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The Hebrews in America

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The Hebrews in America a5 Q^ * -4 oEy 9d 'o V-* o,"?- o ^^ ^ .« 5:) °. <5, ^d .4 °^ '='^^-^^*''-*'^&'r\,^^ %•> " J'/, ^ #'i?"-^*^ '•. ?*" '^ ^ I %^*°° ^ ^ \\^^' :^\MW/A' -.^^^v .^^ .«o. -^ A, \> » ^ * '^^l ^'-:'" *• /.^i:^'^% <?^^J^^'% 0°^;^^.% ^^ - '^o^ ^ SIR ^0 "^ ^!M - '^ ^!fe - .^^ ^O., •'„, X V.^^ . V THE Hebrews in America. A SERIES OF HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. BY ^ ISAAC MARKENS. of* / ( ^ FUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, No. 234 Broadway, . NEW YORK. 1888. Copyrighted, 1888, BY ISAAC MARKENS. ^<rO CONTENTS. PAGE. Preface v Historical i In the Army and Navy 126 In Commercial Life 139 In Public Office . 174 Biographical . 196 In the Pulpit 275 Institutions and Associations .... 309 Addenda ' 335 Index , , . 347 PREFACE. THE design of this volume is to show the degree of prominence and influence attained by the Hebrews of the United States. The preparation of the work was undertaken at the suggestion of the numerous readers of a less elaborate series of sketches upon the same subject which appeared in the " New York Mail and Express " about one year since. In the course of his earlier researches the author brought to light a vast amount of interesting material regard- ing the Hebrews in this country, the publication of which, in the secular press was, for obvious reasons, found impractic- able. The material then secured, which has been supple- mented by further investigation, constitutes the present volume. In preparing this work the author has con- sulted various State and Municipal histories and the collections of various Historical Societies, including " Colonial History of New York," " Westcott's Philadelphia." " Historical Collections of Rhode Island," " Daly's Jewish Settlements in North America," " Steven's History of Georgia," "Historical Collections of Georgia," ""Arnold's VI PREFACE. History of Rhode Island," " Historical Collections of Rhode Island," Rosenbach's "Jews of Philadelphia, prior to 1800,'' New York newspapers of the last century, Valentine's " Manual of the City of New York," " Legislative Records of Maryland," and files of the various Hebrew periodicals and newspapers published during the past forty years. Besides this, the author has put himself in correspondence with prominent gentlemen in the principal cities with a view of securing data pertaining to the early settle- ments, the organization of synagogues and the biographies of persons of note, from most of whom valuable inform- ation has been secured. It is to be regretted, however, that repeated requests for important material have been peremptorily declined in some instances and ignored in others. The writer desires to tender his acknowledgments to the following gentlemen, who have kindly complied with re- quests for material and otherwise aided in the preparation of this volume : Rev. Drs. Berkowitz, of Mobile ; Bloch, of Portland, Oregon ; Felsenthal, of Chicago ; Grossman, of Detroit ; Landsberg, of Rochester, N. Y.; Machol, of Cleve- land ; Mendes, of Savannah ; Naumburg, of Pittsburg; Stern, of Washington, D. C; Wintner, of Brooklyn ; Wise, of Cin- cinnati, and Messrs. Hyman Blum, S. N. Carvalho, Max Cohen, Daniel P. Hays, Myer S. Isaacs, P. J. Joachimsen, Isidore Osorio, Benjamin F. Peixotto and Willy Salomon, of New York; Paul Weil, of New Haven ; William B. Hacken- ; PREFACE. Vll burg, of Philadelphia; Joseph Abraham, Jacob Ezekiel and Lewis Seasongood, of Cincinnati ; H. Krakauer, of Boston Samuel Evans, of Columbia, Penn.; A. Weill, of Wilmington, N. C; Sol Marx, of New Orleans; C. B. Feibleman, of Indianapolis; William Horgan, of Memphis; Nathaniel Levin, of Charleston ; Rev. Uzal Condit, Easton, Penn.; L C. Levy, Augusta, Ga. The biographical sketch of Isidor Bush, Esq., of St. Louis, is partly taken from the United States Encyclopedia. I. M. New York, April, 1888, THE HEBREWS IN AMERICA. HISTORICAL MARVELOUS prosperity and steady progress mark the history of the Hebrev/s in the United States. In every department of commercial and intellectual activity they are continually making headway. Subjected to no restrictions and accorded the privilege enjoyed by all citizens of the Republic, they are enjoying unexampled prosperity. With a population of only 400,000 in the entire country, of which number 125,000 are credited to New York, the Hebrews have made themselves felt throughout the land to an extent far greater than any other like number of people. Not only have they shown surprising growth and amassed immense fortunes, but they are recognized as among the most useful of our citizens. Enterprising and foremost in all public movements looking to the welfare of the entire community, patriotic and law-abiding, cosmopolitan in their charities, and permitting none of their own people to become a burden on the State or city, their presence is welcomed and their power is extending year after year. Close observers of the times are of the opinion that within half a century the Hebrews of this country will control the balance of trade. This appears quite likely if the recent increase in population is maintained. During the year 1886 over 30,000 Hebrew 2 THE HEBREWS IN AMERICA. emigrants were landed in New York, of whom more than two-thirds remained there. During the six years previous, upwards of 55,ooo came from Russia, Poland, Germany and Roumania, 1 14,000 being landed in the United States from 1 88 1 to 1886. There are no indications that this influx will be soon checked. On the contrary, Hon. Benjamin F. Peix- otto, our late consul to Roumania, estimates that by the end of the second decade of the coming century Russia will have driven at least half of her 2,500,000 Hebrews to this country, and other countries where Draconic laws and insen- sate persecution are hardly less terrible, will contribute pro- portionately. Over 50,000 are already settled on the Western plains. Inasmuch as the great majority of the most pros- perous Hebrew merchants of to-day landed on these shores under conditions not dissimilar to the later comers, it is rea- sonable to expect that the latter will experience equal pro- gression. The story of the Hebrews in this country, which dates back 235 years, forms an interesting chapter. The conditions under which they first came here, the manner of men composing the early colonists, what they have accom- plished in the commercial and intellectual world, what part they have taken in the affairs of the nation, the extent of their charities, their remarkable accumulation of wealth, and how they already control numerous branches of busi- ness, is shown in the following pages. NEW YORK. The expulsion of the Hebrews from Spain and Portugal, beginning in the year 1492, caused many to seek refuge in Holland. In 1624, the Dutch having secured a foothold in Brazil, numbers of Hebrews found their way to that country. THE HEBREWS IN AMERICA. 3 The formation of the West India Company of Amsterdam in 1638, which had for its object the opening up of trade with Brazil, was followed by a large emigration of He- brews to that country, 600 having left Amsterdam in the autumn of 1642 alone. Moses Raphael de Aguilar and Isaac Aboab accompanied the latter. Numerous congre- gations were organized in Brazil. While the Hebrews in Mexico, Lima and Carthagena were subjected to indignities similar to those experienced in the Old World, Brazil, Dr. Kayserling says, was the only portion of the New World where they were not burned at the stake. In the City of Mexico, according to the same authority, the celebration of the Passover, in 1554, had been marked by the erection of large tribunes and eighty unfortunate Judaizers died at the. stake, amid festive music, the ringing of bells and the wild rejoicings of the populace. The restoration of Portuguese power in Brazil led to the removal of many of the Hebrews from that country, and in 1654 a party of twenty-seven men, women and children set sail from the port of Cape St. Ann, near Bahia, Brazil, on board the barque St. Catarina, com- manded by Jaques De La Motthe, bound for New Amsterdam. The party included Abram De Lucena, David Israel, Moses Ambrasias, Abram De La Simon, Salvator D'Andrada, Joseph De Costa, David Fiera, Jacob Barsunson, Jacob C. Henrique, Isaac Mesa and Isaac Levy. On their arrival at their des- tination their baggage was seized and sold at public auction as payment for their passage. The amount thus realized was insufificient to defray the charges and Israel and Am- brasias were arrested and held as hostages until the full amount was liquidated. The official record of this transaction shows that an 4 THE HEBREWS IN AMERICA. " extraordinary meeting of the Dutch magnates was con- vened at the City Hall on Wednesday, September i6, 1654, to consider Captain De La Motthe's complaint, at which ' were present : The Heeren,' Arent Van Hatten, M. Krigier, P. L. Van Dergrist, Peter Wolfertsen, Oloff Stevenson and Cornelius Van Trenhoven." The defendants are recorded as " David Israel and the other Jews." The session was held to consider " the ballance of the payment of the passage of the said Jews, for which each is bound in solidiim,'' and the minutes further read that " whereas, their goods sold thus far by residue do not amount to the payment of their obligation, it is therefore requested that one or two of the said Jews be taken as principal, which according to the aforesaid obliga- tion cannot be refused. Therefore, he hath taken David Israel and Moses Ambrasias as principal debtors for the remaining ballance, with request that the same be placed in confinement until the account be paid. The Court having weighed the petition of the plaintiff and seen the obligation, wherein each is bound in solidum for the full payment, have consented to the plaintiff's request to place the aforesaid defendants under Civil arrest, namely, with the provost- marshal, until they shall have made satisfaction provided, ; that De La Motthe shall provisionally answer for the board, which is fixed at sixteen stivers per diem for each person, and it is ordered that for this purpose forty to fifty guilders proceeding from the goods sold shall remain in the hands of the Secretary, together with the expense of this special court.
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