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5 a Revision of Altai Osmans of the Genus Oreoleuciscus

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5 a Revision of Altai Osmans of the Genus Oreoleuciscus ISSN 0206-0477. NEW CONTRIBUTIONS TO FRESHWATER FISH RESEARCH ST. PETERSBURG, 2001 (PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, VOL. 287) ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÀß ÀÊÀÄÅÌÈß ÍÀÓÊ ÒÐÓÄÛ ÇÎÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒÀ ÑÀÍÊÒ-ÏÅÒÅÐÁÓÐÃ, 2001, ÒÎÌ 287 A REVISION OF ALTAI OSMANS OF THE GENUS OREOLEUCISCUS (CYPRINIDAE: LEUCISCINAE) WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES, O. ANGUSTICEPHALUS, FROM RIVER KOBDO (HOVD) SYSTEM, WEST MONGOLIA N.G. Bogutskaya Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab., 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia A comparative morphological study of Altai osmans, the genus Oreoleuciscus, from different parts of its distribution was performed. Besides non-type samples, material examined includes syntypes and holotypes of most species and varieties described earlier. An analysis of 33 morphometric and meristic characters, 14 craniological parameters as well as other features of skeletal structure including vertebrae counts and degree of ossification of the dorsal unbranched rays, and cephalic sensory canals confirmed a conclusion (Bogutskaya, 1990c) that the genus Oreoleuciscus contains three species. The Nogon Nuur narrow-headed osman is described here as a new species, O. angusticephalus. The main diagnostic characters are the number of branched rays in both dorsal and anal fins, structure of the last unbranched dorsal ray, the number of pores in the sensory canals, the relative width of the head in its different parts, the shape of the supraethmoid and the pterotic posterior process. Key for the identification of species of the genus and synonymies are given. Species of the genus Oreoleuciscus (Altai osmans, or mountain daces) are the most typical representatives of the ichthyofauna of Central Asian Internal Basin (North-West Mongolia), a comparatively small area, geomorphologically subdivided into the west Mongolian Great Lakes Valley and Gobi Valley Lakes (or Lake Valley). The basin consists predominantly of large lentic water masses without outlets beyond it. They are fed by relatively short upland streams or rivers that drain the southern slopes of Tanny-Ula, the Hangayin (Hangay) and northen slopes of the Mongolian Altai mountain ranges. Beyond this region Altai osmans occur only in the basin of the Upper Ob River. Altai osmans are nearly eurybiont inhabiting fresh and brackish water lakes, rivers, streams, situated at an altitude from 700 to 2000 m above sea level. Variability of environmental conditions and the poverty of 5 ichthyofauna determining a nearly complete absence of competition with fishes of other genera apparently favoured great morphological and ecological diversity of this genus. The initial phase of the systematic studies of Altai osmans is characterized by the tendency to describe morphologically distinct groups of specimens or single deviating specimens as species or varieties. Thus Warpachowski (1889) in his excellent monograph distinguished the following species and varieties: Oreoleuciscus potanini, O. potanini var. recurviceps, O. pewzowi, O. pewzowi var. altus, O. pewzowi var. longicaudus, O. humilis, O. humilis var. phoxinoides, O.similis, O. dsapchynensis, O. herzensteini, O. gracilis and (based on a head alone) O. choerocephalus. Later, O. ignatowi Nikolski, 1902 and O. ignatovi Dorogostaiski, 1908, were described. A part of these forms were reduced to synonyms by Berg (1912, 1949, and others) who distinguished three main species, O. humilis, O. potanini and O. pewzowi, and also O. recurviceps and O. similis. The next phase is characterized by a study of Altai osmans on a relatively larger material, mainly from water bodies of mountain Altai and Tuva in the USSR. Application of the characters used by Warpachowski (1889) and Berg (1912, 1949, and others) showed that they do not always permit an accurate identification of species of Altai osmans (Gladkov, 1938; Kafanova, 1961; and others). The great variation and age-and-size variability of morphometric characters (in particular relative length of the head and body depth, length of the lower jaw relative to minimum depth of the body, length of the operculum) determined doubts concerning species status of O. humilis (Krivoshchekov, 1959; Egorov, Zhamsaran, 1961) and O. pewzowi (Iohansen, 1940; Nichols, 1930) which were later synonymized with O. potanini (Svetovidova, 1965). Relatively extensive collections of Altai osmans from Mongolia (from both the Kobdo (Chovd Gol, Hovd) River basin and from the Lake Valley) were studied by Dashdorzh and co-authors (Dashdorzh et al., 1969). A detailed analysis of morphometric and some meristic characters confirmed existence of differences between O. potanini and O. humilis, that are particularly conspicuous in the number of branched rays in the dorsal and anal fins, and also showed distinctiveness of specimens, identified as O. pewzowi (without comparison with syntypes of this species), from O. humilis. It is important that geographic separation of the two groups of Altai osmans was revealed: O. potanini was recorded only in the basin of the Kobdo River, whereas O. humilis and O. pewzowi 6 were connected with water bodies of Hangayin and the Lake Valley (except one sample from Achit Nuur). One of the characters dividing the two groups mentioned above is the structure of simple rays in the dorsal fin. As a whole these data correlate well with the results of a comparative analysis of Altai osmans from basins of the Kobdo River on the one hand and forms inhabiting water bodies of the Ubs-Nur (Uvs Nuur) Valley on the other (Gundrizer, 1962, 1976). It should be noted that many authors (Svetovidova, 1965; Gundrizer, 1976; Dashdorzh et al., 1969) accepted the characters used by Warpachowski (1889) and Berg (1912, 1949) as the key characters without a re-examination of type specimens of the earlier described species and varieties. Without a comparison with the latters the systematic revisions were incomplete and even some nomenclature inaccuracies arose (see below). The third phase in the study of Altai osmans is associated with the work of joint Soviet-Mongolian biological expedition in 1975-1980. The data obtained by the expedition became the basis of a number of summarizing reviews on morphology and mode of life of species of the genus Oreoleuciscus within the limits of a larger part of its distribution area in Mongolia (Dgebuadze, 1982; Baasanzhav et al., 1983, 1985; Borisovets et al., 1984, 1985a, 1985b, 1985c, 1987, etc.). Without a special revision of taxonomic status of individual groups of Altai osmans and referring them all to species O. potanini these authors paid more attention to the analysis of diversity of these fishes. Based on the study of a large number of morphometric and meristic characters conclusions were made on the occurrence of five morpho-ecological forms, or types, in the studied water bodies. These forms are conventionally called herbivorous, sharp-snouted, piscivorous, dwarf and lake forms of Altai osman. The former three are associated with the basins of rivers Kobdo and Dzavhan Gol, the latter two occur in water bodies of the slopes of Hangayin, and Lake Valley. It is shown that the dwarf and lake form are relatively close and form a single group, the differences of which from all osmans of the Kobdo basin are approximately equal to the differences between the herbivorous and piscivorous forms (Borisovets et al., 1985c). Taxonomic status of the latter two forms was analyzed by Vasilieva (1982). The study of a number of craniological characters showed considerable differences between two forms of Altai osmans from Lake Nogon-Nuur and somewhat later (Vasilieva, 1985) differences between these both forms and Altai osmans from River Taytzyn-Gol (Tatsain Gol) and Lake Taytzyn-Tsagaan-Nuur (Tatsain Tsagaan Nuur). In the same publication, the author also analyzed the degree of thickening and 7 segmentation of the last simple dorsal ray and divided all Altai osmans into two large groups. The first group includes osmans with a relatively rigid ray (corresponds to O. potanini), the second group uniting soft- rayed Altai osmans is represented by two subgroups: one is characterized by a wider skull and a lower number of pores of the sensory canal on the dentary (corresponds to O. humilis), the other by a narrower skull with a large number of pores (Lake Nogon-Nuur). Two hypotheses have been proposed for the taxonomic status of O. humilis: it is either a distinct species capable of forming lake forms, or the dwarf osman is an eco- morphological form of the soft-rayed narrow-headed osman. The latter is given a name O. pewzowi though the author clearly showed that the syntypes of Leuciscus pewzowi belong to O. potanini (Vasilieva, 1985). According to this, Leuciscus pewzowi had to be considered as a junior synonym of Chondrostoma potanini, and the soft-rayed osman from Lake Nogon-Nuur had to be given a new name in case of the first hypothesis. Analysis of variation of a number of characters, osteological ones included, and topography of sensory canals on the head (Bogutskaya, 1990c) confirmed that, in spite of the comparatively large intraspecific variation of a number of characters, three groups of forms can be distinguished within the genus Oreoleuciscus, which are given the rank of species (O. humilis, O. potanini, Oreoleuciscus sp.). They differ in the structure of simple dorsal rays, the number of pores in sensory canals, general configuration of neurocranium and a number of other characters. These data in many respects conformed to the main conclusions of the previous authors (Gundrizer, 1976; Vasilieva, 1985; Borisovets et al., 1985a, 1985b, 1985c) concerning the taxonomy of the genus Oreoleuciscus if one discards the nomenclatural confusion related to usage (Gundrizer, 1976; Vasilieva, 1985) of the name “pewzowi”. The purpose of the present study is to straighten out the accumulated systematic data on Altai osmans on the basis of a comparative morphological study of specimens from different localities all over the area of distribution of the genus and their comparison with type specimens of species and varieties for defining validity of names and taxonomic status of individual “forms” of Altai osmans.
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