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Tmcm1de1.Pdf Departament de Biologia Facultat de Ciències Hybridization patterns in Balearic endemic plants assessed by molecular and morphological markers — Ph. D. Thesis — Miquel Àngel Conesa Muñoz Supervisors: Dr. Maurici Mus Amézquita (Universitat de les Illes Balears) Dr. Josep Antoni Rosselló Picornell (Universitat de València) May 2010 Palma de Mallorca El doctor Maurici Mus Amézquita, professor titular de la Universitat de les Illes Balears, i el doctor Josep Antoni Rosselló Picornell, professor titular de la Universitat de València, CERTIFIQUEN: Que D. Miquel Àngel Conesa Muñoz ha realitzat, baix la seva direcció en el Laboratori de Botànica de la Universitat de les Illes Balears i en el Departament de Botànica del Jardí Botànic de la Universitat de València, el treball per optar al grau de Doctor en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, amb el títol: “HYBRIDIZATION PATTERNS IN BALEARIC ENDEMIC PLANTS ASSESSED BY MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL MARKERS” Considerant finalitzada la present memòria, autoritzem la seva presentació amb la finalitat de ser jutjada pel tribunal corresponent. I per tal que així consti, signem el present certificat a Palma de Mallorca, a 27 de maig de 2010. Dr. Maurici Mus Dr. Josep A. Rosselló 1 2 A la meva família, als meus pares. 3 4 Agraïments - Acknowledgements En la vida tot arriba. A moments semblava que no seria així, però aquesta tesi també s’ha acabat. Per arribar avui a escriure aquestes línies, moltes persones han patit amb mi, per mi, o m’han aportat el seu coneixement i part del seu temps. Així doncs, merescut és que els recordi aquí. Segurament deixaré algú, que recordaré quan ja sigui massa tard per incloure’l. Demano disculpes. De totes formes, els que m’heu donat una ma ho sabeu. I jo també. Aquesta tesi s’ha dut a terme gràcies a la beca FPI (BES-2002-0541) associada al projecte REN2001-3506-C02-02, i gràcies al projecte CGL2007-60550/BOS. Primer de tot, aquesta tesi ha estat possible gràcies a les ensenyances i la paciència dels meus dos directors, Maurici Mus i Josep Antoni Rosselló. Amb ells vaig aprendre a estimar les plantes, especialment les baleàriques. Vaig aprendre que el seu estudi es basa en la interpretació de diferents tècniques, com més millor; des de la morfologia clàssica a la molècula. Els tres hem après els uns dels altres, hem lluitat i hem patit. Però també queden les hores i hores de camp (de pujar i de suar!), de laboratori, de despatx... i per suposat les cerveses! Espero que això, més que un final, sigui un inici, prístin i productiu. Gràcies per tot, sincerament. En els darrers anys, la meva família de “Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies” ha estat la que m’ha dut “en bolandas” fins al dia d’avui. Sense ells possiblement hauria quedat a mig camí. Als companys del “zulo”: Jeroni i Pep (gràcies als dos per les empentes fins al final), Xavi, Miquel, Jaume (gràcies als tres pel bon criteri i per solucionar-me tots els problemes que han sorgit), Joan, Alex, Pepe (gràcies pels ànims a diari). Com no, al “gran jefe” Hipólito, a qui, certament, se li ha de posar un confessionari (gracias por todo!). També als companys que “se lo ven venir”: Igor, Alícia, Magdalena, Enrico, Sebastià, Cristina, Ocho,... Gràcies a tots pels ànims, per les esperonades i les crítiques, i, sobretot, pel recolzament des del primer dia. Això és l’esperit de grup! En els primers anys al laboratori de botànica de la UIB, he d’agrair les hores plegats, les passejades per la muntanya i els bons moments de feina a: Xavi, Eva, Cristina, Lluís, Joan i Biel. Gràcies pels bons moments viscuts, pels viatges, pels illots,... i per tot el que he après de vosaltres. 5 En els següents anys, en el Jardí Botànic de València: Arantxa (gracias por absolutamente todo, todísimo, todo), Marcela, Mercedes i Raúl (gracias por la ayuda en todo momento y por sufrir conmigo), Dani, Pepe, Cristina, Ester, Javi, Sara, Elena, Pata, David,... (gràcies pels bons moments en el Jardí... i fora!). A Sari, tant a València com a Suècia, pel temps invertit, la cordura, els ànims, i per fer les coses senzilles. Gràcies. En el camp, per localitzar les plantes, he d’agrair tant la informació com la companyia a molta gent. A Mallorca: Guillem Alomar, Vicent Fortesa, Biel Bibiloni, Joan Rita, Llorenç Sáez, Iván Ramos,.... Tots m’han donat indicacions o han vingut a suar amb mi. A Menorca: Pere Fraga i Xavi Cardona. Sense ells encara cercaria. A Pitiüses: Nèstor Torres. Sense ell no hi ha manera. També al personal del Parc de Cala d’Hort (des de 2003... Carles, Miquel, Miguel,...). He d’agrair l’aportació de material i informació també a Josep Lluís Gradaille i Magdalena Vicens, del Jardí Botànic de Sóller, i a Xuso, del Jardí Botànic de València. Gràcies per les facilitats! En la recta final de la tesi: Maria Mayol i Miquel Riba (gràcies pel temps invertit, la sensatesa i el bon enteniment), Guillem Mateu i Guillem Pons (ja sabeu perquè!). Gràcies a tots pels ànims tan sincers. Also, in the final stretch of this thesis, I am indebted to the doctors Miquel Ribas- Carbó, Guillem Mateu-Vicens and Maxim Kapralov for their friendly comments and discussion, and for the accurate English improvement of part of the document. Gràcies, спасибо. Per totes els moments que no he pogut estar amb ells, per haver estat partícips de tot el que ha suposat per mi aquesta tesi, pel recolzament incondicional, i pels moments en que m’han permès oblidar-me de tot això, he donar els més sincers agraïments als meus companys de sempre. Ja sabeu qui sou! Finalment, a la meva família: Xavier, Toni, Cati, Jordi,... que tant m’heu recolzat, i especialment als meus pares, Maria del Carme i Salvador, que ho han donat tot per mi, que han patit molt més que jo per arribar fins avui, i a qui dedico especialment aquesta tesi. No pel que és, sinó pel que suposa. Gràcies per ser com sou i per tot el que m’heu ensenyat i ajudat. Gràcies! Miquel Àngel Conesa Muñoz Palma de Mallorca, 25 de maig de 2010. 6 Hybridization Patterns in Balearic Endemic Plants Assessed by Molecular and Morphological Markers PhD. Thesis CONTENTS OF THE THESIS page INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 13 Chapter 1.General introduction 13 1.1. Natural hybridization in plants: definitions and concepts 15 1.1.1. Hybrids and hybridization 15 1.1.2. Natural hybridization 16 1.1.3. Introgression and hybridization of the habitat 18 1.1.4. Barriers to natural hybridization and introgression 19 1.1.4.1. Cycle of hybridization and introgression 20 1.1.4.2. Barriers in the cycle of natural hybridization and introgression 22 1.1.5. Hybrid zones 24 1.1.5.1. Models of hybrid zones 25 1.2. Natural hybrids and plant evolution 29 1.2.1. Opposite points of view of the same natural process 29 1.2.1.1. Current hypotheses 30 1.2.2. Positive and negative effects of natural hybridization in plant evolution 31 1.2.3. Polyploid and homoploid hybrid speciation 34 1.2.4. Abundance and distribution of natural hybrids 36 1.2.5. Intermediacy: other options to hybridization 38 1.2.5.1. Primary intergradation of populations 38 1.2.5.2. Incomplete lineage sorting 39 1.2.5.3. Rapid divergence and diversification in different habitats 40 1.2.5.4. Random lineage sorting effects 40 1.2.5.5. Biased concerted evolution 41 1.2.5.6. Parallel genotypic adaptation 42 1.3. Hybridization and conservation 43 1.4. References 47 Chapter 2. Objectives of the thesis 57 2.1. Aims of the thesis 59 2.2. Selected case studies 61 2.2.1. Suspected cases of homoploid hybrids in the Balearic Islands 61 2.2.2. Selection of the case studies 63 2.3. References 64 7 Hybridization Patterns in Balearic Endemic Plants Assessed by Molecular and Morphological Markers PhD. Thesis page CASE STUDY I: Hybridization involving the endemic Viola jaubertiana 67 Chapter 3. The hybrid origin of the endemic Viola x balearica Rosselló, Mayol & Mus 67 3.1. Introduction 69 3.1.1. The genus Viola 69 3.1.2. Hybridization in the genus Viola 70 3.1.3. Hybrid sterility and its maintenance in nature 71 3.1.4. The Viola species in the Balearic Islands 72 3.2. The hybrid and its putative parental species 76 3.2.1. The Gorg Blau locality 77 3.3. Objectives 80 3.4. Materials and methods 82 3.4.1. Plant sampling 82 3.4.2. DNA extraction 82 3.4.3. Nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences 82 3.4.4. Phylogenetic analysis 83 3.4.5. TrnT-trnLchloroplast DNA sequences 84 3.4.6. Sterility evaluation 85 3.5. Results 87 3.5.1. ITS and cpDNA species-specific markers in Balearic Viola 87 3.5.2. Nuclear and cpDNA genotyping of Viola accessions at the Gorg Blau site 87 3.5.3. The phylogenetic relationships of V. jaubertiana 90 3.5.4. Sterility evaluation of V. x balearica 91 3.6. Discussion 93 3.6.1. Hybridization between V. jaubertiana and V. alba subsp. dehnhardtii 93 3.6.2. The phylogenetic relationships of V. jaubertiana 97 3.7. References 99 CASE STUDY II: Hybridization involving the endemic Lotus fulgurans 105 Chapter 4. Hybridization processes in the Balearic Islands between the endemic Lotus 105 fulgurans (Porta) D.D. Sokoloff and the Mediterranean distributed Lotus dorycnium L. 4.1. Introduction 107 4.1.1.
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