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The Jewish Journal of Sociology THE JEWISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY VOLUME X NO. 2 DECEMBER 1968 CONTENTS Mixed Marriage in WesternJewry: Historical Background to the Jewish Response Moshe Davis 177 Two Minorities: The Jews of Poland and the Chinese of the Philippines D. Stanley Eitcen 221 The Tools of Legitimation—Zionism and the Hebrew Christian Movement B. Z. Sobel 241 The Emergence of the Public Sector of the Israeli Economy Abraham Cohen 251 The Influence of Parental Background on Jewish Uni- versity Students Vera West 267 Register of Social Research on the Anglo-Jewish Com- munity Marlena Schmool 281 Shaul Esh—In Memoriam Tehuda Bauer 287 Book Reviews 289 Chronicle 301 List of Books Received 3o6 Notes on Contributors 307 PUBLISHED TWICE YEARLY on behalf of the World Jewish Congress by %\Tilliam Heinemann Ltd Annual Subscription £i.8.o (U.S. $4) post free Single copies is ($2.25) Applications for subscription should be addressed to the Managing Editor, The Jewish Journal of Sociology, 55New Cavendish Street, London Wi EDITOR Morris Ginsberg MANAGING EDITOR Maurice Freedman ASSISTANT EDITOR Judith Freedman ADVISORY BOARD R. Bachi (Israel) 0. Klineberg (USA) André Chouraqui (France & Israel) Eugene Minkowski (France) M. Davis (Israel) Louis Rosenberg (Canada) S. N. Eisenstadt (Israel) H. L. Shapiro (USA) Nathan Glazer (USA) A. Steinberg (Britain) J. Katz (Israel) A. Tartakower (Israel) THE WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS i968 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY BUTLER AND TANNER LTD PHOME AND LONDON BOOKS REVIEWED Author Title Reviewer 0. J. Bartos Simple Models of Group Behavior Morton 291 W. A. Belson The Impact of Television. Methods and T. Himmelweit 293 Findings in Programme Research S. N. Eiscnstadt Israeli Society G. Friedmann 298 E. Ginzberg The Middle-Class Negro in the White S. Patterson 297 Man's World S. Goldstein A Population Survey of the Greater S. J. Prais 294 Springfield Jewish Community W. W. Isajiw Causation and Functionalism in Sociology J. Gould 289 G. Marcel, Martin Rube'-, l'homme et Ic Philosophic R. G. Smith 290 E. Levinas, and - A. Lacocque 175 NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS Papers submitted to The Jewish Journal of Sociology should be addressed to the Managing Editor at 55, IYew Cavendish Street, London, W.I. The papers must be original and should not have been published previously. When a paper has been accepted for publication, the author may not publish it elsewhere without the written consent of the Editor of the J.J.S. MSS. should be typewritten on one side only and double-spaced with ample margins. Pages, including those containing illustrations, diagrams, or tables, should be numbered consecutively. All quotations should be within single inverted commas; quotation marks within quotations should be double inverted commas. NOTES should follow the style of this Journal and should be given at the end of the article in numerical sequence according to the order of their citation in the text. Bibliographical Details: (a) Books Give author, title, place of publication, year, and page reference. Underline all titles of books. (1') Articles Titles of articles should be within single inverted commas. The title of the book or journal in which the article appears must be underlined. In the case of a journal, cite numbers of volume and part, and year of publication. PROOFS. Authors making major revisions in proof will be required to bear the cost. Unless proofs are returned to the Managing Editor promptly, authors' corrections cannot be incorporated. OFFPRINTS. Each contributor receives thirty free offprints of his article. 176 MIXED MARRIAGE IN WESTERN JEWRY: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE JEWISH RESPONSE Moshe Davis EWISH group assimilation and identity can be conceived as correlated. In different generations, their indices tended to shift, Jdepending in large measure on the nature and impact of the sur- rounding culture. The contemporary phenomenon of mixed marriage has become a crucial index of Jewish collective assimilation and self- identification. Formerly a 'taboo' item on the agenda of Jewish com- munal life, the problem of mixed marriage is now engaging the serious attention of Jewish communities throughout the world, stimulating concerted reaction. The object of this study concerns one people and its tradition. But the significance of mixed marriage extends beyond any single group. The problem contains important implications for the validity and acceptance of religious distinctiveness in any society. Religions are generally facing the pressures of a secularist revolution and more particularly the psycho-sociological forces of cultural and spiritual amalgamation. In the past, the marital decision represented a fairly reliable indicator of one's commitment to, or disaffiliation from, group, community, or tradition. In our times, primarily because of the weak- ened religious factor in the open societies, the category of withdrawal without conversion has come to the fore, running the entire gamut from passivity through neutralism, indifference, anomie, to gradual separation and, ultimately, disavowal either for oneself or one's children. In consequence, a new type of bi-religious family is being introduced into the larger religious family circle. I am preparing an exploratory study of Jewish corporate reaction to the contemporary challenge of mixed marriage in the western world. Before probing the nature of the Jewish response to mixed marriage in those western countries where the greatest number of Jews reside and where the problem is now becoming increasingly acute, we need both to understand the basic difference between intermarriage and mixed marriage, and to trace their evolution in those countries. In '77 MOSHE DAVIS the past, as we shall see, virtually all aspects of outmarriage were conceptually conflated. In our times, although the phenomena are running separate courses, the derivative results remain common to both. In the section of the study presented here, I shall attempt to interpret the post-Emancipation communal reaction to intermarriage and mixed marriage in historical comparative context. The second part will deal with the contemporary manifestations. In the increasing scientific and popular literature on the subject of outmarriage, the terms intermarriage and mixed marriage have generally been used interchangeably. For the purpose of this study the term outmarriage applies both to intermarriage and mixed marriage. But it is essential to emphasize the difference between the two. Mixed marriage means marriage between ajew and a non-Jew in which neither partner renounces his religious faith. Both partners continue in their respective faiths and do not regard their religious differences as a basic obstacle to the totality of their marital aspirations. In this it differs from inter- marriage, where one of the partners adopts the faith of the other be- fore marriage in the attempt to achieve a religious unity in the family. Although these definitions are now more prevalent in the literature, they have not as yet become crystallized.' It is worth noting that the linguistic confusion does not prevail in all cultures. In the Spanish language, for example, where the terms for 'marriage' and 'home' derive from the common verb casar, both concepts are included in the prevalent term casamientos mixtos, meaning 'mixed homes'.2 In the past the problem as it affected Jews related essentially to intermarriage.3 From the halakhic view a person who is converted in accordance with Jewish rites is regarded as a Jew. The problem of intermarriage, when it emerged, was principally personal and emotional with primary implications for the individual and his family. There were, of course, specific critical periods in Jewish history, as in the time of Ezra, when intermarriage became a corporate concern in which the entire character of Jewish group continuity was involved. Also there is evidence of outmarriage in various eras and climes of the Jewish experience, being more frequent in the first centuries of the Christian era, less so during the Middle Ages because of Church laws. The current widespread phenomenon of mixed marriage has its roots in post-Emancipation Jewish history, having spread in the past three centuries to most lands of Jewish residence. Jacob Katz's studies of the Jewish-Christian encounter in the pre-modern and modern epochs are the best analytical interpretations of the historical and social factors which, in time, altered the Jewish ideational system and corporate 178 MIXED MARRIAGE IN WESTERN JEWRY cohesiveness in the 'traditional society'.' For the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and in a more statistical vein, Arthur Ruppin's works (particularly The Jews in the Modem World, modified in his last volume The Jewish Fate and Future written on the eve of the Second World War)5 specifically summarize the then available data on 'the increase of mixed marriages' against the backdrop of legal aspects as well as of Jewish and Christian opinion. In the chapter 'Mixed Marriages and Baptisms', Ruppin's tables deal primarily with central and eastern European statistics; but they also provide a sprinkling of information on the United States based on Julius Drachsler's analysis, in Democracy and Assimilation, of the marriage records in New York City for 1908—I2.° Ruppin's insight and generalizations should be amplified with evidence from the history of such major western Jewish communities as those of the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, France, and Argentina—material to which he did not have access. In fact, in 1939, Ruppin himself urged such definitive studies as an indispens- able prerequisite to comparative analyses ofworldJewry. In a foreword to Louis Rosenberg's pioneer work on Canadian Jewry (Canada's Jews: A Social and Economic Study of the Jews in Canada),7 Ruppin said: On the map of the world there are still a number of blank spots denoting territories not yet explored. In the sociology of the Jews there are likewise still many blank spots. In those countries in which the religion of the inhabitants has not been dealt with in the official statistics we have very little exact knowledge about the social conditions of the Jews.
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