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13 th ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE CONSORTIUM “G.S.Rakovski” National Defense Academy Defense Advanced Resarch Institute NATIONS AT WAR CSWG 2013 – NATIONS AT WAR: WHY DO PARTICIPATE IN WARS, AND NOT? WHY DO NATIONS PARTICIPATE IN WARS, AND WHY NOT? Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the Partnership for Peace Consortium CSWG G.S.Rakovski National Defense History Office (SHD) Defense Academy, Bulgaria MoD, France 13th Annual Conference of the PfPC Conflict Studies Working Group Nations at War: Why do Nations Participate in Wars, and Why Not? May 27 – 31, 2013 Sofia, Bulgaria . NATIONS AT WAR: WHY DO NATIONS PARTICIPATE IN WARS, AND WHY NOT? Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the Partnership for Peace Consortium Conflict Studies Working Group Sofia, Bulgaria 27-31 May 2013 Edited by Dr. Harold E. Raugh, Jr. Compiled by Dr. Jordan Baev G.S. Rakovski National Defense Academy Sofia, Bulgaria 2014 Welcome & Foreword ACTA 2013 Nations at War: Why do Nations Participate in Wars, and Why Not? The edition is devoted to the Centenary of the foundation of MILITARY HISTORY COMMISSION, established by Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria with Royal Decree No.39/1 August 1914 Defense Advanced Resarch Institute G.S.Rakovski National Defense Academy Editor: Dr. Harold E. Raugh, Jr. Academic Program Manager: Prof. Dr. Jordan Baev 2014 © Defense Advanced Research Institute, Bulgaria, Sofia All rights reserved ISBN 978-954-9971-77-4 Publisher: Ivan Sapunjiev-Ltd. PB-213, 2500 Kyustendil, Bulgaria, EU e-mail: [email protected] mobile:+359-888-505094 iv CSWG 27–31 May 2013, Sofia, Bulgaria WELCOME By H.E. Mr. Todor Tagarev, Bulgarian Minister of Defense1 The topic of this international research conference -- “Nations at War: Why do Nations Participate in Wars, and Why Not?” -- is of special importance not only in its historic context, but also with regard to the challenges of our time. It is very reasonable that this topic has raised the interest of the distinguished researchers who have come to meet in Sofia. The main areas of studies in their presentations are the mechanisms of making a decision whether to get involved or to refuse participation in a military conflict, the ways to start armed conflicts, and the transition from peace to war and from war to peace. These, however, do not cover all problems discussed at the research forum. Lively discussions are expected on other related topics: the significance of national culture in the military decision-making process; national specifics of military planning; national beliefs of “liberation” and “occupation”; the role of national interests in coalition operations; civil-military relations in times of crises and war; post-war transformation of defense systems; and restoration and strengthening of peace, among others. During the days of the Conference, a Round Table will be organized, dedicated to select current issues related to military archives and military museums. In addition, two interesting photo exhibitions will be displayed: “The Bulgarian Military Leadership during World War One” (organized by the Regional Historical Museum in Kjustendil), and “The Fate of Bulgarian Jews in the Years of World War Two” (organized by the State Agency “Archives”). This research forum is organized by the military history research centers in Bulgaria and France. It is attended by representatives of the Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes, as well as by military academic and research organizations from NATO and PfP countries. Bulgaria is one of the founders of this prestigious scientific and scholarly community and has traditionally played an active role in it. It was not by accident 1 Delivered by Mr. Dobromir Totev, Permanent Under Secretary of Defense. v Welcome & Foreword that the Second Annual Conference of the Consortium was held in Sofia in 1999, when important decisions were made in favor of its enhancement, operation, and development. Fourteen years later, our hospitable capital is hosting once again the military research elite of the Consortium to present their latest research accomplishments in the area of defense and security policy. The attendance of more than twenty distinguished researchers from fourteen countries -- Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Denmark, Canada, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, France, Czech Republic, Sweden, and the United States -- is a guarantee for the high standard of this event, kindly hosted by the Bulgarian military Alma Mater. Undoubtedly, the conference will generate lively discussions and debates, in which solid arguments and a positive attitude will help to find and defend the historical “truth.” I declare this international research conference open and wish effective work to all participants, and to our foreign visitors -– enjoy your stay in our country. vi CSWG 27–31 May 2013, Sofia, Bulgaria FOREWORD By Commodore Dimitar Angelov, Commandant, G.S. Rakovski National Defense Academy War has been going hand-in-hand with the development of mankind since the moment of its birth. There have been too few and too short periods of time in the history of civilization without any hostilities taking place on Earth. Practically, the constant presence of war in the political life of states and nations logically makes it an attractive focus for research studies whose purpose usually is to reveal the reasons for the war, the methods of waging it, and the ways to end it. This international scientific and scholarly conference will seek the answer to the question why and how a nation decides to get involved in a military conflict or to stay aside. This calls for analyzing issues like the process of making a decision and its implementation. Closely related are the problems concerning the role and place of national interests in the course of preparation for participation in a war and the defense of these interests in coalition operations. The international scientific conference “Nations at War: Why do Nations Participate in Wars, and Why Not?” is organized by the military history research centers in Bulgaria and France. It is attended by representatives of the Consortium of Defense Academies and security studies institutes, as well as of other military academic and research organizations from NATO and PfP countries. The attendance of about thirty distinguished researchers and historians from fourteen countries is a guarantee of the high scientific level of this event, which will be proved by the presentations and subsequent discussions. I would like to welcome all participants to the international research conference “Nations at War: Why do Nations Participate in Wars, and Why Not?” and wish them effective work; and to all foreign attendees – enjoy your stay in Bulgaria. vii Contents viii CSWG 27–31 May 2013, Sofia, Bulgaria NATIONS AT WAR: WHY DO NATIONS PARTICIPATE IN WARS, AND WHY NOT? Contents Welcome, by H.E. Mr. Todor Tagarev, Bulgarian Minister of Defense .......................................................................................... v Foreword, by Commodore Dimitar Angelov, Commandant, G.S. Rakovsky National Defense Academy ............................... vii 1. Not Neutral, But Rather Close to War: Sweden in the 19th Century, by Per Iko ....................................................................... 1 2. Liberation or Occupation: Problems of Modern Russian- Bulgarian Relations through the Prism of History, by Marina Lavitskaya ................................................................... 9 3. A Professional Army as a Successful Factor of War – Case Study: Serbia, 1876-1918, by Dalibor Denda .......................... 15 4. Needed Research on the Topic of Why Bulgarians Go to War, by Trendafil Mitev ....................................................................... 25 ix Contents 5. Building Alliances before Venturing into Balkan Wars, 1912- 1913: The Impact of Coalitions, by Efpraxia S. Paschalidou ......................................................... 33 6. Assessing the Capacity for Total War: Swedish Military Attachés and National Characteristics in the Interwar Baltic Sea Area, 1918-1939, by Fredrik Eriksson ...................................................................... 41 7. The Nationalist Idea: A Fundamental Factor in Bulgaria’s Military Policy during the First Half of the 20th Century, by Dimitar Mitev ......................................................................... 63 8. General Marian Kukiel on the Mobilization of the Polish Armed Forces in the West in Case of the Outbreak of World War III, by Janusz Zuziak ......................................................................... 71 9. Military Participation of the Slovak Republic in the Nazi Aggression against Poland and the Soviet Union: Reasons, Processes, and Consequences, by Peter Chorvát .......................................................................... 81 10. Everyday Life during the Crisis: The Yugoslav Military Government in the Julian Region, 1945-1954, by Miljan Milkić .......................................................................... 89 11. Lessons Learned from the Indochina War: The Ely Report, by Ivan Cadeau .......................................................................... 101 x CSWG 27–31 May 2013, Sofia, Bulgaria 12. The “Six-Day War” of 1967: Behind Bucharest’s Decisions, by Carmen Rijnoveanu ............................................................. 109 13. Defending Slovenia – Why was it difficult to decide?, by Damijan Gustin
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