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Taxonomy and Population Genetics of Teratosphaeria Causing Stem

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Taxonomy and Population Genetics of Teratosphaeria Causing Stem Taxonomy and population genetics of Teratosphaeria causing stem cankers on Eucalyptus trees by María Noel Cortinas Irazabal Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor In the faculty of Natural & Agricultural Science, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria © University of Pretoria DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the thesis submitted herewith for the degree Philosophiae Doctor to the University of Pretoria, contains my own independent work and has hitherto not been submitted for any degree at any other University. María Noel Cortinas February 2011 3 TABLE OF CONTENT Aknowledgements.................................................................................................................................... 8 Preface..................................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter1 Literature review: Diseases of Eucalyptus with particular reference to the taxonomy and population biology of pathogens in the Teratosphaeriaceae INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 12 Taxonomy of eucalypts................................................................................................................. 12 Domestication of eucalypt trees for forestry............................................................................... 14 EMERGENT FUNGAL PATHOGENS AND PEST IN FOREST PLANTATIONS................................................ 17 Emergent fungal pathogens in Eucalyptus plantations................................................................ 19 Original sources of pathogens causing disease in Eucalyptus trees plantations.......................... 20 THE GENUS MYCOSPHAERELLA............................................................................................................... 23 Taxonomy of Mycosphaerella...................................................................................................... 23 Contribution of DNA sequence studies to the taxonomy of Mycosphaerella................ 24 Mycosphaerella anamorphs........................................................................................... 26 Teratosphaeria (previously Mycosphaerella) diseases of Eucalyptus............................ 29 Symptoms of Teratosphaeria diseases (former Mycosphaerella diseases).................... 29 Important MLD diseases caused by Teratosphaeria...................................................... 30 Host ranges of Teratosphaeria diseases......................................................................... 31 Important diseases caused by mitotic Teratosphaeria species...................................... 32 CONIOTHYRIUM CANKER DISEASE.......................................................................................................... 34 Species involved......................................................................................................................... 34 Symptoms, distribution and general characteristics of the disease.......................................... 35 POPULATION BIOLOGY OF MYCOSPHAERELLA AND TERATOSPHAERIA SPECIES.................................. 37 Population biology studies of M. graminicola........................................................................... 38 Population biology of Mycosphaerella and Teratosphaeria spp. causing tree diseases...................................................................................................................................... 41 Population Biology studies of T. zuluensis................................................................................. 42 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................................... 43 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................. 45 TABLES AND FIGURES.............................................................................................................................. 65 Chapter 2 4 First record of Colletogloeopsis zuluense comb. nov., causing a stem canker of Eucalyptus spp. in China ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. 82 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 83 MATERIALS AND METHODS..................................................................................................................... 84 Isolates and DNA extraction...................................................................................................... 84 PCR and sequencing................................................................................................................... 85 Phylogenetic analyses ............................................................................................................... 86 Morphology............................................................................................................................... 86 RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................... 86 Phylogenetic analyses ............................................................................................................... 86 SSU sequences................................................................................................................ 86 ITS sequences................................................................................................................. 87 Characteristics of cultures from China....................................................................................... 87 Morphology............................................................................................................................... 88 Taxonomy.................................................................................................................................. 89 DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................................................. 89 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................................ 91 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................. 92 TABLES AND FIGURES.............................................................................................................................. 96 Chapter 3 Multi-gene gene phylogenies and phenotypic characters distinguish two species within the Colletogloeopsis zuluensis complex associated with Eucalyptus stem cankers ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. 102 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 103 MATERIALS AND METHODS..................................................................................................................... 105 Isolates ...................................................................................................................................... 105 DNA extraction and amplification.............................................................................................. 105 Phylogenetic analyses ............................................................................................................... 107 Temperature sensitivity studies................................................................................................ 108 Morphology............................................................................................................................... 108 RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................... 109 PCR and sequence analyses....................................................................................................... 109 Phylogenetic analyses................................................................................................................ 109 Temperature sensitivity studies................................................................................................ 110 Morphology............................................................................................................................... 111 Taxonomy.................................................................................................................................. 111 DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................................................. 114 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................................ 117 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................
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