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Xerox University Microfilms 7 6 1 9 6 3 0 LOZICR INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original subm itted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the ph irapher suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and inus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until com plete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 7 6 1 9 6 3 0 LOZICR. JOHN WILLIAM T A U N T O N a n d MASON: COTTON MACHINERY AND L o c o m o t i v e manufacture i n t a u n t o n , MASSACHUSETTS, 1811.1861, THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1978 © Copyright by John William Lozier 1978 TAUNTON AND MASON* COTTON MACHINERY AND LOCOMOTIVE MANUFACTURE IN TAUNTON, MASSACHUSETTS, I8II-I86I DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By John William Lozier, B.A., A.M. T'he Ohio State University 1978 Reading Committee : Approved By Merritt Roe Smith Robert H. Bremner Mansel G. Blackford Adviser Department of History To Robert W. Lovett, gentleman, community leader, and archivist, without whom much of the business and industrial history of New England would be inaccessible. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the staffs of Baker Library of Harvard University, the Old Colony Historical Society, the Merrimack Valley Textile Museum, Boston Public Library, the Henry Ford Museum, T. W. Phillips Library of Bethany College, DeGolyer Library of Southern Methodist University, The Ohio State University Libraries, and other libraries and archives which aided my research. My special thanks goes to Robert W. Lovett and Carolyn B. Owen for friendship and documents, and also to Charles Gelette, Eleanor Bishop, Tom Leavitt, Joyce Messer, Helena Wright, Gerald Best, Charles E. Fisher, Bill Waite, John H. White, Jr., Thomas Norrell, Art W. Wallace, John D. Buvinger, Robert Post, Ted Penn, Jordan D. Fiore, Leonard Brabrook, Bettina Brabrook Robinson, Barbara Mumma, and the many other people who provided me with documents. Sympathy is extended to Donna Gietschier for enduring my script ; to Ann Lozier, Barbara Troller, Robert Bremner, Mansel Blackford, and Roe Smith for suffering my prose; and to Bill, Wallace, Billy, and Ann Lozier for putting up with me. Finally, without the stout men of the Brookline and Boston Fire Departments, all would have been lost effort. VITA December 20, 1937 • • • Born - Fostoria, Ohio 1959............ .. • B.A., University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 1 9 6 3................ M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1964-1969 . ... Instructor in History, Bethany College, Bethany, West Virginia 1969- ........... Assistant Professor of History, Bethany College, Bethany, West Virginia PUBLICATIONS "The Taunton Car Company, 1869-1873: Anatomy of a Failure." Railroad History 138 (1978)1 30-51. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History Studies in Labor. Professors Alma Herbst and Herbert Parnes Studies in Nineteenth Century and Early Twentieth Century America. Professors Francis Weisenburger, Mary Young, Henry Sims, Harry L. Coles, and Robert Bremner Studies in Latin America. Professors John TePaske, Donald Cooper Studies in United States Constitutional History and Foreign Affairs. Professor Foster Rae Dulles Studies in Technological History. Professor Merritt Roe Smith Studies in History of Economic Thought. Professor Robert Patton Page DEDICATION................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................. ü i VITA ....................................... V INTRODUCTION ................................ 1 Chapter I. TAUNTON'S EARLY INDUSTRIAL SETTING: THE EARLY TEXTILE MACHINERY INDUSTRY . 12 Northern New England Cotton Mills. 15 Mills south of Springfield......... 17 Technological Differences north and south of Springfield............. 20 Early Cotton Machine Shops, 1810- 1840............................ 25 Characteristics of Cotton Machine Builders south of Springfield . 3° Early Marketing of Textile Machinery . ^5 II. EARLY TAUNTON MANUFACTURING, I8O6 -I8 3 7. 52 Silas Shepard and John Thorp, I8O6 - 1 8 2 3» ............... John Thorp: Early Li f e .......... Shepard and Thorp............... 00 Silas Shepard, Later L i f e ....... 73 John Thorp, Later Life........... 74 Early Years of Crocker and Richmond. 78 Taunton Manufacturing Company....... 94 The Boston Investors............. 95 Establishing the New Company. 108 The Calico Works................. H O Taunton's Troubles............... 122 Crocker and Richmond : The Last Years. 133 III. TAUNTON’S TEXTILE MACHINERY BUSINESS, 1823-1837 ...................... 141 Taunton's Role in Cotton Machinery Innovation ........... 148 Early Speeders.................. 154 George Danforth's Taunton Speeder . 160 The Mason Speeder ............... 170 The Crompton Fancy L o o m ......... 172 William Mason .................. 177 WILLIAM MASON, THE RING FRAME, AND THE MASON SELF-ACTOR MULES........... 179 Mason the M ^ ................ 179 Early Life of William Mason . 183 With Leach and Keith........... 192 Mason's Career Compared ....... 197 The Early Textile Inventions of Mason...................... 203 The Development of the Ring Frame 204 Reasons for the Ring Frame's Development ............. 204 The Danforth Frame: Cousin to the Ring Frame........... 209 John Thorp and the Ring Frame. 215 The Evolution of the Ring Frame 229 Lanpher, Mason, and the Ring Frame 233 Acceptance of the Ring Frame . 237 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Ring Frame........... 242 William Mason and the Self-acting Mule .......... 245 Early British Self-actors. 253 Early United States Self-actors 255 Richard Robert's Self-actor. 259 Smith's Scotch Mule......... 263 The American Search for a Self­ actor, 1837-1840......... 265 William Mason's Mules....... 271 Mason's 1843 Mule........... 274 V. MASON AND MILLS: WILLIAM MASON AND COMPANY AND THE INDUSTRIAL EMPIRE OF MILLS AND COMPANY: 1842-1857. 282 Formation of Mason and Company. 282 Mills and Company ........... 287 vii Commission Houses and Early Manufacturing. 299 Mills* Empire........................ 302 Marketing by Mills and Company........312 Mills' Machine Shops' Marketing .... 317 Financial Relations of Mills and Company, 1840-1857 .......................... 321 Mills and Company's Role in the Management of Its Factories........333 The Effect of Mills and Company on Mason and Company................. 341 Mason's 1845 Shop.................... 345 VI. TEXTILE MACHINERY BUSINESS, 1842-1861; WILLIAM MASON AND COMPANY............. 352 Products ............................. 353 Selling Textile Machinery, 1842-1861 . 356 Mason's Market and Competition, 1842—1861 ............ 363 Selling outside New England ......... 36? Mason's Competition outside New England. ....... 372 Charles T. James, Steam Mills, and Mason . 375 Mason's Output and Industry Bank ....... 3°8 William Mason's Newfound Position......392 VII. THE RISE OF THE LOCOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN TAUNTON..............................396 Origins of the Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company ............... 397 Willard Walcott Fairbanks ........... 398 Parley Ide Perrin 401 The Crocker Brothers.................. ^*^7 Starting Taunton Locomotive 408 Early Locomotives of the Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company ............... 412 Mason Turns to Locomotive Building .... ^23 The First Mason Locomotives...............^28 Mason and the Design Reform of the Eight-wheeler ...................... ^31 Evolution of the Classic Mason Eight-wheeler...................... ^3° The Influence of the Mason Eight-wheeler....... 442 Other Mason Locomotive Types 446 Coal-burning Locomotives ............... 448 Taunton Locomotive's Dimpfel Engines. Mason's Boardman Locomotives........... ^31 viii MANUFACTURE AND SALE OF LOCOMOTIVES 1846- 1861............................... 454 The Taunton Shops' Materials and Suppliers, 1846-1861 ........... 454 Manufacturing Methods, 1846-1861. 461 Job Contract Labor ............. 468 Other Workers.................
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