and 1850. The "Great Migration" of about 1,000 persons to Oregon in 1843 was in large measure a response to the popularity of the Linn bill. Peter Burnett, of Platte County, Missouri, had a wife and six children and would have been entitled to a substantial grant, and ". . . There was a fair prospect of the ultimate passage of the bill."30 From St. Clair, Missouri, Jesse Applegate wrote to his brother Lisbon: ". . . If you are going to Oregon by all means go this spring for if Linn's Bill pass next year every man's neighbors and friends will move in that direction."31 Applegate ascribed the popularity of Linn's bill largely to the depression of agricultural prices in Missouri, but despite its popularity, the ultimate success of the bill was by no means certain in his mind, for in the passage of such land donation legislation, ". . . Congress was about as interested ... as if it were granting lands in the moon."32 Linn's bill was not destined to become law in 1843, but to the anxious pioneer, a hint was as good as a promise.

30 Peter H. Burnett, "Recollections and Opinions of an Old Pioneer," Oregon Historical Quarterly, V (March, 1904) , 64. 31 Maude Applegate Rucker, The Oregon Trail and Some of Its Blazers (New York, 1930), 226. 32 Jesse Applegate, "Views of Oregon History," manuscript in the Bancroft Library, 4. 18 Missouri Historical Review

The Lewis F. Linn Home in Ste. Genevieve from a Sketch by Roscoe Misselhorn

Lewis Linn died at his home in Ste. Genevieve on October 3, 1843. His untimely death suspended somewhat the vitality of his crusade, but the Donation Land Act passed by Congress in 1850 fulfilled his mission.33 Meanwhile, public confidence in a land donation law for Oregon had continued. The subject of the land bill came up among the 1844 Oregon emigrants at their spring rendezvous near St. Joseph, and one of them remarked: "Well, the Donation Bill passed the Senate, but failed to reach a vote in the House, but I believe that, or a law like it, will pass, and I am going to Oregon anyhow."34 Few men in American political history have been held in such high esteem as Dr. Linn, "The Model Senator From Missouri." In tribute to Linn's character, Thomas Hart Ben­ ton's eulogy in the Senate on December 12 included the following observation: ". . . Who among us all, even after the

33 The act creating the Oregon Territory in 1848 recognized the validity of the land grant legislation enacted by the settlers under their provisional government. Section Four of the Donation Land Act of 1850 applied to settlers who were residents in Oregon before December 1, 1850, and provided for grants of 320 acres to single men (wives were entitled to a like grant), who were over the age of eighteen and who had resided upon and cultivated the land for four consecutive years. 34 John Minto, "Antecedents of the Oregon Pioneers and the Light These Throw on Their Motives," Oregon Historical Quarterly, V (March, 1904), 39. Senator Lewis F. Linn and the Oregon Question 19 fiercest debate, ever met him without meeting the benignant smile and the kind salutation? Who of us ever needed a friend without finding one in him? . . . "35 Hailed by many as "The Father of Oregon," the devoted physician-statesman from Ste. Genevieve was emphatically the friend of the West, and ardently supported meas­ ures beneficial to western interests, including the construction of military posts and roads. Resolutions from the legislatures of Wis­ consin and Iowa paid tribute to his work, and the latter body declared that his unfailing support of legislation favorable to the West had won for him the title of the "Iowa Senator." The states of Missouri, Oregon, Kansas and Iowa later honored him by estab­ lishing a Linn County in each. When the 1843 Oregon migration reached its destination, two of its prominent members, Peter Burnett and Morton M. McCarver, founded Linnton on the Willamette River in honor of the unyielding champion of the American occupation of Oregon.36 The final boundary settlement was not effected until 1846, but Linn's work in publicizing the northwest coast did much to stimulate popular and congressional interest in the Oregon country. He was a leading voice for American expansion, and when he died, one of many obituary notices called attention to the loss of ". . . an honorable, industrious and useful statesman."37

35 Congressional Globe, XIII, U. S. 28th Cong., 1st Sess. (1843), 29. Linn and Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Dr. Lewis F. Linn is a customary eulogistic biography of that era. In the personal portion of the work, written by Mrs. Linn, there is no mention of Linn's interest in the Oregon question, with the exception of a statement in the preface calling attention to his "persevering labors" on behalf of the pioneers of Oregon. The second part of the book traces the progress of Linn's Oregon agitation through long passages from his bills, reports and Senate speeches. The appendix is devoted to num­ erous eulogies delivered by various individuals and groups. 36 Michael B. Husband, "Morton M. McCarver: An Iowa Entrepreneur in the Far West," Annals of Iowa, XL (Spring, 1970), 248. 37 Columbus Ohio State Journal, November 14, 1843.

Mark Twain's Gallantry Columbia Boone County Journal, January 7, 1870. Mark Twain's gallantry prevents him from saying that the face of a fortune-teller he recently visited was dirty, and conveys that impression in this way: "She had a dark complexion naturally, and this effect was heightened by artificial aid, which cost her nothing." The sketch of the Bethel commune appeared in Charles Nordhoff, The Communistic Societies of the Uniteil States (1875).

Missouri's Utopian Communities

BY H. ROGER GRANT*

Nineteenth-century America witnessed a rash of Utopian com­ munities. In all sections of the country zealous men, reformers, seekers after the perfect society, withdrew from the community at large to establish their own types of "utopia." Some American Utopians modeled their new communities after European theories of industrial cooperation, while others, following their religious dictates, sought to either build heaven on earth or to prepare for the millennium. Thus in the annals of American utopianism two essentially different communities existed: the secular and the re­ ligious colonies. These two types of colonies, however, often shared similar forms of organization. Both might be communistic, with community rather than individual ownership of property. Both, too, might be merely cooperative in a generalized sense, with in-

*H. Roger Grant is a graduate of Simpson College, Indianola, Iowa, and he received the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri, Columbia. He is an assistant professor of History at the University of Akron, Akron, Ohio. 20 Missouri's Utopian Communities 21 dividual ownership of personal property allowed, but have coopera­ tive sharing of a common social, economic and intellectual life. Missouri's Utopian movement, which became one of the largest in the country in terms of number of colonies established,1 followed the national pattern of having communities that were both religious and secular, communistic and cooperative. Therefore to describe and analyze utopianism in Missouri, the classification of communi­ ties into religious and secular categories will be used. The first group of religious Utopians to settle in Missouri arrived in 1831. In the summer of that year Joseph Smith, Jr., led a small band of his Mormon followers from their settlement at Kirtland, Ohio, to Jackson County, Missouri. Shortly after arriving Smith claimed to have received a divinely inspired revelation designating a 63-acre tract of land in the frontier boom town of Independence as the location for the "New Jerusalem." Here the Mormon prophet and his followers planned to build a religious community that would serve as the world center for members of the newly organized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.2 The prophet Joseph Smith decided that this new Missouri settlement would follow a form of religious communism. Such a plan came as no surprise to his followers, for the prophet had had connections with early American utopianism and had previous­ ly announced his support for such a life style. Jason Mack, the eldest brother of Smith's mother, had established a communistic religious community in Canada early in the century. And, at the time that Mormonism was founded, several prominent Utopian groups had constructed colonies in the immediate area of Palmyra, New York, the birthplace of Smith's church. What influences these two factors had on Smith's thinking is not known, but one of the prophet's most important early converts and close associates, Sidney Rigdon, espoused communal living and had led a socialistic com­ munity in Kirtland prior to his conversion to Mormonism.3 Rigdon's

i This is based on such published compilations as Ralph Albertson, "A Survey of Mutualistic Communities in America," Iowa Journal of History and Politics, XXXIV (October, 1936) , 375-444; Frederick A. Bushee, "Communistic Societies in the United States," Political Science Quarterly, XX (December, 1905) , 625-664; Helen D. Jones, Communal Settlements in the United States: A Selected List of References (Washington, D.C., 1947); and Alexander Kent, "Co-operative Communities in the United States," United States Department of Labor Bulletin, XXXV (July, 1901), 563-646. 2 Klaus J. Hansen, Quest for Empire (East Lansing, Mich., 1967), 47; Edward H. Anderson, A Brief History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints (Independence, Mo., 1928) , 48. 3 Thomas F. O'Dea, The Mormons (Chicago, 1957), 6, 14-15, 41-42. 22 Missouri Historical Review

utopianism probably moved Smith in 1830 to a revelation which declared: "And let every man ... be alike among his people, and receive alike, that ye may be one. . . . For if ye are not equal in earthly things, ye cannot be equal in obtaining heavenly things. . . . you are to have equal claims on the properties. . . . And let not any man among you say that it is his own, for it shall not be called his, nor any part of it."4 Following this revelation, the Mormons organized the United Order or as it was occasionally referred to in church circles, the "Order of Enoch."5 Under this plan all properties in the Kirtland community were dedicated to the church and returned to members to be worked on an individual basis. All surpluses and profits derived from such workings went to the Kirtland bishop, Edward Partridge, who then used these resources to aid the community's poor and aged and to conduct the church's day-to-day operations and missionary programs.6 With the building of the "New Jerusalem" in Missouri, Smith hoped to implement more fully the church's new economic plan. The religious communism contained in the United Order, how­ ever, never came to full fruition. After having a spectacular begin­ ning, the Independence settlement soon ran into difficulty. The problem facing Missouri Mormons proved to be external rather than internal. The outspoken opinions of the approximately 1,200 Mormon residents concerning their divine right to the region, their continued land expansion, their friendly attitude toward native Indian tribes, their thrift and industriousness, and their suspected abolitionism antagonized non-Mormons in the Jackson County area. This anti-Mormon feeling soon turned to violence. Early in Novem­ ber 1833, non-Mormons forcibly expelled the Saints from their Independence Utopia. Most fled across the Missouri River into Clay County where they remained until 1836. In that year, due to increased anti-Mormon sentiment, the Missouri General As­ sembly designated Caldwell County as a special "Mormon County," where the Saints might live in peace.7

4Albertson, "Survey of Mutualistic Communities," 382-383. 5 This name came from Enoch, the seventh patriarch in descent from Adam, who, according to Mormon theology, practiced the "United Order" successfully in biblical times. See James E. Talmage, The Articles of Faith (Salt Lake City, 1901), 358, 362, 450. 6 Hamilton Gardner, "Communism Among the Mormons," Quarterly Journal of Economics, XXXVII (November, 1922), 134-174; John H. Evans, Joseph Smith, An American Prophet (New York, 1933), 241-248. 7 Warren A. Jennings, "The Army of Israel Marches into Missouri," MIS­ SOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXII (January, 1968), 107-135; The History of the Missouri's Utopian Communities 23

•'.':•£ ^^fe^i^fe The sketch entitled "Prophet's Flight from Missouri" is from L. B. H. Sten- house, The Rocky Mountain Saints (1873).

At Far West, the Saints' new Zion in Caldwell County, Smith and Rigdon attempted for the third and final time to fulfill the 1830 revelation. The prophet soon perceived that communitarian- ism would not work since a majority of his followers opposed the idea. He, therefore, decided that instead the church should estab­ lish cooperative stores and businesses to be known as the "Big Field United Firms." The cooperative movement at Far West, like communism at Independence, never got beyond the initial stages of development. Latent anti-Mormon feeling in the Caldwell Coun­ ty area erupted into violence and forced the Saints to flee. By 1840 most Mormons had left the state for a new Utopia in western Illinois at Nauvoo.8 Shortly after the Mormons fled Missouri, another group of religious Utopians arrived in the state. These new seekers after the perfect society were the devoted followers of a German mystic, Dr. William Keil. In Shelby and Adair counties Dr. Keil and his fellow Utopians built the communities of Bethel and Nineveh, the state's most successful experiments in communal living. The colonies' founder, William Keil, a Prussian by birth, had led a varied career as tailor, actor and medical practitioner before turning his energies to religion. After immigrating to the United States in the mid-1830s, Keil became active in the German Meth­ odist Church in Pennsylvania. The religious practices of the Methodist Church, however, did not suit this twenty-seven-year-old religious zealot. Keil, therefore, withdrew from the church, gave up his medical practice entirely, and launched his own independ-

Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Independence, Mo., 1951), II, 74-75. 8 O'Dea, Mormons, 46; Gardner, "Communism Among the Mormons," 155; History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri (St. Louis, 1886), 122. 24 Missouri Historical Review ent church based on a literal interpretation of the Bible and Christian mysticism. After a short time he decided to affiliate with the Protestant Methodist Church and led his followers to this small but firmly established branch of American Methodism. But Keil and the Protestant Methodists could not agree on dogma and gen­ eral church policies, so they parted company, thus leaving Keil and his congregation once again without church affiliation.9 Bitter toward Methodism, Keil now turned away from organ­ ized religion and became involved with Utopian communism. Living in western Pennsylvania near one of the nation's largest commu­ nistic colonies, the Harmony Society of "Father" George Rapp at Economy, Keil learned of communal life and apparently liked what he saw. At the time of his break with the Protestant Methodists, dissension within the Rappist community prompted a number of its members to leave. By chance these Utopians settled in Keil's hometown of Phillipsburg. Leaderless, the ex-Rappists gravitated to the Keil church. Keil, whose strong personality instilled confi­ dence and devotion among his followers, enjoyed being a leader of men and warmly welcomed these new members to his church. The inevitable then occurred. Keil enthusiastically accepted Rap­ pist communism although he would not tolerate Rapp's celibate principle.10 He also refused to accept a written constitution like the ones Rapp and other communitarians used to govern their colonies. As William Godfrey Bek, an early student of Keil, noted: "He . . . once declared most emphatically that under no condition would he go bound and fettered by any written agreement. If a man's word was not as good as a written law, then he could and would have nothing to do with the entire project. The Bible should be the foundation of the society which he proposed to found; the Golden Rule should be its motto."11 A written constitution, how­ ever, later existed, designed for those, especially the ex-Rappists, who demanded such a document. But for the most part the new Utopian colonies were to be governed directly by Keil's own dic­ tates. In the spring of 1844, not long after Dr. Keil's conversion to communism, he sent three followers west to find land suitable for

9 William Godfrey Bek, "A German Communistic Society in Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, III (October, 1908), Part I, 54-58; Charles Nordhoff, The Communistic Societies of the United States (New York, 1875) , 306-307. io Ibid., 307. 11 Bek, "German Communistic Society," Pt. I, 62-63. Missouri's Utopian Communities 25

William Keil

Courtesy Mrs. Robert R. Boardman and Paul Hendricks a permanent colony. The site selected proved ideal. The initial land purchase, consisting of 2,560 acres, was located in the fertile valley of the North River in northern Shelby County, Missouri. Keil and his family moved to the site in the fall of 1844 and by the next spring many other colonists had arrived. Named Bethel, after an ancient city near Jerusalem, the colony mushroomed. Within a few years Bethel's population exceeded six hundred.12 Directed by Dr. Keil, the industrious colonists of the "Society of Bethel" immediately began to cultivate their nearby farm lands and to construct the necessary buildings to carry on communal life. Charles Nordhoff, who visited a host of communistic societies in the United States during the early 1870s, described the colony. They have a saw-mill and a grist-mill, a tannery, a few looms, a general store, and a drug-store, and shops for carpenters, blacksmiths, coopers, tinners, tailors, shoe­ makers, and hatters, all on a small scale, but sufficient to supply not only themselves but the neighboring farmers. They had formerly a distillery, but that and a woolen fac­ tory were burned down a few years ago. . . .

12 Deed Record Book D, Shelby County, Missouri, 48; Hannibal Gazette, October 7, 1847, quoted in MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LIII (April, 1959), 287-288. 26 Missouri Historical Review

It has one main street . . . the brick dwellings which lined the street were substantially built, and the saw and grist mill which lies at the lower end is a well-constructed building of brick. Half-way up the main street was a drug-store, large enough I should have said to accomodate with purges and cathartics a town of twenty-five hundred inhabitants; and on a cross-street was another. . . . At the head of the street stands the tavern or hotel, kept in the German . . . way—with a bed in the large com­ mon room, and meals served in the kitchen.13 The building, though, that the colonists took greatest pride in was their church. They spared no pains and trouble in making it the showplace of the colony. Constructed of brick and native stone and finished in black walnut, the church rested on a gentle rise overlooking the town. Nordhoff depicted its interior: "The church has a floor of large red tiles; a narrow pulpit at one end; a place railed off at the other end, where the band plays on high festivals, and two doors for the entrance of the sexes, who sit on separate sides of the house."14 The magnificent church became more than just the pride of the colonists; it served as the center for the colony's religious and social life. Twice monthly Keil preached to his followers. Since he adhered to no particular doctrine, his sermons generally exhorted members to practice the Golden Rule, to obey the Commandments and to be industrious. Dr. Keil and his followers also used their church and a large colony house known as "Elim,"15 east of Bethel, as places to celebrate such colony festivals as Keil's birthday, Easter, Pentecost, the Harvestfest in autumn, and Christmas.16 As indicated previously, Keil exercised virtually total control over the life of the colony. Government was simple. Keil served as president with dictatorial powers, but he did allow four advisors, whom he selected, to aid him in making day-to-day decisions. Supposedly though, the whole community discussed any vitally important change or experiment and nothing could be done with­ out general consent. At no time, however, did the colony deviate from Keil's point of view. As president, Keil also controlled all

13 Nordhoff, Communistic Societies of the United States, 324-325. 14 Ibid., 325. 15 "Elim" or "Das grosse Haus" was a large three-story colony house lo­ cated one and one-fourth mile east of Bethel which for a time served as Keil's home. See William Godfrey Bek, "The Community at Bethel, Missouri, and Its Offspring at Aurora, Oregon," German American Annals, VII (No­ vember-December, 1909), 309. 16 Bek, "German Communistic Society," 69-70. Missouri's Utopian Communities 27

colony property. Technically, the title to much of the colony land, which by 1850 exceeded four thousand acres, was in the names of the three members of the 1844 purchase party. Yet Keil allotted members town lots, divided farm acreages and made all decisions involving land acquisition and disposal.17 Keil, the autocrat, at first apparently alienated few if any of his followers. Bethelites seemed to enjoy communal living. Since Keil allowed marriage and couples could live together in private quarters, the celibacy problem that plagued Rapp's Harmony Society never existed in Bethel. The colony's general prosperity also satisfied members. As one early visitor noted, "The common storehouse and commissary supplied all that existence needed."18 Similarly, a Keil follower commented, "The only pledge that Dr. Keil made to us was that if we would come with him we would have plenty of bread and water. He kept that pledge and more. We had clothes to wear and a good roof for our heads. We were not wealthy, but we had all that we needed and were happy."19 And, unlike Missouri Mormons, Keil and his followers had excel­ lent rapport with their neighbors. Even during the Civil War when Keil ordered a strict neutrality, Bethel's pro-Southern and pro-

17 Nordhoff, Communistic Societies of the United States, 310; General History of Shelby County Missouri (Chicago, 1911), 173. 18 Palmyra Spectator, April 2, 1919. 19 Quoted in Harold Dailey, "The Old Communistic Colony at Bethel," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, LII (1928) , 163.

The sketch of the Bethel church appeared in Charles Nordhoff, The Communistic Societies of the United States (1875 ). 28 Missouri Historical Review

Courtesy Mrs. Robert R. Boardman and Paul Hendricks "Wee Willie's" Funeral Procession

Union neighbors as well as Confederate and Federal forces hon­ ored their neutral position.20 A major event in Bethel's history occurred in 1849. In that year Keil, believing that the advancing forces of civilization would in time engulf the Shelby County settlement, decided to establish a branch colony in a more remote region of the state. Subsequently, Keil and a fellow colonist selected a 160-acre farm on the Charit6n River in Adair County. In the spring of 1850 twenty-five Bethelites moved to the new site, known as Nineveh. Here the colonists attempted to reproduce life as it existed in Bethel. Within a short period of time they purchased nearly two thousand acres of addi­ tional land, built homes and constructed a steam mill, tannery, shoeshop, blacksmith and wagon shops, and a carpentry shop. These industries, however, never proved as extensive as those at Bethel and farming became the colonists' major vocation. Even though Keil never spent much time at Nineveh, he nevertheless, kept tight control over colony affairs, through a board of three elders whom he selected. At its zenith, Nineveh had approximately 150 residents living in some thirteen buildings.21

20 Bek, "German Communistic Society," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, III (January, 1909), Pt. II, 103. 21 E. M. Violette, History of Adair County (Kirksville, Mo., 1911), 411-417; Illustrated Historical Atlas of Adair County, Missouri (Philadelphia, 1876) , Missouri's Utopian Communities 29

Continuing to worry about the encroachment of civilization, and at times dreaming of a chain of Utopian communities, Keil decided to found still another colony. This time he wanted his new settlement to be in a fertile but unsettled region of the far west. So in 1854, after having sent an advance party to the Pacific Northwest to select a suitable site, Keil agreed to move to the Willapa Valley in Washington Territory. Early in the spring of 1855 Keil, along with a sizable number of Bethelites, began the trek westward.22 The journey from Bethel to Washington Territory proved to be one of the most unusual in the annals of western history. This trip fulfilled Keil's promise to his favorite son, William, that he, too, could go west. Shortly before the journey began, William died. Keil, nevertheless, kept his promise to "Wee Willie." He had his son's corpse placed in a metallic coffin filled with alcohol and loaded upon a six-mule wagon for the long funeral procession westward.23 This strange act was not so much a product of Keil's mystic background as it was a demonstration of his own Christian beliefs. As one of his followers noted, "To my mind, that one thing has exerted more influence for good than all else the doctor did. It was not a pleasant task to escort his boy's dead body 2,000 miles and to have with him amid that wild and lonely country the de­ pressing influences of his boy's remains; but it made his people think; the purpose was plain. A colonist dared not lie."24 The fulfillment of his promise to William exemplified, then, Keil's credo that a man's word was his bond. The Washington Territory site, mountainous and isolated, dis­ pleased Keil. After burying his son, he led his followers to a more favorable location in Oregon's Willamette River Valley. Here, as at Bethel and Nineveh, Keil directed the construction of a com­ munistic community. Named Aurora after Keil's daughter, the new settlement flourished.25 Continuing his authoritarian ways, Keil refused to relinquish control over the Missouri communities. Unique to the history of American utopianism, Keil conducted the affairs of the two colonies

79; Jefferson City Missouri State Tribune, August 20, 1902; Ninth United States Census (1870), Nineveh Township, Adair County, Missouri, 6-8. 22 See Robert J. Hendricks, Bethel and Aurora (New York, 1933) , Chapters 5, 10-16. 23 Bek, "German Communistic Society," Pt. II, 107. 24 Quoted in Dailey, "The Old Communistic Colony at Bethel," 166. 25 Bek, "German Communistic Society," Pt. II, 105-106. Missouri Historical Review

William Keil's Monument in Family Cemetery, Aurora, Oregon

Courtesy Mrs. A. J. F. Zieglschmid

by letter from Oregon. By the 1860s he wanted to abandon utopian­ ism in Missouri and unite all the brethren together at Aurora. The dwindling number of colonists at Bethel and Nineveh, how­ ever, seemed hesitant to leave Missouri and remained deaf to his pleadings.26 The death of William Keil in December 1877, brought major changes to the Missouri and Oregon colonies. Since no one with Keil's leadership ability lived in any of the three colonies, his experiment in Utopian communism now rapidly began to crumble. Even before his death, the Missouri colonies, especially, had shown signs of weakening. As early as the late 1860s a number of colonists had withdrawn from Nineveh. In subsequent years Bethel, too, had lost members. They left for several reasons. Keil's increasing

26 Ibid., 107-108. Missouri's Utopian Communities 31 authoritarianism and his remoteness from their daily lives dis­ pleased or even angered many.27 Outside forces proved to be the major reason for depleting membership rolls at both colonies. Many colonists, mostly the younger generation, realized that their noncommunistic neighbors seemed to possess more property and apparently enjoyed a higher overall standard of living. Jacob Culler, who left Nineveh shortly before Keil's death, remarked, "There are more opportunities outside Nineveh. ... A good farm is relatively inexpensive and my family will have a better life. I admire the doctor but with better times my future is with my own farm in Adair County. . . ."28 When Culler departed, he, like all other withdrawing colonists over twenty-one years of age, received a share of colony property; those under twenty-one got a small cash settlement. The crisis precipitated by Keil's death prompted a division of all remaining properties at Bethel, Nineveh and Aurora. Begun in late 1878 the liquidation became final in June 1879.29 While Nineveh rapidly disappeared, most Bethelites remained in their homes, making their living either from farming or by practicing their former colony trades. One member, Jacob G. Miller, tried to revitalize the "Society of Bethel." But by 1883 his small follow­ ing abandoned the scheme and divided what common property they held.30 In the same year that William Keil began his communal settlement at Bethel, another German Utopian, Andreas Dietsch, launched a similar community near the small Osage County village of Westphalia. Unlike Keil's colonies, Dietsch's experiment proved to be one of the least successful of all Missouri Utopian ventures.31 Andreas Anton Dietsch, born in 1807, had been a brushmaker in his native Alsace before turning his full energies to utopianism. In 1842, alarmed and sickened by social and political upheavals caused by expanding industrialization, and influenced by the writ­ ings of the French Utopian communist Charles Fourier, Dietsch

27 Ibid., 110; Nordhoff, Communistic Societies of the United States, 327. 28 Quoted in the Novinger Record, April 27, 1905. 29 Deed Record Book 31, Shelby County, Missouri, 1-9. 30 Bek, "German Communistic Society," Pt. II, 125. 31 Although New Helvetia is the last of Missouri's religious Utopian com­ munities to be described, two other such colonies are known to have existed. The first, called the "German Socialistic Colony," had less than a dozen people. This group abandoned its Utopian plans shortly after arriving in Atchison County in 1846. See The History of Holt and Atchison Counties, Missouri (St. Joseph, 1882), 648-649. The other group, known as the "Bible Community," was located at Plattsburg in Clinton County. While the dates 32 Missouri Historical Review

published in Switzerland a pamphlet advocating communal living as a solution to society's ills.32 In Das tausendjahrige Reich (The Millennium) Dietsch depicted the ideal society as one based on agriculture which allowed individuals to follow their own interests and abilities. All property should be held in common, thus pre­ venting man's greed from destroying the good life. Although at times tending to show no great interest in religion, Dietsch called for his society to use the Bible as a guide to living and to have prayer and religious singing. Like Dr. Keil, Dietsch believed that men should live by the Golden Rule.33 Dietsch's humanitarianism, coupled with Das tausendjahrige Reich and subsequent writings, attracted the attention of a small number of impoverished Swiss and German artisans and farmers. Believing that a Utopian colony could be successfully established, Dietsch in March 1844, published a twelve-page pamphlet which contained the constitution and bylaws for the "Society of New Helvetia."34 He then petitioned the Swiss cantonal government of Aargau for financial assistance. Dietsch expected government help since the Canton of Aargau had previously given "30 fr per head to those emigrating poor persons to whom their districts also gave aid."35 A government agency, however, quickly rejected Dietsch's request. Undaunted by seemingly unsympathetic government officials, Dietsch gathered his followers together, asked them to pool their meager resources, and began preparations for the journey to America where he would establish his "Thousand Year Kingdom." Why Dietsch selected the United States, and specifically Missouri, as the location for his Utopian settlement is not clear. Perhaps he believed America to be a natural location for launching a Utopian

of its existence are not certain, it was in operation in 1879. See Avrahm Yar- molinsky, A Russian's American Dream: A Memoir on William Frey (Law­ rence, Kan., 1965), 87-88. The large immigration of Saxon Germans into Perry County between 1839 and 1840 is sometimes mistakenly thought to be a Utopian movement. While the Saxons initially pooled their resources, their communities were neither communistic nor Utopian. See E. M. Lottes, "East Perry County," (1953) and "The Saxon Colony in Mo." in Garland Carr Broadhead Scrapbook, 254-255, in State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia. 32 George Schulz-Behrend, "Andreas Dietsch and Helvetia, Missouri," The Swiss Record, II (March, 1950), 5-7. 33 Das tausendjahrige Reich (Aargau, Switzerland, 1843), English trans­ lation, 1953, in the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. 34 Nebst Plan und Statuten zur Griindung von "New Helvetia im Staate Mis­ souri in Nordamerika," (Aargau, 1844) . 35 Schulz-Behrend, "Andreas Dietsch and Helvetia, Missouri," 9, 14-15: Quotation in ibid., 17. Missouri's Utopian Communities 33 society. Since the early seventeenth century various Europeans, in­ cluding Swiss and Germans, had found frontier conditions in America ideal for colonization. Missouri was probably chosen be­ cause numerous emigrant guides and groups had popularized the state as a place for pleasant, carefree living. Furthermore, Missouri in the 1840s had large tracts of cheap and sparsely populated land, conditions ideally suited for Dietsch's New Helvetia. On June 2, 1844, Dietsch, his two children and thirty-seven others left Switzerland for Missouri. After a long and uncomfort­ able journey, the band of hardy Utopians arrived in New York City. From there they made their way to Pittsburgh and then to St. Louis. Upon arriving there in late August, the colonists lost no time in looking for a suitable site for their new community. Hearing that cheap but fertile land could be obtained in the vicinity of Westphalia near Jefferson City, Dietsch led an explora­ tory party which visited this German settlement in early September. Pleased with an offer of land from Dr. Bernard Bruns, Westphalia's founder and largest landowner, the Dietsch party quickly pur­ chased the 363-acre tract located on the Osage River five miles northwest of town.36 The careful selection of land for New Helvetia did not insure the colony's success. Upon returning to St. Louis, Dietsch found a sizable number of his followers in revolt. Some decided that they preferred employment and the certainty of life in the city to the hardships or even death in the wilds of Osage County. Quarrels, too, over colony policies and funds prompted additional members to leave. Dietsch, nevertheless, continued with his plans to build New Helvetia. On September 14, he boarded the packet Huntsville along with six other adults and eleven children to return to the recently selected site. Shortly after they had constructed a small log house, disaster struck the Utopians. Overwork, lack of regular and adequate food, and polluted water made the New Helvetians susceptible to dis­ ease, probably malarial fever. Although most colonists regained their health, one member, Oswald Babler, died, leaving his large family to the colony's care. Still New Helvetia remained intact. Dietsch, a diehard optimist, believed that his followers could suc­ cessfully adapt to communal living even though there were signs

36 ibid., 19-25; Record of Deeds Book A, Osage County, Missouri, 652; Sectional Map of the State of Missouri Compiled from the United States Survey and Other Sources . . . (St. Louis, 1844). 34 Missouri Historical Review

Etienne Cabet

Jules Prudhommeaux, Icarie et son Fondateur, fitienne Cabet (1907)

of greed, egotism and laziness among those few who remained. He also held hope for the colony's ultimate prosperity. He visu­ alized, for example, New Helvetians floating logs down the Osage and Missouri rivers to St. Louis for sale as firewood, the starting of vineyards and the building of a barrel-stave factory.37 Andreas Dietsch's plans for New Helvetia never materialized. During the winter of 1844-1845 or 1845-1846, the date is uncertain, Dietsch died.38 With his death this Missouri Utopian community disappeared. His daughter, Rosetta Dietsch, however, continued to own most of the colony's land until 1859.39 A handful of Dietsch's most devoted followers, who continued to believe in communal living, moved to northeastern Iowa where they established a communistic settlement known as Communia. This colony, which proved more successful than New Helvetia, lasted nearly ten years and thus continued Dietsch's dream of a New World Utopia.40 Missouri's first group of secular Utopians arrived nearly a decade after the establishment of the state's last major religious

37 Schulz-Behrend, "Andreas Dietsch and Helvetia, Missouri," 26-29. 38 George Schulz-Behrend in ibid., 30, says that the "date of his death re­ mains uncertain, for it may have been in the winter of 1844-45 or 1845-46." Carl Wittke, The Utopian Communist: A Biography of Wilhelm Weitling Nineteenth-Century Reformer (Baton Rouge, La., 1950) , 240, lists the date of Dietsch's death as "probably during the winter of 1845-6" in St. Louis. 39 Record of Deeds Book H, Osage County, Missouri, 291. 40 Albertson, "Survey of Mutualistic Communities," 406; Wittke, Utopian Communist, 240-241. Missouri's Utopian Communities 35

Utopian settlement, Dr. Keil's Nineveh. In 1856, 180 French com­ munists settled in St. Louis. Known as Icarians, these colonists followed the famous French Utopian, Etienne Cabet. Born in 1788, Cabet had gained fame in his native France as a lawyer, politician and writer. In 1839, after a five-year exile in England, Cabet published a popular romantic novel entitled Voyage en Icarie in which he described a communistic Utopia.41 An environmentalist like the vast majority of Utopian socialists, Cabet believed that the reason men suffered was because society was unjust. If the basic social evil of inequality were abolished through a system of communal ownership, he argued, society could then be perfected.42 Cabet did more than dream about utopianism. Like Andreas Dietsch, he decided to bring his Utopian schemes to fruition in the New World. Sixty-nine of his fellow countrymen established a

41 The novel originally appeared as Voyage et Aventures de Lord William Carisdall en Icarie, Ouvrage Traduit de VAnglais de Francis Adams (Paris, 1839) . However, it was republished in 1840 as Voyage en Icarie. 42 Sylvestor A. Piotrowski, tttienne Cabet and the Voyage en Icarie (Wash­ ington, D.C., 1935), especially Chapters 3-4.

Cabet's Tomb in Holy Ghost Cemetery, St. Louis Jules Prudhommeaux, Icarie et son Fondateur, Etienne Cabet (1907) 36 Missouri Historical Review colony in 1848 on the banks of the Red River in Texas. His fol­ lowers consisted largely of individuals who had experienced the ravages of early industrialization and who viewed Voyage en Icarie as the best guide to human happiness. A series of unfortunate inci­ dents, however, forced the Icarians to abandon the Red River settlement and to return to New Orleans, their initial point-of-entry where they were presently joined by Cabet. Learning that the Mormons had recently abandoned Nauvoo, Illinois, Cabet decided to move his ever-increasing flock to this ready-made community. In March 1849, 281 Icarians arrived at Nauvoo.43 Although Cabet's new Illinois settlement continued to grow, all was not well. Dissension in the colony broke out in late 1855 when Cabet demanded dictatorial powers to meet a financial crisis. Shortly thereafter the colony became polarized into two warring camps, the "Cabetistes" and the "Dissidents." Being a minority the Cabetistes lost in their attempt to make their leader all powerful. Disgruntled, Cabet and his supporters left Nauvoo for St. Louis.44 Attracted to St. Louis because of the city's French heritage and beckoning opportunities, Cabet began to make preparations for the construction of a permanent colony, but suddenly after his arrival, the Utopian leader died. Leaderless and destitute, Cabet's followers decided to seek work in St. Louis as tailors, shoemakers or mechanics until they could afford to purchase a suitable colony site.45 In May 1858, the Icarians purchased an estate called Chelten­ ham, located six miles west of St. Louis. This site had two principal advantages. Near the city, the colony's men could continue to work at their trades. Secondly, the estate included a large stone house and six smaller log structures large enough to accommodate most of the colonists. Unfortunately for the Icarians, Cheltenham con­ tained little land, the purchase price of $25,000 was too high, and the location proved unhealthy.46 As one student of the colony noted,

43 £tienne Cabet, "History and Constitution of the Icarian Community," trans, by Thomas Teakle, Iowa Journal of History and Politics, XV (April, 1917), 221-224; Quincy [Illinois] Whig, March 20, 1849. 44 £mile Vallet, Communism: History of the Experiment at Nauvoo of the Icarian Settlement (Nauvoo, 111., n.d.) , 8-26; St. Louis Missouri Republican, November 15, 1856. 45 J. p. Beluze, La Colonie Icarienne a Saint Louis (Paris, 1857), 2-24. 46 Charles Gide, Communist and Co-operative Colonies (New York, 1928) , 142-143; Albert Shaw, Icaria: A Chapter in the History of Communism (New York, 1884), 68. ^ Missouri's Utopian Communities 37

"The intermittent fever was as regular in its semi-annual visits as the appearance of spring-time and fall."47 At Cheltenham the Icarians busily began to perfect their social and industrial order. Within weeks after moving to their new estate they established the "Cours Icarien," a Sunday afternoon literary society. The program of the "Cours Icarien" usually con­ sisted of readings from various authors' works, including those of their late leader, discussion groups, music and dramatic produc­ tions. The Icarians also opened a school for their children which included a type of kindergarten, known as the "salle d' aisle." To establish themselves economically, they constructed workshops for their blacksmiths, wheelwrights, tailors, carpenters and shoe­ makers. In addition to providing for their own needs, these shops did work for non-members. As a result, the Icarians earned enough money to meet their property payments as they first became due.48 Although prospering, the Icarians' Missouri utopia began to disintegrate rapidly after 1859. In that year the colony became embroiled in a constitutional dispute similar to the one that had earlier wrecked the Nauvoo settlement. The majority of the Icarians, adhering faithfully to Cabet's views that great if not absolute dictatorial powers should be given to a chosen leader, would not compromise their position and accept the minority's desire for participatory democracy. Forty-two colonists refused to accept the majority's demands and left the community. Their withdrawal proved to be Cheltenham's deathblow. In addition to the loss of these members, some of those who remained became disillusioned with communal living and decided to seek their fortunes in St. Louis. Cheltenham valiantly struggled five years longer. The with­ drawal of many skilled craftsmen drastically lowered annual reve­ nues, thus causing the colony to fall in arrears on its mortgage payments. Aid, too, from sources in France, which had helped to sustain the Icarians since 1848, ended when the colony's plight became known. Shortly before the end, the community sent two representatives to Nebraska to find a suitable location on public lands, but the demoralized Icarians abandoned this plan. In March 1864, the few remaining Utopians sorrowfully announced the official dissolution of Cheltenham.49

47 Ibid. 48 Ibid. 49 Ibid., 70-72; Gide, Communist and Co-operative Colonies, 143; Morris Hillquit, History of Socialism in the United States (New York, 1906) , 132-133; 38 Missouri Historical Review

The collapse of Cheltenham did not end secular utopianism in Missouri. In 1868 Alcander Longley, a man devoted to the cause of human perfection, organized a non-religious communal colony in Jasper County near Carthage. Although this settlement, known as Reunion, was Longley's first in Missouri, he had had a long affiliation with utopianism. Born in Oxford, Ohio, on March 31, 1832, the son of a Univer- salist minister, Alcander Longley's childhood and early manhood included unique opportunities to experience Utopian life. Between 1844 and 1846 he lived with his parents at the Clermont, Ohio, phalanx colony and as a teenager joined the famous North Ameri­ can Phalanx in Monmouth County, New Jersey. In the mid-1850s Longley even founded his own but short-lived phalanx at Moore's Hill, Indiana.50 All of these Utopian communities practiced com­ munal living based on Albert Brisbane's 1840 discourse, Social Destiny of Man. In this work Brisbane introduced to the American people the theories of the French reformer and Utopian, Charles Fourier. The phalanx, or colony, according to the Brisbane-Fourier view, would be the ideal form of social organization. Each phalanx was designed to consist of 1,500 to 2,000 persons and was organized on a joint-stock basis with members either purchasing or earning shares and receiving dividends according to their investments. Labor, however, was usually organized in a communistic fashion with all members required to perform certain specified tasks. Many phalanx groups conducted religious services although mem­ bers were often either non-religious or anti-religious. Even though differences existed between individual phalanxes, all followers of Brisbane and Fourier dedicated themselves to establishing a new social and economic order. Like many Utopians, they wished to escape the dehumanizing effects of industrialism and to get relief from "boom or bust" economic cycles.51 In the late 1860s, after failing in additional attempts to es­ tablish successful phalanx-like colonies in the Old Northwest region, Longley and his wife became probationary members of the Icarian

William Hyde and Howard L. Conard, eds., Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis (New York, 1899), II, 1091. 50 Dumas Malone, ed., Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1933), XI, 389; Arthur E. Bestor, Jr., Backwoods Utopias (Philadelphia, 1950), 56. 51 Albert Brisbane, Social Destiny of Man (Philadelphia, 1840), passim.; Hillquit, History of Socialism in the United States, 21; John Humphrey Noyes, History of American Socialisms (New York, 1870), 91-101. Missouri's Utopian Communities 39

From Each According to His Ability— To Each According to His Wants.

Devoted to Unitary Homes, Mutual Support, United Labor, Common Property, and Equal Rights to All.

Vol. 7—No. 12. MUTUAL AID COMMUNITY, Near GLEN-ALLEN, BOLLINGER CO., MO. February,;

• jU.Lf! «•»*»*« of".-* a

U Iuu«a Monthly by TH'i MUTUAL AID COMMUNITY. (&LCAXBM LOMOLCT. Editor.) >-.Mo..

Co +*$pon44»itwUlpUamencU>*taitaMp/orrepti. tBBUa (<* xtMNMj.-SlDile number, 6 cu.; *; aionthe, 86 oU.; 1 yeir, 60 eta.; 3 yean, $1. a copUt la a da* or %* on* midnmfor one far $1.

MerM* All, Jfo., our nearest faying ojlce. «arTu Oomnwi.T may be obtained or or­ dered at all the liberal and progreatlve bonk- Horae throughout the country. community near Corning, Iowa. This Utopian colony consisted of French-speaking communists who, while living in Nauvoo, Illinois, had refused to follow Etienne Cabet to St. Louis and had sub­ sequently migrated to western Iowa. For reasons that are unclear, the Longleys withdrew after several months and moved to St. Louis. Here he began publication of a Utopian newspaper. The Communist?2 In an early issue of The Communist Longley expressed his philosophy of utopianism. He noted that man could only be in harmony with himself when he acted "in unison with his fellows." He, therefore, believed that it would be necessary to reorganize society "on the basis of mutual assistance, cooperative labor and common property/'53 Longleys demand for common property in­ dicates that he now had rejected the Brisbane-Fourier concept of joint-stock ownership and had accepted the basic tenets of Icarian communism. Longley's first Missouri Utopian colony, Reunion, began to take shape shortly after his arrival in St. Louis. In March 1868, he chairmaned a "community convention" which adopted a constitu­ tion for a communistic colony and called for its immediate es­ tablishment. Although only a few local idealists showed genuine interest in his Utopian venture, Longley appeared optimistic about the colony's future. In April the Reunion colony, which con­ sisted of six members, "one wagon, five work horses and two colts, a wagon load of grapevines, dwarf fruit trees and shrubbery

5^ Malone, Diet, of Amer. Biography, 389. 53 St. Louis Communist, February 1871. 40 Missouri Historical Review and personal baggage, etc., but not much money,"54 made arrange­ ments to purchase a quarter section of rich farm land eleven miles west of Carthage near the Center Creek Post Office. For the next two and one-half years, the Reunion colony struggled to become a successful Utopian experiment. However, internal wrangling over marriage and sexual practices, exacerbated by continual financial problems, resulted in dissolution of the colony by December 1870.55 Longley and his fellow colonists sold their land and improvements, which consisted of a stable, chicken house, one-room kitchen building and an unfinished 12-by 24-foot- frame house; paid off their debts; and "had barely enough left to get away with."56 The failure of the Reunion colony did not deter Longley from founding still another Utopian community. During the winter of 1871-1872 the indefatigable Utopian visited the Buffalo area in Dallas County to select an appropriate location for his new "Friendship Community." Longley planned to exercise more per­ sonal control over the new colony's affairs than he had at Reunion, thereby hoping to prevent internal dissent and financial problems.57 In the spring of 1872 Longley recruited a handful of followers, including William H. Bennett, "a gentleman of some property,"58 and launched his second Missouri Utopian settlement. At Bennett's insistence and with his financial backing, the colonists leased a hotel, the Ohio House, and opened a general store in Buffalo. This gave them suitable living accommodations and an outlet for their corn and truck-garden goods which they raised on a nearby farm. Bennett, however, soon became disgruntled over the colony's failure to grow, and withdrew, "taking with him the hotel, the co-operative store and the forty acres of corn—pretty much all there was to the concern, except the membership."59 Although the loss of William Bennett and his financial support proved to be a severe blow to the Friendship Community, it was not a fatal one. Longley quickly raised $500 and purchased an un-

54 Quoted in Hal D. Sears, "Alcander Longley, Missouri Communist: A History of Reunion Community and a Study of the Constitutions of Reunion and Friendship," Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, XXV (January, 1969), 128-129. 55 Buffalo Reflex, August 13, 1872; Yarmolinsky, Russian's American Dream, 16-17, 19-20. 56 Sears, "Alcander Longley, Missouri Communist," 130-131. 57 ibid., 133; Buffalo Reflex, March 8, 1872. 58 St. Louis Missouri Democrat, August 11, 1872, reprinted in the Buffalo Reflex, August 23, 1872. 59 ibid. Missouri's Utopian Communities 41 improved farm four and one-half miles west of Buffalo.60 One visitor described the colony's new holdings as consisting of "five hundred acres—three hundred of beautiful undulating prairie, and two hundred covered with the scrubby undergrowth which, by courtesy, is called timber."61 The Friendship Community, now con­ sisting of only five members, immediately pitched a tent for temporary shelter and began construction of a 16-by-20-foot frame communal house. Since it was now July and too late to plant field crops, the Utopians hoped to survive the winter months with food from a small vegetable garden and earnings from their newly es­ tablished blacksmith shop.62 The colony's inauspicious beginning did not prevent Longley from either seeking new members or implementing his Utopian plans. In an 1873 issue of The Communist, Longley discussed Friendship's status and organization: It now has but few members in beginning but desires a correspondence and personal acquaintance with such persons as fully approve of its principles, with a view of gradually admitting others who may be acceptable. No initiation fee is required except that every member must give all they have and may obtain; but at present it is necessary for additional members to bring with them some means. It does not interfere with the legal rights of the members in their marriage or family affairs, and all are free in their religious, political and other opinions. All the members, both men and women, have equal rights and privileges, and the business affairs of the Community are conducted in accordance with the three-fourths vote of all members by its officers who are thereby elected to serve during its pleasure. The members all live and work together, and their entire resources, including all the property and labor of all the members, belong to the Community and are ap­ propriated for securing mutual happiness, assistance and support of all the members.63 Depressed conditions coming in the wake of the Panic of 1873 caused Friendship's membership to increase. Unemployed artisans and factory workers, mostly from Missouri, joined the colony, seeking temporary relief from hard times. With the return of

60 Deed Record Book D, Dallas County, Missouri, 453. 61 Buffalo Reflex, August 23, 1872. 62 ibid. 63 St. Louis Communist, March 1873. 42 Missouri Historical Review prosperity, however, the colony's membership rapidly dwindled. Sensing that new members could not be recruited and facing a financial crisis, Longley liquidated Friendship's holdings early in 1877. Accompanied by his family, he returned once more to St. Louis.64 Even after twice failing to establish a permanent Missouri Utopian community, Longley's enthusiasm for utopianism showed no signs of flagging. In St. Louis he began preparations to launch still another Missouri Utopian colony. Between 1877 and 1883 it appears that Longley tried unsuccessfully to establish a settlement, named Principia, in Polk County, but virtually nothing is known of this ill-fated Utopian project.65 Nevertheless, he did succeed in founding a Utopian community near the hamlet of Glen Allen in Bollinger County. Incorporated on November 28, 1883 as the "Mutual Aid Com­ munity," with the same constitution that had governed Friend­ ship, the 120-acre colony attracted few members and showed no signs for potential growth. Yet the doughty Utopian described the colony in his traditionally optimistic terms. Glen Allen would be a "perfect community" and the harbinger of a new way of life. And, too, the colony would in time hopefully attract "500 members and obtain $50,000 worth of property."66 Longley's description of his new Utopia, however, indicates that it was more primitive than either the Reunion or Friendship colonies. Writing in The Com­ munist he noted: Our house is built of hewed logs, the front part being one and a half stories high and the back part one story, each being 20x22 feet wide, with an eight feet wide room and covered passage between them, and it has a small porch in front facing to road on the west side. We have a hewed log smoke house 10x14 feet wide, a small spring house and a hewed log barn with shed covering a space of 26x46 feet, and also a log stable with loft 14x20 feet wide. About 25 acres of our place is in cultivation and the balance is in timber. We have ten acres of meadow, an

64 History of Laclede, Camden, Dallas, Webster, Wright, Texas, Pulaski, Phelps and Dent Counties (Chicago, 1889) , 546-547; abstract of the Friendship Community property in possession of the present owner, C. A. Fowley, Buffalo, Missouri, checked by the author April 27, 1970. 65 See Albertson, "Survey of Mutualistic Communities," 419; St. Louis Post- Dispatch, September 26, 1909; Bestor, Backwoods Utopias, 56; Shaw, Icaria, 181. 66 St. Louis Communist, September 1884, February 1885. Missouri's Utopian Communities 43

orchard of 40 large good bearing apple trees . . . quarter of an acre of strawberry plants, 200 raspberry bushes. . . .67 For want of membership and financial support Longley dis­ solved the Mutual Aid Community sometime in 1887 and returned once more to St. Louis. For the next fourteen years he remained in St. Louis where he published his newspaper, now called The Altru­ ist, wrote tracts espousing his Utopian plans, and sought support for his pet system of phonetic spelling.68 It appears that Longley may have established another ill-fated colony in the small Randolph County community of Higbee between 1895 and 1897, but no rec­ ords of its existence remain.69 Shortly after the turn of the century Longley, now a widower in his late sixties, began his last Utopian community. He purchased a small tract of land for a colony site near the Mississippi River at Sulphur Springs, twenty-two miles south of St. Louis. Unable to find followers, Longley waited until 1907 before his "Altruist Com­ munity" began operations. Once again he tried to establish a Uto­ pian community based on secular communism and dedicated to the perfection of man.70 The Sulphur Springs colony proved to be the smallest and most pathetic of his many Utopian ventures. A reporter for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch visited Longley in the fall of 1909 and noted that his Altruist Community consisted of "himself [Long- ley] and ... an elderly woman stricken with paralysis and rheuma­ tism, bed-ridden but enthusiastic." They lived in "an ancient weather-boarded house of two rooms, one upstairs, one down. It is unpainted. . . ." The colony also consisted of "another house, like­ wise unpainted, of one room. Front steps are missing. The only entrance is by way of the back door. This is the printing office."71 The Sulphur Springs community lasted only a few years. Al­ though too old for Utopian building, Longley continued to publish The Altruist in St. Louis. Then he moved to Chicago where he died at the home of his daughter in April 1918.72 Shortly before his death, Longley reflected on his many Utopian experiments. He explained his numerous failures in a succinct and insightful fashion: "I never had enough capital; people never realized that oppor-

67 ibid., December 1884. 68 Bidwell, "Alcander Longley," 389; Alcander Longley, What Is Com­ munism? (St. Louis, 1880). 69 See St. Louis Altruist, March 1904. A careful search of the Higbee Weekly News for 1895 through 1897 revealed no mention of a Longley colony. 70 St. Louis Altruist, June 1901, April 1907, January 1909. 71 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 26, 1909. 72 Bidwell, "Alcander Longley," 389-390. 44 Missouri Historical Review

William Bennett's Cabin. The structure, still standing, is lo­ cated 2 miles north of Long Lane, Dallas County, Mo.

tunities could be found in my communities; and good times caused interest in communism to wane."73 The final phase of utopianism in Missouri began during the latter half of the nineteenth century with the rise of cooperativism. Unlike communal Utopians, the cooperatives, both in Missouri and the nation, rejected the older notion that all property had to be commonly owned. Rather, these Utopians argued that society could be remade simply by having community industries—"the means of production"—owned and operated in common. But like many earlier communitarians, the cooperatives despised the effects of massive industrialization and hoped to reform or even radicalize American social and economic life. Excluding Mormon cooperative plans at Far West during the late 1830s, Missouri had two cooperative movements, the Home Employment Cooperative Company and the Multitude Incorpo­ rated. In 1873, one year after he had left Alcander Longley's Friendship Community, William H. Bennett launched his own Utopian experiment. Instead of practicing Longley's communal living Bennett chose to organize a cooperative enterprise near the cross­ roads settlement of Long Lane in eastern Dallas County. Un­ fortunately, nothing is known of the operations of the "Bennett Cooperative Company," except that it probably ceased operations in 1877 with the return of general prosperity following the Panic of 1873. Land records, however, indicate that Bennett remained in the area and acquired additional farm land as well as town lots

73 Quoted in New Llano [La.], Llano Colonist, July 1925. Missouri's Utopian Communities 45

in Long Lane between 1894 and 1895. In 1894 Bennett reconstituted his cooperative venture, now calling it the Home Employment Cooperative Company, likely in response to the severe economic depression triggered by the great bank panic of 1893.74 Although information relating to Bennett's new cooperative venture remains tantalizingly obscure, two contemporary surveys, one public, the other private, gave a brief description of the community's operation. In 1901 the United States Department of Labor noted that the Long Lane cooperative's "principal object is to furnish homes and employment for its members. It is socialistic in theory and cooperative in practice and has no particular re­ ligious leanings." The report went on to describe the colony as having "180 acres and $1,500 of other property. It has a member­ ship fee of $300 and at present only ten members. . . . There are a broom factory, a mill, a barber shop, and a blacksmith shop. Workers have an eight-hour day and a maintenance fee."75 William Alfred Hinds, an early student of Utopian movements, reported that the community planned to "build a model co-operative home, and that one thousand good members are wanted." And accord­ ing to Hinds, their newspaper, Industrial Freedom "welcome [d] those who are ready to roll up their sleeves and work" but warned that "there are no berths for kid-glove gentry, or those who want to live off other people's labors. We are not in this enterprise for whims of any kind, but down to solid business."76 Bennett's Home Employment Cooperative Company proved to be as ephemeral as his earlier cooperative experiment. For reasons that are unknown, Bennett and his wife Emily liquidated their Long Lane holdings between 1904 and 1906 and moved to Arkansas.77 Just as William Bennett's Long Lane cooperative began to disintegrate, a group of socialists and reformers, led by the altru­ istic Walter Vrooman,78 organized in Missouri one of the nations most spectacular cooperative ventures, the Multitude Incorporated. 74 Buffalo Reflex, June 6, 1873; Kent, "Co-operative Communities in the United States," 634; Deed Record Book 35, Dallas County, Missouri, 546; ibid., Book 39, 376; ibid., Book 34, 478. 75 Kent, "Co-operative Communities in the United States," 634. 76 William Alfred Hinds, American Communities (Chicago, 1902) , 404. 77 Deed Record Book 51, Dallas County, Missouri, 534-535; ibid., Book 60, 320; ibid., Book 61, 40; ibid., Book 64, 525; ibid., Book 67, 25; Letter from James D. Attebery, Osceola, Missouri, to Mrs. Dorothy J. Caldwell, State Histor­ ical Society of Missouri, Columbia, July 1960. 78 The life of Walter Vrooman is found in Ross E. Paulson's study of the Vrooman family, Radicalism and Reform, The Vrooman Family and American Social Thought (Lexington, Ky., 1968). Walter Vrooman

In 1900, two years prior to the official founding of the Multi­ tude Incorporated, Vrooman and his fellow reformers converted the defunct Avalon College of Trenton, Missouri, into Ruskin College, a school patterned after the English Ruskin Hall Educational System. Founders of the new Missouri school dedicated their insti­ tution to "peaceful progress and the co-operative commonwealth."79 Ruskin students, most of whom were attracted by the college's re­ form philosophy and outstanding faculty,80 directly participated in cooperativism. They worked in such college industries as the carpentry shop, sewing department and the Trenton-Ruskin fac­ tory, a concern involved in canning, broommaking and wood- novelty manufacturing. These industries served a two-fold purpose: "to train the student for the practical duties of life and to enable him to earn his way through college."81

79 Catalog of Ruskin College and Ruskin Business College (Trenton, Mo., 1902), 6. 80 Ruskin's faculty included such well-known educators as George D. Herron, Frank Parsons and Thomas E. Will. The college reached a peak enrollment of 320 in 1902. 81 Thomas E. Will, "A College for the People," The Arena, XXVI (July, 1901), 17.

Avalon College, Trenton, Mo. Missouri's Utopian Communities 47

Cooperativism did not stop with Ruskin College and its af­ filiated industries. In February 1902 Walter Vrooman incorporated under New Jersey laws the Western Co-operatives Association, which in March of that year became a Missouri-chartered corpora­ tion. Vrooman and his supporters designed their new cooperative, joint-stock corporation to grant workers and consumers alike relief from corporate arrogance and exploitation which they believed to be destroying America. Thus the Western Co-operative Association was to be a type of public or "people's trust" to combat the great wave of trust formation which followed the depression of the 1890s.82 To coordinate and to legally protect the operations of both the Western Co-operative Association and Ruskin College, Vrooman organized the Multitude Incorporated on April 9, 1902. This new organization in reality became a holding company for Vrooman's cooperative ventures.83 Under the control of the Multitude Incorporated, Vrooman's cooperative crusade in Missouri went into full swing. By the end of 1902 the Western Co-operative Association, with an authorized capital of $500,000 had purchased a hardware store, drug store, dry goods store and two grocery stores, along with a chemical manufacturing plant in Trenton, and had acquired a tract of land in Jackson County southeast of Kansas City for a proposed model cooperative community to be called "Graffin." The name honored the late George W. Graffin from whom Vrooman had inherited $750,000 in 1901.84 The Multitude Incorporated also opened a Kansas City bank with a capitalization of $100,000 and a general store at Liberal in Barton County.85 Unfavorable business and public reaction in both Trenton and Kansas City, which included price-cutting agreements against Multitude stores, coupled with a precarious financial situation, 82 Paulson, Radicalism and Reform, 174-175. 83 Ibid., 175; Earl A. Collins, "The Multitude Incorporated," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXVII (July, 1933), 303-306. 84 Trenton Weekly Republican, March 27, May 8, 1902; Kansas City Journal, April 20, 1902; James Everett Ford, A History of Grundy County (Trenton, Mo., 1908), 152. The Multitude Incorporated also controlled the Kansas Western Co-operative Association of Enterprise, Kansas, the Southern Co-operative As­ sociation located in Apalachicola, Florida, and other similar ventures. 85 Paulson, Radicalism and Reform, 176; Liberal Enterprise, May 9, 1902, December 25, 1903. It is not surprising that the Multitude Incorporated es­ tablished a store in Liberal since the community had a large population of re­ formers and radicals. Founded by the life-long reformer George H. Walser in 1880, Liberal became a haven for freethinkers and spiritualists in the 1880s and 1890s. After the collapse of the Multitude Incorporated, the Liberal store continued to operate for several years as the Liberal Cooperative Association. 48 Missouri Historical Review

resulted in the collapse of Vrooman's complex cooperative structure between 1903 and 1904. The cooperativists subsequently sold their Missouri stores and land, liquidated the bank, and moved their college to Glen Ellyn, Illinois, where it merged with Midland Uni­ versity to become Ruskin University in April 1903.86 Several major conclusions can be drawn concerning utopianism in Missouri. The founders and organizers of both religious and secular communities shared a common goal of building a better life for themselves and their followers. Although they were idealists and dreamers, most leaders carefully calculated and executed their plans. While the reasons for the establishment of Utopian communi­ ties are readily apparent, the reasons for their failures are more complex. The principal reason for the demise of Missouri's Utopian communities appears to have been the existence of greater economic opportunities elsewhere. The contentions of the American historian, Frederick Jackson Turner, that the availability of free or inexpensive land and opportunities in frontier areas fostered the desire for individual gains seem particularly valid in the cases of the collapse of Bethel, Nineveh, New Helvetia, Cheltenham and Alcander Long- ley's settlements. Similarly, changes in economic conditions which brought good times help to explain the fall of William Bennett's cooperative ventures. Inadequate financial backing proved to be a common handi­ cap to many colonies, especially Longley's ventures and the co­ operative movements. Other reasons for the failure of Missouri's Utopian communities may be attributed to external difficulties that plagued both the Mormons and the Multitude Incorporated. A period of crisis contributed to the dissolution of various colonies, as witnessed by the deaths of William Keil, Andreas Dietsch and Etienne Cabet. And, too, internal dissension and bickering befell two of Longley's communities as well as the Icarians' Cheltenham colony. Finally, it would seem that of the two types of Utopian com­ munities in the state, the religious settlements appear to have been the more durable form of utopianism. Reasons for this perhaps stem from the dedication of colonists to a more permanent higher goal than simple economic ends. Yet it would appear that to be successful, a Utopian community needed a delicate balance of purpose and economic well-being which none, however, was ulti­ mately able to attain in Missouri.

86 Paulson, Radicalism and Reform, 18 Sir I

Bay Collection U. S. Cavalry Assisting Emigrants at Old Fort Kearny from a Paint­ ing by W. H. Jackson

The Military Career of James Craig

BY PAIL M. ROBINETT* AND HOWARD V. CANAN*

When the Mexican War became a reality, James Craig had been living in Missouri for almost three years. Craig was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, on February 29, 1817. When he was two years old, his family left his native state and emigrated to Richland County, Ohio, where James obtained the limited educa-

*Brigadier General Paul M. Robinett, U.S.A. (Ret.) is a former contributor to the REVIEW. A noted author, historian and lecturer, he is a co-author and general editor of The Guide to the Writing of American Military History. •Colonel Howard V. Canan, U.S.A. (Ret.) is a graduate of the United States Military Academy, the Command and General Staff College and the Naval War College. He is a former contributor to the REVIEW. 49 50 Missouri Historical Review tion afforded by the public schools of the period. At the age of twen­ ty-two, he started studying law in Canton, Ohio. Admitted to the Ohio bar in 1839 he moved to New Philadelphia, Ohio, to practice his profession. He married Helen Pfouts in 1842 and the next year Craig and his wife left Ohio and settled in Oregon, Missouri. Craig immediately opened a law office, became well-known and two years later, as a Democrat, won the election for Holt County's representative to the state legislature.1 James Craig was not an individual of striking appearance and descriptions of him vary in detail. Almost five feet eight inches in height and of medium build, he had dark brown hair, medium complexion and hazel colored eyes. Usually he wore a short, well- trimmed beard. Possessing a keen intellect and a genial and attrac­ tive personality, he was an accomplished orator and a fluent and interesting conversationalist. His inherent knowledge of human nature allowed him to work well with people and he also exhibited leadership capabilities—valuable attributes for a military com­ mander.2 Once war against Mexico was declared, Governor John C, Edwards hurriedly authorized the formation of volunteer com­ panies of Missourians. Being of the same political persuasion as the governor and exhibiting potential leadership abilities, Craig received notice from Edwards to raise a company. His company enrolled at Oregon on May 15, 1847, and was mustered into service on July 4, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Territory, for the duration of the conflict. Craig's Company C, a part of the Battalion of Mis­ souri Mounted Volunteers commanded by Colonel Ludwell E. Powell, remained at Fort Leavenworth during July and August, completing its organization and training. Mustered in too late to join Stephen Watts Kearny or Alexander Doniphan on their march to New Mexico the battalion was ordered to Fort Kearny, on the Missouri River, to protect wagon trains and emigrants moving west­ ward on the overland trail.3

i Who Was Who in America (Chicago, 1963), Historical Volume, 1607- 1896, 125; The History of Buchanan County, Missouri (St. Joseph, 1881) , 714; The United States Biographical Dictionary (New York, 1878), Missouri Volume, 89, 90; St. Joseph Daily Gazette, October 22, 1888; Will L. Visscher, "General James Craig," Magazine of Western History, VIII (June, 1888) , 165. 2 U. S. Biographical Dictionary, Mo. Vol., 90, 91; Affidavits by Ida M. Irwin, John C. Bender and Mrs. Helen Craig^ accompanying Mexican War Application No. 10007, in National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Agnes Wright Spring, Casper Collins, Indian Fighter of the Sixties (New York, 1927) , 135. 3 History of Buchanan County, 714; Visscher, "General James Craig," 166; Mexican War Service of Captain James Craig, Battalion of Missouri Mounted Magazine of Western History (June, 1888) James Craig

Indian unrest in Nebraska Territory in 1847 consisted chiefly of intertribal disturbances, but a few whites had been killed. The federal government believed it was necessary to police the area and Powell's battalion replaced the Regular Army Mounted Rifles which had been stationed among the Pawnees, Sioux, Arapahoes and Cheyennes to prevent them from raiding settlers. After the battalion arrived in Nebraska Territory, it made frequent patrols and had many confrontations but no serious engagements with the Indians.4 On October 10, 1847, Captain Craig was ordered to pursue a Sioux band which was causing tribal unrest. He followed the band

Volunteers, Archives of the Adjutant General of Missouri, Jefferson City; Dwight L. Clarke, Stephen Watt Kearny, Soldier of the West (Norman,. Okla., 1961), 113; Pension Application of Helen Craig, August 26, 1891, for Mexican War Pension. Application No. 10075, Certificate No. 9241, in National Archives; military records of Captain James Craig, National Archives; Returns of Powell's Battalion, Missouri Mounted Volunteers, 1847-1848, in National Archives. 4 Visscher, "General James Craig," 166; J. Sterling Morton, Illustrated History of Nebraska (Lincoln, 1906) , II, 144-146; Powell's Battalion Missouri Mounted Volunteers, U. S. 50th Congress, 2nd Session, House Report 4049 (February 13, 1886); "Returns of Fort Kearny, Nebraska Territory, August 1847-July 1848," in National Archives. 52 Missouri Historical Review into the Dakotas but captured none of its members. His return was delayed by a severe blizzard near what is now Council Bluffs, Iowa. Sometime later, there was another confrontation when Powell learned that a Pawnee sub-chief was making it unsafe for whites. He moved immediately against the Pawnees with a force, including Craig and part of his company. Powell surprised the Indian village and found it had taken no precautions against attack. At a council, the head chief maintained that there was only a tribal squabble. Not entirely convinced, Powell arrested the sub-chief to insure the good conduct of the tribe.5 Fort Kearny had been established as one of a series of forts extending to the west coast to control the Indians. When it became apparent that the fort was too far to the east to protect the emi­ grants, it was moved 190 miles westward, to the south bank of the Platte River, near the present city of Kearney, Nebraska. Powell's battalion was moved to the new site in June 1848, to begin the construction of a new fort. Sod and adobe bricks were used chiefly in its construction. Some months after the war ended, the battalion was relieved by a detachment of the Regular Army Mounted Rifles and returned to Fort Leavenworth for discharge. Captain Craig was honorably separated from the service on No­ vember 8, 1848.6 The active life of the frontier appealed to the young lawyer who crossed the plains early in 1849, bound for California, appar­ ently without his family. After making several thousand dollars, Craig returned to Missouri in the summer of 1850, by way of Pana­ ma and New Orleans. This time he settled in St. Joseph where he again opened a law office. Craig was soon elected district attorney of the 12th Judicial Circuit of Missouri and served from 1852 to 1856. He was then elected to the House of Representatives of the Missouri Legislature in which he served during 1856 and 1857. Nominated as a National Democrat, he was elected to the United States Congress and served two consecutive terms from March 3, 1857, to March 4, 1861. As a member of the Missouri delegation to the Democratic National Convention of 1860 in Charleston, South Carolina, Craig, a Union man, was challenged to a duel by

5 Visscher, "General James Craig," 166; Powell's Battalion; Letter of Lt. Col. L. R. Powell to W. D. A. G., 8/22/1848, in National Archives. 6 Morton, Illustrated History of Nebraska, II, 144-146; Mantor, Fort Kearny, 175-176; "Returns of Fort Kearny"; military records of Captain James Craig. The Military Career of James Craig 53 another member, Eugene Longuemare, a secessionist. Cooler heads prevented the duel.7 On his return to St. Joseph, Craig found that the people of Northwest Missouri were predominately Southern in sympathy. Nevertheless, he remained steadfast in allegiance to the Union— a difficult course in a region where passions ran high. He confined his activities to the local situation until October 1861, when the Adjutant General of the United States Army authorized him to raise a regiment of volunteers in St. Joseph. Local opposition was so strong, however, that he did not succeed in forming the regi­ ment.8 Although Craig was a Democrat, President Lincoln desired to use his talents for the Union cause. He appointed him a Briga­ dier General, U. S. Volunteers, in April 1862. Craig desired service in the East but the president thought he would be of greater value in the West because of his knowledge of that area. Accordingly, he was assigned to the Department of the Mississippi, with sub- assignment to the District of Kansas and the overland mail route. His mission was to keep the mail route to the West open. Craig's headquarters was to be at Fort Kearny or Fort Laramie.9 The western boundary of his command was the present eastern bound­ aries of Utah and Idaho. Before the Civil War, the trails through Indian country to the West and Northwest from Missouri and Nebraska were well worn by the Mormons moving to Utah and by immigrants and fortune hunters going to California and Oregon. An overland stage

7 History of Buchanan County and St. Joseph (St. Joseph, 1898) , 395; U. S. Biographical Dictionary, Mo. Vol., 90; Visscher, "General James Craig," 166, 167; Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians (Chicago, 1943) , I, 325, 639, 647; H. E. Robinson, "Two Missouri Historians," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, V (April, 1911), 135; Louis Houck, A History of Missouri (Chicago, 1908), I, 75; Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1927 (Washington, D.C., 1938), 856. This last source states that Craig "negotiated the Platte Purchase which comprised all of Northwest Missouri." This statement is in error be­ cause Craig was too young to have done so. For further information on this subject, see papers on file in the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia. 8 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (130 vols., Washington, D. C, 1880-1920) , Series 1, Volume III, 547. Hereafter cited as O. R. Unless otherwise stated, all references will be to Series 1. Letter dated July 5, 1968, from the Adjutant General, State of Missouri, to authors. 9 O. R., VIII, 672; ibid., XIII, 362; ibid., LIII, 520, 543; Who Was Who in America, 125; Staff Officer Cards for Brig. Gen. James Craig, 1862-1863, in National Archives; Visscher, "General James Craig," 167. Fort Laramie was about 50 miles northwest of the present city of Laramie, Wyoming. Fort Kearny was located near the present city of Kearney, Nebraska. The second "e" was added to the name of the city in later years. 54 Missouri Historical Review line, with simultaneous departures from St. Louis and San Fran­ cisco, by way of El Paso and Yuma, was inaugurated in 1858, making the journey in about twenty-four days. A pony express, with simultaneous departures from St. Joseph and Sacramento, began to operate in 1860, on what was called the central route. This route followed the Oregon Trail and in middle Nebraska Territory ran from Fort Kearny, Fort Laramie, South Pass and Salt Lake City to California. Near South Pass the Oregon Trail turned to the northwest while the central route continued on to Sac­ ramento. The pony express made possible the delivery of mail be­ tween the two terminals in ten days. To facilitate control of the West, Congress authorized in 1860 the construction of a telegraph line to the Pacific. The line, which followed the pony express route, was completed in the following year and the pony express was discontinued. The advent of the Civil War required that the overland mail route be shifted in 1861, from territory under Con­ federate control to the central route.10 If these tenuous lines of communication could be kept open, they would be of great value to the Union during the war. Craig was eminently qualified to supervise their protection from Missouri to the Utah border. Prior to Craig's assignment, there had been little trouble with the Indians along the line. But the emigrant trains, still moving westward, caused them uneasiness and shortly before Craig ar­ rived, the Indians struck. Stations on the mail route were burned between Fort Bridger and the North Platte River, cattle were driven off and several men were killed. Mail bags had accumu­ lated and some were opened and rifled. An attack was made on a mail party of nine on April 19, at Sweetwater, about one hundred miles west of Fort Laramie. Several of the party were wounded but the Indians were driven off.11 These depredations were largely in the area of the Department of the Pacific. To restore order, it became necessary for the Department of the Pacific to station troops at Salt Lake. Until this was done, trouble could be expected. General Craig established his headquarters at Fort Laramie. His command, consisting of about 500 men, was stationed at forts Laramie and Kearny and along the mail line. Craig proclaimed martial law on May 5, for the protection of the mail and com-

lOLeRoy F. Hafen, The Overland Mail, 1848-1869 (Cleveland, 1926), 161, 166, 169, 174, 187, 211; Robert L. Thompson, Wiring a Continent (Princeton, 1947), 354, 360-363. 11 Hafen, Overland Mail, 242, 245, 246. The Military Career of James Craig 55 merce in the area. Lieutenant Colonel William O. Collins was sent to Fort Laramie with a battalion of the 6th Ohio Volunteer Cavalry and arrived on May 31, 1862. He was ordered to estab­ lish posts at Three Crossings on the Sweetwater and at South Pass, and to send detachments along the mail route as far west as the Utah boundary. The small garrison at Fort Kearny was reinforced by a company. Soon the telegraph line was again work­ ing and the stages were running.12 In June 1862, the Kansas district became a department with Major General James G. Blunt as department commander.13 Craig remained responsible for that part of the mail line located in Ne-

12 O. R., XIII, 376; History of Buchanan County, 715; U. S. Biographical Dictionary, Mo. Vol., 90; Hafen, Overland Mail, 247; LeRoy F. Hafen and Francis M. Young, Fort Laramie, 1834-1896 (Glendale, Calif., 1938) , 307; Spring, Casper Collins, 36, 39. 13 James G. Blunt, physician, politician, Radical Republican, friend of John Brown and James Lane, major general in the Union Army, served mostly in Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri. Allen Johnson, ed., Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1929) , II, 399.

Indians Preparing to Attack Pony Express Rider from a Painting by W. H. Jackson Bay Collection 56 Missouri Historical Review braska Territory which included the states of Wyoming and Nebraska and some of the land to the north. Although present-day maps place Craig's headquarters in Wyoming, it was then in Ne- baska Territory.14 The few troops available to General Craig were distributed along 300 of the 500 miles of the combined overland mail route and the telegraph line which had been opened to the West Coast on October 24, 1861. Indians were quiet after the April attack but in late June the situation deteriorated. They started raiding between Green River and Salt Lake. That area was largely in the Department of the Pacific but California troops had not yet arrived and there was only one company of Utah troops near the Indians. The Indians soon moved into Craig's territory and raided emigrant trains, stole cattle and killed two men. Having infiltrated between detachments along the mail route, they next destroyed the telegraph line west of Fort Laramie. Although his forces were inadequate, Craig moved against the raiding parties. He also tried to secure mounted Colorado troop reinforcement.15 These disturbances occurred within the span of two weeks. Then an additional problem arose which greatly added to Craig's troubles and to the burden of his overworked troops. He reported to General Blunt on July 10, 1862, that the Post Office Department was shifting the Overland Mail Route about one hundred miles to the South. Leaving the Central Route near Julesburg, Colorado Territory, the new route generally followed the South Platte and Medicine Bow rivers around the north end of the Medicine Bow Mountains and rejoined the central route again near Granger, Colo­ rado Territory. The reason given for the change was the Indian disturbances of the spring. It was done, however, for the con­ venience of the contractor whose route to Salt Lake City would be materially shortened. General Craig cooperated with the change and informed Blunt that he was furnishing two small escorts for the protection of the property of the post office contractors during the movement.10 The relocation of the mail route placed Craig in a difficult position. His primary mission was the protection of the mail. But he was also charged with the protection of the telegraph line and

14 o. R., XIII, 370, 451. 15 Ibid., 451, 459. 16 Ibid., 466, 468, 469; Hafen, Overland Mail, 230, 231, 248, 249; Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie, 308. The Military Career of James Craig 57 the emigrants. These last tasks could not be carried out if all troops were sent to the new Bridger Pass route. Craig's problems became still more aggravated when it was reported that an Indian force of about 3,000, probably led by whites, was concentrating in the Upper Missouri River area. He believed his force could defeat the gathering Indians if the entire command was available, but could not, if posted along both routes. To accomplish both missions would require an additional regiment.17 General Blunt answered Craig on July 20, stating that no Kansas troops were available but he would assign the 1st Colorado Cavalry and another company being mustered in. The protection of both the telegraph line and the mail route was left up to Craig. He was also given authority to turn back emigrant trains if he could not protect them. This was of little help to him because the additional troops never arrived.18 The situation continued to deteriorate. While General Blunt was absent on active operations, Craig wrote directly to the Secre­ tary of War on August 23, reporting that Indians in the Northwest were active and committing depredations. He included much of the information previously furnished General Blunt and stated that he had only 500 troops scattered along the mail and telegraph lines and that horses and men were worn out by active patrolling. He believed Confederates were at work among the Indians and stated that his mission would not permit the concentration of his force to move against the enemy. Craig also announced that he was building a post on the new mail route near Medicine Bow Mountains. Although it is now known that the threat was exag­ gerated, Craig was far from panicking. If more troops could not be furnished, his modest request was for permission to raise one hundred mounted mountain men and to enlist Utah troops for a limited period. Telegraphic reply was requested as the change of the mail route was delaying the delivery of mail. Reply came the next day. He was authorized to enlist mountain men and Utah troops for three months.19 General Craig soon became disillusioned, however, for moun-

17 O. R., XIII, 466, 468-469. is Ibid., 483-484. 19 Ibid., 592, 596, 600; O. R., Ser., 3, Vol. II, 449, 453. The site selected for the new post, eventually to be called Fort Halleck, was on the north bow of Elk Mountain, where the Cherokee Trail rounded the Medicine Bow Range. Troops were stationed at other points on the road also, such as at Camp Collins. Hafen, Overland Mail, 248. 58 Missouri Historical Review

tain men were scarce and reluctant to enlist. Some were found to be disloyal. He decided to call them in, arm the loyal, and confine the balance. He was down to ten rounds of ammunition per man. He wrote General Blunt on August 30, 1862, sending him copies of the exchange of messages with the War Department. The requested reinforcements had not arrived and his force only had increased by two hundred. The 8th Ohio Cavalry had been en­ gaged three times during the summer. He restated his require­ ments and again requested a separate company for the defense of a station. He also requested authority to raise two companies in Colorado and indicated that more ammunition was vital.20 Be­ fore Craig's communication was received at department head­ quarters, he was ordered on September 5, to send a company of Kansas volunteers to Fort Leavenworth. Craig appealed to the War Department immediately, for the loss of the company would leave but forty men at Fort Laramie. Major General Henry W. Halleck, general in chief, U. S. Army, ordered the company to remain.21 Conditions continued with little change. On November 24, Indians attacked the Pacific Springs Station on the telegraph line and killed one man. They then escaped, taking some cattle with

20 o. R., XIII, 607-608. 21 Ibid., 614, 616. The Department of the Northwest was created on Sep­ tember 6, 1862, and placed under the command of Major General John Pope. Nebraska Territory was placed under Pope's command. Ibid., 5. Craig's forces were carried on the troop returns of Pope's department but by October Craig was again under the command of the Department of the Missouri. There ap­ pears to have been no conflict of interest or confusion during this short period.

Camp Life in the West The Military Career of James Craig 59 them. The year, 1862, ended with no massive attack as Craig had feared.22 While at Fort Laramie, General Craig utilized various devices for the development and maintenance of troop morale. Soldiers were required to maintain a high state of discipline. Night schools for officers and enlisted men were conducted. Recreation for offi­ cers and men was not neglected. Instruction in playing band in­ struments was given and a circulating library was provided. Soldiers were encouraged to hunt and fish. Many regulars still had their wives and children with them and social amenities were en­ couraged. Amateur theatricals and occasional dances were held. Craig had a tame antelope and some pigeons which amused the men. Bands of colorful Indians visited the post from time to time. In September, Cheyennes arrived, with ninety warriors, twenty lodges and 300 women and children. On another occasion, a friend­ ly Sioux named Old Smoke arrived with his contingent. By offering a suitable reward, General Craig persuaded him to have his war­ riors dive into the Platte River to recover rifles lost while hunting. The Indians, however, were not an unmixed blessing. They were beggars of the worst sort and looked longingly at the pet antelope but dared not harm it. But a few of the numerous garrison cats ended up in the cooking pots at the teepees, as did Craig's pi­ geons.23 On September 24, Major General Samuel R. Curtis24 was as­ signed to the newly created Department of the Missouri. He re- districted the department on November 2, and General Craig was given command of the District of Nebraska Territory. Craig moved his headquarters to Fort Kearny. After being there only four days, he received orders to establish it at Omaha. This was done but he found himself so far from his troops that personal contact was lost.25

22 o. R., XIII, 5, 6; Hafen, Overland Mail, 249; Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie, 306. 23 Ibid., 311-312; Spring, Casper Collins, 108, 132, 135, 137. For further information on Old Smoke, see Francis Parkman's classic The Oregon Trail in its chapter entitled "Scenery at Fort Laramie." 24 Samuel Ryan Curtis, West Point graduate, engineer, congressman 1852- 1861, Radical Republican, major general in the Union Army, served in Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri. Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1943), IV, 619-620. 25 O. R., XIII, 777, 811; ibid., L1II, 543; "Returns of Fort Laramie, Decem­ ber 1862" in National Archives; military records of Brig. Gen. James Craig; "Letters out, Forces for the Defense of the Overland Mail Route," 11/25/62, 11/30/62, in National Archives. 60 Missouri Historical Review

At the end of November 1862, Craig's command totaled 714, stationed as follows:

At Fort Laramie: At Fort Kearny: 1 Company—8th Kansas Inf. 2 Companies—10th U.S. Inf. 1 Company—6th Ohio Cav. ,. ^ , „ „ 7 2 Companies-4th U.S. Cav. A* Fort Halleck\ _ „ 2 Companies—6th Ohio Cav. At Camp Collins: T , . 7 . 7 n T r , _ _ _ T^ T c In detachments along the lines: 1 Company-9th Kansas Inf. g Companies_6th ohio CaV-26 Winter was approaching when someone notified the War Department that two companies of cavalry and one of infantry at Fort Laramie and one company at Fort Kearny and some artil­ lery were sufficient for Craig's command. The balance were de­ clared available for transfer. On December 9, 1862, General Curtis objected, stating that Craig had only 715 men distributed from Fort Kearny to South Pass, that troops were required also at Camp Collins, Fort Halleck and at the telegraph stations. Besides, he went on to say, trouble was brewing with Indians near Running Water. Nothing further was heard of the proposal. As Indians notoriously disliked winter warfare, it is possible that a temporary decrease in troop strength could have been made but there would have been insufficient time to replace the lost strength in the spring.27 There was little change in strength during the first three months of 1863. The 2nd Nebraska Cavalry Regiment was being raised and in March two companies were stationed at Fort Kearny with the balance at eight other points. The frontier settlements had contributed about half their manpower to the regiment and the territorial governor assumed it would be available for the protection of Nebraska settlers. Before the regiment was com­ pletely recruited, however, others had their eyes on it. Major General John Pope, commanding the department to the north, for one, feared he would be attacked by the Sioux and was able to have the regiment assigned to him. The territorial governor reported that its loss would leave the frontier settlements open to attack. Craig recommended that at least a few companies should be left west of the Missouri River to keep the settlers from "stam-

26 o. R., XIII, 811. 27 ibid., XXII, Pt. I, 819-820. The Military Career of James Craig 61

^^2l*T Bay Collection W. H. Jackson's Depiction of Sweetwater Station peding." General Curtis concurred and eventually three companies were left in Nebraska.28 Before the transfer of the 2nd Nebraska Cavalry Regiment, Craig was feeling optimistic and recommended a spring campaign against the Indians. His superior, General Curtis, was not im­ pressed and replied on March 4, that the loss of the Nebraska regiment made the operation impractical. He belittled Craig by repeating military doctrine that the primary mission of the Union Army was to crush the Confederate rebellion while Craig's job was to keep the overland mail route operational.29 With the weather moderating, Indians again made their pres­ ence known. Utes stole some horses on the stage line near Fort Halleck. Colonel Collins, 6th Ohio Cavalry, while marching with fifty troopers to reinforce the fort, was caught in a snow storm. All of the men were badly frostbitten and two were frozen to

28 Ibid., Pt. II, 90, 127, 131, 137, 142; "Register of Letters In and Out, Forces for the Defense of the Overland Mail Route—Letters, Craig to Dept. Hq.," 12/22/62, 12/23/62, in National Archives. 29 Letter, Craig to Dept. Hq., 2/23/63; O. R., XXII, Pt. II, 142. 62 Missouri Historical Review death. After arriving at the post, those fit for duty went in pursuit of the Indians who were overtaken and ordered to return the horses. The Utes refused to do so. In the engagement that followed, one soldier was killed and four were wounded and the Utes escaped with the horses. In early April, the Sweetwater station of the tele­ graph line, garrisoned by twenty-six soldiers of the 6th Ohio, was attacked with little loss.30 Apparently Craig became discouraged by the spring of 1863. He may have been wearied by the rigors and isolation of the West or by lack of action and chance for promotion. General Curtis's crit­ ical letter of March 4, may still have rankled him. He applied for a transfer further south where there was more military action. When the application was disapproved, Craig submitted his resignation, which was tactfully worded and gave two pertinent reasons for resigning; first, his troop strength had been reduced to less than a regiment which could be commanded by a regimental officer without loss of efficiency; second, he had suffered from a physical disability for the past twenty years which at times made it im­ possible for him to ride. He ended his letter by expressing his regard for General Curtis.31 Neither reason appears to have been valid. A study of the correspondance shows that from the time General Curtis arrived, there had been minor harassment of Craig. Many letters were critical of him. Even though there were no facilities on the tele­ graph line for forwarding mail, Craig was required to do the im­ possible in forwarding troop returns. After his adjutant was threatened with disciplinary action for the delays, Craig personally signed all forwarding letters. The petty abuse coming from his commander became irksome. Politics plagued Missouri during the war and probably played a role in this situation. Curtis was a Radical Republican who let his politics influence the administra­ tion of his department to such an extent that Governor Hamilton R. Gamble was able to secure his release from command in Mis­ souri. Craig's resignation was accepted and he was replaced by Brigadier General Thomas J. McKean.32 so ibid., 146, 198; Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie, 312-313; Letter, Craig to Dept. Hq., 2/23/63. 31 Craig's resignation, April 17, 1863, in National Archives; Visscher, "Gen­ eral James Craig," 167. 32 Letters, Craig to Dept. Hq., 12/23/62 and several others written in Jan. 1863; William E. Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, Missouri and the Union, 1861- 1865 (Columbia, 1963), 108-111, 118, 119. In about a year, Craig and Curtis were to be on active duty in different capacities and were able to deal with each other without rancor. The Military Career of James Craig 63

General Craig had displayed a high quality of leadership while on active duty. His orders were short and clear. He believed that officers in the field were best able to determine needs and he did not handicap them by prescribing details of procedure. Typical of his orders is the following: "[There are] no instructions as to time you will remain away,—find and chastise the Indians if pos­ sible." He insisted that his men retain a high degree of discipline, even under the hardships of the frontier. He prescribed that the Articles of War would be read to soldiers by their officers on muster days. He reprimanded officers who preferred unnecessary court-martial charges and prescribed that if officers, ". . . will exercise lawful authority and properly punish . . . instead of pre­ ferring frivolous charges, the service will be benefited and their men will respect them." Craig issued strict orders to stop the "dishonest and subversive practice of officers gambling with en­ listed men." He knew his officers and commended them when appropriate as shown by his endorsement on a letter of resigna­ tion of an officer on which he said: ". . . [He] is a faithful and efficient officer, he never left his duty a day since entering the service more than two years ago—and with a sick leave in his pocket and in miserable health, he continued on duty in the moun­ tains all last year."33 It was not in keeping with the character of General Craig to remain in civilian life if his services were required by his state or country. But back home, out of uniform, he found little peace in the vicinity of St. Joseph where many people were disloyal and the guerrillas were active. After about a year's respite from mili­ tary duty, he was persuaded by the new governor and fellow citizen of St. Joseph, Willard P. Hall, to accept a commission as a Brigadier General of the Enrolled Missouri Militia (EMM). He was commissioned on May 10, 1864, and assigned to command the 7th Enrolled Militia District with headquarters in St. Joseph. Craig was a logical selection for the commander of a militia dis­ trict, particularly in the northwestern part of the state. There was no doubt of his loyalty. He was a Democrat, Unionist and a resi­ dent of the area. He was also well known as a man of integrity and ability.34

33 Craig's General Orders No. 8, 8/21/62 and No. 2, 1/29/63 and Letters 1/21/63, 1/29/63, 2/23/63, etc., in "Register of Letters out." 34 Visscher, "General James Craig," 167; Annual Report of the Adjutant General of Missouri (Jefferson City, 1866), 530. 64 Missouri Historical Review

The EMM was a militia force which was organized during a perilous period, early in the war. It consisted of all loyal, able- bodied men who were not otherwise in service. These men were enrolled in companies and organized into regiments. For admin­ istrative purposes, Missouri was divided into eight military dis­ tricts commanded by brigadier generals of the militia. When re­ quired, certain companies were ordered on continuous active duty under federal district commanders. The chief duty of the EMM on active duty was to protect its areas from attacks by guerrillas and, in the western districts, from raids by Kansas "Jay Hawkers". While on active duty, the federal government armed, subsisted, and transported them. They were paid by the state.35 Shortly before Craig accepted his commission, Major General William S. Rosecrans, the new department commander, appointed Brigadier General Clinton B. Fisk36 to command the Federal Dis­ trict of Northern Missouri. Because of unrest in the western part of the district, its headquarters was in St. Joseph. The proximity of the state and federal district headquarters was advantageous as the two commanders could confer with each other. Fisk had under his command the good 9th Missouri State Militia Cavalry, 800 strong, and some EMM detachments which were distributed among localities in the district. A large portion of those stationed in the western part of the district were the Paw Paw Militia.37 In the northwest portion of Missouri, there was mutual dislike between the many disloyal individuals living in the area and the EMM serving there, and it became increasingly difficult to main­ tain peace. This led Governor Gamble to replace the EMM on active duty there with new militia units which were recruited in the area. Because he believed they would be less objectionable to the majority of the population, he enrolled disloyal men and some returned Confederate soldiers, who were under bond to assure their keeping the peace. The new units became known as the Paw Paw Militia.38

35 H. V. Canan, "The Missouri Paw Paw Militia of 1863-1864," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXII (July, 1968), 432-433. 36 Clinton B. Fisk, opportunist, Radical Republican, university president, banker and brigadier general in the Union Army, was a Prohibitionist can­ didate for president. Johnson and Malone, Dictionary of American Biography, VI, 413-414. 37 o. R., XXXIV, Pt. II, 731; Pt. Ill, 68, 95-96; Canan, "Missouri Paw Paw Militia," 437, 441. 38 o. R., XXII, Pt. II, 677-678, 697-698; Canan, "Missouri Paw Paw Militia," 433-435. The Military Career of James Craig 65

During the winter of 1863, the Paw Paws for the most part were successful in protecting the lives and property of citizens living in Northwest Missouri and in stopping raids from Kansas. With the coming of spring when guerrillas moved into the area, however, the Paw Paws became less effective until it was com­ monly said that: "The Bushwhackers and Paw Paws ... let each other alone."39 During the period the Paw Paws were on duty, Confederate Colonel J. C. C. Thornton was in the area on a recruiting mission. With no harassment from the Paw Paws, he had considerable success in securing recruits for the Confederate Army and many Paw Paws deserted and joined him. Thornton eventually combined his force with the guerrillas in the area and thus had a strength to be reckoned with.40 While Thornton was building up his force, General Fisk was

39 O. R., XXXIV, Pt. I, 999; Pt. IV, 200, 248, 417, 476-477; ibid., XLI, Pt. II, 52; "Paw Paw Militia," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXVI (Oc­ tober, 1931), 85-87; Canan, "Missouri Paw Paw Militia," 434, 440. 40 o. R., XLI, Pt. I, 56-58; Pt. II, 126, 127, 133, 136, 145, 312; Canan, "Mis­ souri Paw Paw Militia," 442-443.

Administering Oath of Allegiance to Rebels 66 Missouri Historical Review trying to secure a greater number of loyal troops. At first, he received no help from Rosecrans. Neither did he get any assistance from Governor Hall, who was reluctant to question the loyalty of the Paw Paws. Before the governor faced reality, many more of them had defected. At last, both General Rosecrans and the governor realized that Fisk needed help. The general assigned additional federal troops and Hall authorized the formation of loyal EMM units.41 Craig had been on duty with the EMM less than a month before the first Paw Paw desertion. As long as the governor sup­ ported them, there was little he could do. Nevertheless, Craig made plans to improve the situation. Accordingly, when Hall authorized the employment of militia and Fisk requested four companies, he was able to furnish 200 loyal men. On the same day, under in­ structions from the governor, Craig called up six additional com­ panies for a war of extermination against guerrillas in Clinton, Platte and Clay counties.42 On July 20, at Fisk's request, Craig was placed on active duty with the Northern District of Missouri with authority to call up EMM units as required. On the same day a call was made for 5,000 volunteers for temporary service. There was an enthusi­ astic response. Craig was to command all who volunteered, but one company refused to serve under him. Fisk personally disarmed the company. By the end of July sufficient loyal federal and EMM troops were available to protect the district from Thornton and his guerrillas and to defend the towns. It has been estimated that 3,000 EMM were serving by the end of the month.43 Prior to the time Craig joined Fisk's command, a concentra­ tion of Union forces had been made near Weston, Missouri, to attack Thornton, who had assembled his force nearby. This caused Thornton to move in a northeasterly direction. Promptly and re­ lentlessly pursued, Thornton eventually scattered his men, took to the woods, and the action became a "mopping-up" affair. Fisk reported on the twenty-eighth that the operation was "flickering" out. To show his appreciation of the work done by Craig and the EMM, General Fisk reported to the department commander

41 O. R., XXXIV, Pt. IV, 248, 457, 509-510, 552-553, 590-591; Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 190-191; Canan, "Missouri Paw Paw Militia," 443. 42 o. R., XLI, Pt. II, 52, 91, 100. 43 ibid., 270, 290, 292, 293-296, 363, 542-543. The Military Career of James Craig 67 that the operation was carried out with the minimum of disorder and those who responded to the call deserved the highest praise.44 General Craig had been given a difficult task but little evi­ dence is available to show how he accomplished it. Somehow, he managed to fill the requisitions for troops that were made upon him. There was more involved than just calling out the men. They had to be organized, armed and equipped to the extent of avail­ able supplies, and then stationed where they would be most useful. This was accomplished by Craig with the help of a small staff, and with a minimum of delay. The number who responded to the call to arms had been a complete surprise to Thornton.45 General Craig was retained on federal service under General Fisk after the Thornton incident. But before he could make much improvement in the militia organization, new enemy developments were to demand his full attention. Guerrilla bands had been quietly gathering south of the Missouri River while the operations against Thornton were in progress. After Thornton had scattered his force and the volunteers had been deactivated, guerrilla bands south of the river crossed to the north and bushwhacking increased in intensity. For the first time, however, their actions were a part of a larger operation which was about to erupt.46 It had become known that Confederate Major General Sterling Price was planning to invade Missouri. The increased activity of the guerrillas prepared the way for him by fomenting dis­ turbances, terrorizing the area north of the Missouri River, and drawing attention from his advance. William "Bloody Bill" Ander­ son, a guerrilla of ill repute, was at his worst during this period and his trail was marked by mutilated bodies and the murder of a large number of EMM. Additionally, by October 1, rail lines north of the river had been cut in several locations.47

44 ibid., Pt. I, 51-64, 177, 290; Pt. II, 136, 149, 153-154, 160-162, 174-175, 187- 188, 191, 250-251, 270, 290, 292, 294, 296, 312-314, 339, 344, 362, 365, 374, 445, 542, 543. Guerrillas, abetted by Southern sympathizers, frequently harassed Union men who, in turn, when Union troops or the EMM had an area under control, would retaliate against the Southern sympathizers. 45 ibid., XXXIV, Pt. II, 163; Pt. IV, 523; ibid., XLI, Pt. II, 91, 100, 161, 270, 293-295; Annual Report of the Adjutant General of Missouri, 1864, 35. 46 O. R., XXXIV, Pt. I, 965-968 and over 30 other entries; ibid., XLI, Pt. 1, 52, 64 and over 100 other entries; Pt. II, 40, 50 and over 100 other entries. 47 ibid., XLI, Pt. I, 417, 418, 440-441; Pt. Ill, 420-423, 455, 488-490; Jay Monahan, Civil War on the Western Border, 1854-1865 (Boston, 1955), 316, 317; Wiley Britton, Civil War on the Western Border (New York, 1899), II, 385-386; William E. Connelly, Quantrill and the Border War (New York, 1956), 451; Richard S. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy (Baton Rouge, 1958), 209-221. 68 Missouri Historical Review

Bushwhackers Looting a Wagon Train

General Price had moved into Missouri on September 19, 1864, with 12,000 mounted men and fourteen pieces of artillery. After a battle at Pilot Knob and several other skirmishes, he arrived at Boonville on October 8, where he was joined by guerrilla leaders William Quantrill, George Todd and Anderson. They were in­ structed to move north of the Missouri River and destroy the rail­ roads. Neither Anderson nor Quantrill paid much attention to their orders. Anderson kept abreast of Price as he moved westward murdering and robbing as he progressed.48

48 For an account of Price in Missouri see O. R., XLI, Pt. I, 303-729; Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 223-226; Richard S. Brownlee, "The Battle of Pilot Knob, Iron County, Missouri, September 27, 1864," State of Missouri, Official Manual, 1961-1962 (Jefferson City, n.d.), 3-31; The Civil War in Missouri, 1861- 1865 (Civil War Centennial Commission of Missouri), 9, 10; Albert Castel, General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West (Baton Rouge, 1968), 208-255. The Military Career of James Craig 69

After Price entered Missouri, Fisk left his headquarters in St. Joseph and moved toward the Missouri River to prepare his district for defense. Eventually, he established his field headquar­ ters at Jefferson City. While there, he no longer had good com­ munication with his troops north of the river and, therefore, was largely in the dark as to developments in his district. Craig had been left behind to take care of affairs. In spite of his previous approval of Craig, Fisk, a Radical Republican, was not quite sure of his loyalty. Consequently, he left his aide-de-camp Lieutenant Amos J. Harding in St. Joseph to report on Craig.49 The district had only a small number of well-trained troops and undoubtedly they would be needed as part of the force to oppose Price. Hence, protection from the guerrillas would be chiefly in the hands of the EMM which were to be concentrated at Chilli- cothe and St. Joseph. Fisk, acting precipitately, ordered all avail­ able militia to active duty at once because, as he said, "guerrillas were swarming in every brush pile." He became impatient when the response did not equal his expectations, but the militia could not spring to arms overnight. Craig was not dilatory but supplied them as fast as he could. Eventually, Fisk recognized conditions and stopped sending peremptory orders to Craig.50 As General Price's command moved westward on a broad front, General Curtis, now commanding the Department of Kan­ sas, maintained spies and observers to his front and kept Craig informed of these movements. On October 13, Curtis moved with his Kansas troops toward Independence, Missouri, to head off the Confederate force.51 Craig's most difficult problem was not General Price but the guerrilla bands he had sent into the district to create a diversion for the main Confederate force, to tie down the EMM, and to protect his north flank. One band was in Livingston County. Car- rollton and Lexington were threatened on the fourteenth. Ander­ son was reported south of Plattsburg the next day. A guerrilla band had entered Ridgely, Platte County, on October 16, and robbed the people of $2,000. Craig immediately ordered the local com­ mander to move against the guerrillas and offered reinforcements if needed. Five hundred guerrillas were reported in Clay County

49 O. R., XLI, Pt. Ill, 206, 276, 452, 453, 455, 490, 547, 841; Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 225, 226. 50 o. R., XLI, Pt. Ill, 348, 453, 488, 490, 547, 568, 619, 669. 51 Ibid., 695, 712. 70 Missouri Historical Review

and a large number were said to be at Plattsburg. Craig ordered several companies of the 33rd Regiment, EMM, to active duty and earmarked them for anti-guerrilla operations, particularly against Anderson's band which he considered the most dangerous. This was a busy period for Craig but he stood fast and displayed great initiative under pressure, handling affairs of the district and mobilizing militia for active duty.52 Fisk's aide-de-camp had been sending his chief disturbing reports from St. Joseph. When the threat to Jefferson City had disappeared, Fisk inquired of Craig on October 17, how matters north of the river were progressing. He replied immediately that all available militia had been placed on active duty but more men were needed. Craig also expressed concern about the activi­ ties of Anderson and stated that militia would be sent after his band in a few days.53 On October 18, Craig reported to Major General Rosecrans, the department commander, that Colonel Chester Harding had surrendered at Glasgow to superior forces, that Major George Deagle had surrendered at Carrollton, and that he was without means to arm additional militia and needed reinforcements. The department adjutant general replied that small arms and rein­ forcements would be furnished as soon as possible. Craig was also directed to put the district in the best possible state of defense.54 Craig sent a similar report to General Fisk. In the temporary absence of Fisk from his headquarters in Jefferson City, his adjutant general replied in part as follows: ". . . concentrate your forces at Saint Joseph; don't believe they will come there." The in­ structions to Craig were in conflict, so he disregarded the last.55 Worried by messages received from his aide-de-camp, General Fisk, on October 18, again wired Craig as follows: "Telegraph me the situation of affairs as fully as practicable. Keep a close watch in front of your entire district, and don't allow detachments and outposts to be overwhelmed and captured by the rebels." Craig, however, could not reply because of communication difficulties.56 When communications were restored, Fisk's message was the first to get through. On October 21, he wanted to know why he

52 ibid., 568, 712, 732, 789, 840, 841, 865, 893; Pt. IV, 50, 89, 90; Brit- ton, Civil War on the Border, II, 541. 53 O. R.y XLI, Pt. IV, 13, 49. 5* Ibid., 88, 89. 55 ibid. 56 ibid., 113. The Military Career of James Craig 71 had received no reply to his message and said he would, "probably be at district headquarters next week." Immediately Craig reported that he had been unable to communicate with Fisk and gave a resume of conditions in the district. He said that Price and Curtis were engaged near Independence, a raiding party had crossed to the north side of the river at Lexington, and his own forces were falling back from Richmond, Ray County. The stations on the railroad had been reinforced he reported, and then expressed his confidence of defeating any force Price could send against him, if reinforced with some artillery. Craig hoped that Fisk would soon return.57 During the exchange of messages between Craig and Fisk an episode occurred which would have later repercussions. Fisk's aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Amos J. Harding, had been reporting directly to department headquarters without consulting Craig. The department chief of staff questioned the accuracy of the reports and directed Craig to sign all future dispatches from St. Joseph and added, "you will understand the reason." Harding, who must have seen the instructions from department headquarters, then reported to Fisk as follows: . . . General Craig has got everything into confusion, which your presence alone, can straighten out. . . . Gen­ eral Craig ordered the telegraph office moved downtown to his office. Operator declined without an order from you or Clowry. Craig got an order from Clowry and the office will be moved unless you order otherwise. In another telegram to General Fisk, his aide reported that the Radicals wanted him to return before the elections and accused Colonel John Shanklin, commanding troops in Chillicothe, aided by Craig, of trying to make trouble in Grundy County. Lieutenant Harding, a Radical Republican, was trying to discredit Craig.58 General Price, who had been followed by an improvised Union force under Major General Alfred Pleasonton, learned of the ad­ vance of Union troops from Kansas. Caught between the troops of Curtis and Pleasonton, he recalled units which had been de­ tached on raiding missions. Three days of fighting followed, culminating with the battle at Westport on October 23, 1864, in which Price was decisively defeated. The Confederate command was able to retreat to the south pursued by various Union forces.

$T Ibid., 162. 58 ibid., 91, 111, 115, 136-137, 283. Except for the activities of scat­ tered guerrilla bands, the situation was relatively quiet in Fisk's dis­ trict. Railroads were soon running and the telegraph operating.59 Craig was still intent on destroy­ ing Anderson's band and entrusted the mission to Lieutenant Colonel S. P. Cox. Having learned the lo­ cation of Anderson, Cox sent a small mounted detachment into his camp near Richmond on Oc­ tober 23, which enticed him and his entire force of 300 into an am­ bush. During the surprise, "Bloody Bill" and two followers were William "Bloody Bill" Anderson killed, several others wounded, and the rest were scattered. After Anderson's death, the band lost its effectiveness.60 On October 27, Craig received the following telegram from General Rosecrans's Department of Missouri: General Fisk has orders to send you, with every man you can collect, to march down the Missouri River sweep­ ing the country clear as you go and arresting every man who had joined Price in the last raid. Go as far as Glasgow and report to Fisk there. . . . Hang every Secesh soldier you catch in Federal uniform by military commission or drum head. Use your own discretion as regards your march, only be sure to cover as wide a section of the country as possible, and be able always to concentrate. Be at Albany by the 3rd Proximate. Copy to General Fisk as soon as line is open to Glasgow. It was a harsh and exacting order that could be carried out only with great difficulty by the poorly equipped EMM organizations at Craig's disposal. Guerrilla bands were still active in the south­ ern part of the district so he continued his operations against them

59 Ibid., 187, 188; Civil War in Missouri, 11. 60 o. R., XLI, Pt. I, 317, 434, 442; Pt. IV, 241-242, 316, 317-318, 334, 354, 726-727; Britton, Civil War on the Border, II, 541-545. Craig, acting on his own authority, appointed Cox, an ex-major, as a lieutenant colonel. He later had the governor formally appoint Cox to that rank and, after he resigned, per­ sonally carried Cox's commission to him. E. F. Rogers, "Death of Bill Ander­ son," typescript in Manuscript Collection, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia. The Military Career of James Craig 73 but made plans to carry out the new instructions. He ordered columns to assemble at five different locations by November 1, with ten days rations. Each column was directed to sweep a dif­ ferent stretch of the river. Colonel Shanklin, who had been work­ ing in Ray and Caldwell counties, was ordered to assemble with one hundred men at Hamilton and was directed to make the east­ ernmost sweep. Since Craig was directed to participate in the sweep and to report to Fisk at Glasgow, he joined Shanklin's column.61 General Fisk returned to St. Joseph on November 6, where he obtained for the first time copies of the order to Craig and Craig's orders implementing the sweep. Fisk was disturbed by General Rosecrans's directive because he believed that many of the troops making the sweep were needed in the northwestern counties. He immediately dispatched messengers to instruct Craig to return to St. Joseph.62 Craig complied and returned by rail. Fisk also was concerned because neither Craig nor the de­ partment had kept him informed of developments in the district. But he had not kept the district nor department headquarters in­ formed of his plans for return and failed to realize that during his ride from Jefferson City, communications would be difficult. Since Craig was instructed to meet Fisk at Glasgow, he should not have been blamed. Nevertheless, it appears that Fisk thought he had erred. General Rosecrans disregarded command channels on Novem­ ber 4, and telegraphed Craig that he wanted the military to do everything possible to facilitate militia voting in the coming elec­ tion. This was followed by another direct telegram instructing Craig to order out any Kansas militia men found in Platte County. These instructions were received by Fisk in St. Joseph while Craig was in the field carrying out the sweep.63 It was relatively quiet in the district by November 12, when Fisk notified the department that he had returned on the sixth and had been busily engaged in "withdrawing the Enrolled Mis­ souri troops ordered out by General Craig." Scarcely a month had elapsed since he ordered Craig to place all possible militia on active duty. Fisk was also relieving the "Enrolled Missouri Briga­ dier Generals at once." Something rankled Fisk. Perhaps it was

61 O. R., XLI, Pt. IV, 317, 334-335. 62 ibid., 479. Mlbid., 432, 461. 74 Missouri Historical Review because Craig acted on orders from department headquarters or because Fisk was jealous and believed rumors supplied by his aide-de-camp. He had nothing complimentary to say of Craig's service during the Price raid but General Rosecrans commended him in his report saying that Craig's, ". . . able management in the northwest, in the absence of General Fisk, rendered great service to the country."64 It was necessary to retain Craig and his staff for almost a month. But when he again left the federal service, it was on a sour note. Fisk retained Craig's assistant adjutant general, Major James Rainford, on active duty and would not release him. Craig appealed to department headquarters for the major's release but his request was denied. He then resigned his state commission on January 2, 1865.65 With more than the average military background of the time, James Craig served in a region where cast-off military characters were common and civilian soldiers of less military experience than himself predominated. They were usually jealous of Craig and, after using him, pushed him aside. He performed his military duties in an outstanding fashion although frequently thwarted by small- minded superiors who held political affiliations more important than true patriotism. After returning to civilian life, Craig pursued his law prac­ tice and became a prominent figure in the rapidly expanding rail­ road world, both as a builder of railroads and as an expert in their operation. He was closely connected with the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad for fifteen years and was its first president. He assisted in the organization of new railroads, was a consultant to rail lines which had run into difficulties and assisted in reorgani­ zations. Up to the end of his career, he retained his sense of civic responsibility, his vigorous intellect, and the esteem of his fellow citizens. From 1886 to 1887, he acted as city comptroller of St. Joseph. James Craig sought no honors or financial rewards for his services—not even a military pension. He died on October 21, 1888, and is buried in St. Joseph, Missouri. While on the overland trail he played an important role during the early period of the Civil War by maintaining communication to the Far West. This facili­ tated the retention of that region for the Union. During Price's

**Ibid., Pt. I, 316; Pt. IV, 548, 801; letter dated July 5, 1968, from the Adjutant General's Office, State of Missouri, to the authors. 65 History of Buchanan County and St. Joseph, 395; Visscher, "General James Craig," 167. The Military Career of James Craig 75

General William S. Rosecrans

last raid, he lessened the activities of guerrillas north of the Mis­ souri River which had been undertaken by the invading force. This led to the death of "Bloody" Bill Anderson and the ultimate elimination of his band. Aside from a succession of descendants who have served their country with distinction in the United States Army, and a few notices in official records and other publications, the only monu­ ment to Craig's memory is a village in Holt County, Missouri, which was named for him in 1868, because he was active in establishing the railroad which called the place into existence.66

66 Letter dated July 10, 1970, from State Historical Society of Missouri to P. M. Robinett.

Rejuvenation Sedalia Bazoo Monthly Magazine, November 1921. An old man with a head as destitute of hair as a watermelon entered a drug store and told the clerk he wanted a bottle of hair restorer. "What kind of hair restorer do you prefer?" "I reckon I'll have to take a bottle of red hair restorer. That was the color of my hair when I was a boy." Missouri's National Historic Landmarks Part IV Patee House

BY DOROTHY J. CALDWELL*

Patee House stands today as a reminder of the importance of St. Joseph as an early transportation center. Built near the terminal of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad with the expectation that the business life of the town would shift to this area, Patee House has withstood the vicissitudes of time and the tides of fortune. The hotel, equipped with private water and gas works, was opened for business in October 1859, a few months after the com­ pletion of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. Built at a cost of more than $100,000, the brick and ashlar walls of the mammoth structure soared four stories above the prairie.1 A local editor com­ mented:

* Dorothy J. Caldwell is an associate editor of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. 1 Robert West Howard and Roy E. Coy, Hoofbeats of Destiny (New York, 1960), 18. Reports on the actual cost of building varied. "This stately edifice was completed at a cost of SI30,000 and furnished at a cost of $20,000." History of Buchanan County (St. Joseph, 1881), 626; "Mr. Patee built a magnificent hotel which cost him $170,000 . . . ," Daily News History of Buchanan County and St. Joseph, Mo. (St. Joseph, 1899), 295; "It [Patee House] is valued at $125,000 . . . ," Liberty Tribune, September 9, 1864. 76 Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 77

This imposing structure is one of the finest in the western cities. If we mistake not, it is larger and certainly better finished than any hotel in St. Louis. It is provided with all the conveniences used in the metropolitan cities. We have had the pleasure of going through the building the past week. ... A lot of furniture intended to complete the equipment of the House arrived on the steamer Emma day before yesterday. It will be opened next week and is to be kept by an experienced hotel keeper from Pitts­ burg.2 The official opening was auspicious. Nearly one hundred and fifty persons, among them, M. Jeff Thompson, mayor of the town, and Missouri Governor Robert M. Stewart, gathered at the hotel to express their appreciation to John Patee, the builder. Guests ate dinner in the large dining room as Professor J. Cruft's band played "soul-stirring" music. After-dinner toasts were offered to "Our Guest-Mr. John Patee," "St. Joseph, Queen City of the West," "The Press," and "Our Railroads." The editor of the St. Joseph Free Democrat, bestowed this encomium on Patee: "All honor to John Patee who had the head to conceive and the nerve to prose­ cute so grand an enterprise to its consummation."3 Although it was generally believed that he donated forty acres of land for a railroad terminal, a letter from Patee reveals that he sold acreage for that purpose.4 Patee had staked his financial future on his belief in the growth of St. Joseph as a transportation center. In view of the past preeminence of the town in westward expansion and its current strategic position as a railroad center, his optimism was justifiable. Founded in the 1820s as a fur-trading post, hardy French-Canadian voyageurs poled their crafts to this outpost of civilization on the way to the Upper Missouri in their quest for furs. After the town was platted in 1843, groups of Mor­ mons fleeing from persecution, hordes of "'49ers" following the lure of California gold and caravans of pioneers seeking homes in the West passed through St. Joseph. Later a new flood of gold- seeking emigrants with wagons displaying the sign "Pike's Peak

2 St. Joseph Weekly Free Democrat, October 15, 1859. 3 Ibid., November 19, 1859. 4 Chris L. Rutt, comp. & ed., History of Buchanan County and the City of St. Joseph (Chicago, 1904), 67, 177; E. L. McDonald and W. J. King, comps., History of Buchanan County and St. Joseph, Mo. (St. Joseph, 1915), 190; Letter from John Patee to a relative, August 28, 1855, in archives of Patee House Museum. He wrote, "The R. R. depot is placed on my land for which the company have paid me $4100 or at the rate of $300 an acre." 78 Missouri Historical Review

or Bust" lined St. Joseph's streets as the rails were laid for the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad.5 On Washington's Birthday in 1859 St. Joseph citizens cele­ brated with "wild enthusiasm" the completion of the railroad. A jug of water from the Mississippi River was emptied into the Mis­ souri River, symbolizing the joining of the two streams and some six hundred persons attended a commemorative banquet in the evening.6 St. Joseph, the eastern terminus of the Central Over­ land California and Pike's Peak Company stage line, was now the western terminus of the nation's railroads. As the meeting place of the stage from the West and the train from the East, the town commanded a strategic position in transcontinental travel. Patee's prediction about the growth of St. Joseph proved cor­ rect. From 1860 to 1870 St. Joseph more than doubled in popula­ tion, with 8,932 inhabitants in 1860 and 19,565 in 1870.7 However, his idea that the railroad would draw business away from Market Street where it had already been established, did not materialize. How Patee acquired the money to build the hotel is unknown. His beginnings were modest. A former New York schoolteacher, he settled in St. Joseph in 1845.8 In May of that year he owned a drugstore at the corner of Main and Frances streets where in addi­ tion to drugs he sold paints, oils, varnishes, surgeon's instruments and school books.9 On January 15, 1849, he platted his first tract of St. Joseph land and in subsequent years laid off additional

5 Arthur Chapman, The Pony Express (New York, 1932), 91-93. 6 History of Buchanan County (1881), 577-578. 7 Joseph C. G. Kennedy, Population of the United States Compiled from the Original Returns of the Eighth Census (Washington, D.C., 1864), 289; Ninth Census of the United States, Statistics of Population (Washington, D.C., 1872), I, 187. 8 Daily News History of Buchanan County, 397. 9 St. Joseph Weekly Gazette, May 23, 1845; History of Buchanan County (1881), 418.

St. Joseph in 1867 Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 79

John Patee

Courtesy Patee House Museum tracts.10 His extensive holdings became known as Patee Town. In the 1850 United States census he was listed as a farmer with real estate valued at $1,200.11 Ten years later he was listed as own­ ing $250,000 in real estate and $20,000 in personal estate.12 He may have received capital from outside sources to build Patee House. A later newspaper account was published about the visit of New York and London capitalists to St. Joseph before the hotel was built. Patee supposedly entertained the visitors with a trip up the Missouri River to Omaha. According to this report he in­ vited his guests to his cabin for refreshments, and instead of the usual drinks, he offered them Seidlitz powders (cathartic efferves­ cent salts) mixed with water.13 During the first year the hotel teemed with activity. Soon after the opening, Patee and G. W. Alden, the hotel manager, entertained representatives of the press and the railroad at a ban-

io Daily News History of Buchanan County, 397. Reports varied about the cost of the land. A local newspaper article reported that Patee traded a dozen windmills for the 160 acres on which south St. Joseph stood. St. Joseph Daily Gazette, August 30, 1876. According to one account Patee bought 320 acres at a cost of $2,400; according to another he purchased 320 acres at a cost of $13 an acre. John R. Williams, "History of Buchanan County," An Illustrated Historical Atlas Map of Buchanan County, Mo. (1877) ; History of Buchanan County (1881), 408, 626; Atlas of the City of St. Joseph, Buchanan County, Missouri (St. Joseph, 1884), 45-46. H Population Schedules of the Seventh Census of the United States, 1850 (Washington, D.C., 1963), "Missouri. Buchanan, Butler, Caldwell and Callaway Counties," National Archives Microcopy No. 432, Roll 393, 33. 12 Population Schedules of the Eighth Census of the United States, 1860 (Washington, D.C., 1967), "Missouri. Buchanan County," National Archives Microcopy No. 653, Roll 609, Volume III, 162. is Harrisonville Cass County Democrat, July 26, 1917. PATEE HOUSE, SAINT JOSEPH, MISSOURI.

quet.14 In January I860* the Ben Franklin Ball, sponsored by the Traveling Community Typographical Union, was held at WILL FIND AT THE PATEE Patee House.15 In the spring, COMFORT & CONVENIENCE. William H. Russell, Alexander THETABLE Majors and William B. Waddell, WILL BK PROVIDED LIBERALLY WITH ALL owners of the Central Overland California and Pike's Peak Express HE DELICACIES Of IIS SiASOI. And DO paint will t* «p»r*d to h»<-# tb« wl»b«« of thr Company established headquarters (u««u gr«UQ«d. All pcnoat •oon«ct«d with tfco Hotel there as they made plans to launch KNOW THEIR BUSINESS, And the ct<*e*t Mteutloa to th« wUh#» of th» gucti* of the Pony Express. Young riders, th* HUUM la f u»r»Bt*-ed. dressed in gay uniforms with silver TSCZ1 PONY mounted trappings, were quartered AND 16 at the hotel at company expense. IFIEECIE'S JPJ&AJZ: According to J. H. Keetley, a Pony IIPRE83 OPfflCK M AT Express rider, the first run of the THE PATEE HOUSE. Pony Express started from the one- L. T. MINOR, Proprietor. story brick express office on the Courtesy Patee House Museum east side of Third Street between Felix and Edmond streets. Later, the office of the Pony Express was established in Patee House.17 A number of distinguished visitors stopped at the hotel. On August 6, 1860, the noted English author-lecturer, Sir Richard F. Burton, on his way from St. Joseph by stagecoach to study the religious habits of the Mormons, noted in his diary: Precisely at 8 a.m. appeared in front of the Patee House—the Fifth Avenue Hotel of St. Jo—the vehicle de­ signed to be our home for the next three weeks.18 On Sunday, September 23, 1860, William H. Seward, former New York governor and United States senator, stopped in St. Joseph

i* St. Joseph Weekly Free Democrat, November 26, 1859. 15 Ibid., January 21, 1860. 16 William L. Visscher, The Pony Express (Chicago, 1908), 31-34. Visscher published a letter dated August 21, 1907, from J. H. Keetley, former Pony Express rider, to Huston Wyeth, prominent St. Joseph citizen, describing the beginning of the Pony Express in St. Joseph and giving information about the riders. He said, "We always rode out of town with silver mounted trappings decorating both man and horse and regular uniforms with plated horn, pistol, scabbard and belt. . . . This was all changed, however, as soon as we got on the boat [ferry across the Missouri River]." 17 Ibid.; H. Fotheringham & Co's St. Joseph Directory, 1860-1861 (St. Joseph, 1861), 128. 18 Richard F. Burton, The City of the Saints and Across the Rocky Moun­ tains to California (New York, 1865), 12. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 81 during his western campaign trip for the Republican party's presi­ dential nominee, Abraham Lincoln. Seward's secretary made these comments in his journal: We are most comfortably accommodated at the Patee House. It is very large, well arranged, and admirably con­ ducted. Indeed, I know of no better hotel in the western country. St. Jo itself—so recently the outpost of American settlement and civilization, is a handsome and busy town of 12,000 persons. Nearly all the travel for California, Utah, New Mexico, Pike's Peak, etc. passes through this point, and you daily meet at the Patee House, acquaintances from all points of the Union. Thus today I encountered here a friend from Fon du Lac [sic], one from Sheboygan, another from Chicago, and several friends from New York and Kansas. At eight o'clock this morning, the weekly Tony Ex­ press' started hence for San Francisco. The start was worth seeing. Just before the hour appointed for its departure, a horse and rider came galloping up, at full speed, to the office of the company here in the Patee House. The horse was ridden directly into the office; the saddle-bags, con­ taining letters and telegraphic dispatches, thrown across him; and the next minute, with a loud hurrah, horse and rider were tearing down the street, . . .19 From the balcony of Patee House, Seward addressed the crowd which had gathered below.

During the Civil War, army William H. Seward officers replaced Pony Express Diet, of Amer. Portraits riders and western travelers. In June 1860, the United States flag was torn from the St. Joseph post office building by M. Jeff Thomp­ son, Confederate sympathizer, but, Alonzo Rice, manager of Patee House, was able to keep the Stars and Stripes flying over the hotel.20 In June 1862 he purchased a fine new flag for Patee House and it

19 Daily News History of Buchanan County, 329; Sheridan A. Logan, "When Mr. Seward Came to St. Joseph," Museum Graphic, XIX (Fall, 1967), 4-5. 20 St. Joseph Morning Herald, May 7, 1862. 82 Missouri Historical Review was raised amidst cheers by fifteen "friends of the Union," including John Patee and his son Elijah. At the dinner held after the flag raising three cheers were given for Patee and Rice.21 In the spring of 1862 all the Union military forces in St. Joseph were encamped in two hundred and fifty tents at the bluffs near Patee House.22 The editor of the Morning Herald remarked that Alonzo Rice was a "good fellow." He said, Times may be hard, money scarce and customers scarcer, yet mine host of the Patee House is determined not to be outdone as the keeper of a hotel. The house is supplied with all the delicacies of the season and the en­ tire hotel is run on the scale of twelve inches to the foot.23 Many Union officers were registered as guests and quartered at Patee House.24 The management of the hotel, however, proved to be difficult during wartime. Although Patee House was described as the place to enjoy the good things of life, numerous newspaper advertise­ ments for employees would indicate that there were difficulties involved in its operation.25 In June 1863, the hotel was operated under new management and the bathrooms were open to the public.26 Later Patee House was forced to close temporarily. Re­ opened in December 1863, the following year prominent Fort Leavenworth military men attended a Washington's Birthday ball there.27 It became increasingly evident that the hotel was not a finan­ cial success and John Patee decided to raffle it off along with its furnishings and a block of seven lots. Forty prizes were to be awarded and tickets for the lottery were sold at two dollars each.28 Patee announced that $25,000 from the lottery would be appor­ tioned between certain cities and towns in proportion to the num­ ber of tickets sold therein, the amount to be placed in the hands of the authorities "for any benevolent project which they may deem proper."29 After a long delay, the public was informed that

21 Ibid., June 27, 1862. 22 ibid., April 3, 1862. 2SIbid., April 1, 1862. 24 ibid., May 28, July 22, September 9, 1862. In January 1863, General J. G. Blunt stopped at Patee House. Ibid., January 21, 1863. 25 ibid., June 5, September 21-25, October 4, 1862. ZQIbid., June 17, 1863. 27 St. Joseph Morning Herald and Daily Tribune, December 8, 13, 1863; February 20, 23, 1864. 28 ibid., August 20, November 1, 1864. 29 Information from lottery ticket in archives of Patee House Museum. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 83

' y^y"' HB TOW **''" '# ? ////*• /Mr/ aittito: tiicJwUUr to ONE SHARE of tilt

A 140 000 DOLLARS Inrtudietf/NirmUirr. . Drmruuj to take, place, in Sr.Jos

30 St. Joseph Morning Herald and Daily Tribune, December 18, 1864. 31 Ibid., April 25, 1865. 32 ibid., April 27, 1865. 33 ibid., April 29, 1865. Z*Ibid., May 6, 1865. 84 Missouri Historical Review

Curd for benefit of creditors therein mentioned (say about $20,000).35 A month after the lottery, Missouri Governor Willard P. Hall presided at a meeting at Patee House at which time the Reverend James H. Robinson, former president of the Danville Female Seminary and state superintendent of schools, spoke on the need for educational opportunities in Northwest Missouri. It was re­ solved that Patee House be secured for use as a female seminary free from sectarian influence and a committee of leading citizens was appointed to solicit subscriptions.36 Within a few weeks it was announced that Patee House had been secured.37 Patee made con­ cessions in the sale of the building and donated $5,000 to the school.38 Robinson brought schoolroom furniture and six pianos from the Danville Seminary and purchased additional furniture from Patee. In August he announced that rates would be one hun­ dred dollars for board for twenty weeks and twenty-five dollars for tuition.39 The school opened in September with more than one hundred students from Northwest Missouri and Kansas and con­ tinued under Robinson's supervision until his death, September 20, 1868. Although the school was opened that fall under the direction of the Reverend James Dixon, pastor of the St. Joseph Baptist Church, it was discontinued after a few months.40 After the Pacific House, a St. Joseph hotel, burned Decem­ ber 15, 1868, James H. Bagwell, the proprietor, who had saved several thousand dollars worth of furniture, remodeled Patee House for use again as a hotel.41 On February 22, 1869, the hotel was opened with an elegant ball. Guests came from Omaha and Coun­ cil Bluffs and the Fort Leavenworth band played for the dancing.42 Within a year, the Pacific House, rebuilt and reopened on February 14, 1870, offered serious competition,43 Patee House failed to pros­ per under the management of three different proprietors before it was closed again in 1873. In 1871 R. S. Davenport replaced

35 Letter from John Patee to John Curd, treasurer of Patee House lottery, April 27, 1865, in Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia. 3G St. Joseph Morning Herald and Daily Tribune, June 1, 1865. 37 Ibid., June 20, 1865. 38 ibid., June 23, 1865. 39 ibid., August 10, 29, 1865. 40 St. Joseph Daily Gazette, September 20, 22, 1868. 41 Ibid., December 16, 1868. 42 ibid., February 23, 1869. 43 McDonald and King, History of Buchanan County, 247. '<;**> * ^E3H J9L VH*S "•£?• "HE9M

MAZOURKA SMtUAKTt

-^>erTr-ir-Tr-.Tr ^ f^y Tgyiangi «t

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Published hy Bairoer & Weber, 56 Fourth Street, SA.xasrr SPOTTER,

Bagwell.44 On February 8, 1872, Davenport was succeeded by Andrew Mahan, an optimistic young man who refurbished the building and offered room and board for $2.50 a day. He said he hoped to prove that the 110-room hotel could make money even though the rates were low.45 Mahan's optimism was unfounded. Within a few months it was apparent that the hotfl was not a success and the building was vacated. It remained vacant until it was purchased by Dr. E. S. Dulin in the summer of 1876 for use as the St. Joseph Female College.46 A classical scholar, educated

44 William Shaw, comp., Saint Joseph City Directory (St Joseph, 1871), 54. 45 Shaw and Richardson, comps., Saint Joseph Directory (St. Joseph, 1872), 130; St. Joseph Daily Gazette, March 15, 1872. 46 Ibid., September 2, 1876. 0*een Tea.

B«ef Stea*, ' Mutton Chops. ^gjft.B*ef Steak, with onions Calves Liver.

Tr>j*e in BAtter. Tripe, Cod m»h Bull*. Patee House Menu Breakfast Bacon. in 1872

ftTRWRa iamb* Kidney*. Trivet." Con. Beef. HashT ,Cod Fish with cream.

;&$*& Stewed.

v Wheat Rsead. Orah&m Bt\:«d. ™^rr Pic>nic Cracker*. -— Own* Bread. • Hot Rolls. French Stolte. tester Cakes, Wheat Cakes. Boston Brown Bread. r C«mC*l(G«. „;i

BUtRAKFAST^. .-61 to 9 A. If. LINKER, .»,.•..«>«* *» * P.M. SUNDAY* I «"* ^UsSWhE'- 1

- ***** i**

Courtesy Patee House Museum

at the University of Virginia, Dulin had served as the first pres­ ident of William Jewell College, Liberty, in 1850, the first president of the Lexington (Missouri) Baptist Female College in 1856 and president of Stephens College, Columbia, from 1870 to 1876.47 Dulin spent $15,000 on improvements for the building, which had become dull and dingy from standing vacant. He built a stage at one end for use as a chapel and equipped four music rooms on the first floor with pianos. The dining room on the second floor was serviced by a dumb waiter from the kitchen. Dulin's study on the second floor was furnished with walnut desks and book­ cases. A sickroom on this floor was provided for Mrs. Dulin to care for students who became ill. The ladies parlor on the fourth floor had a fine Brussels carpet and oil paintings on the walls.

47 John C. Crighton, Stephens: A Story of Educational Innovation (Colum­ bia, Mo., 1970), 88; Joseph Cowgill Maple and R. P. Rider, Missouri Baptist Biography (Kansas Citv, 1914), I, 281-284. Two hundred rooms were adver­ tised as available for students.48 The college, which opened Sep­ tember 4, 1876, offered courses in philosophy, mathematics, geology, chemistry, botany, moral philoso­ phy and French. For the special interests of young women, instruc­ tion was also given in tapestry, and shell, wax, hair and bead work. Throughout the year lectures were presented by guest speakers on the Courtesy John Crighton roles of women in social and re­ E. S. Dulin ligious life.49 In 1880 Dulin sold the building to Dr. S. A. Richmond and Richmond leased it to Dulin for the 1880-1881 school term. Dulin retired from teaching in 1881 and the college closed.50 Rich­ mond improved the grounds surrounding the building for use as a park. Crews of men worked all spring on the grounds and on the Fourth of July Richmond staged a grand opening, attended by some 20,000 visitors. A cannon boomed every five minutes from sundown until 11 p.m., bands played and guests viewed a fire­ works display from the old college chapel. On grounds lighted by some 2,000 Chinese lanterns a fountain constructed of stone im­ ported from foreign countries and the East was the center of attraction. Water gushed from deer heads surrounding the fountain, surmounted by a pot of water lilies which looked so lifelike that "one was almost tempted to pluck them."51 Richmond remodeled Patee House for use as the World's Hotel and Epileptic Institute. He had gained affluence through the manu­ facture and sale of Samaritan Nervine, a purported cure for "epi­ lepsy, fits, scrofula, bronchitis, asthma and dyspepsia."52 The hotel rooms were richly furnished with new furniture, beautiful pictures, draperies and thick carpets. A billiard room was provided and passenger and elevator service; suites of rooms with bath and electric bells were added luxuries. Near the hotel a livery stable

48 st. Joseph Daily Gazette, September 2, 1876. 49 Ibid., July 30, 1876; July 27, 1877. 50 ibid., June 9, 1881. 51 Ibid., July 5, 1881. 52 ibid., March 20, 1882. Tmelftti and f*enn Streets, St, Joseph, Missouri. accommodated travelers.53 The Epileptic Institute, located on the lower floor, had a printing department, editorial room, folding and mailing room, composing and press rooms, and packing and com­ pounding rooms for the manufacture and distribution of Samaritan Nervine.54 It was announced that Herdic coaches and street rail­ way cars passed the hotel at intervals of five minutes while vehicles of the St. Joseph Omnibus Company furnished transportation at all hours.55 The hotel opened November 28, 1881, with J. McKibben as manager. Richmond invited Kansas City newspapermen, local newsmen and other prominent people to lunch at the hotel and the guests toasted their host.56 McKibben died soon afterward

53 ibid., November 20, 1881. 54 ibid., August 21, 1881. 55 Ibid., December 3, 1881. The Herdic coaches were intended for service upon streets which had no tramways. They were a sort of carryall with seats along the sides. The company was organized in July 1881, but the venture was not successful and was abandoned after a year. McDonald and King, History of Buchanan County, 126. 50 St. Joseph Daily Gazette, November 27, 1881. and in December 1881, the hotel was leased for a number of years by F. A. Hammond and C. C. Merritt.57 Hammond and Merritt only continued as proprietors how­ ever, until September 1882. Then Charles F. Bailey took charge.

Bailey tried to make the hotel a §ketch from picmre of Rich- success, but failed. In December mond published Jan. 20, 1886, in 1882, he gave a farewell dinner for Su Joseph Daily Herald' his friends, and the hotel closed on December 16. The elegant furnishings were sold at auction.58 At this time the building was owned by Robert Donnell, busi­ nessman of New York and St. Joseph. Hoping to attract more paying guests, Donnell had attempted to build a streetcar line to the hotel, but received no support for his project. Once again the hotel was a financial failure.59 Although Richmond maintained headquarters in the building for his Epileptic Institute until 1885, he became increasingly in­ volved in financial difficulties.60 After a long drawnout lawsuit initiated against him by a Connecticut advertising firm for non­ payment of debts amounting to $58,000, he disappeared from the city on January 15, 1886.61 The following April he was located in Chicago and returned to St. Joseph in serious mental and physical condition.62 On June 18, 1886, he shot and fatally wounded Colonel J. W. Strong, prominent lawyer and editor of the St. Joseph Herald.QS Richmond was adjudged insane and committed to Asylum No. 2 at St. Joseph. Later he escaped to Illinois and no effort was made for his return.64 In 1886, Charles B. France, cashier of the St. Joseph State Savings Bank and trustee for the sale of the World's Hotel, sold the building to the R. L. McDonald Company for use as a factory

57 ibid., December 22, 1881. 58 ibid., December 14, 19, 1882. 59 ibid. 60 Hoye's Seventh Annual City Directory of the Inhabitants, Manufacturing Establishments, Business Firms, Etc., in the City of St. Joseph (St. Joseph, 1883) , 390; ibid. (St. Joseph, 1884), 413. 61 St. Joseph Daily Gazette, January 17, 19-21, 24, 25, 27, 1886; St. Joseph Daily News, January 21, 23, 25-27, February 3, 1886. 62 St. Joseph Daily Gazette, April 7, 8, 10, 18, 1886. 63 S*. Joseph Daily Herald, June 19, 20, 1886; St. Joseph Daily Gazette, June 19, 20, 22, 1886. telbid., August 20, 1886; Rutt, History of Buchanan County, 208. for the manufacture of men s shirts. McDonald, who had managed a business in St. Joseph since 1856, immediately made plans to convert the hotel to a factory.65 All parti­ tions were removed from the wings of the building, one hundred Corliss engines installed and an ad­ dition was built in the rear. Sev­ eral hundred workers began em­ ployment in the east wing as soon as it was finished.66 A year later the McDonald Factory was de­ scribed as one of the most extensive manufacturing establishments in Rufus Lee McDonald the West. There were two hundred machines on the second and third floors and one hundred girls sewing on the third floor. On the second floor the shirts were laundered and prepared for shipment. The brands of the factory became famous throughout the area. As rail­ road lines and better means of communication were established, however, eastern companies began to compete with him and the company gradually lost some of its sales. In the 1930s financial dif­ ficulties became so great that the factory was closed at intervals.67 In 1933 it was sold to the Sun Manufacturing Company under the presidency of James E. Cox, who joined the McDonald firm in 1887. The H. D. Lee Company purchased the building in 1952 and soon afterward it was sold to the Ashland Investment Company and rented to the Lee Company.68 In June 1957, the factory was moved into new quarters and Patee House was vacated.69 In 1961-1962 local public opinion was divided about the preservation of the dilapidated structure. Citizens living in the neighborhood presented petitions for razing it and in August 1962, it was condemned by

05 St. Joseph Daily Herald, January 30, 1886; W. P. Tracy, Men Who Make the City of St. Joseph Worthwhile (St. Joseph, 1920) , n.p. 66 S*. Joseph Daily Herald, February 27, 1886; An Illustrated Review of St. Joseph, Missouri (St. Joseph, 1887), 37. 67 Nellie Utz and G. Marion Wilson, "History of the Growth and De­ velopment of St. Joseph" (1932), typescript in Reference Library, State His­ torical Society of Missouri, Columbia. 68 Bartlett Boder, "John Patee, a Patriarch," Museum Graphic, VIII (Win­ ter, 1956), 10-11. 69 Gary Chilcote, "Patee House Legal History," typescript in Patee House Museum archives. Missouri's National Historic Landmarks 91 the city building commission. After it was learned that Patee House was eligible for the Registry of National Historic Landmarks in 1961, however, many citizens were in favor of its restoration. The owners, Isidore Dunn, Overland Park, Kansas, Sol Stine, St. Joseph, and Julius Waldstein, Leavenworth, Kansas, offered to give the building to the city if funds could be secured for its restoration. The Pony Express Historical Association was organized by St. Joseph citizens, April 24, 1963, for the purpose of restoration. At the same time neighbors around Patee House became more vocal in their demands that the building be razed. The Pony Express Historical Association was able to raise funds for the most im­ mediate repair needs and in December 1964, Patee House was given to the Association for use as a museum. It was dedicated and marked with a bronze plaque as a national historical landmark, April 3, 1965, for its prominent role in westward expansion.70 In the spring of 1966 offices of the Pony Express and Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad were installed in the museum and the lobby

70 "Pony Express Historical Association Saves Historic Patee House in St. Joseph," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXI (October, 1966) , 105-109; Kansas City Times, May 31, 1963; Kansas City Star, April 4, 1965.

Lobby Desk of Old Patee Hotel, now in Patee Houee Museum Bray Photo 92 Missouri Historical Review desk of the old Patee Hotel was used.71 On February 5, 1969, the Association received a bequest of $10,000 from the estate of Mrs. Elizabeth Patee Mason, University City, great-niece of John Patee, for the preservation and development of Patee House Museum.72 In 1970 a historic Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad train was in­ stalled at the museum. Originally a U-shaped building, the center is now enclosed and the front balcony and side porch have been removed.73

71 "Pony Express Hist. Assoc. Saves Patee House," 105-109. 72 Report, April 27, 1969, from Lee Starnes, executive director of the Pony Express Historical Association to the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia. 73 "Pony Express Hist. Assoc. Saves Patee House," 105-109; personal visit of the author to Patee House Museum.

Editor Was Inventor of Aunt Jemima Pancakes St. Joseph News-Press, Centennial Edition, July 25, 1943. The real story of Aunt Jemima pancake flour, now an internationally known St. Joseph product, goes back to the year 1889, when the late Chris L. Rutt, having concocted a formula, baked the first perfected pancake for his long-time friend, Purd B. Wright, former St. Joseph librarian, who tasted it and pronounced it good. This was done in the kitchen of the Rutt home, 711 Sylvanie street, and was the result of much combining of hard wheat flour and corn flour with phosphate of lime, soda and salt. The present day story of Aunt Jemima is one of extensive national ad­ vertising and improved formula, but the beaming face of the Negro mammy, her head swathed in a bandana, who looks out from the package, has been the product's trademark since its inception. The broad smiling face was borrowed from a poster advertising a vaude­ ville team which was appearing in St. Joseph. The product first was intro­ duced to the public at the New Era exposition held for a month east of St. Joseph. It was the same Purd Wright, who tasted the first perfected pancake, who originated the slogan, "I'se in town, honey," at a time when he was writing advertising copy for the Davis Milling Company. Mr. Wright now lives in Kansas City, where he also served as librarian. In 1889 Mr. Rutt, who later became managing editor of The News-Press, was operating, with other stockholders, the Pearl Milling Company. The com­ pany decided to put out a self-rising pancake flour. This was done following Mr. Rutt's experiments, but the company failed and subsequently the Davis Milling Company purchased the Aunt Jemima formula, business and the reg­ istered label. Later the Quaker Oats Company acquired the business. The Palace of Manufacturing and the Louisiana Monument

The London Times and the St. Louis World's Fair

BY LAWRENCE F. BARMANN*

In the area of diplomatic history the story of the relationship between Great Britain and the United States, from 1814 to the beginning of the twentieth century, is the story of a gradual evolu­ tion from hostility and alienation to friendship and alliance.1 In the areas of social and cultural history during the same period, the evolution of the relationship is that from aloofness and condescen-

*Lawrence F. Barmann is an assistant professor of History at Saint Louis University. He has received the B.A. degree from Saint Louis University and the M.A. degree from Fordham University. He also has received the Ph.L. degree and S.T.L. degree from Saint Louis University and he is the recipient of the Ph.D. degree from Cambridge University. 1 Good accounts of this evolution are H. C. Allen, Great Britain and the United States: A History of Anglo-American Relations (1783-1952) (New York, 1955) ; and Kenneth Bourne, Britain and the Balance of Power in North Amer­ ica, 1815-1908 (London, 1967). 93 94 Missouri Historical Review

sion to real interest and even praise and emulation. A representative example of the culmination of this latter evolutionary process is the English reaction to the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904 as ex­ pressed in The Times of London.2 The purpose of the present article is to reproduce this example, hardly known in this country even at the time it was written, and not only now of special interest to anyone concerned with Missouri history, but also to all of those interested in the history of Anglo-American cultural relations. A cursory glance at some earlier expressions of the evolving English attitude toward developments in America will allow a better appreciation of The Times remarks on the Fair. In 1832 William Gore Ouseley, Esq., an attache of the British Legation in Washington, published in London a book entitled Remarks on the Statistics and Political Institutions of the United States, with some Observations on the Ecclesiastical System of America, her Sources of Revenue, Etc. When the volume was reviewed in the Tory oriented Quarterly Review, the British reviewer found Ouseley rather too optimistic about America and Americans. "There is, however, a certain mere weakness in the character of the Ameri­ cans," he remarked, "that has had some effect in prolonging our prejudices against them—their overweening, absolute, thorough­ going intolerance of such criticism, as the natives of any compara­ tively uncivilized country must expect to meet with now and then from the observant travellers of an older and more refined one."3 The reviewer went on to point out that to date no British traveler in America had produced anything comparable to Samuel Johnson's account of his travels through Scotland; in fact, British travelers in America "have produced very few in the mere truthfulness of which we are disposed to put entire confidence."4 The reason for this latter reservation, according to the reviewer, was that America was so vast and varied a nation that most British travelers were prone to generalize about the whole country on the basis of a limited experience in New York and New England, or even of only Washington and New Orleans. The real problem with British evaluations of America and Americans, he added, is that both England and America have the same language and "the same original structure and habits of society."5 The result of this is that it makes of the British travelers in America "minute and intolerant

2 "The St. Louis Exhibition," London Times, April 30, 1904, p. 6. 3 The Quarterly Review, XLVIII (Dec. 1832) , 516. *Ibid., 517. 5 Ibid., 518. The London TIMES and the St. Louis World's Fak 95 critics, to a degree for which we are not qualified in the instance of any other foreign nation." He finally suggested that the Ameri­ cans would most likely innovate new life styles and language vari­ ations which would increasingly differentiate them from the British. Perhaps fearing that he had gone rather far in conceding to Ameri­ cans the right to experiment with the English language, he added that: although they have sometimes exercised this right most whimsically and absurdly to our ears, still we do not very well see by what arguments we can hope to maintain that supremacy of diction, which has passed at all times, and in all like cases, with other privileges of national inde­ pendence. ... To be sure, when some of them tell us that we ourselves cannot talk English, it is ludicrous enough; though only worthy of notice that we may pity, while we laugh at, the clownish arrogance of the assertion. But we do not believe it was ever heard among any but the half civilized boors of the west, or the most stupid and ignorant classes elsewhere; and at the worst may content ourselves with the reflection, that it is more than probable the rest of the world will continue somewhat longer to look to England for authorities in English.6 British travelers continued to find a fascination in this rela­ tively new and wild country which had rejected their political control, and books of travel in America continued to increase in numbers on the London book-sellers' lists. By the middle of the nineteenth century an anonymous reviewer of several such travelers' reminiscences could remark that "books of European travel beyond the Atlantic, of rare appearance only a few years ago, bid fau­ to become plentiful as snags in the Mississippi or buffaloes on the prairies of the West. Emigration, Californian gold, and the per­ fection of steam-navigation, have brought America to our door."7 Although the years of the American Civil War were nearly disastrous in Anglo-American relations because of the English attempt at neutrality, the years following that conflict until the end of the century, while calm and uneventful diplomatically, were years of considerable growth in the area of mutual knowledge and toleration of one another's social and cultural habits. After a visit to the States in the 1880s, Arnot Reid wrote that "in Great Britain and the United States alike the newspaper constitutes the

oibid., 519-520. 7 "Transatlantic Tourists," Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, LXIX (May, 1851), 545. 96 Missouri Historical Review chief reading of the bulk of the people, and in as much as it is at once the creature and the creator of national character, its right appraisement must needs be of gaeat [sic] interest to thinking men. Of the two peoples it is generally believed that the Americans are the more assiduous newspaper readers, and so far as statistics and my personal observations go the belief seems to be founded on fact."8 The United States, with a population of about fifty millions, boasted nearly eleven thousand newspapers and periodicals at this time. The United Kingdom, on the other hand, with a popula­ tion of rather more than half that of the United States, could count only about four thousand such publications—even including an­ nuals. But the real difference in Reid's estimation was not the quantity but the quality. The chief difference, however, between the English and American press is one of style. The English news­ paper tries to be dignified; the American tries to be smart. I do not think that there is much truth in the allegation that the American journal is more of a newspaper. The col­ umns of the English paper, save the leaders only, are filled with news. What more can be said of the American? There may be a difference of opinion as to what constitutes news, but even that difference is more apparent than real. When I was in New York there was a car-drivers' strike, with as­ saults and fights, the cars protected by police, and so on. The papers were full of Interview with the Superintend­ ent,' with the depot-keeper, the police, the strikers, the passengers, and others. The news was conveyed in short paragraphs, interspersed with portraits, and sensational headlines by the dozen. If all the 'bus drivers in London were on strike, and every 'bus were running with two policemen on the step, we may be assured that there would be in the London papers a full account of the pro­ ceedings just as there was of the Socialist riots. The ac­ count would not consist of a succession of interviews and head-lines, nor would there be any portraits, but we would get the actual facts quite full. The New York plan looks more 'newsy,' but there is really no more news. It is a dif­ ference in style, that is all.9 Allowing for a minimum of chauvinism, Reid's estimate of the newspapers of the two countries was really rather fair. In fact, his distinction has some validity even today, in spite of the fact

8 Arnot Reid, "The English and the American Press," The Nineteenth Century, XXII (August 1887) , 219. 9 Ibid., 223-224. The London TIMES and the St. Louis World's Fair 97 that most British cities have their American-type tabloids, and even the lordly Times now has its "portraits" and its "interviews." The Times account of the St. Louis World's Fair, which follows, is not only an example of English acceptance of America as a socially and culturally mature country, but also of the type of English news-coverage of which Reid wrote in 1887.

The St. Louis Exhibition It appears to be a recognized necessity, at least in America, that international exhibitions shall commemorate some important national event, and the "World's Fair" at St. Louis, which is to be formally declared open by President [Theodore] Roosevelt to-day, is no exception to the rule. The first great international exhibition held in the United States—that of Philadelphia in 1876— commemorated the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Inde­ pendence, and the second, at Chicago in 1893 celebrated the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus. The present Exhibition at St. Louis, forming the third of the series, marks the centenary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from the French by the United States. The treaty by which this was effected was signed in Paris on April 30, 1803, and the formal transfer was carried out at New Orleans on December 20 following. As the Exhibition is to remain open till December next, the period of its existence will be almost exactly equal to that which was required for the completion of the transaction. The territory thus obtained by the United States amounted to over a million square miles, and the price paid worked out at about £ 3 a square mile. It is hardly necessary to say that in the magnitude of the area devoted to its purposes this Exhibition eclipses all its predecessors. At Philadelphia the area was about 236 acres, at Chicago about 660, and at Paris about 550; at St. Louis the grounds extend over no less than 1,240 acres, about one-fifth being covered with buildings. The site lies about six miles west of the Mississippi on the western side of the city, and occupies the west half of Forest- park and adjacent land. Elaborate arrangements have been made for the transportation of visitors between the city and the Ex­ hibition. The local train service to and from the Union Station is calculated to be able to convey 30,000 passengers an hour in each direction; through passenger trains are to accommodate an­ other 20,000 or 30,000; the tramway companies claim that they will be able to "handle" about the same number; so that it is esti- 98 Missouri Historical Review

Visitors Strolling Down the Pike at the World's Fair mated that altogether it will be possible to deal with at least 80,000 passengers an hour from the city to the Exhibition. Within the grounds themselves an "intramural" railway with numerous stations will serve to convey visitors to all the different parts of the Exhibition; it is possible that some people will wish that this system could have been extended so as to carry them through the exhibits themselves, when they realize that in the Agricultural building alone they will have the felicity of traversing four miles of aisles—if they are determined to see all that is to be seen. In regard to hotels equally lavish preparation has been made. In addition to nearly 100 well-established houses able to accom­ modate 21,000 guests, some 35 new ones have been constructed during the last year, with a capacity for 26,000 more. These num­ bers only include establishments of the "better sort"; the inclusion of others, new and old, would probably bring the total up to 250. Then there are temporary erections located near the Exhibition gates, and under obligation to the management to give good en- The London TIMES and the St. Louis World's Fair 99 tertainment at moderate prices, while in the grounds there is what is modestly termed the "Inside Inn," which has a capacity for 5,500 people, and offers 500 rooms at $1, 500 at $1&, and 500 at $2, higher rates being charged for the remainder, which are larger and contain baths. In addition to hotel accommodations, of various grades, for 150,000 people, the Exhibition authorities have lists of lodgings and rooms for over 30,000 more. The fact that the managers of many of the leading hotels have signed under­ takings not to increase their rates during the period that the Ex­ hibition is open will tend, it may be hoped, to save visitors from the extortions which are apt to be inseparable incidents of great exhibitions. The exhibits are classified into 15 departments, subdivided into 144 groups, and again into 807 classes, and cover a wide field of human activity, from art to agriculture, and from manufactures and machinery to education, social economy, and physical culture. They are all grouped together according to their nature, irrespec­ tive of the country from which they come. There is, of course, the usual admixture of the "greatest on earth" type of exhibit—the widest boiler plate ever rolled, the largest gas engine ever built (3,000-horse power), the biggest organ, &c.—and those who desire a little relaxation from the strain of acquiring serious information will find the usual complement of side-shows, mostly clustered along "The Pike," and including such things as Chinese, Japanese, and Russian villages, a magic whirlpool, old St. Louis, and the streets of Seville, a mining camp, trained animals, and an observa­ tion wheel. Of the British exhibits, which will perhaps be the first item of interest to the British visitor, a general account was given in The Times of February 24 last, and the British Pavillion, a reproduction of Wren's Orangery at Kensington Palace, was described on April 1. This country contributes what will doubtless be a great attraction, in the shape of a selection of Queen Victoria's Jubilee presents, shown by permission of the King; but apart from these it is very fairly represented in many departments, as may be judged from the fact that the official catalogue is a bulky volume nearly three inches thick. It is perhaps strongest in the sections of art, the liberal arts especially, photography, chemistry, mining, and metal­ lurgy, and social economy, and it is noteworthy that in these cases the Royal Commission appointed a year ago, with the Prince of Wales as president and Lord Peel as chairman, has taken upon Fred Balsiger Slide Coll. British Pavilion

itself the task of superintending the organization of a collective exhibit. Applications made to individuals before the Royal Com­ mission came on the scene with a supply of funds to back combined and systematic effort proved of little avail. In regard to manu­ factures, in many cases no response at all was made to the letters. In others, when replies were sent, the writers seemed disposed to detect an insult to their intelligence in the suggestion that they should exhibit goods in a country protected by hostile tariffs; or they intimated that they were so full of orders that to exhibit would do them no good; or they displayed that melancholy self- sufficiency which thinks it has nothing to learn from others, and stated that they did not propose to educate the foreigner in their own superior methods. The policy of arranging for, and often pay­ ing the expenses of, collective exhibits—a new one for Great Britain—was therefore found to be inevitable, if, as was plainly desirable, this country was to take an adequate part in the Ex­ hibition. The Governments of other countries have long adopted this method of advertising their productions to the world, and have not hesitated to spend liberally in order to carry out their purpose. For example, on the present occasion Germany, although her trade interests with the United States are less than those of this country, is spending more money on her collective exhibits, and in addition she has allocated a large sum to enable some of her artisans and mechanics to pass a fortnight in inspecting the exhibi­ tion and in learning what her trade rivals are doing. It can scarcely be supposed that she spends her money just for the fun of the thing, without some expectations of gaining solid advantages from the expenditure, and perhaps some day the people of this country will come to believe that tangible benefits are to be obtained from participation in international exhibitions. But at present it must be admitted that such exhibitions are not popular among us. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Missouri Commemorates 150th Birthday On August 10, 1821, the Missouri General Assembly was meeting in the First State Capitol Building in St. Charles when President James Monroe issued a proclamation naming Missouri the 24th state of the Union. In St. Charles, August 10-15 of this year the state officially commemorated its 150th anniversary with a 6-day celebration entitled, "Festival of the Little Hills." Pioneer explorer-trader Louis Blanchette named the area Les Petites Cotes (Little Hills) when he first settled there some 200 years ago. Mrs. Warren E. Hearnes, wife of Missouri's governor, and Lt. Gov. William S. Morris, formally opened the Visitor's Center on August 10. Also scheduled that day was a meeting of Missouri's First State Capitol Restoration and Ses- quicentennial Commission in the Senate and House Chamber of the First State Capitol Building. Mrs. Hearnes also dedicated a statue of Louis Blanchette at the entrance of the St. Charles park named in Blanchette's honor. The statue was the work of Mrs. Ruth Keller Schweiss of Ladue. A noon luncheon and evening ball and queen coronation followed in Three Flags Ballroom. Missouri Governor Warren E. Hearnes sent special Sesquicentennial Plaques, postmarked St. Charles, August 10, 1971, to President Richard M. Nixon, former President Harry S. Truman and the governors of the other 49 states. The remaining plaques were placed on sale to the general public and to local historical societies. Daily attractions of the celebration featured a goute (lunch), sponsored by the St. Charles County Junior Historical Society, and tours of the State Capitol Building and the St. Charles historical district. Other special events included parades, beer garden, costume contest and show, street sales, art show, cannon firing and musket loading demonstrations and an antique auto show. Mrs. William Hutchins, Jr., was the planning chairman and Mrs. David Tharp was the coordinator.

ERRATA It has been called to our attention that the McDonald County cemetery inscriptions, noted in the April 1971 REVIEW, page 364, were compiled and donated by the McDonald County Historical Society, through Mrs. Zella Spears.

The past president of the Jackson County Historical Society should have been William Coleman Branton instead of William Coleman, as noted in the April issue on page 356. Also Edward S. Washburn is 1971 president instead of Gladys Wilson.

He Got 'The Hang of the Thing' Edina Sentinel, January 6, 1876. One of those noble American foxhunters got the hang of the thing on the occasion of the last hunt. His horse cleared a two rail fence and left him hanging in a small tree by the seat of his pantaloons.

101 VIEWS FROM THE PAST

Missouri Mills

Courtesy of Mr. & Mrs. Charles Bell Howe's Mill, once located in Dent County, was built by Thomas Howe in 1866. T. D. Hughes later bought and rebuilt the mill adding an iron over­ shot waterwheel. The wheel be­ came a great attraction to local people who gathered to watch it turn.

Jacob Schreiner and C. E. Flack established the Manchester Roller Mills in St. Louis County in 1880 where they handled grain and flour on commission. Mill products included extra fancy flour, graham flour, corn meal, bran and ship- stuff.

Courtesy Johnson Co. Hist. Sec.

Eureka Mills in War- rensburg, one of the larg­ est in Western Missouri, cost $40,000 when it was built in 1867 by Land, Fike and Company. The mill employed more than ten persons, along with numerous coopers who made barrels for ship­ ment. The company shipped some 125 barrels daily. Vine Clad City The Sombart Brothers, Charles W. and Julius, started a milling business in 1852 on the south bank of the Missouri River at Boonville. In a few years it produced 200 barrels of flour daily. Later owners manufactured livestock and poultry feed under the brand name, "Hi Pat."

De Soto Roller Mills, or Lepp's Mill, as it came to be called, was erected by James Hopson and A. F. Shearlock in 1871, and was later bought by Henry Lepp. A choice quality of flour, sold under the trademark, "Lily-White," became a leading product.

Courtesy Eddie Miller, De Soto Press

Samuel Caplinger built a mill at the small village called Sacville on the Sac River north of Stockton in 1870. The site, later known as Caplinger Mills, became a popular fishing spot. A hotel for visiting salesmen, fishermen and travelers, a wagon yard and two stores were later erected.

•i- *.;. 104 Missouri Historical Review

EDITORIAL POLICY

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter­ ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Missouri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in foot­ noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for pub­ lication. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a carbon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and the footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously published in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica­ tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad­ dressed to: Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri Corner Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201

«fet|MI^^ Historical Notes and Comments 105

NEWS IN BRIEF

On January 27 a collection of pa­ M. Nixon to sign the bill changing the pers and scientific equipment of the name of a major dam project in Mis­ late Dr. Charles Claude Guthrie, Sr., souri to the Harry S. Truman Dam was presented to Western Historical and Reservoir. Manuscripts Collection of the Univer­ sity of Missouri by his sister, Fannie A series of Missouri Sesquicentennial V. Guthrie, Columbia. Interim Chan­ lectures began February 11 at the cellor Herbert W. Schooling and Dr. main library, 311 East Twelfth Street Richard S. Brownlee, director of the in Kansas City. Lew Larkin, Kansas joint collections of the Western His­ City Star's Missouri History editor, torical Manuscripts and the State His­ discussed the state's heritage at the torical Society of Missouri accepted the first meeting. The lectures are held gift. Miss Guthrie designated Dr. G. the second Thursday of each month, Mallary Masters, romance language February through May, and Septem­ professor at the University of North ber through December. Carolina, as honorary curator to advise the utilization of the collection. Dr. A reception and banquet at Ra- Guthrie, regarded as the "father" of mada Inn, Columbia, April 23, hon­ organ transplants and modern plastic ored Dr. Charles F. Mullett, retiring surgery, received an M.D. degree at the professor of History at the University University of Missouri in 1901. While of Missouri-Columbia. a student he became interested in The event was a part of the 13th cardiovascular research and later annual Missouri Conference on His­ shared his work with Dr. Alexis Car­ tory, a 2-day meeting, held jointly rel, winner of the 1912 Nobel prize with the Missouri Urban History Com­ in medicine. Correspondence between mittee. Dr. Mullett, who has served a the two is included in the collection. 46-year tenure as English historian at Dr. Guthrie taught at Western Re­ the University of Missouri, became serve University in Cleveland, Ohio, professor emeritus. University of Chicago and Washing­ At the first general session, presided ton University in St. Louis. He then over by Dr. Mullett, Professor Lacey joined the University of Pittsburgh Baldwin Smith of Northwestern Uni­ faculty where he was head of the De­ versity, Evanston, Illinois, spoke on partment of Physiology and Pharma­ "Henry VIII: A King in Search of a cology for over 40 years. In 1962 the Biographer." University of Missouri conferred the Dr. Richard S. Kirkendall, Univer­ honorary degree of Doctor of Science sity of Missouri-Columbia, presided upon Dr. Guthrie. He died in 1963. over the Saturday luncheon with the theme, "Celebration of Missouri's Ses­ A new exhibit entitled "Conserva­ quicentennial." The address, "Rhetoric tion is Indivisible: President Truman vs Realism: 150 Years of Missouri and our Natural Resources" opened Boosterism," was given by Dr. Lyle March 20 at the Harry S. Truman Dorsett, University of Missouri-St. Library, Independence. Senator Stuart Louis. Symington spoke in the auditorium that day, and made a presentation of A citation and Thomas Jefferson the pen used by President Richard cash award were presented, April 13, 106 Missouri Historical Review at the University of Missouri-Colum­ were the recent Benton portrait of bia, to Dr. Lewis E. Atherton, pro­ Truman and a self-portrait of Benton, fessor of History at the University completed in 1970. A number of dig­ and second vice president of the State nitaries attended including Postmaster Historical Society of Missouri. An all- General Winton M. Blount, Senator university committee selected Dr. Hubert H. Humphrey, Representative Atherton as the person exhibiting William J. Randall, Governor and best the attributes of Thomas Jeffer­ Mrs. Warren E. Hearnes and Lieuten­ son. The cash award of interest from ant Governor William S. Morris. In­ a $10,000 gift of the Robert Earl Mc- dependence postmaster Edgar G. Connell Foundation, was in turn given Hinde, Jr., acted as master of cere­ by Dr. Atherton to the University of monies. Marilyn Maye and the Tony Missouri for use by graduate students. DiPardo band provided musical en­ The Thomas Jefferson award is tertainment. given annually as a part of the tra­ ditional Tap Days ceremonies at the College president R. L. D. Davidson University of Missouri-Columbia. unveiled an 8-foot statue of the famed British prime minister, Sir Winston At the Columbia Regional Airport Churchill, May 16, at Westminster Gallery in April the Columbia Art College, Fulton. With the bronze cast­ League sponsored a one-man show of ing, sculptor Franta Belsky fulfilled a paintings by Sidney Larson, art cu­ promise made as a Czechoslovakian rator of the State Historical Society of freedom fighter in World War II. Missouri and chairman of the Art De­ Churchill visited his camp and so im­ partment at Columbia College. Mr. pressed Belsky that he promised to do Larson painted the works while in a sculpture some day. College board Mexico in the summer of 1970. member Clark R. Gamble and his wife of St. Louis commissioned the James W. Goodrich, associate editor sculptor. of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Some 700 persons attended the un­ participated in a panel discussion en­ veiling, part of a celebration by the titled "Job Opportunities in the His­ college marking the 25th anniversary torical Disciplines" during "Career of the Iron Curtain speech. Letters Reach—for women only" sponsored by were read from President Richard M. Stephens College, Columbia, on April Nixon and former presidents Harry S. 29, 1971. Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson.

National, state and area leaders Assistant State Forester John Wylie gathered at the Harry S. Truman of the Missouri Conservation Com­ Library in Independence, May 8, to mission spoke at the May 2 dedication pay tribute to former President Tru­ of Mill Stream Park in Caledonia. man on his 87th birthday and also to Owner Mrs. Muriel E. Akers donated commemorate the 150th anniversary the area for public use. The park of the state's founding. A sesquicenten- contains the site of the historic Cale­ nial commemorative stamp was issued donia Flouring Mill, built by George using the Thomas Hart Benton mural P. Harvey in 1875. James Sims, sec­ of "Independence and the Opening retary of Caledonia Community Bet­ of the West," which is on the lobby terment Association, served as master wall of the library. Also on display of ceremonies. Historical Notes and Comments 107

The annual Missouri Historic market place were opened to the pub­ Preservation conference was held May lic. The program also featured an an­ 1 at the new city hall in Florissant. tique show and sale, quilt display, a Participants enjoyed lunch at historic children's parade and a variety of St. Stanislaus Seminary, and toured the musical entertainment. seminary, Old St. Ferdinand's Shrine, Casa Alverez and the Archambault A series of 16 paintings, "Memor­ House. The conference closed with a able Missourians," by R. C. Holmes, reception at Taille de Noyer. was displayed at the St. Louis City Art Museum, May 22-23, and at the A recent publication of the Truman Old Courthouse rotunda, through the Library, Historical Materials in the following week. Mr. Holmes, art su­ Harry S. Truman Library, an Intro­ pervisor for the Missouri Tourism duction to Their Contents and Use, Commission, did the works to honor has been mailed to past and prospec­ Missouri's 150 years of statehood. The tive researchers in the Truman period paintings depicted outstanding events and donors of papers to the library. from Missouri's history, along with This list covers papers, microfilm portraits of individuals responsible for and oral history transcripts, and gives the events. an explanation of the nature of the materials, research procedures, restric­ The League of Historic Groups of tions and suggestions for citations of North St. Louis County sponsored an library materials in publications. afternoon bus tour of historic sites in Bridgeton, Hazelwood, Creve Goeur The annual Florissant "Valley of and Florissant, June 6*. Mrs. Louis Flowers" celebration was held May Baruzzini, Bridgeton, and Mrs. Ken­ 1-2 at the Knights of Columbus Park, neth WebeT and Mrs. Myrl Hutson, Old St. Ferdinand's Shrine and the both of Hazelwood, served on the Y.M.C.A. Events on the schedule in­ tour committee. cluded a tour of historic homes, ba­ zaar, art show, book fair, auction and A George Fuller Green Memorial musical entertainment. Fund for student aid and salaries, was recently established with Educational The John Sappington Chapter, Opportunities of Denver, Colorado. Daughters of the American Revolu­ Educational Opportunities is a new tion, Affton, dedicated a Revolution­ nation-wide undergraduate program ary War marker on May 16 at the that provides educational options for grave of Captain John Long, who is all generations. Dr. Robert R. Hud- buried in the Sappington Cemetery, dleston is president of the organiza­ Crestwood. Wilbur M. Shankland, tion. Mr. Green was a prominent author and historian of Rock Hill, Kansas City area architect and build­ gave the tribute to Captain Long. er, the city archivist and historian and Shirley Ann Pease, regent of the chap­ the author of A Condensed History ter, dedicated the marker. ..,,_, Of the Kansas City Area (1968). Mr. Green was also an active member of The 20th annual Maifest was held, Native Sons of Kansas City and the May 15-16, at Hermann. Strolling State Historical Society of Missouri. minstrels entertained visitors, and the winery, old homes, country store and Dr. Clair, V. Mann, life member 108 Missouri Historical Review and active contributor to the State the opening address. The Reverend Historical Society of Missouri and past Clark Hargus, president of the Ray- officer of the Phelps County Histori­ County Sesquicentennial Committee, cal Society, was honored by members served as master of ceremonies. Other of the Rolla Area Chamber of Com­ activities included the musical comedy, merce at their annual membership "Free State of Ray," parades, arts and banquet, June 29, at the Carney crafts display, contests, musical enter­ Manor. Chamber president Russell tainment, dances, threshing bee, Perry presented to Dr. Mann a cer­ muzzle loaders shoot, sky-diving, po­ tificate of appreciation for his 50 years litical stump speaking and the re- of service to Rolla as a surveyor, his­ enactment of the Hughes & Wasson torian and concerned citizen. Dr. Bank robbery. Mann, who is 87 and in his 65th year of marriage, was also given an honor­ A special display at the Concordia ary lifetime membership in the Historical Institute museum, St. Louis, Chamber. commemorated the 125th anniversary of the death of Martin Stephan, first The Ray County sesquicentennial, Lutheran bishop in America. The Richmond, June 30-July 4, officially- exhibit included the writings of opened on July 1 following a band Stephan, documents connected with concert on the city square. Presiding his investiture as bishop and artifacts Judge Monroe Fields welcomed the from the immigration period. Stephan visitors, and Dr. Homer Clevenger, was the leader of a group of immi­ Orrick, chairman of the Missouri grants who arrived in this country in Sesquicentennial and First State Capi­ 1839 from Saxony and settled in St. tol Restoration Commission, presented Louis and Perry County.

Cleansing Feather Pillows Knobnoster Will. Can's Gem, June 1, 1888. A very good way to cleanse and renew feather pillows is to make a bag large enough to hold the feathers of a pillow or two out of the thinnest muslin you can get, or better, cheese-cloth. Rip a place in end of one of the pillow7 tick and sew it to a corresponding opening in the cheese-cloth bag. Shake all the feathers out of the tick into the bag, and then rip the two apart. Sew up the opening in the bag, and also baste up the opening in the pillow tick, then this can be washed without wasting the down that sticks to the inside of the tick. Put the bag into a tub of hot water in which you have put a little ammonia. Lift it up and press it down in this water for a few minutes, and then take it into a tub of clean, soft water and rinse it. Press the water out of it as much as you can, shake well and pin the bag to two clothes lines by the four corners and let it hang in the sun, occasionally turning the bag and shaking up the feathers until they are dry and well aired. Having washed the tick the feathers may now be put back into it the same way they were taken out, and the pillows will be fresh and light as new and no feathers wasted.--Farm and Home Historical Notes and Comments 109

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Audrain County Historical Society Bates County Historical Society At the June 7 board of directors Mrs. Mildred Frieze presented a talk meeting at the museum, Mexico, So­ and slides of her recent trip to the ciety President Robert M. White II, Holy Land, at the May 6 meeting announced the organization of seven in the Butler City Hall. new departments, each under a cura­ At the June 10 meeting members tor. The departments and curators participated in a "show and tell" pro­ include membership, Connie Picker­ gram, under the leadership of Society ing; development, Col. Charles R. president Charles Robertson. Stribling III; exhibits, Mrs. William S. Lowe; house and grounds, Roy Benton County Historical Society Kent; activities, Mrs. Lawrence M. Members met April 8 at the Benton Barnes, Mrs. Ned Rodes and Mrs. County Enterprise office in Warsaw. Robert M. White II; administration, Mrs. Grace Sartin, retired local teach­ Lester J. Miller, Jr.; and American er, entertained the group with stories Saddle Horse Museum, Mrs. H. I. and experiences of a rural school Nesheim. The purpose of the new teacher. organization was to continue the out­ At the May 13 meeting members standing work that resulted in the brought family treasures and explained establishment of the county's two their history for a "show and tell" museums, Ross House and the Ameri­ program. can Saddle Horse Museum. Almost 400 people visited the mu­ seum during Warsaw's Jubilee Days, A new fire alarm system was au­ June 11-13. Featured attractions were thorized for installment in the mu­ an early American kitchen, old-fash­ seums. David Strassner is the new ioned country schoolroom, a 60-year- caretaker of the museums. old wedding dress and archaeological findings. Barry County Historical Society Members held their April 18 meet­ Boone County Historical Society ing in the county courthouse, Cass- More than 80 members and their ville. Sinclair Rogers showed color guests attended the April 21 meeting slides of his native wild flower and at the Columbia Country Club. Mrs. shrub collection, and Mrs. J. Fred Dorothy J. Caldwell, Society historian, Mermoud reported on her visit to reveiwed events leading to Missouri's the first state capitol sesquicentennial statehood and gave short histories of observance in St. Charles. Boone County and Columbia, all cele­ Officers elected to serve for the next brating 150 years of existence. James two years were Charles Vaughan, Cass- Darrough, Columbia architect and ville, president; C. E. Shepherd, Cass- chairman of the historical committee ville, vice president; Mrs. Ray Hollis for the Boone County Sesquicenten­ Lowe, Cassville, recording secretary; nial, presented a slide preview of the Mrs. J. Fred Mermoud, Monett, cor­ sesquicentennial book, Boone County responding secretary and historian; Album. Resolutions of appreciation Mrs. Loren Roden, Shell Knob, treas­ and respect were read and adopted urer; Mrs. Marvin Bennett, Monett, regarding the service of Colonel A. R. music director; and Will Townsley, Troxell, president of the Society at Cassville, reporter. the time of his death. 110 Missouri Historical Review

Officers elected for the coming year president Mrs. Arthur Thilenius, Sue were James Darrough, president; Mrs. Jackson presented Miss Kochtitzky Thomas Botts, vice president; Mrs. with a bouquet of roses. Burette Leonard Guitar, secretary; Mrs. James Oliver, Jr., eldest son of Mrs. Oliver, E. Comfort, historian; and Dr. Charles was an honored guest. Hellem, treasurer. The June 26 meeting in the Jack­ son Library featured a program on Butler County Historical Society pottery. Vernon Kasten of Kasten Clay At the April 16 meeting, Jack Toll, Products Company related the de­ director of Mingo Refuge, presented velopment of the brickmaking busi­ a history of the Mingo Swamp. Pic­ ness started by his grandfather, R. C. tures depicted the early timber in­ Kasten. John Kasten and the speaker's dustry, drainage, agriculture and pres­ father, L. W. Kasten, added reminis­ ent day attempts to return the area cences about their father and the in­ to its original state. dustry. The society is to be congratulated for publication of its first newsletter Carondelet Historical Society in April 1971. Captain William F. Carroll, master of the steamer Admiral, was the guest Camden County Historical Society speaker at the February 22 meeting in More than 50 persons attended the the Carondelet Branch Library. He May 2 Silver Service Tea at the muse­ discussed the history of steamboating um in Linn Creek. Students from with emphasis on the Carondelet area. grades 4 and 5 of Macks Creek School The Society sponsored its annual also visited the museum near the end bus tour, May 22, to St. Charles and of the school year. The total number Defiance. The group toured historic of visitors for May was 90. First Street and the old capitol build­ ing in St. Charles and visited the Cape Girardeau County Daniel Boone Home near Defiance. Historical Society Members viewed a movie, "Story Approximately 200 members and of a Patriot," at the May 24 meeting guests attended the April 24 meeting in Carondelet Branch Library. The in the Masonic Temple, Cape Girar­ film depicted 18th-century Williams­ deau. The meeting commemorated the burg, Virginia. sesquicentennial of Missouri, with spe­ cial emphasis on Southeast Missouri. Carroll County Historical Society The program, including accounts of Eighty society members attended the outstanding historical events, featured May 27 dinner meeting at the a talk by Dr. Wesley A. Deneke, on Wakenda School. The Reverend Clark the slogan, "The Show Me State." H. Hargus, pastor of the Christian The early struggles involved in estab­ Church of Richmond and president lishing state boundary lines were re­ of the Ray County Historical Society, lated by Rush H. Limbaugh, Jr. was guest speaker. He related the Featured speaker, Mary Kochtitizky, history of Missouri at the time of Maiden, told about assisting Mrs. statehood and told of the early his­ Marie Oliver in making the first tory of Ray County. The Reverend Missouri state flag in 1909. Follow­ O. G. Tieman also presented histories ing her solo, "A Rose For Cape Gir­ of Eugene Township and Wakenda. ardeau," written by former Society The new Carroll County Historical Historical Notes and Comments 111

Museum was formally dedicated in John Hardy, owner of the Schell City Carrollton, June 14. Over 250 persons clock museum, presented a display of attended, many in period costumes. his collection including clocks, watches Paul West, a founder of the Society, and other antique items. spoke on Carroll County history and Rolland Pangborn, Humansville, the founding of the Society. He paid was guest speaker at the April 20 meet­ special recognition to Katie Marie ing in the Methodist Church. A mem­ Adkins and Pearl Edwin Lowrance ber of the University of Missouri for their work on the museum. Repre­ Archaeological Research Department, sentative Bill Hibler also spoke and Mr. Pangborn was in charge of the participated in the dedication cere­ Sac River valley exploration prior to monies. and during construction of the Stock­ The July 22 meeting, held at Rush ton dam and reservoir. He showed Chapel in western Carroll County, slides of discovered Indian sites and featured a program on the history of burial grounds. the area, presented by Mrs. Tillie At the May 24 meeting in the coun­ Mosher. ty courtroom, Stockton, members heard a report on the cataloging of remote Cass County Historical Society cemeteries. Honorable H. A. Kelso, Members held their April 25 meet­ judge of the 28th Judicial District, ing at the home of Mrs. E. S. Jones, related interesting facts and incidents Harrisonville. Following the business about all the judges who had served session, David A. Ritsch described the the circuit since its organization. services and resources available at the Chariton County Historical Society Kansas City Genealogical Branch Li­ At the April 18 meeting in Dulany brary. A program on the Daughters Library, Salisbury, the program car­ of the American Revolution, their ried out the observance of Missouri's history, purpose and projects was pre­ sesquicentennial with guest speaker sented by Lucile Moody and Lucia W. W. Wisdom of Tipton. Mr. Wis­ Orr. dom spoke on the history of the state. Members met June 13 at the C. K. Memberships in the Society have Frank farm, one of the childhood now reached 300. homes of former president Harry S. Truman, near Belton. A bronze mark­ Civil War Round Table er was dedicated at the site by Judge Of Kansas City W. M. Kimberlin, 17th Judicial Court. Dr. Herman M. Hattaway, assistant Special guest Mary Jane Truman, professor of History, University of sister to the former president, gave Missouri-Kansas City, presented "160 some of the family history. John Curry Matthew Brady Slides in Color" at from the Truman Library, Inde­ the February 23 meeting in Twin Oaks pendence, discussed the homes where Apartments. Mr. Truman had lived. At the March 23 meeting, Dr. Grady The Society sponsored an antique McWhiney, professor of History at show at Peculiar, July 9-10. Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich­ igan, was presented the Harry S Cedar County Historical Society Truman Award for Meritorious Serv­ Some 50 members and guests at­ ice in the Field of Civil War History. tended the June 28 meeting in the Dr. McWhiney spoke to the members Stockton United Methodist Church. and their ladies on "Jefferson Davis 112 Missouri Historical Review and His Generals." Braxton Bragg and State College, Springfield. The author Confederate Defeat is one of six books of numerous papers on Mormons and written or edited by Dr. McWhiney. Missouri history, Dr. Jennings dis­ He has also had sixteen articles pub­ cussed and interpreted the Civil War lished in scholarly journals. diary for members of the Round Dr. William Parrish, professor of Table. History at Westminster College, Ful­ At the June 9 meeting, Dr. Allen ton, spoke on "Jeff Davis' Visit To H. Moore, Jr., Branson physician, Missouri," at the April 27 meeting. spoke on the Civil War Battle of The talk dealt with Davis's speaking New Market, Virginia, May 15, 1864. tour in Missouri in 1875. At the May 25 meeting Dr. Leslie Civil War Round Table Anders, professor of History at Central Of St. Louis Missouri State College, Warrensburg, At the February 24 meeting in spoke on "The Battle of Athens—Then Le Chateau, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, and Now." Author of a book on the director of the State Historical Society Civil War's 18th Missouri Regiment, of Missouri, Columbia, spoke on "Gen­ Dr. Anders is currently preparing a eral Grant and Missouri." book about the 21st Missouri Infantry. Members held their annual ladies night, May 21, at the Thomas Sapping­ Civil War Round Table ton House in Crestwood. Hostesses Of the Ozarks answered questions about the building A program on "Hymns in the Life and its furnishings. The historic land­ of the Confederate Soldier" was pre­ mark is maintained by the Crestwood sented at the February 10 meeting Historical Society. in Ramada Inn, Springfield, by Dr. Dr. Leslie Anders, professor of His­ Max J. Skidmore. Dr. Skidmore is tory at Central Missouri State College, the head of the Department of Politi­ Warrensburg, at the April 28 meet­ cal Science and Philosophy at South­ ing, spoke on "The Battle of Athens west Missouri State College, Spring­ —Then and Now." field. He is the author of a recently published book, Medicare and the Clark County Historical Society American Rhetoric of Reconciliation. At the April 27 meeting in Sever At the March 10 meeting, Round Memorial Library, Kahoka, Mrs. Thel- Table member Jack Randall spoke ma Wells presented a slide program on "General J. E. B. Stuart: Last of on her recent visit to the Holy Land. the Cavaliers." Kyle Peterson spoke on the Mis­ Lt. Col. Leo E. Huff, assistant pro­ souri sesquicentennial at the May 25 fessor of History at Southwest Missouri meeting. State College, Springfield, presented A slide program on a tour of "The Court-Martial of General George England, featured at the June 22 A. Custer" at the April 14 meeting. meeting, was given by Robert Skeens. The talk dealt with a little-chronicled event in the life of a controversial Clay County Museum Association figure. Noted archaeologist J. Mett Shippee A program on "A Soldier's Diary" presented an illustrated program on was given at the May 12 dinner meet­ "The Influence of the Missouri River ing by Dr. Warren A. Jennings, pro­ on the Migrations to Western Mis­ fessor of History at Southwest Missouri souri by the Indians and Pioneers." Historical Notes and Comments 113

The meeting was held February 25 At the May 8 meeting in the Platts­ in the County Historical Museum, burg City Hall, Mrs. Melvin Hutton, Liberty. Turney, spoke on transportation in Conn Withers told about "Missouri the Northwest. Mrs. Hutton related Before Statehood: 1700-1819," at the history ranging from the Indian trails March 25 meeting. This was the third to modern-day travel. program presented for special com­ memoration of the state's sesquicen­ Cole County Historical Society tennial. A Cole County sesquicentennial At the April 29 meeting Dr. Wil­ medal was presented to the Society liam H. Goodson, Jr., spoke on "One during the May 8 anniversary cele­ Hundred and Fifty Years of Medical bration at Lohman's Landing, Jeffer­ Practice in Missouri." Dr. Goodson's son City. The award, presented by father, Dr. W. H. Goodson, practiced John W. Ellinger, general chairman medicine in Liberty for more than 50 of the activity, recognized the So­ years. The speaker and his brother, ciety's role in instigating the event Dr. Louis Goodson, are restoring their and setting up the county sesqui­ father's office. centennial committee. Major activities Professor John David Rice, of Wil­ in the celebration included a parade liam Jewell College, discussed "Mis­ with floats depicting area history, an souri: 1820-1845," at the May 27 meet­ old-fashioned stump speaking and an ing. The talk covered Missouri's ice cream social. admission to statehood in 1821 up to the Mexican War. Crawford County Historical Society Society members held their annual Members of the Society held a rum­ picnic dinner, June 24, at the old mage sale in March and served a din­ Mt. Gilead Church grounds north of ner, June 4, to some 60 retirement home residents, their guests and board Liberty. Church members conducted members. Proceeds from both events the group through the pioneer were used to complete restoration on church building which is being re­ the first log schoolhouse in Cuba, stored. A program on "The Quantrill erected in 1860. The building will be Nobody Knows" was given by Edgar used as a museum. Crigler of Weston. Major improvements are being made Dallas County Historical Society at the historical museum. A stairway, Members of the Society presented a cut from the main floor to the base­ three-act pageant, "The Railroad Dal­ ment, will add five new exhibit rooms las County Never Had," at the county to the building. fair, July 29-31. The audience par­ ticipated in the show giving it a Clinton County Historical Society natural setting. The Society also spon­ Over 20 members attended the sored a historical display for the fair. March 13 meeting at St. Ann's Hall in Plattsburg. The program on "Remem­ Daughters of Old Westport bering Our Ancestry" and railroads Some 20 persons attended the of the area was given by J. D. Dunham June 15 meeting, held at Loose Park of Osborn. Mr. Dunham presented Garden Center in Kansas City. Eight to the Society a copy of "Osborn names of old-time living members Evergreen Cemetery, 1870-1970," which were added to the honorary member­ he compiled and published. ship list. 114 Missouri Historical Review

DeKalb County Historical Society Two classes on Ste. Genevieve his­ Members held their May 16 meeting tory were organized this past winter. at the county courthouse, Maysville. One was a free eight-week course J. D. Dunham spoke on "Remember­ offered to eighth grade students; an­ ing Our Ancestry," for the program other was an evening class for adults. featuring area railroad history. Total The adult $10 and $15 fees charged membership in May reached 200. for individuals and married couples Officers for the coming year are will be used for restoration of the Lora Lockhart, president; Ralph Wolf, Memorial Cemetery. The Foundation first vice president; Louis Goodwin, believes that education is the first second vice president; Oscar McCon- step in selling restoration and pres­ nell, third vice president; James W. ervation to the public. Brown, honorary vice president; Hom­ er Hill, treasurer; Martha Spiers, sec­ Friends of Arrow Rock retary; and Bessie L. Whiteaker and Members of the Bucksnort Shoot­ Ruth Owen, co-historians. ing Club invited the Friends to join them in holding an Old Time Turkey Dent County Historical Society Shoot at the Bucksnort Rifle Range, Seventy members attended a cov­ July 25. Only muzzle-loading firearms ered-dish supper, June 11, in the Sligo were used. Proceeds will be used for Community Building. A program on the maintenance or the acquisition the history of Dent County was pre­ of items for display in the John P. sented by Mrs. Glenn Vaughan. Sites Gun Shop in Arrow Rock. Members celebrated the 150th birth- Florissant Valley Historical Society date of the Santa Fe Trail and the At the April 15 meeting in Taille Missouri statehood sesquicentennial, de Noyer, Mrs. Charles Weiderman September 26, with an old-fashioned presented a program on "Cold Water basket dinner at the Old Chapel, School, Church and Cemetery." Arrow Rock.

Foundation for Restoration Friends of Keytesville Of Ste. Genevieve The Friends held their annual On February 26 members of the meeting, February 11, at General board of directors decided to purchase Sterling Price Museum, Keytesville. the Lalumendiere House at 801 South New president Patricia Kirby reviewed Gabouri Street. The house will be the museum activities and presented repaired and rented until the Founda­ an outline of future plans. Other tion can restore it or is able to sell officers are Jo Knight, first vice pres­ it to someone who will make restora­ ident; Helen Hughes, second vice tions. This is the first property ac­ president; Mary Davis, recording sec­ quired by the Foundation in its retary; Goldie Yates, corresponding efforts to restore and preserve his­ secretary; Carolyn Russell, treasurer; toric Ste. Genevieve. and Jerri Wheeler, historian. Under the leadership of Sister Mary The Friends founded the Price Baptista, S.J., over 100 seventh and Museum which opened to the public, eighth grade students of the parochial October 17, 1964. school have taken an interest in his­ toric preservation and have become Friends of Old St. Ferdinand members of the Foundation. The Friends sponsored a "show and Historical Notes and Comments 115 tell" program of needlecraft, old and meeting by Dr. B. B. Lightfoot. Dr. new, on July 18 in the convent of the Lightfoot is professor of History at Shrine. Also on display was a collec­ Southwest Missouri State College, tion of antique chests and pipes and Springfield, and a past president of a collection of wood carving. the Society. His talk was the second in a series on Missouri history pre­ Gentry County Historical Society sented in recognition of the state's At the June 25 meeting in the sesquicentennial. Gentryville Community building, mem­ Dr. William E. Berger, of Drury bers heard an account of the town College, spoke on "History as Cul­ by Crickett Kirk. The history was ture," at the May 27 meeting. As prepared by Crickett and Louise Kirk a member of the Springfield Historic and Glenn Setzer. Lester Pierce be­ Sites Board, Dr. Berger has been active came the new president, and Loy in making a survey and assessment of Hammond will serve as the corre­ the cultural and historic site land­ sponding secretary. marks in Greene County. His talk correlated history with the culture Grand River Historical Society in the community. On January 25 the city council ap­ At the June 24 meeting, Dr. W^ar- proved the Society's request to build ren A. Jennings, professor of History a museum in the Chillicothe City at Southwest Missouri State College, Park. Members are making plans for Springfield, gave an account of "A the project. Prisoner of the Confederacy."

Grundy County Historical Society Greene County Historical Society Dr. Homer Clevenger, state chair­ Dr. William E. Berger led a dis­ man of the First State Capitol Restora­ cussion on "The Future of Cultural tion and Sesquicentennial Commis­ and Historic Sites in Springfield," sion, was guest speaker at the June 27 at the February 25 meeting in the meeting in the Trenton Trust Com­ Springfield Art Museum. Dr. Berger pany Bank. Dr. Clevenger explained served as a member of the Historic about the work of the commission Sites Board which surveyed cultural and related a brief history of the and historic sites and landmarks in state, telling how it had developed the area. He felt that a policy should since 1821. Clair Elsberry, vice pres­ be established toward the preserva­ ident of the State Junior Chamber tion and marking program. of Commerce, and Bob Warren, pres­ Mrs. Mary Anne Day, graduate stu­ ident of the local Jaycees, presented dent in history at Southwest Missouri a map of Missouri in 1821 to Society State College, Springfield, spoke on president Alfred Witten. "Stone Chapel of Drury College and the Springfield Community," at the Harrison County Historical Society March 25 meeting. Mrs. Day's research At the April 9 meeting in the First will be used in the local history and National Bank, Bethany, Mary Wight- historic sites and buildings survey man presented the program about being made by the Historical Sites county newspapers. She reported that Board of Springfield. the first county newspaper, the A program on "Beginning of State­ Bethany Star, was published 112 years hood: Organizing State Government in ago, and at one time there were 1821," was presented at the April 22 seven newspapers in the county. 116 Missouri Historical Review

The new Harrison County His­ Historical Association torical Museum, located in the old Of Greater Cape Girardeau city hall, Bethany, was formally dedi­ A program, consisting of color slides cated, June 20. Mayor LaVerne Madi­ of "Early Buildings in Cape Girar­ son welcomed nearly 200 guests and deau," was given by Clarence Fultz the Honorable Robert Lowman pre­ at the May 23 meeting in the Carriage sented the dedicatory address. Mrs. House, R-325 South Spanish Street. Carl Slaughter presided at the guest George Goodson, representing the Vet­ book, and Carl Slaughter, Bessie Pyle erans of Foreign Wars, Post 3838 of and Ruby Smith served as official Cape Girardeau, presented American greeters. Refreshments of cookies and and Missouri flags to the Association. punch were served. The museum is After the meeting, members enjoyed open 1-7 p.m. on Thursdays and the annual picnic dinner on the Glenn 1-5 p.m. on Saturdays and Sundays. House lawn.

Historical Association Hazelwood Historical Society Of Greater St. Louis The Little Red Schoolhouse mu­ Professor William B. Faherty, S.J., seum opened to the public during presented a paper on "St. Louis, the summer on the last Sunday of each Religious Gateway to the West: Pio­ month, 2-5 p.m., or by appointment. neering Efforts of the Lutheran, The display included old toys, books, Presbyterians, and Catholics in the desk and potbellied stove. The ex­ Trans-Mississippi Area" at the March hibits were changed each month. 19 meeting in Medaille Hall, Font- bonne College. Dr. Faherty is profes­ Phoebe Apperson Hearst sor of History at St. Louis University. Historical Society At the May 14 dinner meeting in Members held their annual Arbor Koburg Hall, Concordia Seminary, Day planting program, April 18, in Clayton, president N. Webster Moore the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Histor­ of Vashon High School delivered the ical Park near St. Clair. Rose bushes evening address. Mr. Moore spoke on were added to the rose garden and "James Pierson Beckwith (Beckwourth) two trees were also planted on the —St. Louis Negro Frontiersman and grounds. Chief of the Crow Indians." On June 20 the Society sponsored Historical Society of Polk County a tour to Mark Twain Shrine in The new Society, organized April 21, Florida and invited members of the meets quarterly on the fourth Thurs­ Franklin County Historical Society to day of the month in th» R. E. A. attend. Building, Bolivar. In June the mem­ bership total reached 190. Hickory County Historical Society Officers of the Society are Mrs. Members held their April 27 meet­ Nina Jester, president; Carl Abel, ing in the Hermitage City Hall and vice president; Mrs. Pauline Lynn, a June 8 meeting in the Wheatland treasurer; and Mrs. Verna Lea Peter­ City Park to make plans for a sesqui­ son, secretary. centennial celebration in the park, July 3. A basket dinner and parade Howell County Historical Society were featured attractions. The West Plains City Council re- Historical Notes and Comments 117 cently appointed Society president At the June 3 meeting Earl Squyres Dick Fleming as a member of the presented a program on "The Trail James P. Harlin Memorial Founda­ of Tears—People, Life, Drama of the tion board of directors. This organi­ Cherokee Nation." Mr. Squyres, a Me­ zation was set up to administer Harlin morial High School speech and drama House property in West Plains. The instructor, also has worked as a direc­ downstairs portion of the house will tor, stage designer, playwright and be used as a display museum, meet­ actor. ing room and headquarters office for Officers for the coming year are the historical society. Marie Guengerich, president; Albert During the spring months members Braeckel, vice president; Victor Hin- painted and refurbished the exterior ton, treasurer; Mrs. Chester Chicker- of Big Springs School. ing, secretary; Mrs. David Hoover, assistant to the president and corre­ Jaekson County Historical Society sponding secretary; and Mrs. Victor With restoration of Wornall House Hinton, assistant treasurer. well underway at 61st Terrace and Wornall Road, Kansas City, the public Kansas City Westerners toured the landmark each Sunday be­ At the April 13 meeting in Hotel ginning May 16 through June 13, Bellerive, Dr. George L. Anderson, from 2 to 5 p.m. Tours were also professor of History at the University scheduled September 19 and 26 and of Kansas, Lawrence, spoke on "The October 3 and 10. There was no Lighter Side of Western Banking." charge but donations were welcomed The talk dealt with Kansas banking since $70,000 is needed to complete in the 1800s contrasted with Eastern restoration on the 1858 structure. banking at the same time. Several great-granddaughters and rela­ tives of the builder, John Bristow Dr. Craig Miner, instructor at Wornall, served as hostesses with other Wichita State University, related the volunteers. early history of railroads, at the May 11 meeting. Joplin Historical Society A paper on "Men of Destiny: Urban Over 200 persons celebrated the Promotion in the American West," city's 98th anniversary at the March 28 was read at the June 8 meeting. The meeting in First Presbyterian Church. paper, prepared by J. Christopher Marie Guengerich had charge of the Schnell, instructor of History at South­ program featuring "Music of the Early east Missouri State College, Cape Nineteen Hundreds." The second Rex Girardeau, dealt with the promo­ Plumbum Award, honoring someone tion of future great cities—Chicago, who had made a valuable contribu­ Kansas City, St. Louis and Denver— tion to the area history, was presented in the latter half of the 19th century. to Mrs. Dorothea B. Hoover, Joplin civic worker and assistant to Society Kingdom of Callaway president Everett J. Ritchie. Mrs. Historical Society Hoover received a plaque, a large More than 60 members and guests scroll, bouquets and a young peach attended the February 15 meeting at tree for planting. Mrs. Marion Hardy, the "rock barn" archives of Jay B. Marie Guengerich and Mrs. W. L. Dunham, 715 Nichols Street, Fulton. Post received prizes for the best cos­ Mr. Dunham told the group about his tumes of a past era. collection of books, magazines, peri- 118 Missouri Historical Review

odicals and other memorabilia housed Lafayette County Historical Society in the building. He was assisted on Members of the steering committee the program by James St. G. Tucker, for the proposed writing of a new whose father was a former owner of county history met June 25 at the the historic building. home of Harry Voigt, committee chair­ At the April 19 meeting in the man. The committee reviewed the courthouse, Fulton, Mrs. Martha Clapp work already completed. Each mem­ presented a "show and tell" program ber was appointed to assume the on old campaign buttons. responsibility for gathering the his­ A capacity crowd attended the tory in a number of communities. May 17 meeting to hear a program They will meet with interested in­ on auctions. Colonel Bernard Harri­ dividuals in each community, explain son gave a history of auctioneering. the purposes and method of gather­ Six other auctioneers—James Swart- ing the data and encourage comple­ wood, Jack Buckner, Jesse Stephens, tion of the project. John Payne Harrison, Edward Mc- Grath and David Joe Barnes helped Lawrence County Historical Society Colonel Harrison sell at auction a Members held their regular meet­ number of items donated by Society ing, April 18, at the Jones Memorial members. Chapel in Mount Vernon. Eugene H. At the June 21 meeting Mrs. Jerena Carl presented a program on the his­ East Giffen, Jefferson City, reviewed tory of barbed wire. He displayed the her recently published book, First collection of Floyd Britain of Mount Ladies of Missouri. Not only did she Vernon. Mr. Britain also was avail­ relate information from the volume, able to answer questions regarding his but also she told about the writing of collection. the book and how the information Officers of the Society are Dan H. was gathered. Stearns, Mount Vernon, president; Vir­ gil Goold, Marionville, first vice pres­ Kirkwood Historical Society ident; Eugene H. Carl, Mount Vernon, A program on "Early American second vice president; Fannie W. Cox, Highways" was presented by W. Cros­ Marionville, corresponding secretary; by Brown, Missouri State Park Board, and Fred G. Mieswinkel, Mount at the March 9 meeting in the Kirk­ Vernon, secretary-treasurer. wood City Hall. Lincoln County Historical and Knox County Historical Society Archeological Societies More than 200 people toured the Mrs. Dorothy J. Caldwell, associate county museum, located in the court­ editor of the MISSOURI HISTORI­ house basement, Edina, during "Mu­ CAL REVIEW, Columbia, presented seum Week," April 19-23. A high­ an illustrated talk on historic Missouri light of the week was a carry-in buildings, at the April 15 meeting in dinner, April 20, at the Knox County the Troy High School. Mrs. Alberta High School cafeteria, near Edina. Knotts, cemetery committee chairman, Guest speaker James W. Goodrich, gave a report on the progress of the associate editor of the MISSOURI HIS­ county cemetery census. TORICAL REVIEW, Columbia, told about the colorful life of David Waldo, a Marion County Historical Society prominent Missourian in the 1800s. On July 12 members of the Society Historical Notes and Comments 119 enjoyed a cruise and supper aboard Cainsville. A buffet supper followed the Lady D, a local sternwheel Mis­ the meeting. sissippi riverboat. Area historians told The ringing of a school bell opened river stories as the passengers viewed the May 16 meeting at the White Oak islands and channels made famous Schoolhouse near Mercer. The Rev­ by Mark Twain. erend Roy Donelson gave an account of his experiences as a student in the McDonald County school and Mrs. Frank Lowry related Historical Society the history of an old calendar clock A history of the famous resort town which she recently donated to the of Saratoga Springs was related by Society. A report on county sorghum Mrs. Ina Elliff at the February 21 mills and orchards and a list of county meeting in the McDonald County physicians and surgeons were also High School, Anderson. Mrs. Elliff, presented on the program by Elford an elementary school teacher of An­ Horn. derson, interviewed former residents of Forty-three members and guests at­ the town as a part of her research. tended the June 27 meeting at the Over 60 persons attended the May 16 Cain Christian Church near Cains­ meeting at the Sugar Creek Baptist ville. Alice Kauffman, chairman of Church, located in the Jackett com­ the Music Publications Committee, re­ munity. Mrs. Pearl Patterson related ported that the Society planned to the history of the church, and Joe publish a song, composed by Elford C. Schell told about the two families Horn and Jewell Horn Robinson. A of Schells and Shells. history of the Epworth Church located On June 26 members participated in the Cleopatra neighborhood was in a bus trip to Wilson's Creek Bat­ read by Jewell Robinson. Mrs. Stella tlefield and National Cemetery of Wickersham presented a patriotic pro­ Springfield. Judge Paul E. Carver, gram. She was assisted by Mrs. Helen Neosho, was chairman of the tour. Stanley Bauer and Mrs. Willard Ells­ Members of the Civil War Round worth who gave dramatic readings. Table of the Ozarks gave the program. Mississippi County Mercer County Historical Society Historical Society On December 30, 1970, the fifth The Society recently received title of a series of annual publications, to the Missouri Pacific depot in Mercer County Pioneer Press, was Charleston, a gift from the Missouri published by the Princeton Post-Tele­ Pacific Railroad. Plans are to de­ graph in observance of "Calamity Jane velop the building into a permanent Days." The Historical Society edited home for the Society, museum, art the 12-page newspaper which con­ gallery and reading room. Special tained numerous historical articles. activities for the sesquicentennial cele­ Over 20 members and guests at­ bration, July 31-August 7, included tended the April 15 meeting in the a golf tournament, parades, dances, Modena Community Hall. A history fashion show and historical pageant. of the old Christian Union Church of Princeton was read by Mrs. Frank Morgan County Historical Society Lowry. Mrs. Helen Stanley Bauer re­ Twenty-seven members attended the lated the history of the John Fred May 24 meeting at the Versailles Stanley apple orchard, located near Motor Bank. Mrs. Preston Hutchison 120 Missouri Historical Review showed sketches and told short stories homes and business places in the of the historical buildings and sites county. in the southwestern part of the county. Officers for the coming year are Contributions for this presentation Mrs. Neva Rhodes, president; Thomas were made by Lowell Davis, Carl Kel- Carneal, J. E. Fuhrman and Dr. James say and the biology class of Versailles Low, vice presidents; Cecil Lawson, High School. Dr. Sidney Bliss, Eldon, treasurer; Mrs. Cleo Ulmer, secretary; spoke on "Missouri's 150 Years." and Mrs. George Houston, historian. An antique clock show highlighted the grand opening of the County His­ Old Trails Historical Society torical Museum, May 29-31. The mu­ At the January 20 meeting at the seum was open daily from 1 to 5 p.m. Daniel Boone Library in Ellisville, during the summer months. Admis­ Robert Huffstot of the Civil War sion was 50 cents for adults and 25 Round Table of St. Louis was the cents for children 6 to 12 years old. guest speaker. He told about the neces­ sity of controlling the rivers to win Native Sons of Kansas City the Civil War, and how James Eads's At the February 24 meeting in designs for armored boats contributed Armour East Restaurant, Calvin B. to Union victory. Manon spoke on "The History of Society member Joe Seibert spoke Kansas City Transportation, The First on early days in the area and an­ 100 Years of Public Transit." Mr. swered questions from the audience Manon is a retired editor, Kansas City at the February 17 meeting. Numerous Bureau of the Associated Press. pictures, books and mementoes were Members held a picnic and tour displayed. at Fort Osage, June 27. The Society sponsored a spring bus tour, April 28, to the Campbell, Nodaway County Historical Society Eugene Field and Chatillon-DeMenil Some 40 members and friends of houses. the Society enjoyed a bus trip to A program on the growing, drying Arrow Rock, May 15. They toured and use of herbs was given by Mrs. the village and had lunch at the Old Eileen Fabian and Mrs. Betty White Tavern. at the April 21 meeting at Clayton The daughters of former society House, Ellisville. president Stephen LaMar recently Members sponsored a porch sale made a cash donation for the pur­ at Bacon Log Cabin, May 14, the chase of a plaque at Old Hickory proceeds to be used for the restora­ Grove School building on the campus tion fund. of Northwest Missouri State College, Officers elected for the coming Maryville. The marker was placed year were Mrs. Jack Stevenson, presi­ on the door of the school by Mrs. dent; Mrs. Charles Fischer, first vice Marylyn LaMar Robertson, Jr., Kan­ president; Mrs. William Mitchell, sec­ sas City. ond vice president; Mrs. Helen Davis, Fourteen local artists displayed secretary; and Mrs. Edward Keil, scenes of historical interest at the treasurer. annual dinner meeting, June 16, at Cardinal Inn, Maryville. Thomas Pemiscot County Historical Society Carneal of Northwest Missouri State Mrs. Lois McReynolds, Caruthers- College, showed color slides of old ville, spoke on the recording of ceme- Historical Notes and Comments 121 tery census at the February 23 meet­ teachers. Its interior appears as it did ing in the County Health Center, in the late 19th century. Hayti. Four glass show cases were recently At the March 23 meeting in the donated to the Society by Reed and United Methodist Church, Cooter, Son Jewelers in Sedalia. Given in Gerald Maclin, a local archaeologist, memory of jewelry store founder presented a program on the Mound James S. Reed, the cases will be used Builders. He displayed many pieces in the Society museum on the second of pottery collected in the area. floor of the county courthouse. Members held their April 27 meet­ ing in the Wardell School lunch room. Phelps County Historical Society Longtime area residents Mrs. Lynnie Officers of the Society are Frank Dell Moore, Mrs. Retta Hogan and Snelson, Rolla, president; Mrs. W. C. J. I. Burlison told about their recol­ Hayes, Newburg, vice president; and lections of Wardell. Mrs. Sophie Martin, treasurer, Mrs. A report on "The Drainage of Jessie S. Rucker, secretary, and Mrs. Pemiscot County (October 1918 to Leola F. Millar, curator, all of Rolla. December 1922)," prepared by Howard L. Clough, was read by Mrs. Frances Pike County Historical Society Hiller at the May 22 meeting in the Some 200 members and guests hon­ First State Bank, Caruthersville. Mr. ored former governor Lloyd C. Stark Clough served as construction engineer and celebrated the state's sesquicen­ for Elliot & Harmon Engineering Com­ tennial anniversary, July 9, at St. pany of Peoria, Illinois. John's Episcopal Church, Prairieville, A program on the Lilbourn Indian near Eolia. Andrew Murphy, Jr., Lou­ Site was given by Harryette Campbell isiana, gave a tribute to Governor at the June 22 meeting in the Ark Stark, and Society president McCune Mo Power Company, Caruthersville. Dudley, presented a certificate honor­ The interests of Miss Campbell and ing Governor Stark as a native Pike several others in bootheel archaeology Countain who served as the 39th chief led to the formation of the South­ executive of the state from 1937 to east Missouri Archaeological Society. 1940. Governor Stark told about some Officers for the coming year are of his experiences in that office. Mrs. Ophelia Wade, president; John Several members of the Stark family VanAusdall, Jr., vice president; George were special guests including Paul McReynolds, treasurer; Mrs. Bobbie Stark and Mrs. Joseph B. Unsel, Richardson, secretary; and Mrs. Jas- brother and sister of the former gov­ amyn Garrett, historian. ernor. Pat and Sally Naxera provided mu­ Pettis County Historical Society sical entertainment. Guests toured the On April 17 Representative William 115-year-old church and visited the Randall raised a flag that once flew nearby cemetery. over the U.S. Capitol and officially opened the Little Red Schoolhouse Platte County Historical Society at Sedalia as a historical landmark. Members held their spring dinner Representative Randall spoke, prais­ meeting, May 2, at North Platte High ing members of the Society for their School in Dearborn. Judge Andrew efforts in maintaining the school. The Jackson Higgins, commissioner of the landmark is dedicated to all school­ Missouri Supreme Court since 1964, 122 Missouri Historical Review

spoke on "The 1821 Supreme Court well as Missouri. The public could of Missouri." buy, sell or trade antique items. Officers for the coming year are The 5th annual Heritage of America Mack Myers, Platte City, president; Art Show and Sale opened July 4, Clarence Aufranc, Dearborn, first vice and continued open to the public president; Harold Smith, Parkville, daily through August 30. The pur­ second vice president; Mary B. Aker, pose of the show was to develop Patee Parkville, secretary; and Ira Hassen- House and offer creative people of pflug, Parkville, treasurer. the area a market and show place for their work. Many historical items Pleasant Hill Historical Society of frontier Americana were also The Pleasant Hill Historical So­ viewed at the regular Patee House ciety was organized in March 1970, exhibit. as a chapter of the Cass County His­ Pulaski County Historical Society torical Society. The group's first proj­ At the April 22 meeting in Ramada ect, the placing of microfilm copies Inn, Waynesville, F. E. Robinson, ex­ of old city newspapers in the local ecutive director of the First State library, is being financed through Capitol Restoration and Sesquicenten­ donations of persons interested in the nial Celebration, Jefferson City, was history of Pleasant Hill. Officers are guest speaker. Mr. Robinson told James C. Wallace, president; Mrs. about the capitol restoration in St. John T. Buckner, vice president; Mrs. Charles and about sesquicentennial Earl B. Myers, secretary; and George celebration plans throughout the state. Gosch, Jr., treasurer. Seventy-five persons attended the din­ Members held their May 23 meet­ ner meeting. ing at the home of Mr. and Mrs. John A country music show, held June 25 T. Buckner. A paper on "Lone Jack, at the Senior High School Stadium Invasion Battle of '62" was read by in Waynesville, was one of the high­ Phillip Parker. lights of the county's sesquicenten­ nial fair, June 24-27. Proceeds from Polk County Historical Society the show, sponsored by the Society, The Society was organized in will go toward building a replica of October 1970, and members elected the county's first courthouse. Bill E. Kimmons, president, and Ruby C. Divine, secretary, both of Bolivar. Putnam County Historical Society Attorney Jo Stong of Keosauqua, Pony Express Historical Association Iowa, stressed the importance of a The annual Pony Express antique historical society when he addressed gun and collectors show was held at members of the Society at their May 21 Patee House, St. Joseph, April 3-4. meeting in the public library, Union- The exhibits included rare and valu­ ville. able items, many for sale or trade. Pony Express trophies, a cash award, St. Charles County a Buffalo Bill-Pony Express trophy Historical Society and door prizes were presented. Society members held their tenth The Association sponsored the annual antique show and sale, spring Antique Collectors Show and March 26-28, at Three Flags Res­ Sale, May 21-23. Exhibitors attended taurant, St. Charles. Proceeds were to from Iowa, Oklahoma and Kansas, as go to the historical society museum. Historical Notes and Comments 123

Harold Gove of Union Electric pre­ St. Joseph County Historical Society sented a slide program, "Pageant of Forty members traveled by chartered Progress," at the April 22 meeting bus to Arrow Rock, June 19. After in St. Peter's School Cafeteria, St. a picnic lunch in the state park, the Charles. group joined a walking tour of area Walking tours of the St. Charles sites and then visited the Sappington historical district began June 1 from Cemetery and the William B. Sap­ the Chamber of Commerce Building pington House. at 205 South Main Street. A program of the historical society, the tours Saline County Historical Society were scheduled to begin at 10 and Members held their annual picnic, 11 a.m. and 1 and 2:30 p.m. daily July 18, at Seminole Court, Indian except Monday and Sunday, and at Foothills Park. Dr. William Parrish, 1, 2 and 3 p.m. on Sunday. Charges professor of History at Westminster ranged from $1.00 for adults and College, Fulton, spoke on "Missouri's 50 cents for junior and senior high Rise To Statehood." school students, to 25 cents for ele­ The board of trustees of Missouri mentary students. Special group rates Valley College, Marshall, and the So­ were also available. ciety recently signed an agreement St. Charles has the largest historical­ whereby the Society will provide some ly zoned district in Missouri and the $10,000 for a special room in the only one in the state listed on the proposed new college library. The National Register of Historic Sites, money will pay for a part of the con­ Washington, D.C. struction cost and furnishings. The college library personnel will care for the room and its contents. St. Clair County Historical Society A program on the history of early Shelby County Historical Society county railroads was given by Society Some 60 persons attended the president James D. Attebery at the April 15 meeting in the Shelbina Bank April 21 meeting in the Commercial Building. For the evening program Hotel, Osceola. Ben Plank of Canton showed slides At the May 19 meeting, John Mills of old mills, antique tools, old homes and Mr. and Mrs. H. W. Pace reported and other historical pictures. on cemeteries in Cedar and St. Clair counties. Mrs. Andrew Lofquist, Smithville Historical Society Arlington Heights, Illinois, presented At the March 9 meeting in the a paper on John Long, a relative who Baptist Church, Smithville, members lived in St. Clair County in 1838. viewed two movies, "Missouri—A Liv­ ing Portrait" and "Happy Holiday St. Francois County in the Ozarks." Historical Society Paterson Museum in Smithville Forty persons attended the May 16 opened April 4 and remained open quarterly meeting at the home of Dr. each Sunday, 1-5 p.m. and Mrs. C. W. Chastain, near Farm- A new directional sign for the mu­ ington. A resume on the life of Sam seum was erected on Highway 169. Hildebrand was presented by well- In honor of the state's sesquicen­ known area historian H. C. Thompson tennial celebration, the Society spon­ of Bonne Terre. sored its first arts and craft show at 124 Missouri Historical Review the old high school gymnasium June Included on the itinerary were tours 26-27. Money derived from the sale of of Robidoux Row, Patee House, Pony food and handcrafts at the Society's Express Museum-Stables, St. Joseph booth was used for benefit of the Museum and the St. Joseph Branch, Society. Bank of Missouri. A luncheon was served at Robidoux Hotel. Stoddard County Historical Society Over 80 persons attended the June 4 At the June 18 meeting in the dinner meeting at the Westport Bloomfield Community Center, Elvis Presbyterian Church in Kansas City. Mooney, Bloomfield attorney, reviewed Orma Skates gave an illustrated slide the history of the Hale family who talk on "Kansas City Through the settled in the county in 1845. Mrs. Years." With the use of two projectors Nellie Hale, wife of the late Flarnt Mr. Skates could show both the old Hale, presented to the Society her scenes and the present ones. husband's World War I uniform and On June 5 members participated medals. Mr. Hale was one of Mis­ in a bus tour to Weston where they souri's most decorated soldiers during visited historic homes, businesses, that war. churches and museum. Mrs. Alice Harry S. Truman Library Institute McKinley served as tour director. The Institute held its annual board of directors' meeting, March 27. Four White River Valley historians presented a panel discussion Historical Society on the progress of research in the Some 60 persons attended the Truman period, the first step in the October 18 meeting in Riverside Inn, preparation for a revised edition of Ozark. Mrs. Lucille Adams Anderson the book, The Harry S. Truman Period pointed out interesting Christian as a Research Field. Professor Richard County history and Elmo Ingenthron, S. Kirkendall of the University of author of the recently-published book, Missouri-Columbia, presided. Panelists Indians of the Ozark Plateau, also were Professor Robert H. Ferrell, spoke. Indiana University; Professor Lloyd Members held their annual dinner C. Gardner, Rutgers University; Pro­ meeting, July 11, in Thompson Din­ fessor Alonzo L. Hamby, Ohio Uni­ ing Hall, School of the Ozarks, Point versity; and Professor Harvard Sitkoff, Lookout. Dr. M. Graham Clark, So­ Washington University, St. Louis. ciety president, discussed future plans for the Society and asked for sugges­ Westport Historical Society tions for better methods of gathering Mrs. George Wilson presented a area historical facts. The art show of program with her authentic period the Ozarks opened on the campus dolls at the February 26 meeting in that day. A program of Sunday after­ the Westport Presbyterian Church. noon music by noted organist Bert The Society sponsored a historic Burham was included in the day's sites tour to St. Joseph, March 28. festivities.

To Clean A Comb St. Louis Beacon, December 23, 1830. Defaced tortoise shell combs may be cleaned by rubbing them with pul­ verized rottenstone and oil; pulverized magnesia, afterwards rubbed on with the dry hand, makes them brighter. Historical Notes and Comments 125

GIFTS

DR. LESLIE ANDERS, Warrensburg, donor: Photographs and negatives of Claiborne Simmons and wife Mary Ann Sim­ mons. E Simmons genealogical material. R* DR. JOHN BRADLEY ARTHAUD, Anchorage, Alaska, donor: "History of the Coberley Family First Written in 1905." R Lois BAUGH, Tulsa, Oklahoma, donor: Cemetery inscriptions, near Bellflower. R REVEREND W. G. BENSBERG, Marshall, donor: A history, "First Presbyterian Church, Marshall, Missouri, June 6, 1971." R MRS. VIRGINIA BOTTS, Columbia, donor: Clippings of Columbia scenes, 1911. E MRS. WILLIAM BRADSHAW, Columbia, donor: Newspaper clippings and postcards of Missouri subjects, including Arrow Rock. E "The Spanish in the Mississippi Valley, 1763-1804." R J. E. BRIGGS, JR., Wheatland, donor: Photographs of the Wheatland area, loaned for copying. E MRS. N. A. BRUNDA, Boonville, donor: Neosho High School Yearbook, 1914. R

MRS. PAUL M. CAMPBELL, Minden, Louisiana, donor: Copy of letter to John Hambright, Ft. Osage, 1845. M VERNA LEE CLARK, Long Beach, California, donor: The Show Me Missouri Song and Joke Book. R Photograph and postcards of Centralia and St. Charles scenes. E

CLOURICE G. CLOSSON, Independence, donor: Xerox copies of misc. data of the Mexican Border Veterans. R

R. I. COLBORN, Paris, donor: Photographs of Paris barber shop interiors. E

MRS. MARGARET COUNTS, Columbia, donor: 1850 Federal Census, Reynolds County, indexed by donor. R

MRS. JOHN CRIGHTON, Columbia, donor: Silhouette of Peter Wright. A MRS. MYRL CROWE, Donnellson, Iowa, donor: "The Michael Wahrer Family in America," compiled by Arthur W. Inger- soll. R

* These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head­ quarters: R refers to Reference Library; E, Editorial Office; M, Manuscript Collection; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. 126 Missouri Historical Review

MRS. MARY M. CURRY, Joplin, donor: Jasper County Marriages, 1865-81, Volumes C, D, E. R JAMES DARROUGH, Columbia, donor: Photographs of Boone County historic sites and scenes. E

DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, RACHEL DONELSON CHAPTER, Spring­ field, donor: City Council Proceedings, Greene County, 1846-1860, 1865-1868; misc. ceme­ tery, Bible, deed, will, marriage and pension records; and family records including the Doran, Kenamore, Gooch, Keltner, Patterson and Robertson families. R

WAYNE DECKER, Columbia, and CENTRAL REGIONAL OFFICE, NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE, Kansas City, donors: Photographs of May 27, 1896 tornado in St. Louis. E

HUGH DENNEY, Columbia, donor: Ozark Foothills. R

JAMES T. DENNY, Sedalia, donor: "A History of the Pettis County Historical Society and Museum," by Clyde Foster Scotten. R

MRS. HAROLD DOUGLAS, Marshall, and MRS. J. M. WOOD, JR., Lubbock, Texas, donors: "Kaleidoscopic Family—Bass." R

J. D. DUNHAM, Osborn, donor: Missouri's Famous Railroad—'The Hannibal and St. Joseph," by donor. R "Osborn Evergreen Cemetery, Osborn, Missouri, 1870-1970." R

MRS. DONALD B. EHRLICH, Independence, donor: Photographs from Frank James photo album. E

OLIVE E. ELLIS, Palmyra, donor, in memory of G. E. LAWHORN: The School in the American Social Order, by Newton Edwards and Herman G. Richey. R

ALMA FLETCHER, Arcadia, donor: Newspaper, Ironton Weekly Arcadia Prospect, March 30, 1861. N

LELAND Fox, Dadeville, donor: A history, "The Greenfield Washington Hotel Museum." R

MRS. ISABEL S. GIULVEZAN, Affton, donor: "Cemetery Inscriptions: Franklin, Jefferson and St. Louis Counties and Bible Records, Armistead, Boone, Gerber, Walton," indexed. R

MURRY GLASCOCK, Columbia, donor, through VIRGINIA BOTTS, Columbia: Auto Trails and Commercial Survey of the United States. R Plat books of Boone County, 1947 & 1959. R

RUTH M. GRAHAM, Columbia, donor: Clippings and photographs of Rex McDonald, saddle stallion, Mexico, Mo. E Historical Notes and Comments 127

PHILIP A. GRIMES, Columbia, donor, through JACK MATTHEWS, Columbia: Docket, Boone County Circuit Court, Feb. Term 1909—9th Judicial Cir­ cuit. R MRS. E. H. GUITAR, Chicago, Illinois, donor: Mary Jane Guitar letters, 1846-1851. M MRS. JOHN R. HALL, Marshall, donor: Papers of William B. Sappington and John R. Hall. M Pictures of John R. Hall. E MRS. NETHA HEAD, Rocheport, donor: Loaned for copying: Typescripts of Head's Fort and Rawlings School his­ tory, E; and Head Genealogy, R. MRS. WALTER K. HENRY, College Station, Texas, donor: "Selected Bible and Family Records," compiled by Mrs. Joseph C. Brusse and donor. R JANALOO HILL, Lordsburg, New Mexico, donor: Then and Now, Here and Around, Shakespeare, by Rita Hill. R

COLONEL C. L. HILSABECK, Austin, Texas, donor: "Hilsabeck Family, 1732-1971," compiled by Carter Lavelle Hilsabeck. R

MRS. JESSE H. HOLMES, Washington, D. C, donor: Edina High School yearbooks, 1920-21, 1924, 1925. R MRS. BESSDZ A. HOLT, Jefferson City, donor: Paper, "A History of the Union Hill Baptist Church of Holts Summit, Mis­ souri," compiled by donor. R

ELLA HORAK, Willow Springs, donor: Newspapers: Willow Springs Advocate, February 10, April 28, 1927; Novem­ ber 21, 1928; May 22, 1929; March 5, 1930; and January 21, 1931. N

MRS. HALE HOUTS, Kansas City, donor: Single issues of Odessa, Columbia, Kansas City and Warrensburg news­ papers. N Photograph of Hon. T. T. Crittenden. E Listing of faculty and E & A class students, 1940, Warrensburg Normal School; McGee College catalogue, College Mound, 1869-1870; speech of Aikman Welch, Johnson County, 1859, House of Rep.; memorial addresses on Thomas Allen (1882), Lewis V. Bogy (1878) and Richard P. Bland; report of committee to settle with State Auditor & Treasurer, 35th Gen. Assy., 1889; address on domestic slavery, Pro-Slavery Convention, Mo., July, 1855; platform of American Party, 1856; Official Report, trial of Hon. Albert Jackson, 1859; proceedings, acceptance of statues of Thomas H. Benton and Francis P. Blair; Memoirs of General Andrew Jackson; and Charles W. Upham, Life, Explorations and Public Services of John Charles Fremont. R

MRS. GOLDENA HOWARD, Columbia, donor: A history, "Lenoir Home—September, 1949 to July 31, 1970." R Historical sketches of Reynolds County, by donor. R 128 Missouri Historical Review

MERLE M. JACKSON, Brentwood, donor: "Jackson—Coulter Families." R LARRY JAMES, Columbia, donor: "Poncot and Perrier Families of Osage County, Missouri," by donor. R CHARLES T. JONES, JR., Fulton, donor: George Champlin Sibley: The Prairie Puritan (1782-1863), by donor. R TRUMAN KIRCHNER, Columbia, donor: "The Dittmer and Wehrs Family Genealogies," loaned for copying. R REVEREND HERBERT GEORGE KRAMER, S.M., San Antonio, Texas, donor: "The Franken Genealogy," by donor. R MRS. ELIZABETH LACY, Marshall, donor: Photographs, ruins of Univ. of Mo., Academic Hall, fire of 1892. E STANLEY LEBOW, Warrensburg, donor: Copy of record of meeting to organize school district for Wrarrensburg, 1866. R W. E. LIGGETT, University City, donor: "The Liggett Family List," and "Biographical Sketches of the Foulks-Liggett Families," by William E. Liggett. R

MRS. LETHA O. LILE, Columbia, donor: Genealogy of Eli Martin Current and His Descendants, 1833-1970. R

MRS. LORA R. LOCKHART, Maysville, donor: Photographs of DeKalb County, loaned for copying. E

G. R. LOUGHEAD, Poplar Bluff, donor: Memorial Services . . . Orville Zimmerman, Rep. of Mo.; Hardin College yearbook, Mexico, 1921; Will Mayfield College yearbook, Marble Hill, 1924; and Grass-Roots Supplement, Progressive newspaper, Columbia, 1948. R MRS. MURIEL L. MACFARLANE, Holden, Massachusetts, donor: Genealogical material on early Missouri settlers. R

DR. CLAIR V. MANN, Rolla, donor: "Families of Soule, Reser, Shedden, Mann," by donor. M

DR. C. V. MANN, Rolla, donor, through MISSOURI SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS: Deeply Concerned About Surveying in Missouri, Volume IV (1971), col­ lected and/or written by donor. M

MRS. THELMA S. MCMANUS, Doniphan, donor: 1850 U.S. Census and Special Slave Census of Ripley County, transcribed and indexed by donor. R ALBERTA MEYER, Jefferson City, donor: Discrimination Against Women, Hearings Before the Special Subcommittee on Education of the Committee on Education and Labor House of Repre­ sentatives, 91st Congress, Parts I and II. R Historical Notes and Comments 129

SCOTT MEYER, Hannibal, donor: Fun, Fact and Fancy, You'd Scarcely Believe It and Things Ain't What They Used to Be, all by donor. R

VERNON R. MEYR, Altenburg, donor: "Excerpts From Church Records of Trinity Lutheran Church, Altenburg, Perry County, Missouri," and other misc. items on the Trinity Lutheran School and Church. R

MRS. DOUGLAS MILLER, Aurora, donor: "First Baptist Church, Aurora, Missouri, 1870-1970." R

MISSOURI STATE PARK BOARD, Jefferson City, donor: Held Family Ledgers, St. Louis and St. Charles counties, 1881-1902. M ROE F. MONTGOMERY, Orlando, Florida, donor: Scrapbook of clippings and photos concerning the Columbia airport and flying school. E Aerial survey, Lake of the Ozarks, 1925. E

ARTHUR PAUL MOSER, donor, through MILDRED ROBLEE, Springfield: "A Directory of Towns, Villages and Hamlets Past and Present of Dade County, Missouri," compiled by donor. R

MRS. CHARLES H. NEIGHBORS, Milan, donor: Charles H. Neighbors World War I letters, 1917-1919 and pictures. M

OTTO NIEDERSCHULK, Mexico, donor: "Diamond Jubilee of St. John's Lutheran Church, Mexico, Mo., November 1, 1959." R

MRS. MERLE WAYNE OGLE, St. Petersburg, Florida, donor: Postcard, St. Louis World's Fair, Palace of Agriculture, 1904. E

ARTHUR B. OREM, Houston, Texas, donor: "Lines of Descent," Orem and Bosworth and allied lines. R

PAUL J. OSTENDORF, West St. Paul, Minnesota, donor: "William Orr Genealogy," edited by donor. R

MRS. CARL J. OTTO, Washington, donor: Newspaper clipping of Mark Twain's last trip to Mo., ca. 1926. E

EARL OWEN, New Franklin, donor: Waller M. Pritchett Papers, Glasgow, 1884-1913. M Wilhelm and Augustus Seyffert books, one containing handwritten "History of Company 'E' 13th Cav. M.S.M.," October 1862-Sept. 1864. M

HAROLD PAINTER, Sedalia, donor: "Calvary Episcopal Church, 1866-1966, Sedalia, Missouri," and Tuttle-Tuthill Lines in America, compiled by Alva M. Tuttle. R

FRANCES E. PARKER, Rosemead, California, donor: "Pedigree Charts of Members Questing Heirs Genealogical Society." R 130 Missouri Historical Review

STANLEY F. PATTEN, La Jolla, California, donor: The Bainbridges of Missouri, by donor. R

MRS. J. HENRY PATTON, Lebanon, donor: "First Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Lebanon, Mo., 1867-1967." R

WILLIAM E. PULLEN, Hollywood, Florida, donor: Background of a Bandit: The Ancestry of Jesse James, by Joan M. Beamis and donor. R

RAYTOWN HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Raytown, donor: "Brooking Family," compiled by Roberta L. Bonnewitz. R

HAROLD J. RETALLICK, Omaha, Nebraska, donor: Index of persons mentioned in early history of Cass Township, Greene County, Missouri. R

CHARLES E. RICHARDS, Palos Heights, Illinois, donor: Xerox copy, "Zimmerman Family History," of Bollinger Co. R

HARRY ROBINSON, Columbia, donor: L. R. Chrisman letter, 1960, concerning Calamity Jane. M

CHARLES R. ROEMER, Columbia, donor, through MRS. THOMAS BOTTS, Columbia: Photograph of World War I soldiers, and postcards of Missouri scenes and buildings. E

MRS. WM. J. S. SCHAEFER, Columbia, donor: Letter from Nellie H. Phillips, Columbia, to Maggie Sampson, Rocheport, December 29, 1888. M

AMANDA TEETER SEFTON, Manchester, donor: "Index to the 1860 Census of Dade County, Missouri," compiled by donor. R

P. O. SELBY, Kirksville, donor: "The Lawrences of Western Adair County." R

DR. W. M. SHANKLAND, St. Louis, donor: The American Association of Orthodontists: The Biography of a Specialty Organization, by donor. R "John Long (1775-1826) Twice a Captain—Always a Patriot," by donor. M "The Methodist 'Class' at Miller's Creek—Pastors, People, Problems, circa 1820-1850 [Callaway County]," by donor. R

J. METT SHIPPEE, Kansas City, donor: Photograph of steamboat Moline. E

FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, donor: The Constitution and Laws of the Choctaw Nation, 1838. R

S. W. SKELTON, Maryville, donor: "A Brief History of Lincoln Township, Harrison County, Missouri," by Silas William Skelton. R Historical Notes and Comments 131

WILLIAM SLATER, Muskegon, Michigan, donor: James L. Long letters, 1847-1848, written while attending the University of Missouri, Columbia. M

HAROLD T. SMUTZ, Webster Groves, donor: Typescript: "Philip Spoonamore, Sr. and Jr., of Kentucky and Some of Their Ancestors in Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and Texas." R

MRS. EDGAR STAFFORD, Vandalia, donor: "First Baptist Church, 100th Anniversary, 1870-1970, Vandalia, Mo." R

MRS. HOWARD STEPHENS, Columbia, donor: Brochure containing history of First Presbyterian Church, Columbia. R Official Program of Biennial Convention, Mo. Fed. of Women's Clubs, Seventieth Year, 1896-1966. R

MRS. CLEM F. STORCKMAN, Jefferson City, donor: Clem F. Storckman Papers, 1949-1950, some concerning the St. Louis Board of Freeholders. M

SENATOR STUART SYMINGTON, Washington, D. C, donor: Congressional publications relating to Mo. and Missourians. R

EARLE S. TEEGARDEN, SR., Chillicothe, donor: "The Christian Schneiter Family, 1831-1970," compiled by donor. R

MRS. BETTIE HILL TOLBERT, Chesterfield, donor: "Index to Hayden Genealogy." R

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, Columbia, donor: "Brief Historical Notes regarding College of Agriculture . . . ," prepared by Dr. John Longwell. R

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY, Columbia, through DR. BILLY E. HOOPER, Columbia: German pathology instrument catalogue, Preisliste No. 11 uber Physikalische Apparte . . . , von Ferdinand Ernecke. R

JOHN M. USRY, Rolla, donor: "Inscriptions from Rolla Cemetery, Phelps County, Missouri," compiled by donor. R

MRS. VELTON VANCE, Thompson, donor: "The Missouri Fountains Sc Their Descendants," and "The Missouri Vances and Their Descendants," both compiled by donor. R

PAUL VANDIVER, Vandalia, donor: Genealogy of the Descendants of John Gar, or More Particularly of His Son, Andreas Gaar, Who Emigrated From Bavaria to America in 1732, by John Wesley Garr and John Calhoun Garr. R

MRS. JOHN VINEYARD, Ozark, donor: "The Marriage Records of Jackson County, Missouri, Volume 2, 1851-1865," compiled by donor. R 132 Missouri Historical Review

VIRGINIA VAN METER WALDORF, Marshall, donor, through JEAN TYREE HAMIL­ TON, Marshall: Copy of Abel J. Van Meter Diary, 1865-1866, of trip to Montana Terri­ tory. M Papers of Abel J. Van Meter, of Saline County, 1834-1870. M

JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis, donor: Negatives of Charles Lindbergh and "Spirit of St. Louis." E

RICHARD E. WEBER, Advance, donor: "Indians In and Near Stoddard County," and "The History of Stoddard County," both compiled by donor; "Trail of Tears State Park: A Tribute to a Heroic People, The Cherokee Indians," and "History of Bloomfield and Stoddard County." R Xerox copy of a Confederate Bond. R

MRS. FREDERICK N. WELLS, Austin, Texas, donor, through MRS. P. B. PRICE, Austin, Texas: Copy of Report of the Proceedings of the Association of Ex-Confederate Missourians (1881). R

MRS. RUTH ROLLINS WESTFALL, Columbia, donor: Photograph of Dick Rollins. E FRANK WILLIAMS, Hot Springs, Arkansas, donor: "History of the Increase Adams Family," by Carrie Adams Rothwell, and "An Appendix, The Robinson Line From Thomas Robinson to Benjamin Robinson, Grandfather of Carrie Adams Rothwell," by Frank L. Wil­ liams. R

MRS. GERALD YARNELL, Versailles, donor: Area records compiled by Niangua Chapter, DAR. R HARRY H. YARNELL, Arvada, Colorado, donor: A Partial Genealogy of the Name Yarnall-Yarnell, 1683-1970, by Ruth Brook- man Yarnell and donor. R

GENEVA and MARIE YOUNGS, Columbia, donor: Newspaper clipping of Abraham Lincoln in Missouri. E

Jailed in His Own Garage Paris Monroe County Appeal, April 1, 1971. A modern innovation at the home of Police Chief Al Skinner is one of those garage doors that opens with an electric eye. After being down town early Tuesday, he returned home and drove into his garage. Off went the electricity, with the Chief and his car behind the electrically locked door. In came a call from Skinner to the Jonesy's Cafe in search of City Super­ intendent Carl Wood and a plea to tell him to come on out to the Skinner home and get the Chief out of his garage. Historical Notes and Comments 133

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Ashland Boone County Journal February 4, 11, March 4, 11, April .1, 8, 15, May 27, June 10, 1971-A series of photographs portraying area history. February 18—"1917 Cyclone Killed 15 Boone Countians in Savage Sweep." March 18—"Old [Bass] Plantation House Bids Farewell for Highway." April 29—"Watson Family History," contributed by Mr. and Mrs. Hermann Lichte. May tf—"Liberty Church Tells History." May 27—"Arvil Walker Remembers 21 Years of Steamboating."

Bolivar Herald-Free Press April 1, 1971— "Reflections . . . The history of Pleasant Hope," and "A glimpse of the past Fashion—and the events around it," Parts I & II, by Marilyn Sue Hood.

Brunswick Brunswicker February 4-June 24, 1971—A weekly series of old area photographs.

Buffalo Dallas County Republican June 25, 1970—"A Partial History of Dallas County Mo," by C. O. Gammon.

Buffalo Reflex April 23, 1970—"Buffalo Reflex Centennial Organized 1870 by A. W. Car-

Carrollton Daily Democrat March 1, 1971—"Wilcoxson Opera House Burned Here February 23, 1912." March 29—"Old Elections Were a Cause for Controversy." April 30—"Passenger Train Service Is Grinding To a Halt In Carrollton," a history. All the above articles by Harold Calvert.

Carthage Press March 2, 1971— "Carthage's Annie Baxter led the way." March 4—"A finer community is Dr. Carter's legacy." March 22—"Alley named for 1890's pop tune." March 30—"Prosperity is quiet but looks to promising future." All the above articles by Marvin VanGilder.

Columbia Missourian February 7, 10, 14, 1971—A series on the history of athletics at the Univer­ sity of Missouri, in the column, "Working Overtime," by Rich Holden. February 19—A number of historical articles were included in the "Progress Edition." March 3—"[Missouri Pacific luxury train] 'Sunshine Special' Returns Via Traveler's Memories," by Rich Hargraves. 134 Missouri Historical Review

March 6—The history of Locust Grove Methodist Church, Midway, was presented by Tom Ellis in a brief article. March 14—"Archeologists Uncover History of Missouri Indians," by Edward T. Staples. April -/—"House Built for Boys," a picture story of Welch Military Academy, with photo by Cindy Odor. June 8—"[Ravenswood] Cattle Farm Holds Historic Treasures," by Barb Dau.

De Soto Press [De Soto and Bonne Terre Press-Dispatch] February 1, 8, 1971—"Dr. Luckey, Formerly of De Soto and Festus, Recalls Early Days." February 15, 22, March 2—"The Klondike Letters of Joseph Rozier, Sr." March 8—"Years and Years of Corn at Victoria." March 15—"R.F.D. Begins at De Soto." March 22—"The Army Tank Incident In De Soto." March 29, April 5, 12—"The Strange Story of Bockert Springs." April 26—"Homes of Earlier De Soto, The Bissell-Jones House." May 3—"Tall Tales of Our Area and State." May 10-June 7—A weekly series, "How and Why Our Town Got Its Name." June 14—"The Hopson and Hamel Houses." June 21, 28—"When De Soto Was Host to SEMO Drummers 1917 Conven­ tion." All above articles from the column, "As You Were," by Eddie Miller.

Jackson Journal February 17, 1971—"Cape Girardeau County Seat 156 Years." March 3—"Toll road adds chapter to Sesquicentennial history in Cape County." March 17—"The Birth of the Republican Party . . . Old scrapbook clip­ pings of McDonald family tell the story." March 24, April 7, 14—A series on area history as depicted in souvenir spoons. April 21-May 5—A three-part history of the Jackson-Cape Girardeau tele­ phone. May 12—A history of Old Apple Creek Church, in commemoration of its 150th anniversary. May 19, 26, June 2—A history of Bollinger-Dolle Mill. June 9—"Hopewell Cemetery on Whitewater." This and the articles above by K. J. H. Cochran. June 9—"C. B. Sanders visit area; comment on various changes." June 16—"History of the Whitewater Presbyterian Church." This and the article below by K. J. H. Cochran. June 23, 30—A history of Jugtown.

Kansas City Star February 7,1971—"Abraham Lincoln's Visit to Kansas," by Dwight Penning­ ton. February 10—A short article, "History Shows Quake In Missouri in 1800s." Historical Notes and Comments 135

February 20, March 6, 20, April 3, 17, May 1, 15, 29, June 12—"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured respectively the Santa Fe Trail, Daniel Boone, state lotteries, Augustus Thomas, Bishop Joseph Rosati, George Shannon, Etienne Veniard de Bourgmond, the fur trade and Sunday schools. February 20, March 27, May 1, 22—Postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively Warneke Bakery, Eleventh & Baltimore streets scene, Wisconsin Building from 1893 Chicago World's Fair and Blue River. March 4—"Hangings Marked History of Old Mercer County Jail." March 21—"Gen. Omar Bradley: The 5-Star Soldier," by Jules Loh. April 20—"Rail Buffs' Sentimental Journey," by Howard Brickey. May 5—A biographical sketch of Thomas Hart Benton, "Autograph on Stamp No Lure to Artist," by Kathy Pellegrino. May 16—"[Kansas City] 12th Street, Echo Of An Era," by Peg McMahon. May 23—"St. Louis: A Walk Through History." May 30—" 'Poor' Old Miser [Horace Kirby] of Browsweat Prairie," by Leland Fox. June 20—"Tom Benton's Estate: Portrait Of The Artist As A Taxpayer?" by Jim Lapham, photographs by Roy Inman. June 27—"Missouri Produces Leaders," "State Tops in Martial Calls," "State's Roster of Top Painters Is Headed by Two B's: Benton and Bingham," and "Writers Among the Best," all by Lew Larkin, in commemoration of the state's sesquicentennial. June 27—"[Arrow Rock] History In Three Dimensions," by Peg McMahon, photographs by Pat Ewert.

Kansas City Times February 6, March 20, April 3, May 15, June 2, 29, 1971— Postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively Hotel Muehlebach, City Hall and Market House, Petticoat Lane, Coca-Cola Company building, West- gate Hotel and 1908 flood. February 11—"E.B.T. [Emery, Bird, Thayer] Long a Part of Downtown Scene," by John Edward Hicks. March 12—"Exciting [basketball] Tourney Here A Half-Century Ago," by Cornelius Ashley. March 13—"Westport as the Pioneers Knew It," excerpt from Francis Park- man, The Oregon Trail. March 13—"Ups and Downs of City Transit," by William R. Graves. March 15—"Echo of Pendergast Era," by William R. Graves. March 25—"Drifting Away From 1840s Town [Sugar Creek]," by James C. Fitzpatrick. March 25—"Spring Storm 59 Years Ago Buried City," by Jean Haley. April 9—"A Century of Public Transit Woes," by Calvin Manon. April 29—"Drama in Rail Linkup With Pony Express," by Calvin Manon. May 14—"Cargo of Memories in River Town [Hermann]," by Dwight Pen­ nington. May 31—"A Stroll Through Union Cemetery," by John Edward Hicks.

Maysville DeKalb County Record Herald January 21, March 11, May 6, 1971—A series of articles on area Civil War veterans by Bessie L. Whiteaker. 136 Missouri Historical Review

June 10, 24—Two historical articles on area ghost towns by Bessie L. Whiteaker.

Monroe City News May 6-June 3, 1971—A weekly historical series, "Of The River And Its People Writes Joanna Village History, The End Of A Way of Life," by Dee Paul West and Okie V. Rouse, began, March 11, 1971. June 10—"Monuments preserved at St. Stephen's cementery," a history, by Nellie Ann Lanham.

Oak Grove Banner February 10, 17, 24, March 24, 31, April 14, May 6, June 3, 10, 17, 24, 1971- "Lick Skillet," a historical series, by Dorothy Butler.

Paris Monroe County Appeal February 4-June 24, 1971—"History of Monroe County," a weekly series reprinted from an 1884 history of the county. April 8—Two old photographs of the Ball Brothers Barber Shop. April 15, 22, 29, May 6, 27, June 3, 10—A series on the history of Stouts- ville, by Ralph Gregory.

Princeton Post-Telegraph February 11-March 18, 1971—A weekly series, "History of Mercer County Music Groups," by Elford Horn.

Ste. Genevieve Fair Play February 12, 19, 26, March 5, 12, 19, April 2, 16, 23, May 7, 14, 21, June 4, 11, 25, 1971—"History Of Our Town," a series, by Mrs. Jack Basler.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat February 6-7, 1971—"Archer Alexander, Freedom Was His Elusive Goal," the story of a Missouri slave, by Reasons and Patrick. February 6-7—"End of the Line for a Spiritual Mount Olympus," the his­ tory of 139-year-old St. Stanislaus Seminary, Florissant, by John Brod Peters. February 7, 21, March 7, 21, April 11, 18, 25—The column, "then and now," featured respectively Locust at Sixteenth Street, Fred Uthoff residence, water tower at East Grand and Twentieth, 1896 Republican National Conven­ tion Hall, levee near Eads Bridge, Union Station's Grand Hall and railroad station in Carondelet Park. March 1—" Iron Curtain' Churchill's shocking speech at Fulton still has relevance," by Sue Ann Wood March 25—A history of St. John's Mercy Medical Center, by Cheryl Tritt, in "A Century of Mercy." April 8—"Fair Enough," a reminiscent account of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904, by Fred N. Robinson. May 16—"St. Louis—an air center from the beginning," by Robert L. Fred­ erick. June 6—"The Grand Lodge of Missouri Freemasonry," a history, by David Brown. June 18—The article, "A Gentle Ghost of Yesterday," by Dorothy Moore, recalled early days of train travel. Historical Notes and Comments 137

St. Louis Post-Dispatch February 1, 1971—A brief biography of former St. Louis Cardinal baseball player, Charles James (Chick) Hafey, by Bob Broeg. February 5—"Missouri: The Tragic Compromise," by Ernest Kirschten, re­ printed from the St. Louis Commerce. February 21—A biographical sketch of former Senator Michael Kinney. March 21—"At Jefferson City, How The State Laws Are Made," by Jacob H. Wolf, with photos by Scott C. Dine. March 22—"Statehood and Conservation," by James F. Keefe, reprinted from Missouri Conservationist. March 28, 29, 30, 31, April 1, 2—A biographical series on Clark Clifford, by Thomas W. Ottenad. March 29—A brief history of Mercantile Library, by Donna Engle, reprinted from St. Louis Commerce. April 18—"Grinding Corn The Old Way," by Richard M. Jones, with photo­ graphs by Lynn T. Spence, featured the Elmer Robinson Mill near Annapolis. May 30—"J. P. Blake And His Music School," by Robert H. Orchard.

Steelville Crawford Mirror February 18, 1971—A letter and reprinted newspaper account described a tornado in Crawford County. February 18—"Correspondence From John Harris [former editor of the Cuba Telephone]." February 18, 25, March 4, 11, 18, April 15, June 3, 10, 17—"Souvenir Photos" of area scenes. March 18—"Story of Howe's Mill." May 20—"They Never Heard of The Indian Paint Mine," by James L. Miller. May 20—"History of the Nixon School and the Nixon-Avery Community," by Waldo Kitchen. June 3—A giant skeleton find near Steelville reprinted from an article in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 11, 1933.

Washington Missourian February 4, 11, 25, 1971—A series on German settlers in the Washington area, by Ralph Gregory.

Webb City Sentinel March 5, 12, 26, April 2, 23, June 18, 1971-A series, "Webb City's Past," by Harry Hood.

To Keep Food Cool Cameron Daily Vindicator, September 10, 1881. An exchange remarks: "A new flower pot, washed clean, wrapped in a wet cloth and set over butter, will keep it as hard as if on ice. Milk, if put in an earthern [sic] can, or even in a tin one, will keep sweet a long time if well wrapped in a wet cloth." 138 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American West, January, 1971: "[Lucien Bonaparte Maxwell] Midas of New Mexico," by Hank and Toni Chapman. Annals of Iowa, Winter, 1971: "From Davenport to Vicksburg: The Odyssey of a Soldier [Jacob De Witt Brewster] in the Civil War," edited by Dr. James W. Pohl.

Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, April, 1971: "The Civil War's Effect Upon An Urban Church: The St. Louis Presbytery Under Martial Law," by Milan James Kedro; "James Milton Turner, Diplomat, Educator, and Defender of Rights, 1840-1915," by N. Webster Moore; and "The Social Evil Ordinance—A Social Experiment in Nineteenth Century St. Louis," by John C. Burnham.

Carondelet Historical Society Nexvsletter, February, 1971: "History of St. Louis Ship," by Tony Fusco. , April, 1971: "A Carondelet Story," by Emil Ullrich. Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter, April, 1971: "Some History of the Court Houses in Chariton County," by Jordan R. Bentley.

Civil War History, March, 1971: "Aristotle in Blue and Braid: General John M. Schofield's Essays on Reconstruction," edited by James E. Sefton.

Civil War Times Illustrated, April, 1971: "Catching Harry Gilmor [a John C. Fremont 'Jessie Scout']," by John Bakeless. Clay County Museum Association Newsletter, February, 1971: "A Brief Summary of the Prehistoric Peoples of Clay County, Missouri," by J. Mett Shippee. , March & April, 1971: "The Lightburne Family," Pts. I & II, by Alvan R. Lightburne.

, May, 1971: "Clay Seminary For Young Ladies," by Horatio F. Simrall.

, June, 1971: "The Henry Sparks Family of Clay County," by Helen Smithers.

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, February, 1971: "A Brief Commemora­ tive Profile of Theodore Graebner, The Professional Churchman," by Alex Graebner. DeKalb County Heritage, April, 1971: "The Ridgeville United Methodist Church Centennial—1870-1970," by Mrs. Anna Ellis, Laura Henery and William Henery; "Dykes-Martin," contributed by Mattie M. Dykes and Mary F. Dykes; "Pleasant Grove School"; "The Old Maysville Chautauqua," by Opal Pearce and Mrs. Roxina Weidemier; "The 'Stand' At the Old Maysville Chautauqua," by Oscar L. McConnell; and "A Chautauqua Orphan Speaks," by Frances L. Flanders.

Florissant Valley Historical Society Quarterly, April, 1971: "Bryan Mullanphy"; and "Ferguson ... As I Knew It," by E. R. Schmidt. Historical Notes and Comments 139

, July, 1971: "Wildwood," by Harriet Lane Cates Hardaway; "Major Joseph Hatch LaMotte"; and "Ferguson ... As I Knew It," by E. R. Schmidt.

Great Plains Journal, Fall, 1970: "Hip Pocket Businessmen: The Cattle-Trailing Contractors," by Jimmy M. Skaggs; and "The Birth of a Party: The Cin­ cinnati Populist Convention of 1891," by Larry G. Osnes.

Greene County Historical Society Bulletin, March, 1971: "Notes on Missouri History, The Fur Trade in Missouri."

Hobbies, July, 1971: "Did Mark Twain Originate Famous Weather Remark?" by Cyril Clemens.

Howell County Review, March, 1971: "Old Days at Big Springs School," by Maxine Curtis; and "An $80.00 [Big Springs] School Warrant," by Thelma Roop.

Indiana Magazine of History, June, 1971: "The Plank Road Enthusiasm in the Antebellum Middle West," by Carl Abbott.

Jackson County Historical Society Journal, Spring, 1971: "A Hundred Years of Roses on Grave," by Nelle Howe Kidwellt; "Knox Home Was Show Place of Independence," by Mary Hughes Knox; "Annie Hickman Payne Writes of Civil War Escapades of Young Ladies of Her Days"; "[Judge Alvin] Brooking's Interest in Education Wide," by Mrs. Roberta L. Bonnewitz; and "'81 Club Formed in Quality Hill Days," and "Scotsmen Early Day Golf Leaders," by Dorothea Simpson Meriwether.

Kirkwood Historical Review, March, 1971: "B. Gratz Brown Memorial"; and "Paragraphs from the Past," by Corinne Gould Chamberlain.

-, June, 1971: "Dr. John Pitman, 1837-1913," by Mary B. Chomeau; and "Grace Church Boys' Choir, 1908-1913," by Dr. Donald Alter.

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, April, 1971: "Early Days of Marion­ ville, Missouri," a reprint; "Miss Pearl Downing," by Fred G. Mieswinkel; and "Research In Lawrence County," Part II.

Louisiana History, Winter, 1971: "Negroes in the Fiction of Kate Chopin," by Richard H. Potter.

Minnesota History, Winter, 1970: "Last Days of the Upper Mississippi Fur Trade," by Rhoda R. Gilman; and "[Charles A.] Lindbergh's Return to Minnesota, 1927," by Bruce L. Larson.

Missouri Harbinger Magazine, February, 1971: "Hiking the Butterfield Trail," by Gus Gustke, with photos by Harold E. Owens, Jr.

, April, 1971: "Florissant is Flowering," by Rosemary Davison.

Nebraska History, Winter, 1970: "Civil War Problems in the Central and Dakota Superintendencies: A Case Study," by Edmund J. Danziger, Jr. 140 Missouri Historical Review

, Spring, 1971: "Stephen Long and Scientific Exploration On the Plains," by Roger L. Nichols; and "Overland From Missouri To Washing­ ton Territory in 1854," by Gerald Baydo. New Mexico Historical Review, January, 1971: "Rayado: Pioneer Settlement in Northeastern New Mexico, 1848-1857," by Lawrence R. Murphy. Pacific Historian, Spring, 1971: "How To Please A Senator [Thomas Hart Ben­ ton]," by Shirley Sargent. Plains Anthropologist, November, 1970: "A Case of Historical Mythology: The Skidi Pawnee Morning Star Sacrifice of 1833," by Melburn D. Thurman. Saints' Herald [Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints], May, 1971: "Stake Progress Report, Kansas City—A Stake on the Move." Social Justice Review, March, 1971: "Who Was the Second Bishop of Louisiana?" by Reverend Peter J. Rahill. Southxvestern Historical Quarterly, April, 1971: "General Sam Bell Maxey: His Defense of North Texas and the Indian Territory," by L. W. Horton. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Spring, 1971: "Captain Andrew Hull Foote and the Civil War on Tennessee Waters," by James M. Merrill. Trail Guide, December, 1970: "The Literature of the Range Cattle Industry, A Critical Survey," by Frank Aydelotte. True West, June, 1971: "They Didn't All Die with their Boots On!" by John Carson. Waterways Journal, April 3, 1971: "Opening of Missouri Recalls First Boats." The West, April, 1971: "Wild Ride of Vogus Charlie," by Wayne T. Walker. Western Historical Quarterly, January, 1971: "The Sutler at Fort Bridger," by W. N. Davis, Jr. Westport Historical Quarterly, March, 1971: "The Westport Burr Oak Tree,' reprinted; "The Battle of Lone Jack," compiled by William A. Goff; and "Reminiscences of Frederick Chouteau," reprinted. White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Fall, 1970: "The Day I Met Douglas Mahnkey," by Blunt Martin; "Silas Claborn Turnbo, An Early Historian of the Upper White River Valley," by Elmo Ingenthron; "A Directory of Towns, Villages and Hamlets Past and Present of Christian County, Mis­ souri," compiled by Arthur Paul Moser; and "Marriage Records of Taney County, Missouri 1885-1900."

, Winter 1970-71: "Delaware Farm on the James River," by Andrew Howard; " 'There is the Promised Land,'" by Harriet Howard Massey; "The Mahnkey and Prather Families," by Douglas Mahnkey; and "[Items] From S. C. Turnbo Manuscripts," copied by Dorothy Marsh. Spring, 1971: "The David Seitz Family," by Mrs. W. E. Roden; "The Snapp Family," by Ruth Gillis Ryser; "William Harrison Riddle," by Dorothy Riddle Marsh; "Uncle Ferdie Miller, The Bull Creek Harness Maker," by Aimer A. Ridge; and "White River Trails," by Margaret Vickery. Historical Notes and Comments 141

IN MEMORIAM

WARREN W. FUQUA he was named municipal judge for A prominent Missourian, Warren Pasadena Hills. W. Fuqua, died July 27 at his home Mr. Jones was a member of the in Scottsville, Kentucky. Mr. Fuqua American Bar Association, the Amer­ spent most of his life in Columbia. ican Judicature Society, the Missouri Born, February 21, 1891, in Monroe Bar Association, the Bar Association County, he farmed for a while in of St. Louis and the Lawyers As­ that county after graduation from sociation of St. Louis. He was also the University of Missouri School of an Honorary Fellow of the Harry S. Agriculture. Later he moved to Co­ Truman Library Institute. lumbia and lived in one of Boone Survivors include his wife, Esther, County's oldest homes, the original and a daughter, Mrs. Linda Gruene- residence of the Lenoir Family on wald, Phoenix, Arizona. Old Mexico Gravel Road. Mr. Fuqua worked as director of FREDERICK A. MIDDLEBUSH public relations and legislation for Dr. Frederick A. Middlebush, Uni­ the Missouri Farm Bureau Federa­ versity of Missouri president emeritus, tion and as superintendent of the State died June 8 at his home near Co­ Fair Mule Show for many years. For lumbia. After joining the faculty in 20 years he served on the board of 1922, serving as dean in the School directors for the Producers Livestock of Business and Public Administra­ Credit Corporation. In 1961 the MU tion, 1926-1935, and serving two terms Alumni Association presented to him as acting president, Dr. Middlebush a Citation of Merit in recognition of was appointed president of the Uni­ outstanding professional attainment in versity on July 1, 1935. He served the field of agriculture. in this position during the depres­ Mr. Fuqua is survived by his wife, sion years, and through World War Margaret Dorsey Fuqua, and a daugh­ II when enrollment rose from 2,000 ter, Mrs. Frank Goad, both of Scotts­ to 14,000. His administration, the ville, Kentucky. longest in university history, was marked by a great expansion in the ROBERT NAGEL JONES physical facilities and the establish­ Robert Nagel Jones, St. Louis lawyer ment of a four-year medical school and trustee of the State Historical with a teaching hospital and a com­ Society of Missouri, died April 5, at mercial television station, KOMU-TV. his home in Pasadena Hills. Born at When Dr. Middlebush retired in 1954, Kirksville, May 15, 1907, he received he organized and became the first degrees from Northeast Missouri State director of the University Development Teachers College, Kirksville, Univer­ Fund. sity of Missouri and old City College Born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, of Law and Finance, St. Louis. Ad­ on October 13, 1890, he was graduated mitted to the bar in 1936, he began from Western Michigan University and his general practice in St. Louis and received advance degrees from the was licensed to practice before the University of Michigan. Missouri and United States supreme courts, the United States District Court ROBERT BURETT OLIVER, JR. and in the courts of Illinois. In 1969 Robert Burett Oliver, Jr., Cape 142 Missouri Historical Review

Girardeau attorney, died June 6 in BATES, CHARLES R., Sun City, Ari­ a local hospital. Mr. Oliver, with his zona: January 11, 1905-May 15, 1970. father, wrote and became an au­ BOWMAN, Louis N., King City: June thority on laws pertaining to the 18, 1900-February 11, 1971. Former drainage of the Southeast Missouri lowlands. His mother, the late Mrs. editor of King City Tri-County News. Marie Watkins Oliver, designed the BRADSHAW, JEAN PAUL, Springfield: Missouri state flag which was ac­ March 27, 1906-July 30, 1970. cepted by the state legislature in 1913. Born November 28, 1880, at Jackson, BRENNAN, JAMES L., SR., St. Louis: Mr. Oliver received his law degree November 27, 1903-January 11, 1969. from the University of Missouri in BRUENING, FRANCIS J., Affton: No­ 1904 and began law practice with vember 20, 1907-November 13, 1970. his father. He was honored by the Cape County Bar Association on BRYAN, PAUL R., St. Charles: April January 2, 1955, for 50 years in that 6, 1892-October 26, 1967. profession. He served as president of the Cape County Bar; vice president BRYAN, MRS. PAUL R., St. Charles: April 12, 1893-September 9, 1970. of the Missouri Bar; a member of the State Board of Bar Examiners for BURCH, MARVIN A., Howell, Mich­ 17 years and of the Cape Girardeau igan: October 2, 1884-March 25, 1970. Rotary Club; and was a founder of the Boy Scout program in Southeast Mis­ BURCH, MRS. MARVIN A., Howell, souri. Mr. Oliver was the oldest liv­ Michigan: November 30, 1883-August ing deacon in the First Presbyterian 30, 1970. Church, Cape Girardeau. CARROW, HENRY R., Bonne Terre: Survivors include his wife, Mrs. Mat- February 4, 1904-March 5, 1971. tielou Mcllhany Oliver; and three sons, John W., Kansas City; Donald CLIFFORD, OLIVER M., St. Louis: June M., Dallas, Texas; and R. B. Oliver 1, 1880-October 18, 1970. III, Victoria, Texas. CLIFFORD, MRS. OLIVER M., St. Louis: MARGARET RAY VICKERY September 29, 1890-November 15, 1970. Mrs. Margaret Ray Vickery, news­ paperwoman and author, died March COLEMAN, B. F., Center: February 16, 28 at her home in Salem. She was 1889- April 14, 1970. 57. Mrs. Vickery was the author of Ozark Stories of the Upper Current COOPER, PAUL M., Eldon: January River, and for more than 20 years 2, 1907-September 2, 1969. she had written the column, "Sugar and Spice," published in the Salem CRESSWELL, G. F., Potosi: December News and Post. She is survived by 14, 1892-February 8, 1971. her husband, Robert L. Vickery, pub­ lisher of the Salem newspaper, and CREWS, MRS. GIDEON, Holland: April two sons, Ray and Robert Vickery, Jr. 10, 1896-July 28, 1970.

ALTMAN, RICHARD, Rock Port: March DAGGS, J. A., Memphis: January 23, 27, 1904-May 29, 1971. 1889-June 4, 1969.

AULL, HOMER H., Liberty: August DAVISON, DANIEL, St. Louis: Febru- 22, 1912-November 30, 1970. ary 23, 1890-June 24, 1970. Historical Notes and Comments 143

DEREIGN, MORRELL, Caruthersville: HOLCOMB, J. W., Moberly: April 2, March 16, 1889-May 29, 1970. 1885-May 4, 1970.

DESLOGE, JOSEPH, Florissant: Janu­ HOLDEN, MRS. F. A., Joplin: June ary 26, 1889-March 11, 1971. 10, 1885-November 9, 1970.

DEWITT, MORRIS, Newburg: May 12, IDEN, MRS. CHARLES, West Plains: 1893-December 17, 1968. January 17, 1884-April 22, 1965.

DEXHEIMER, MRS. E. J. HALEY, Den­ JOHNSON, MRS. ROY R., Neosho: ver, Colorado: June 12, 1897-October August 21, 1900-August 11, 1970. 7, 1970. JONES, MRS. JOHN LESLIE, Marshall: DUFFY, KENNETH G., Rhineland: Oc­ November 6, 1888-December 15, 1970. tober 15, 1906-August 28, 1970. KALTWASSER, ELSA, St. Louis: Oc­ EDDLEMON, WALTER J., Springfield: tober 22, 1889-January 10, 1971. November 8, 1899-October 14, 1970. KNIERIM, GILBERT F., St. Louis: Au­ ELLIOTT, J. CARL, Kirkwood: April 6, gust 27, 1887-March 6, 1971. 1901-August 22, 1969. KOPAC, EMIL, Scottsbluff, Nebraska: EVANS, DR. H. T., Branson: March April 1, 1886-May 9, 1970. 20, 1887-January 21, 1971. KREBS, ROLAND, Webster Groves: FAY, CHAUNCY H., Columbia: June July 18, 1899-December 10, 1970. 13, 1911-May 6, 1971. LAWHORN, GEORGE E., Columbia: FISKE, GEORGE, Bartlesville, Okla­ July 13, 1896-April 12, 1970. homa: July 23, 1886-October 10, 1969. LOEB, BENJAMIN M., St. Louis: Feb­ GERMAN, GEORGE J., Dallas, Texas: ruary 1, 1902-July 17, 1965. July 8, 1888-July 30, 1970. MABREY, DR. J. P., Plattsburg: July GLORE, J. O., St. Louis: October 16, 6, 1925-July 11, 1970. 1905-September 9, 1969. MCKINNEY, Richard F., Jefferson

GRAVES, MARY F., Macon: May 23, City: July 5, 1896-April 20, 1970. 1892-April 21, 1971. Secretary of the MEANS, LEWIS M., Fayette: July 15, Macon County Historical Society. 1890-June 8, 1971.

GRIFFIN, CLELLAH A., Macon: No­ MOORMAN, ARTHUR, Carthage: Au­ vember 19, 1899-July 19, 1968. gust 16, 1902-April 17, 1970.

HANSEN, MRS. A. T., Omaha, Ne­ MUNFORD, ANNA, Springfield: Oc­ braska: June 13, 1884-November 30, tober 11, 1884-July 7, 1970. 1970. NALL, TOM I., Shawnee Mission, HARRIMAN, MRS. BETTIE, Bunceton: Kansas: August 19, 1901-October 30, September 22, 1890-June 21, 1971. 1970.

HAYES, FRANK W., Sedalia: March NEWMAN, HARRY, Cape Girardeau: 7, 1896-September 26, 1970. December 28, 1883-December 5, 1970.

HINOTE, JANE, Plainview, Texas: Oc­ NORTON, DR. WILLIAM H., St. Louis: tober 4, 1884-December 10, 1970. September 23, 1896-October 26, 1969. 144 Missouri Historical Review

NUSSBAUM, FREDERICK, St. Louis: Feb­ SMITH, MRS. GARDNER, Tyler, Texas: ruary 14, 1886-July 2, 1969. September 5, 1891-October 3, 1970.

O'CONNOR, HONORABLE PATRICK J., SUTHERLAND, JOHN H., St. Louis: Oc­ Bridgeton: September 7, 1931-June 6, tober 19, 1905-October 4, 1970. 1971. State Representative from Dis­ trict #30. TROXELL, COLONEL A. R., Columbia: POTTS, H. B., Sedalia: October 5, July 26, 1893-April 12, 1971. Presi­ 1890-September 9, 1970. dent of the Boone County Historical Society. PRESTON, MRS. E. K., Liberty: June 22, 1893-February 7, 1971. WALKER, JOHN M., San Diego, Cali­ REEVES, ALBERT L., Dunedin, Flor­ fornia: December 20, 1897-April 29, ida: December 21, 1873-March 24, 1967. 1971. Former trustee of State Histori­ WALSH, JEROME, Kansas City: July 7, cal Society of Missouri. 1902-January 30, 1971. ROEHRIG, R., St. Louis: April 11, 1881-September 2, 1967. WHIMPLE, DAVIS, St. Joseph: Novem­ ber 7, 1893-March 1, 1971. SEYFRIED, DR. L. R., St. Louis: March 4, 1923-June 12, 1971. WILCOX, FRANCES MINOR, Hemet, SHEARER, ERNEST C, Alpine, Texas: California: October 15, 1898-October July 6, 1903-September 22, 1970. 7, 1970.

SHERMAN, ALFRED, Wichita, Kansas: WILSON, SCOTT, Columbia: January September 10, 1902-February 28, 1970. 23, 1889-July 21, 1970.

"Divided" Hose Not Popular St. Louis Globe-Democrat, October 2, 1892. Stockings with "fingers" like gloves have not secured the popularity ex­ pected or hoped, for although the price is no longer very much above that of ordinary grades, the demand continues very limited. Even a division for the big toe does not meet the approval desired, although those who wear "divided" hose say the absorption of prespiration prevents corns and ensures solid com­ fort. The chief advantage of the device from the standpoint of a careful dresser is that it enables a smaller shoe to be worn, and with this end in view still another novelty in footwear has been brought out by a Western furnisher and clothier. This consists of a stocking with a compartment for the big toe, and a flap to cover the remainder. When the shoe is put on the flap if forced over the toes and kept in place, but when the shoe is off the toes are exposed. For evening parties this may be a success, but the blister creating privileges imparted will prevent it ever becoming popular with mail-carriers or any who do even an average amount of walking.

Running Out of Truth Sedalia Bazoo Monthly Magazine, July 1921. Great talkers are generally great liars, for them who talk so much sooner or later run out of the truth and tell what they don't know. Historical Notes and Comments 145

BOOK REVIEWS

The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration. By William C. Berman (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1970). 261 pp. Index. Bibliography. $8.00. This book analyzes civil rights as a political issue during the Truman years and examines the interaction between the Truman administration and Negro groups. It is not a full-scale study of the civil rights movement, and it devotes little space to the desegrega­ tion of the armed forces, perhaps because Richard M. Dalfiume has already thoroughly covered the topic. Given this rather narrow approach, Professor Berman has produced a worthwhile volume. The author's research is solid and his account of events valu­ able. Nevertheless, his conclusions are questionable. Following Samuel Lubell's The Future of American Politics, Berman argues that Truman was a representative of the "centrist faction" of the Democratic party and was primarily concerned with the mainte­ nance of party unity, that hence the president followed a political calculus, moving first in one direction, then the other, but always with the objective of returning to dead center. While giving some recognition to Truman's accomplishments, Berman assumes that the White House requests for sweeping civil rights legislation were insincere and that a truly committed leader could have delivered results more in line with his rhetoric. He depicts the advances which did occur as attributable to black political power and/or concern over the American image in the Cold War, not to presi­ dential humanitarianism—"though there may have been some of that." (p. 240) Like many young liberal and radical intellectuals, Berman 146 Missouri Historical Review

clearly rejects the "old politics" as played by non-ideological party regulars and powerful pressure groups; since the Truman admin­ istration seems to fit the mold, his interpretation is preponderantly critical. He may sell the old system short; certainly, his analysis of it is insufficient and misleading. Presidents, like most other poli­ ticians, may be motivated in the last analysis by self-interest, but self-interest is rarely as clearly defined as the historian may think. Even a president who thinks entirely in terms of political calculus may have to choose between different formulae, depending upon his paramount objectives, which in turn will vary according to the situation of the moment. Truman operated from 1945-1953 in a shifting context which presented no easy, absolutely clear definition of his own interests, no single, easily grasped formula for political success. There can be little doubt that he approached the civil rights issue with his own interests as a prime concern, but it is simplistic to assume that the situation forced him to take the enlightened positions for which he stood. It is equally simplistic to assume that Truman was insincere because his support of civil rights legislation benefited him politically or becaue he requested such legislation in the knowl­ edge that it could not get through Congress. To both the black leadership and the Southern politicians the presidential commit­ ment was real and important. Berman also errs in depicting Truman as almost constantly motivated by a "centrist" desire for party unity. He speculates be­ yond his evidence to sustain this thesis and passes too lightly over facts which seem to contradict it. In fact, he talks of a "centrist faction" within the Democratic party without ever doing much to identify it. Truman and many leading Democrats of course hoped for party unity, but Berman's application of the term "faction" to them is too free and easy. Until there is some serious and sophisti­ cated work on the structure of the Democratic party during the 1940s, it will be impossible for historians to write with assurance of the factions within it. At no point does the author engage in a convincing explora­ tion of the possibilities for civil rights during the Truman years; nor does he demonstrate the alternative modes of leadership which might have accomplished more. His preoccupation with con­ gressional and electoral politics leads him to give short shrift to such executive actions as military desegregation and Justice De- Historical Notes and Comments 147 partment briefs in civil rights cases. He does not make use of public opinion surveys which would have placed his topic in the context of popular attitudes. He deprives his work of context in another manner by failing to compare Truman's civil rights positions and achievements with those of the major politicians who preceded and followed HST. Professor Berman's humane commitment to justice for the black man is praiseworthy, and historians will find his work useful. His major theses, however, are actually tenuous hypotheses which his evidence cannot support and may contradict. This book is a respectable contribution to an ongoing debate, but we need a broader and deeper analysis of the problems with which it deals.

Ohio University Alonzo L. Hamby

A Winner Never Quits: The Life and Times of Walter Harrington Ryle. By Ruth Warner Towne (Kirksville, Mis­ souri: The Simpson Press, 1970). 290 pp. Index. Bibliograph­ ical notes. $5.50. This is an unusual study in many ways. Rarely have the ad­ ministrative colleagues of a state college president arranged for an official biography immediately upon his retirement. In fact serious studies of educational leadership in state teachers colleges or state colleges are almost non-existent. It is truly a neglected field. The retirement of Walter Harrington Ryle in 1967 as president of Northeast Missouri State Teachers College took place during the college's centennial year and in the thirtieth year of his occupancy of the president's office. This made it an opportune time to under­ take a serious history of the college and of the man who had the longest tenure in the presidency. Dr. Ryle cooperated fully with the committee and designated Dr. Ruth Warner Towne, a member of the American History staff of the college, as his official biog­ rapher. Dr. Ryle's presidency covers the years of the most rapid growth of the college in enrollment and in physical expansion. His administration was preceded by nearly two decades of shameful neglect by the state of Missouri. All public colleges and univer­ sities were woefully neglected during this period. Ryle had been 148 Missouri Historical Review a student at Northeast from 1913 to 1919, which were the last years of the institution's normal school period, a faculty member in most of the decade before his tenure as president began, and a suc­ cessful public school administrator at Palmyra and Holden in the 1920s. His connections with the college were intimate and extensive. The book then is a case study of the growth of a college as well as a study of a man and his part in the life of this college. President Ryle was a product of his environment as are other men. His rural upbringing, his elementary and high school ex­ periences in small country schools, and his years in college fortified the value system that arose from this background. He was a product of rural, Protestant, Anglo-Saxon heritage and his fundamental commitments were to the value system of this heritage. Ryle's philosophy of life was based on his belief that democracy as found in rural America was the embodiment of much that was safe and sound in the twentieth century. In many ways he was a Jeffersonian.

His commitments required him to be a spokesman and an activist for the institutions that supported his images of civiliza­ tion. The church, youth organizations, community betterment en­ terprises, not only had his support, but received his careful attention and abundant energy. He was a partisan, and when not en­ cumbered by administrative positions, he worked at the grass roots for his party. Most public school men avoid partisan activity but Ryle was a very active Democrat and a successful county chair­ man in crucial elections where he demonstrated his ability to or­ ganize and lead.

When the presidency became vacant in 1937 because of the sudden death of his friend and mentor, Eugene Fair, he was named as Fair's successor. His vigorous political activity that preceded his rise to the presidency helped make him the logical choice. Ryle undertook every task with vigor and dedication. He ob­ viously liked responsibility and authority. Whether it was building a course syllabus, organizing a placement office, managing a politi­ cal campaign, or administering a school, he insisted on assuming full responsibility and would not allow others to interfere with his powers and prerogatives. In setting policy and in passing on re­ quests for something new Ryle was careful and somewhat con­ servative. Tradition was not ignored lightly in Ryle's presence, he appealed often to tradition in his speeches and articles. Historical Notes and Comments 149

The author makes full use of the series of publications that contain Ryle's addresses to the faculty through the years. He was explicit in making his plans for the future clear and understandable. The college was dedicated to the preparation of teachers for the public schools. He insisted that the commitment to teacher educa­ tion was a fundamental one and that the ideas of Joseph Baldwin, the founder, and John R. Kirk, the colorful builder, had set the proper course for teacher education. Ryle would never agree to a change in name to Northeast Missouri State College; the teachers college title was important to him. He was impatient with the seeming conflict between professional education and the academic disciplines. Sound teacher education, he thought, required both and he insisted that each graduate, including each elementary teacher, have extensive preparation in an academic discipline. The research was carefully done and was exhaustive except for two important sources. The records of the president's office and those of the board of regents were closed from 1945 to the end of Ryle's tenure. Faculty minutes and those of faculty committees and councils were available but were "singularly unrevealing" according to the author. The absence of data on the relation of the president with the governing board, the faculty and his ad­ ministrative staff limits the value of the study. A few errors crept in. "Robert E. Lee Hall" should be Robert E. Lee Hill (p. 191). In a very few cases direct quotes were used without citation. The book, however, is a solid and a well written one.

University of Missouri-Columbia W. Francis English

The cumulative index of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL RE­ VIEW, volumes I-XXV (October 1906-July 1931), has been re­ printed by the Society. Copies can be purchased from the Society for $5.00. Checks or money orders should be payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri. The Society's address is: Corner of Hitt & Lowry Streets, Columbia, Mis­ souri 65201. 150 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK NOTES

Oregon County's Three Flags, Six County Seats via the Horse and Ruggy. By Lewis A. W. Simpson (Thayer, 1971). 97 pp. Illus­ trated. Indexed. $5.65. The author of this work carefully researched court records, state and local histories, Official Records of the War of the Rebel­ lion and the Official Manual of the State of Missouri for factual material about Oregon County. While preparing the history he visited cemeteries, pioneer mill sites, old homes, abandoned tram log roads, mines, caves and Indian mounds in the county and col­ lected rare photographs of persons and places. As a result, this first history of Oregon County is factual, concise and well docu­ mented. Maps of the area, with its early changing boundaries, a listing of the pioneers of the Eleven Point River Country, and a copy of the legislative act creating Ripley County in 1841, which then included Oregon County, introduce the local history included in the volume. Chronological listings of the governors of the District of Louisiana under French, Spanish and American rule, and of the governors of the territories of Louisiana and Missouri, a brief sketch of the early history of Missouri and maps of the District of Louisiana in 1804, and the Territory of Missouri in 1812, 1813 and 1816 preface the local history. Descriptions and drawings of the first Oregon County Court­ house and jail, located in Thomasville, listings of the large springs of the county, of the first marriages, and of county officials and early licensed ministers provide an invaluable record. Photographs of pioneers, the 1871 Alton Oregon County Court­ house, lumbering companies, Turner's Mill, Greer Spring and Mill, school buildings, school children, county officials, Alton and Thayer street scenes and early modes of transportation are attractively re­ produced. A former state legislator and now associate judge of the Oregon County Court, Second District, the author has performed a valuable service for state and local history with the publication of this volume.

History of Stoddard County. By Robert H. Forister (Bloom­ field, 1971). 118 pp. Not indexed. $4.00. Published by the Stoddard County Historical Society, this Historical Notes and Comments 151 first comprehensive history of the county is a valuable addition to the local history of the state. Maps of Indian trails, of Southeast Missouri counties and their changing boundaries after organi­ zation are included. Plats of Dexter, Advance, Puxico and Bloom­ field in 1931 and of Bernie in 1927 are presented with brief sketches on the history of Stoddard County towns. Beginning with the organization of the county the author has included lists of early county officials, county Civil War and re­ ligious history, lists of post offices from 1875 to 1961, place names, biographies of early settlers and a list of county orchard growers in 1912. Lists of pupils in Bloomfield schools, a partial cemetery census for Bloomfield, excerpts from Bloomfield city council min­ utes from 1895 to 1940, a summary of the 1970 United States census returns from the county followed by some general statistics com­ plete the work. Proceeds from the sale of the booklet will be used for the housing and care of county archival and museum material.

Lawson Centennial, 1871-1971 (Marceline, 1971). 329 pp. Illus­ trated. Not indexed. $7.50 plus tax. Maps of the Lawson Prairie in 1865 and Ray County, Missouri, and the original plat of Lawson introduce this commemorative volume. Written by Ruth Bogart Roney, historian of the Lawson centennial committee, the first section of the book is a condensation of facts published in her earlier work, From Entry Fee to Fifty Three: A History of Lawsons Three County Community. Printed on an excellent quality of paper, Lawson Centennial is a compendi­ um of the history of various facets of community life both in the past and the present. Photographs of Ray Countains are numerous, which will, no doubt evoke much personal interest in the volume. The photog­ raphy and editing were the result of much cooperative effort. Ad­ vertisements of Lawson merchants in the hard-bound.volume, are evidence of the support given to the project by the businessmen of the community.

A Roone County Album. By the Committee on Historic Sites and Tours of the Columbia-Boone County Sesquicentennial Com­ mission, James Darrough, chairman (Columbia, 1971). 96 pp. Illustrated. Indexed. $2.00. Vignettes of various personages and events which figured 152 Missouri Historical Review

prominently in the past life of Columbia and Boone County provide the material for this commemorative volume. Planned as a pictorial album, depicting highlights of the past 150 years, the work was written for Boone County citizens who enjoy learning about their community's past. A number of Boone Countians researched and wrote brief articles about towns, old trails and roads, prominent persons, his­ toric and scenic sites, University traditions, the Centralia Massacre, early aviation, county churches and the county fair. The publica­ tion cost of the album was underwritten by the Columbia Daily Tribune.

Perry County Sesquicentennial Historical Rooklet: Perry Coun­ ty, Missouri, 1821-1971 (Perryville, 1971). 28 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $1.00. The history of the origin and development of twenty-three Perry County towns and communities was researched and written by more than thirty citizens from all parts of the county. The aerial photographs which accompany each sketch give a comprehensive view of the physical surroundings although they are lacking in de­ tail and picture quality. Also included in the booklet are brief histories of the Altenburg Log Cabin College, the Frohna Saxon Lutheran Memorial, Perry County courthouses, St. Mary's Seminary and Tower Rock.

100 Historic Buildings in St. Louis County. Designed, edited and largely photographed by Philip Cotton, Jr., Architect (St. Louis County Department of Parks and Recreation, 1970). 37 pp. Illus­ trated. Not indexed. $1.00. Brief histories of the buildings, with photographs and archi­ tectural drawings are included in this valuable reference work. The booklet is an interim report of the St. Louis County Historic Buildings Commission with special emphasis on the survey of historic structures in the county and subsequent documentation of a portion selected by the commission as significant to the history and future of St. Louis. A three-section map showing the location of the historic buildings is appended. A Legend of Wild Moss Mill

BY HUGH P. WILLIAMSON

[Editor's Note: This article was published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 16, 1958, and is reproduced with permission of the Post-Dispatch.J

In the early days of Carroll county, wheat flour and corn meal could not be purchased over the counter of a grocery store. Farmers took their grain to water mills, where it was ground and bolted, the miller retaining a portion as his grinding fee. . . .

How many water mills there were in Carroll county I do not know, but the one most widely patronized, and most famous in local legend, was located some two miles southeast of Carrollton on Big Wakenda Creek. It took its name from the shining, green wild moss that extended far up its waterside and covered its dam and wheel. . . .

For some time prior to the year 1878 the mill and the land adjacent had been under the proprietorship of J. F. Lawton, a bustling, enterprising person with a keen eye for the spectacular and unusual. How he came to conceive the idea of turning standing grain into bread in the least time possible, or why he saw any value in doing so, I do not know. Quite probably it was the proximity of a field of ripening wheat, his mill, his wife's kitchen, and a desire for fame. At any rate he did, and set the day of June 27, 1878 for the event.

He made his preparations with great thoroughness and careful attention to detail. In order that no possible doubt might becloud the record he was confident of making, he invited some 40 of the most respected citizens of Car­ rollton to be his guests and to time the process.

153 154 Missouri Historical Review

The morning of June 27 dawned hot and clear. The heavy golden heads of wheat swayed gently in a faint breeze, and a strengthening sun quickly dried the dew. Soon after men and women, afoot and on horseback, in buggies and wagons, began to gather in the Lawton yard, and at 10 o'clock the Carroll- ton delegation arrived with some pomp and considerable confusion. With the coolness and dispatch of a general disposing his forces on the eve of battle, Lawton made his arrangements. First, he requested the Carrollton men to select three of their number to act as timekeepers. The three, thus weighted down with responsibility, con­ sulted closely together, consuming considerable time in adjusting their respective watches so that they were exactly together. . . . the timekeepers, now visibly swollen with importance, moved with dignity and vast deliberation to the point to which Lawton conducted them.

At the edge of the wheat field a Buckeye reaper, carefully tightened and oiled, to which three young and spirited horses had been hitched, stood ready, with the driver's whip poised over the backs of the excited team. Midway between the field and the mill, readied for instant action, stood a brand-new Nichols Sc Shepard Vibrator Thresher. At the mill the water wheel was turning at full speed, and the mill machinery, running empty, gave forth a clattering hum of sound. In the nearby kitchen stood Mrs. Lawton, a large tin spoon in her hand, a mixing bowl on the table before her, and an iron griddle heating on the red-hot stove close by.

Now the great moment had come, and the very air was surcharged with suspense. Lawton dashed purposefully about, seeing that his forces were at their battle stations and ready. Then he raised his hand; the head time­ keeper yelled "Go!"; the whip descended on the horses' backs and the driver screamed, "Get up, you all!"

The team dashed forward and the sickle struck into the wheat, which fell before it in a golden wave; the binders leaped upon it, then tossed the bundles to runners who hurried with them to the now roaring threshing machine— and one minute and 15 seconds from the time of beginning, a pack of wheat had been cut and threshed; a fleet-footed youth seized the measure of grain and raced for the mill, into whose hopper he poured the wheat. One minute and 17 seconds later it was ground and bolted.

Another runner rushed the flour to Mrs. Lawton, who attacked it with furious energy. One minute and 23 seconds later she tossed the griddle cake into the air, and the crowd went wild. Standing grain had been made into bread in three minutes and 55 seconds at Wild Moss Mill, J. F. Lawton, Proprietor. Perhaps a still greater achievement was that every timekeeper agreed perfectly in every detail.

Slowly the crowd broke up and went away, every member of it certain that he had witnessed an historic event. The story of this interesting achieve­ ment was printed in full detail in the Carrollton paper, and from there found its way into nearly every news sheet in the United States. It was reprinted in foreign lands in languages which Lawton could not understand. He was famous now, and basked in the sunlight of his glory.

Missouri Women In History

Edna Fischel Gellhorn

Edna Fischel Gellhorn, woman's suffrage leader and a founder of the National League of Women Voters, was born Decem­ ber 18, 1878, in St. Louis. The daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Washington E. Fischel, she at­ tended Mary Institute, St. Louis, and was graduated in 1900 from Bryn Mawr Col­ lege. She served as lifetime president of her class and as an elected trustee of the col­ lege. In 1903 she married George Gellhorn, an internationally known gynecologist.

Elected chairman of the St. Louis Equal Suffrage League, she planned and directed the national American Woman Suffrage Convention in 1919 in St. Louis. Before the convention closed the National League of Women Voters was organized and she was chosen the first vice president. Elected the first president of the Missouri League of Women Voters, she served from 1919-1921 and again for the term of 1927-1929. In 1925 she was a president of the St. Louis League of Women Voters. She was active in the national League's drive against the spoils system in 1935 and in the 1940s she led the Missouri League's campaign in support of the 1945 Missouri Constitution.

Mrs. Gellhorn pursued other civic interests. During World War I she served under Herbert Hoover as regional director of the Food Administration. In later years she was one of the organizers of the American Association of United Nations, the National Municipal League and the American Association of University Women, all of which honored her by awards. The St. Louis Board of Aldermen on her 88th birthday formally declared the community's indebtedness to Mrs. Gellhorn as did the governor of Missouri on her 90th birthday. She was appointed a member of the first Missouri Commission on the Status of Women by Governor John M. Dalton in 1964 and was renamed in 1965 by Governor Warren E. Hearnes. Washington University conferred the honorary LL.D. degree upon her in 1940 and she received the honorary degree of Humane Letters from Lindenwood College in 1956.

Mrs. Gellhorn died September 24, 1970, in St. Louis. She is survived by her sons, Walter Gellhorn, professor of law, Columbia University; Alfred Gellhorn, dean of the University of Pennsylvania Medical School; and a daughter, Martha Gellhorn, noted novelist and war correspondent. A memorial service was held in her honor October 11, 1970, in Graham Memorial Chapel, Wash­ ington University, St. Louis.