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Chapter Nine. Stalin and the Revival of the Communist Party of Indonesia.______129 Chapter Ten

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Chapter Nine. Stalin and the Revival of the Communist Party of Indonesia.______129 Chapter Ten Contents Introduction _______________________________________________ 3 Chapter One. Soviet Post-War Plans of the World Order and Intentions toward Indonesia______________________ 9 Chapter Two. First signs of the Soviet attention toward Indonesia. ____ 14 Chapter Three . Towards the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the USSR and the Republic of Indonesia, 1947-1948. ___________________________________ 20 Chapter Four. Did the Soviet Union instruct Southeast Asian communists to revolt? New Russian evidence on the Calcutta Youth Conference of February 1948 ________________________ 43 Chapter Five. The Soviet approach to the Conference of the Youth of Southeast Asian Countries (Calcutta, February 1948)___ 53 Chapter Six. Olga Chechetkina’s secret report._____________________62 Chapter Seven. Who gave instructions to the Indonesian Communist leader Musso in 1948?_____________________________77 Chapter Eight. New Evidence on the Establishment of Soviet-Indonesian Diplomatic Relations (1949-53).____________________ 110 Chapter Nine. Stalin and the Revival of the Communist Party of Indonesia.________________________________ 129 Chapter Ten. Sialin’s Final Communication with the Indonesian Communists, 1951-1953.___________________________ 148 Conclusion._______________________________________________ 170 1 2 Introduction. Former Soviet leader Nikita Sergeevitch Khrushchev writes in his Memoirs: “We knew little about Indonesia and didn’t pay any particular attention to it. In many years of dealing with Stalin I don’t recall a single conversation about, or even a mention of, Indonesia. He didn’t show any interest in Indonesia, and I can’t say that Stalin had any concrete knowledge of the country. Within the Soviet leadership, nothing was ever spoken about the Indonesian people.” 1 Nevertheless after some of the Soviet archives, among them The Archive of Joseph Stalin were opened and original documents became available to the researchers we should completely refute this Khrushchev statement. The archival documents clearly testify to the fact that although Indonesia was not in the focus of the Soviet foreign policy after World War II, Stalin personally and through the state organs was paying sufficient attention to this Asian country. The present book is a result of the study of newly available documents from several recently opened Soviet archives. As the well-known American historian, the famous specialist on Indonesian Communism put it: “Historians of political events can dream of that suddenly opened archive, that body of correspondence found mouldering in an attic, those diaries that cast a whole new (and preferably scandalous) light on what really happened. Very occasionally, such fantasies come true. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union provided a unique opportunity for scholars who were determined, knowledgeable, and sufficiently well-connected to open some of the archival boxes that no one had 2 imagined would ever be made public.” 1 Khrushchev N.S. The Memoirs. Journal “Questions of History” Moscow, 1994 № 10, с.87 2 Introduction by Ruth T. McVey to Larisa Efimova’s article “Stalin and the New Program for the Communist party of Indonesia”, Journal Indonesia No. 91 (April 2011) Cornell University Press, Ithaca N.Y. p. 131. 3 The present work is based on materials and documents from a number of Russian archives. The most important and interesting is a special Fond of Joseph Stalin, which is a part of the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History. These previously unexamined materials from the archives of the former Soviet leader include telegrams sent by Stalin under the pseudonym “Filippov” to the Communist Party of Indonesia (Partai Komunis Indonesia, or PKI) leadership via Chinese Communist Party intermediaries in Beijing in the early 1950s as well as a personal Stalin’s letter to D.N. Aidit two weeks before Stalin died. Extraordinary interesting and important are Stalin’ comments to the draft programs of the Indonesian Communist Party during its revival after Madiun revolt and Party’s collapse. Very illuminating are the hitherto highly secret the Southeast Asia files of the Foreign Relations Department of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party (All-Union Communist Party [Bolshevik], or AUCP[B] and later the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, for the period encompassing the Indonesian war of independence and the first years following it. These documents and materials are kept at the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RGASPI, Rossiyskiy Gosudarstvenniy Arkhiv Sozialno-Politicheskoy Istorii). The archival documents concerning Indonesia, available to the researcher, can be divided into four groups. The first group includes documents and materials of internal correspondence of the Foreign Relations Department. Mostly these are notes of officials of Southeast Asian sector directed to higher party bureaucrats in the same department. This group of documents permits us to follow the process leading to the determination and formulation of the AUCP(B) CC position concerning the situation in Indonesia and its communist movement. The second group comprises information materials, including some of the documents prepared by PKI leader Musso, as well as his letters to the AUCP(B) CC, written in the last period of his stay in Moscow and during his long 4 return journey from the USSR to Indonesia. This group of archival documents gives a clear idea about Musso’s views on the main problems and tasks of the Indonesian communist movement, as well as his attitude to the positions Soviet, Chinese, and Dutch communists had adopted regarding the Indonesian question. The third group consists of documents connected with the Communist Party of the Netherlands (Communistische Partij Nederland, CPN). These are information materials prepared by the Foreign Relations Department of AUCP(B) CC, letters of the CPN leader Paul de Groot to Indonesian communists and to the AUCP(B) CC, and de Groot’s report of his meeting and conversation with AUCP(B) CC Secretary A. A. Suslov, who was in charge of the AUCP(B) foreign affairs. The last portion of the archival documents in this group permits us to comprehend more accurately many points connected with interrelations among the three communist parties—the PKI, CPN, and AUCP(B). A researcher can also draw on directives to Soviet delegations dealing with Indonesia and classified correspondence from Soviet representatives traveling in Indonesia. One more corpus of archival documents is represented by materials from Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union (Arhiv Vneshney Politiki Rossiyskoy Federazii- AVP RF) They concern mostly issues connected with the establishment of diplomatic relations between the newly emerged independent Republic of Indonesia and the USSR as well as outlines of Soviet policy towards this country. All the documents cited in the present work were put into scholarly circulation for the first time through the publication of my book, Stalin i Indonyeziya: Politika SSSR v otnoshenii Indonyezii v 1945–1953 godakh: Nyeizvyestniye Stranitsiy. It should be stressed that the archival documents available to the researcher are rather unconnected and divided from each other chronologically. They do not give a complete and integral picture of the processes and events that were actually taking place at the time. 5 “Archives have their own way of representing the world, of course. They are almost always official (whatever the officialdom is); even if their material is not restricted to official reports, it has been included according to criteria thought valid for official purposes. This, of course, gives them a certain authority, but also a definite bias and a kind of tunnel vision. In recompense, they have the immense advantage that they are of their time. Memories fade and memoirs rewrite the past, but unless archives have been drastically purged, they provide us with, at least, a view of events as they were seen by one contemporary actor, or many official actors. And, given that it was never envisioned that such records as those of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union would ever be open to the general public, we may perhaps be more confident with this collection that they were kept reasonably intact. Questions of interpretation aside, these documents confront us with unexpected information and odd lacunae. How, at this stage, can we deal with the questions they raise? Perhaps the best hope is that more archival material will become available and perused.” 3 Prior to 1990s descriptions of the USSR policy towards Indonesia both in Soviet and Western historical literature tended to be either one-sided or speculative and sometimes very brief. Now after archives have been opened we can base our research work on authentic documents, including classified ones. Time has come to find out the truth, to discover details and nuances of well-known facts and events. The establishment and the development of relations between the Soviet Union and the Republic of Indonesia, which proclaimed its independence on 17 August 1945, were taking place in the context of the emergence of a new system of international relations in the post-war period. The main feature of the emerging international system became the Cold War, characterized by the deepening confrontation between the USSR and Western powers. Because of that Western 3 Ibidem. P. 134. 6 scholars, as a rule, described the Soviet-Indonesian relations and the USSR
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