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Dissertation, Bayreuth 2003 Molekularsystematische Untersuchungen an Vertretern der pflanzenparasitischen Gattung Exobasidium (Basidiomycota) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - an der Fakultät für Biologie/ Chemie/ Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologin Heidi Döring aus Kassel Bayreuth 2003 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde am Lehrstuhl für Pflanzensystematik der Universität Bayreuth unter der Betreuung von Herrn Prof. Dr. P. BLANZ (jetzt: Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz) angefertigt. Die dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegenden praktischen Laborarbeiten wurden im Zeitraum von Juli 1992 bis Januar 1995 sowie von März bis August 1997 durchgeführt. Teile der Arbeit wurden durch ein Stipendium und Forschungsgelder des Graduiertenkollegs „Pflanzen-Herbivoren-Systeme“ der Universität Bayreuth gefördert. Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth genehmigten Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.). Tag der Abgabe: 18.12.2003 Tag des wissenschaftlichen Kolloquiums: 07.05.2004 Mitglieder des Prüfungsausschusses: Herr Prof. Dr. P. BLANZ (Gutachter) Herr Prof. Dr. G. KRAUSS (Vorsitzender) Frau Prof. Dr. S. LIEDE-SCHUMANN Herr Prof. Dr. G. RAMBOLD (Gutachter) Herr Prof. Dr. W. SCHUMANN Teilergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind bereits veröffentlicht: BLANZ, P. & H. DÖRING (1995) Taxonomic relationships in the genus Exobasidium (Basidio- mycetes) based on ribosomal DNA analysis. Studies in Mycology 38: 119-127. DÖRING, H. & P. BLANZ (2000) 18S rDNA-Analysen bei der Gattung Exobasidium. Hoppea 61: 85-100. Teilergebnisse dieser Arbeit wurden auf Tagungen vorgestellt: Vorträge DÖRING, H. „RFLP-Analysen bei Arten der Gattung Exobasidium“- IV. Tagung der Gesell- schaft für Mykologie und Lichenologie, 16.-18.3.1994, Braunschweig. DÖRING, H., R. BRANDL & P. BLANZ „Host specificity in the parasite / host system Exo- basidium (Basidiomycetes) and Ericaceae as based on molecular data“ - 7th Inter- national Congress of Mycology Division, International Union of Microbiological Societies Congresses, 3.-8.7.1994, Prag. BLANZ, P. & H. DÖRING „Ribosomal RNA analysis as a tool to characterize taxonomic relationships in the genus Exobasidium (Basidiomycetes)“ - 5th International Mycological Congress, 14.-21.8.1994, Vancouver. Poster DÖRING, H. & P. BLANZ „RFLP-Analysen in der Gattung Exobasidium (Basidiomycetes): PCR-Fingerprinting“ - Tagung „Molekularbiologie der Pilze“, Institut für Genbio- logische Forschung Berlin GmbH, 7.-10.10.1993, Berlin. DÖRING, H. „PCR-Fingerprinting zur Charakterisierung von Stämmen in der Gattung Exo- basidium“ - IV. Tagung der Gesellschaft für Mykologie und Lichenologie, 16.- 18.3.1994, Braunschweig. BLANZ, P. & H. DÖRING „Molekulare Taxonomie mittels DNA-Untersuchungen am Beispiel der pflanzenpathogenen Pilzgattung Exobasidium“ - Gemeinsame Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Biochemischen Gesellschaft und der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Genetik und Gentechnik, 21.-23.9.1994, Salzburg. DÖRING, H. & P. BLANZ „Introns in der 26S rDNA von Stämmen der Gattung Exobasidium (Basidiomycetes)“ - Botanikertagung, Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft und Vereini- gung für Angewandte Botanik, 25.-31.8.1996, Düsseldorf. DÖRING, H. & P. BLANZ „DNA sequence comparison of internal transcribed spacers in rDNA tandem repeats in the parasitic fungal genus Exobasidium“ - Gemeinsame Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Biochemischen Gesellschaft und der Öster- reichischen Gesellschaft für Genetik und Gentechnik, 17.-19.9.1997, Wien. STEVANECZ, E., H. DÖRING, B. SPREITZER & P. BLANZ „Gruppe-I-Introns im 26S rRNA-Gen von Exobasidium (Basidiomycetes)“ - Tagung der Gesellschaft für Mykologie und Lichenologie, 24.-26.10.1997, Regensburg. Accession Numbers publizierter DNA-Sequenzdaten (EMBL-Datenbank): 18S rDNA: AJ271380, AJ271381, AJ271382 Inhaltsverzeichnis Verzeichnis der verwendeten Abkürzungen 1 EINLEITUNG....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Molekulare Marker in der Systematik und Evolutionsforschung der Pilze ......1 1.2 Die Gattung Exobasidium Woronin.......................................................................13 1.3 Zielsetzung und Gliederung der Arbeit................................................................22 2 MATERIAL UND METHODEN ..................................................................................24 2.1 Untersuchte Stämme................................................................................................24 2.2 Molekulare Methoden .............................................................................................29 2.2.1 Anzucht der Kulturen........................................................................................29 2.2.2 Isolierung von genomischer DNA.....................................................................30 2.2.3 Amplifikation von rDNA-Fragmenten mittels Polymerasekettenreaktion..........32 2.2.3.1 Verwendete PCR-Primer ..............................................................................32 2.2.3.2 PCR-Ansätze und PCR-Profile .....................................................................34 2.2.3.3 Agarosegelelektrophorese der PCR-Produkte und genomischer DNAs.........36 2.2.4 Spaltung von 26S rDNA PCR-Produkten mit Restriktionsendonukleasen .......37 2.2.4.1 Aufreinigung der PCR-Produkte..................................................................38 2.2.4.2 Restriktion der PCR-Produkte......................................................................38 2.2.4.3 Elektrophoretische Auftrennung der Fragmente in hochauflösender Agarose.. ........... ........................................................................................................39 2.2.5 Direkte Sequenzierung von PCR-Produkten.....................................................40 2.2.5.1 Verwendete Sequenzierprimer .....................................................................41 2.2.5.2 Manuelle DNA-Einzelstrangsequenzierung mit 35S-Markierung...................42 2.2.5.3 Cycle-Sequencing und automatische Sequenzierung am ALFexpress...........45 2.2.5.4 Cycle-Sequencing und automatische Sequenzierung am Kapillarsequenzierer ABI 310 ......................................................................................................46 2.3 Datenauswertung.....................................................................................................48 2.3.1 Auswertung der Agarosegele.............................................................................48 2.3.1.1 Dokumentation der Bilder von Agarosegelen mit CAM ...............................48 2.3.1.2 Bildbearbeitung in CAM: Geometrische Korrektur ......................................49 2.3.1.3 Bildbearbeitung in CAM: Kontrastierung und Bandenerkennung ................49 2.3.1.4 kb-Bestimmung in CAM..............................................................................50 2.3.1.5 Densitometrische Analyse in CAM...............................................................52 2.3.2 Bestimmung der PCR-RFLP-Muster und Erstellung einer binären Matrix.......53 2.3.3 Sequenzanalysen...............................................................................................54 2.3.3.1 Gewinnung und Korrektur der Rohdaten.....................................................54 2.3.3.2 Datenbankvergleiche................................................................................... 55 2.3.3.3 Paarweise Sequenzvergleiche....................................................................... 55 2.3.3.4 Alignments ................................................................................................. 55 2.3.4 Dendrogramme und phylogenetische Analysen................................................ 56 2.3.4.1 Grundlagen und Hintergründe der verwendeten Verfahren ......................... 56 2.3.4.2 Ähnlichkeitsberechnung für die 0/1-Matrizen der RFLP-Analyse................ 62 2.3.4.3 Phylogenetische Analyse von Sequenzdaten................................................ 63 2.3.4.3.1 Vergleich der Domäne I der 26S rDNA innerhalb der Gattung Exo- basidium.......................................................................................... 64 2.3.4.3.2 Analyse der Sequenzen der Domäne I der 26S rDNA im Kontext der Ustilaginomycetes............................................................................ 65 2.3.4.3.3 Phylogenetische Analyse der 18S rDNA-Sequenzdaten ................... 67 3 ERGEBNISSE................................................................................................................. 69 3.1 Gruppierung der Stämme nach PCR-RFLP-Daten des 5’-Bereichs der 26S rDNA ........................................................................................................................ 69 3.1.1 DNA-Isolierung und PCR-Erfolg .................................................................... 69 3.1.2 PCR-Produktgrößen des 5’-Bereichs der 26S rDNA ...................................... 70 3.1.3 PCR-RFLP-Analysen des 5’-Bereichs der 26S rDNA .................................... 75 3.1.3.1 Charakterisierung der Restriktionsfragmente und -muster ........................... 75 3.1.3.1.1 Zur Genauigkeit der Fragmentgrößenbestimmung in der VisiGel- Matrix ............................................................................................. 75 3.1.3.1.2 Nachweis von Mehrfachbanden über 1D-Analyse...........................
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