Masaryk University Faculty of Arts

Department of Archaeology and Museology

BACHELOR’S DIPLOMA THESIS

The Study of Halaf pottery from the Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) in Iraqi Kurdistan

Brno 2017 Beáta Baluchová

Masaryk University Faculty of Arts

Department of Archaeology and Museology Centre of Prehistoric Archaeology of the Near East

Beáta Baluchová

Bachelor’s Diploma Thesis

Supervisor: Mgr. Mateiciucová, Inna Ph.D.

Consultant:

Prof. Dr. Pfälzner, Peter

Dr. Sconzo, Paola

Dr. Nieuwenhuyse Olivier

Brno 2017

DECLARATION

I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently,

Using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography.

I agree with storing this work in the library of the Prehistoric Archaeology of the Near East

At the Masaryk University in Brno and making it accessible for study purposes.

Brno 30.06.2017 ......

Signature

Abstract/Annotation

Title: The Study of Halaf pottery from the Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) in Iraqi Kurdistan

Author: Beáta Baluchová

Department/Institute: Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts, Department of Archaeology and Museology, Centre of Prehistoric Archaeology of the Near East

Supervisor: Mgr. Mateiciucová Inna Ph.D.

Consultant: Prof. Dr. Pfälzner Peter Dr. Sconzo Paola Dr. Nieuwenhuyse Olivier

The study deals with the Halaf pottery from the autonomous area of Kurdistan in Iraq. The material, which I analysed, originates from a surface collection carried out by the team of Tuebingen University from 2013. The work in field is lead under supervision of prof. Peter Pfälzner and Post. Doc Paola Sconzo.

The thesis is a preliminary effort to present material and distinguish more precisely the Halaf pottery, if possible, in the chronological order from Proto-Halaf, Pre-Halaf/Proto-Hassuna, Early, Middle, Late Halaf and Halaf-Ubaid Transitional. The Halaf pottery will be divided on ware bases according to the technological and morphological characteristics. To achieve more accurate results I will compare this material with those known from continuously occupied sites like Tell Arpachiyah and Yarim Tepe, which are located in Iraq, and Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Arbid Abyad and Chagar Bazar, which are situated in Syria.

My research focuses on a description and analysis of material obtained from three different sites, which belong to diverse areas. These zones were divided in the EHAS project according to geographical and morphological attributes. It is the Tigris valley, the eastern Tigris valley plateau and the lower Zagros chains with Khabur basin. There will also be mention the amount of Late Neolithic pottery, which have been found in each zone from the beginning of project in 2013 until the campaign 2016, including. For chosen sites, where the remains of Halaf pottery were found, I will compare the amount of painted and non-painted pottery, decoration style, as well as the types of rims, bases and vessels and ware that were preserved.

Keywords: the Late Neolithic pottery, Halaf, survey, Iraq, Kurdistan, comparison, the Tuebingen Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS)

Abstrakt/Anotacia

Názov práce: Štúdia Halafskej keramiky z Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) v Iraku

Autor: Beáta Baluchová

Oddelenie/Inštitút: Masaryková Univerzita, Filozofická fakulta, Oddelenie Archeológie a Muzeológie, Centrum Pravekej Archeológie Predného Východu

Vedúci práce Mgr. Mateiciucová Inna, Ph.D.

Konzultant: Prof. Dr. Pfälzner Peter Dr. Sconzo Paola Dr. Nieuwenhuyse Olivier

Štúdia sa zaoberá Halafskou keramikou z autonómnej oblasti Kurdistan v Iraku. Materiál, ktorý som analyzovala pochádza z povrchového archeologického zberu, ktorý je organizovaný tímom z univerzity v Tuebingene od roku 2013. Práca v teréne je realizovaná pod vedením prof. Petra Pfälznera a Post. Doc Paoli Sconzo.

Bakalárska práca je predbežné predstavenie a prezentácia materiálu s cieľom rozlíšiť Haláfsku keramiku do chronologického rámca od Proto-Halafskej, Pre-Halafskej keramiky, rannej, strednej a neskorej Halafskej keramiky až prechodu k Obejdskej kultúrnej tradícii.

Halafska keramika bude rozdelená na základe technologických a morfologických charakteristických do predchádzajúcimi výskumami zadefinovaných skupín. Na dosiahnutie presnejších výsledkov je materiál porovnávaný s tým, ktorý je vypublikovaný z výskumov vykonávaných na dlhodobejšie osídlených lokalitách. Jedná sa o osídlenia v Iraku a to Tell Arpachiyah a Yarim Tepe, a sídliska Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Arbid Abyad a Chagar Bazar, ktoré sú situované v Sýrii.

Práca sa zameriava na opis a analýzu materiálu získaného z troch odlišných lokalít, ktoré patria k rozdielnym zónam. Tieto zóny boli diferencované v EHAS projekte podľa geografických a morfologických vlastností krajiny. Jedná sa o údolie Tigrisu, východnú plošinu údolia Tigrisu a pohorie nízkeho Zagrosu s povodí rieky Khabur.

Taktiež bude spomenuté množstvo keramiky z obdobia neskorého neolitu, ktoré bolo nájdené v každej zo zón od začiatku projektu v roku 2013 po kampaň v roku 2016 a vrátane nej.

Na vybraných miestach, kde boli nájdene pozostatky Halafskej tradície budem porovnávať množstvo maľovanej a nemaľovanej keramiky ako aj typy okrajov, dien nádob a rôznych typov keramiky.

Kľúčové slová: neskoro neolitická keramika, Halaf, povrchový zber, Irak, Kurdistan, porovnanie, Tuebingen Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS)

Acknowledgement

First of all, I would like to express my thanks to my great family and close friends, for their love, support, understanding and concern not only during the writing of this thesis but also during the study.

In this place I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Mgr. Inna

Mateiciucova Ph.D. for her guidance and help during the writing of this thesis.

I would like to express my thanks I would like to express to the Prof. Dr. Peter Pfälzner and Dr. Paola Sconzo, who allowed me to be a member of a team in EHAS project. Without this possibility I could not write down this thesis and have learnt so much about the beauties of the Neolithic pottery. I am also very grateful to other members of “pottery team” who though me basic information also about their pottery-period. And other enormous thanks go to the Dr.

Olivier Nieuwenhuyse, who was very helpful and provided me with a lot of valuable information about the pottery.

Table of contents

1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..….4 2 Research questions/additional aims…………………….……………………..…..…6 3 Methodology…………………………………………………………….…………….7 3.1 Introduction………………………………………...………………………7 3.2 Methodological-conceptual discussion………………...…………………..8 4 State of research in Iraqi Kurdistan….……………………………………………10 4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….10 4.2 Research conducted in Iraq until 2010……………………………………11 4.3 Research conducted after 2010……………………………………………14 4.3.1 Survey Projects………………………………………………….14 4.3.1.1 Introduction…………………………………………....14 4.3.1.2 Governorate of Dohuk……………………………..…..15 4.3.1.3 Governorate of Erbil……………………………….…..15 4.3.1.4 Governorate of Sulaimaniyah………………………….16 4.3.2 Excavation Projects……………………………………………...19 4.3.2.1 Governorate of Erbil………………………………..….19 4.3.2.2 Governorate of Sulaimaniyah……………………….…20 5 Criticism of the sources and the ceramic material…………………………….……24 6 The Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey EHAS……………………………….26 6.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………....26 6.2 The surveyed area……………………………………………………..27 6.3 The main aims………………………………………………………....27 6.4 Methodology…………………………………………………………..28 6.5 The Late Neolithic assemblages……………………………………….30 7 Physical Environment of the surveyed area………………………………..………31 7.1 Introduction…………………………………………………..………..31 7.2 Geomorphology of the surveyed are……………..……...…………….31 7.3 Climate………………………………………………………………...32 7.4 Hydrology……………………………………………………………..33 7.5 Flora and fauna…………………………………………………...... 34 8 Sites with Halaf pottery in EHAS…………………………….…………..………....35 8.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………35 8.2 Zone A: The Tigris valley……………………………………………..36 7.2.1 A006…………………………………………………...37 8.3 Zone B: The eastern Tigris valley plateau……………………………..39 8.3.1 B003…………………………………………………...40 8.3.2 B010…………………………………………………...41 8.3.3 B011…………………………………………………...42 8.3.4 B012………………………………………………...…43 8.3.5 B013…………………………………………………...44 8.3.6 B015…………………………………………………...45 8.3.7 B016………………………………………………...…46 8.3.8 B032…………………………………………………...47 8.3.9 B034…………………………………………………...48 8.3.10 B046…………………………………………………...49 8.3.11 B054…………………………………………………...50 8.3.12 B056…………………………………………………...51 8.3.13 B101…………………………………………………...52 8.3.14 B114…………………………………………………...53 8.3.15 B115…………………………………………………...54 8.3.16 B120…………………………………………………...54 8.3.17 B134…………………………………………………...55 8.3.18 B145…………………………………………………...56 8.3.19 B146…………………………………………………...57 8.4 Zone C: The lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin……………...58 8.4.1 C02…………………………………………………….59 8.4.2 C054…………………………………………………...60 8.4.3 C062…………………………………………………...61 8.4.4 C095…………………………………………………...62 8.4.5 C096…………………………………………………...62 9 Background of Halaf pottery……………………………………………………..…63 9.1 Introduction………………………………………………………..…..64 9.2 Division of ware………………………………………………………64 9.2.1 Introduction………………………………………………..64 9.2.2 Standard Ware (SW)/ Coarse Ware (CW)…………………66 9.2.3 Standard Fine Ware/Standard Hassuna/Samarra Fine Ware.68 9.2.4 Grey Black Ware/Grey Burnished Ware…………………..69 9.2.5 Mineral Coarse Ware……………………………………...71 9.2.6 Dark-Faced Burnished Ware………………………………72 9.2.7 Orange Fine Ware…………………………………………73 9.2.8 Fine Painted Ware………………………………………...76 9.2.9 Halaf Fine Ware…………………………………………..77 10 Description of a ceramic material from EHAS……………………………………78 10.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………78 10.2 Zone A: The Tigris valley…………………………………………….78 10.2.1 Halaf Fine Ware……………………………………….79 10.3 Zone B: The Eastern Tigris plateau……………………………………79 10.3.1 Standard Ware…………………………………………80 10.3.2 Standard Fine Ware…………………………………….80 10.3.3 Halaf Fine Ware……………………………………..…81 10.4 Zone C: The lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin……………..81 10.4.1. Standard Ware…………………………………………81 10.4.2 Standard Fine Ware…………………………………….82 10.4.2 Halaf Fine Ware…………………………………….…82 11 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..….83 Appendix 1 Description of the Neolithic sites……………………………………….85 Appendix 2 Colour system applied in EHAS project………………………………109 Appendix 4 Catalogue of analysed sherds…………………………………...... 110 Zone A: Site Gire Tusana…………………………………………………….110 Zone B: Site B32…………………………………………………………….111 Zone C: Site Harina 1………………………………………………………127 14 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….140

1 Introduction

This study is focused only on so called Halaf ceramic material. The Halaf tradition is identified as culture dated to the Late Neolithic period. The periodization of the Late Neolithic period is extremely complex and it is not certain what belonged to it and what not, especially in Iraqi Kurdistan due to lack of information. To PPNB in northern Syria belong Pre-Halaf, Proto-Halaf, Early, Middle, Late Halaf and Halaf-Ubaid Transitional. In northern Iraq are classified Proto-Hassuna, Archaic Hassuna, Standard Hassuna, northern Samarra, Early, Middle and Late Halaf and Halaf-Ubaid Transitional (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 3). The Late Neolithic period is without any written sources, therefore it is decisive to pay attention to the comparison methodology between sites. Furthermore it is crucial to take into the consideration the regional variability. The understanding of the Halaf culture depends on the ability to fix the culture as well as in the spatial as in a chronological framework (Watkins and Campbell 1987, 427).

The Halaf culture lasted from c. 5 900 to 5 300 BC (Akkermans and Schwartz 2003, 115). The society was developing and trying to improve their daily life according to the set conditions. At the beginning and during the Late Neolithic period came to the changes, which are reflected in pottery production, it appeared the earliest sealing practises, evidence of the use of metal, new architectural forms, different type of settlement pattern, internal settlement organization and new construction techniques (Cruells and Nieuwenhuyse 2004, 47).

Pottery is only one component of human life, which could help us to understand more and to reconstruct life during particular time. It was used in economic, social and ritual sphere of life (Nieuwenhuyse 2006: 9) so consequently pottery could reflect changes in development of earliest society. Anyway it is important to focus not only on one subject, e.g. ceramic material, but to see the subject as a part of a complex, which was influenced by the human life.

The focus on the precede cultures could allow the eventuality to discuss the origin of followed cultures. The origin of Halaf culture is still unknown and needs to be studied more precisely.

Despite all these observed facts, which need to be examined, this study is a preliminary effort to present Halaf pottery from the Iraqi Kurdistan. It is focused on the comparison of ceramic material from three sites among the surveyed regions with aim to compare material and to present the Halaf ceramic material in the surveyed area.

This bachelor thesis deals with material from the Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey Project (EHAS). The Project started in 2013 by University of Tuebingen in autonomous region Kurdistan in the Republic of Iraq. The field work of EHAS is conducted under leading of Prof. Dr. Peter Pfälzner and Dr. Paola Sconzo.

Firstly will be mentioned the main aims of this thesis with some additional questions. It will be followed by the methodology, which was used by author of this thesis. This chapter will be enlarged to methodological-conceptual discussion.

In the next chapter will be introduced a state of research in the autonomous area of Kurdistan in Iraq. This state of research will be divided to the surveys and excavations projects, which were held before and after 2010.

Briefly will be mentioned a criticism of the sources, from where ceramic material come, as well as criticism of ceramic material itself.

Then will be introduced the Eastern Khabur Archaeological Project. In this chapter will be acknowledge what the task of this project is and which methodology it is using. The area where this project is conducted will then be described. This chapter will be closed by short report on the Late Neolithic assemblages reported from survey.

The next chapter will deal with the contemporary physical environment of the surveyed area. Briefly the geomorphology, climate, hydrology and flora and fauna will be describe within the mentioned area.

In the following chapter the sites where the remains of Halaf pottery was found will be discussed. In this description not only the survey site number will be included but also the site name, if it was possible to find out a Kurdish and/or an Arabic toponymal. The location and access to the particular site, will be described, its coordinates, means of discovery, type of site, its dimensions, such as shape, estimate measure, length, height, height above sea level, relation to environment and suggested period of occupation.

Briefly the background of the Halaf pottery will e introduced. This chapter is focused on the characteristics and definitions of different types of ware as well as on the comparison of this ware, which was found during the excavation on the Tell Arpachiyah, Yarim Tepe, Tell Sabi Abyad and Chagar Bazar and Tell Arbid Abyad.

In the next chapter the description of the obtained ceramic material from EHAS will be presented according to pre-defined characteristics. It will be mentioned a state of preservation,

general characteristics, technology, decoration, types of rims and bases, types of vessels and discussion to each type of ware, where will be presented correspondence to the categories from literature. The pottery that was analysed came from three different sites, each one is located in diverse zones according the geomorphological characteristics. The sherds will be compared with material from excavations with an aim to define the possible Halaf occupation more precisely at particular site.

2 Research questions/additional aims

This study is a preliminary effort to present the ceramic material from EHAS that goes toward the results of EHAS project, which should be published in 2017. The ceramic material, which is analysed, originates from a surface collection in autonomous area of Kurdistan in the Republic of Iraq. In frame of this project is surveyed region divided into the zones according to geographical and morphological attributes. The thesis is focused on the ceramic material from three sites among three different zones with aim to compare material and to present the Halaf ceramic material in the surveyed area. These sites are selected to show what kind of material could be expected in each zone. From particular zone was chosen a site with the most representative material. Each zone could reflect regional variability, therefore one of the goals also in the future study is identifying the local material culture from the Late Neolithic and to compare it with different regions of Iraqi Kurdistan. The other additional aim, but not less important, is working toward a local chronology for the Halaf period, based on local material.

One of purposes of this study is to distinguish more precisely the Halaf pottery in the chronological order from Proto-Halaf, Pre-Halaf/Proto-Hassuna, Early, Middle and Late Halaf and Halaf-Ubaid Transitional. The Halaf pottery is divided on ware bases according to the technological and morphological characteristics. Terms applied in this study are all derived outside the Iraqi Kurdistan, therefore other objective is to investigate, whether these terms might be/might not be used in the studied region.

For chosen sites, where the remains of Halaf pottery were found, is compared the amount of painted and non-painted pottery, decoration style, types of rims and bases and vessels and ware that were preserved.

3 Methodology

3.1 Introduction The organisation of the database played a significant role when approaching methodology. The database, which I used, was partly based on the database from Tell Arbid Abyad, the site where the excavations were conducted under supervision of Mg. Inna Mateiciucová Ph.D. and the pottery coding system used in EHAS project.

With the aim to build up a ware catalogue in this region I am forced to be confronted with a lack of information, previous conducted excavations and surveys. I am bound to do it from scratch and therefore I am using local material, literature and insights from neighbouring region. For division to the categories, such as Orange Fine Ware, Fine Painted Ware etc. serves as criteria technological attributes according to Olivier Nieuwenhuyse (2006). But it is crucial to remember, that these terms originate from outside the Iraqi Kurdistan and therefore in this area might be reported not only slightly different but completely new types of ware.

For relevant information of ceramic material I considered site, sherd number, shape, rim shape and orientation, lip, handles, carination, base, base transition, rim, body and total height, thickness min./max., rim, shoulder, body and base diameter, the main and the minor inclusions as well the quantity of them, exterior and interior slip, surface treatment and surface condition, firing and firing hardness, traces of usage, matrix core, exterior and interior colour and decoration, paint lustre and design of decoration. The acquired information should allow me to construct a workable ware classification on the base of the local material.

After creating a database and studying literature, I attended the campaign of the Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) in autonomous region of Kurdistan, where I have had the possibility to get to know and interact with the material from this area.

I went through a relational database in Microsoft Access, which is used for the documentation of EHAS. In this database, by querying, I searched for sites, where potential Halaf occupation have been detected. The gaining of drawings and photos was also crucial. I decided to make a description of Halaf ceramics from three different sites, each site belonging to a different zone according to the geomorphological attributes. Zones, where the Halaf pottery was found, is described in the chapter Sites with Halaf pottery in EHAS. This thesis goes towards a preliminary effort to present obtained material and compare it also with material, which is known from stratigraphic sequences of continuously occupied sites.

The comparison of obtained material from survey was made according to the publications and results from the excavations at Tell Arpachiyah and Yarim Tepe in Iraq and Chagar Bazar, Tell Sabi Abyad and Tell Arbid Abyad, Chagar Bazar which are located in Syria. There is also a reason for choosing these sites. Sites in Iraq were chosen because of possibility to get similar material and it could make sense to compare it with continuously occupied sites, which supposed to have a good stratigraphic sequence. For comparison, sites in Syria were also selected, because surveyed area is close to the border with Syria and it could show similarities as well as some differences. Additional reason for selecting Syrian sites is that there have been conducted long-term research on the Halaf period, which brought more precise results.

The ceramic material was divided according technological attributes to ware. In each type of ware is mentioned general characteristics, technology, decoration, types of rims and bases, types of vessels and discussion to each type of ware.

3.2. Methodological-conceptual discussion The ceramic material in this study is divided according to ware type. Ware used to be identified on a large number of attributes, such as function, decoration, paste composition or texture, colour, surface treatment or colour, form, firing technology, time period and geographical location. It is defined like a “ceramic material in the raw or fired state; a class of pottery whose members share similar technology, fabric and surface treatment” (Rice 1987)

For the definition of Halaf pottery and division the ceramic material, the researches usually focused on particular site which they examine, where they create their own typology and terminology. It happens, that the similar term may involve different kind of pottery types, whereas on the other hand for a definition of a one ware it is used more terms (Bernbeck and Nieuwenhuyse 2013, 7).

Fort the aims of this study I would like to point out on the terminology, which was used and established at sites Tell Arpachiyah, Yarim Tepe, Tell Sabi Abyad, Chagar Bazar and Tell Arbid Abyad. Research at particular sites are ordered chronologically, which might/might not allow further applying of ware terminology in the another sites.

Tell Arpachiyah is located in the northern Iraq and was examined by Max Mallowan. He concentrated on this site after excavations at Quyunjiq. Maw Mallowan presented the material from his excavation at Tell Arpachiyah by reference to design and shape. His

division was into painted and unpainted ware, incised pottery, incised and burnished ware, incised and painted ware and monochrome burnished ware. Max Mallowan did not establish any terminology based on the technology, manufacture, amount and kind of inclusion. The same division to painted and unpainted ware applied Max Mallowan during the excavation in Chagar Bazar, which is located in the Khabur region in Syria (Mallowan 1933,104, 172; 1936, 1, 11, 12).

Later Ismail H. Hijara re-excavate and re-exanimated the site Tell Arpachiyah and made a slightly more precisely distinguishing of Halaf pottery. He divided the ceramic assemblage from Tell Arpachiyah into Halaf pottery and Grey Burnished Ware. Further, for Halaf pottery, he created a subdivision into Halaf Fine Ware, Halaf Medium Ware and Halaf Soft Ware. The division was made according to the technology and manufacture of ware (Hijara 1976, 141, 143). In the publication from 1997 Ismail H. Hijara mentions and describes new type of ware, so called Coarse Ware. He also describes Halaf Ware in more detail to the the technology of particular group of ware (Hijara 1980, 186).

Yarim Tepe is a mound cluster consisted from Yarim Tepe I and Yarim Tepe II. They are situated in the Sinjar Plain in the northern Iraq and were excavated by archaeologists from former Soviet Union N. Ya. Merpert and R. M. Munchaev. The Halaf pottery from an excavation at Yarim Tepe II was divided into the three main groups: Coarse Ware, Painted Ware and Simple Smoothed Ware. This distinguishing was created according to the morphology, technology and decoration of vessels with the aim to find the similarities, which might enable division of ceramic material (Merpert and Munchaev 1987, 29)

Tell Sabi Abyad is located in the Balikh valley in the northern Syria. During the excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad in 1989 were introduced three categories of ware, the Coarse Ware, the Fine Ware and the Grey Black Ware. This division was made according to the technology, such as surface treatment and condition, firing, type and amount of inclusions and colour of surface (Akkermans 1989, 81, 82). The report from the 1996 divided more precisely the ceramic assemblages, which were revealed during the excavation 1988-1993. New types of wares were introduced, such as Dark-Faced Burnished Ware, Mineral Coarse Ware, Standard Ware and Orange Fine Ware. For the Grey-Black Ware, which was introduced during former investigation, was given a description with more details (Le Mière and Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 160).

On the other hand, there are also some examples, which used previously mentioned terminology to distinguish the pottery at particular site. Such an example is an excavation project at site Tell Arbid Abyad. Among acquired material was recognized Standard Ware, Dark-Faced Burnished Ware, Orange Fine Ware, Standard Fine Ware and Fine Ware (Vostrovska et al. 2011, 5).

List of sites, which were using their own terminology might continue, but at this point I would like to stop. The point of this discussion is to show the terminology, which was used and established at aforementioned sites. Almost each site created its own terminology according their need to define ceramic material. This could lead to confusion for other researches as well as it was confusing for me. One type of ware has more like one term or even the same type of ware has different attributes at different sites (e.g. Coarse Ware/Standard Ware). Therefore it is crucial to establish terminology, which could be used by all researches with aim to enable the comparison of ceramic material among the different regions and sites, to avoid the confusions during new excavations and surveys projects as well as in re-examination of pottery.

4 State of research in Iraqi Kurdistan

4.1 Introduction The autonomous region of Kurdistan in Republic of Iraq has attracted archaeologists from all over the world due to increase of political stability and also as a result of the civil war in Syria, where much research was conducted. Until then, the attention to this region has not been paid in such as great detail. This may be the reason why there is a gap in the literature and therefore also the Directorate of Antiquities of Kurdistan supports the foreign researches to explore Kurdish heritage.

For the aim of this theses I consider as a fundamental results from excavations and surveys in the northern part of Iraq, northern Mesopotamia, where the remains of Late Neolithic material were found. Results from this area could be similar to the material from region, where the EHAS is conducted. On the other hand, it is necessary to take into consideration results from Syria, because in that region could have been conducted excavations in bigger scale during longer time and more complex, which could bring more precise outcomes.

In this chapter I would like to highlight important projects, which were conducted in the area of Iraqi Kurdistan until and under 2010 and where were found assemblages that indicate the Late Neolithic settlement pattern. In the subchapter Research conducted in Iraq until 2010 mainly excavation projects are described, because I consider results from these mentioned sites, which were excavated, as a quite important for purposes of the thesis. In following Research conducted in Iraq after 2010 are research divided to surveys and excavations projects. They are further geographically subdivided on the base of the location of the Directorates of Antiquities that had to approve each project in particular region.

4.2 Research conducted in Iraq until 2010 Nineveh In 1932 under the leadership of Reginald Campbell Thompson, the British Museum made an expedition to Nineveh. This site is situated on the outskirts of modern city Mosul, on the eastern bank of Tigris River. At Quyunjiq mound was sunk a deep shaft from the highest point down to virgin soil. At lowest levels was found material dated as Halaf. Because the more precise examination of the Pre-historic strata at Quyunjiq would be expensive due to necessity of removing great mass of debris, Max Mallowan, who wanted to examine Halaf strata, made a decision, that it might be better to look for a smaller mound, which might have easier access to the earliest strata (Mallowan and Rose 1935, 3).

Tell Arpachiyah From 1932 after the examination of Nineveh, was conducted an excavation on a site Tell Arpachiyah, under supervision of Max Mallowan. This site is located in the northeast direction of present city Mosul. Tell Arpachiyah was reported for the first by Felix Jones in 1848, during his survey. An attention to this site paid Max Mallowan after excavations at Nineveh as well as after the report of Reginald Campbell Thompson, who discovered on the surface of the site Tell Arpachiyah Halaf pottery in 1928. Max Mallowan was interested in examination of the earliest strata and therefore he focused on this site. Tell Arpachiyah became the first small tell in northern Iraq, which was chosen to examine because of Pre-Historic strata. According to the stratigraphically sequence he tried to distinguished pottery of Halaf culture in chronological order to the Early, Middle, Late and Transitional (Mallowan and Rose 1935, 3; Hijara 1980, 2; 1997, 4).

Tell Arpachiyah was later from 1976 re-excavated by Ismail Hijara. Together with excavation under supervision of Ismail Hijara was organized a survey of Halaf sites around Tell Arpachiyah and surrounding area leaded by C. Davies, supplemented by survey files of the Directorate-General of Antiquities in Bagdad. (Hijara 1980, 234).From the height of 10, 5 m strata at Tell Arpachiyah 8 m belongs to Halaf occupation (Watson-Leblanc 1973, 118).

Tepe Gawra Both Tell Arpachiyah and Tepe Gawra are located in Mosul region. Tepe Gawra is a site situated 25 km northwest from Tell Arpachiyah. This site was briefly examined by Austen Layard before 1850. In 1927 during survey of northern Iraq conducted by American School of Oriental Research in Bagdad and University of Pennsylvania was this site examined by Ephraim Avigdor Speiser. Later in 1927 he conducted a small-scale excavation (Speiser 1929, 345). The excavations during the years 1931 – 1932 were directed under leading by Ephraim Avigdor Speiser and Charles Bache. The small amount of a Halaf ceramic material which was found, was dated to the Late Halaf. On this site it was also possible to detect the Transitional Halaf- Ubaid (Speiser 1937).

Tell Hassuna In 1942 was detected site Tell Hassuna by Fuad Safar. The site is located 30 km south of present site Mosul. In the following years 1943-1944 started an excavation under the supervision of Seton Lloyd, Fuad Safar and Robert John Braidwood. It went about the earliest available material of a village from an Iraqi sequence. (Braidwood and Howe 1960, 5) At Tell Hassuna were found remains not only of Halaf pottery, but also preceding Samarra and Hassuna cultures and following Ubaid culture. These excavations provided stratigraphical sequence from Proto-Hassuna to Ubaid culture (Lloyd et al. 1945, 290).

Yarim Tepe The large scale excavation was held in Yarim Tepe, a cluster of sites located in the Sinjar Plain in in the northern Iraq, 7 km southwest of Tell Afar. It was excavated from 1969 by archaeologist from former Soviet republic Nicolai Y. Merpert and Rauf M. Munchaev. At Yarim Tepe II site was reported seven-metre-thick deposit of Halaf occupation (Merpert Munchaev 1987, 17).

Sinjar plain Under supervision of Seton Lloyd were managed also the soundings at Sinjar plain in 1939 on Grai Resh, Tell Khoshi and Gu’Kummet, Guir Balik. Remains reveals pottery from late Neolithic (Lloyd 1940,13).

During 1969, simultaneously with excavation of Yarim Tepe, organized by archaeologists from former Soviet republic Nicolai Y. Merpert and Rauf M. Munchaev, a survey was taking place in a part of the Sinjar Plain, where was discovered a number of settlement that belong to diverse early stages in the development of agrarian cultures of Mesopotamia. Ceramic remains from Halaf tradition were found, as well as previous Hassuna (Merpert and Munchaev 1987, 1).

Iraq-Jarmo Project In The Iraq-Jarmo Project, four campaigns were conducted during years 1948, 1950 - 1951, 1954 – 1955 and 1959, in the area of the hill in Iraq. The focus was at first on early agricultural site Mattarah, where scattered Halaf material was found as well as Samarra and Ubaid material. The aim was also investigation of the region to find an earlier occupation. Then the attention to Qalat Jarmo was paid, where a local Halaf tradition was found. The third expedition was focused on examination of environment condition of the area, climate, plant and animal resource in that region. The campagna in the 1959 was focused on the food transition in the neighbouring region of Iran. During the Iraq Jarmo Project was tested few important sites (Braidwood and Howe 1960, 5, 19, 39).

Banahilk Banahilk is one of sites that were tested during the Iraq Jarmo Project. It is located in the mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan with measurement 100m x 120 m. Excavation at Banahilk by Patty J. Watson was conducted in 1954, when she opened four major areas and two minor ones. During these excavations was reported painted pottery, furthermore incised stamp seals and stone footings. The depth of Halaf occupation was approximately 3 m and was studied over 2900 sherds (Braidwood and Howe 1960, 25; Leblanc and Watson 1973, 119).

Dam Salvage Project During 1984 by the work in Dam Salvage Project, the ceramic remains of Halaf were found, as well as preceding Hassuna and following Ubaid on sites Khirbet Derak, Der Hall, Khirbet Hatara, Tell Jikan, Kharabeh Shattani, Tell Kutan, Tell el-Oueili, Wadi Khatkhun (British Institute for the Study of Iraq 1985).

There were also found remains of Halaf occupation on the sites Kudish Saghir, located southwest of Kirkuk, Qalinj Agha in the Erbil Plain, Tell Begum in Shahrazūr, Songor B, Kharabeh Shattani, Khirbet Derak, Tell Der Hall and Jikan.

4.3 Researches conducted after 2010 Nowadays surveys, which are conducted in the region, play a crucial role to find not only potential excavations site, but also to record systematically the region with outlands roads, water sources, canals, standing architecture and also rock reliefs. Projects, which are conducted, include survey’s projects as well as excavation’s project. Most of excavations projects are carried out as a part of survey project. Between Survey Projects, where also remains of Late Neolithic pottery were found, belong the Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey, the Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey, the Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project, Missione archeologica nella piana di Erbil (MAIPE). the North-Western Suleimaniyah Survey, the Rania Plain Survey, the Rowanduz Archaeological Program, the Shahrizor Survey Project, Sirwan (Upper Diyala) Regional Project, the Sulaimania Governorate Archaeological Survey (MAFGS) the Upper Greater Zab Archaeological Reconnaissance Project and the Upper Tanjaro Survey Project (Kopanias et al. 2015, 1).

During, or even as a results of previous surveys projects, there have been conducted also excavations projects at some sites. On sites Bestansur, Erbil, Chemchemal, Gurga Chiya, Helawa, Jarmo, Qalat Said Ahmadan, Shemshara, Shimshara, Surezha, Tell Begum, Tell Lashkry, Tell Nader, Tepe Marani and Zarzi were detected remains of Late Neolithic pottery (Kopanias et al 2015, 1).

4.3.1 Survey Projects

4.3.1.1 Introduction Conducted surveys projects in this subchapter are subdivided according to the administrative division of Iraqi Kurdistan, from the west to the east, to the Governorate of Dohuk, Erbil, Sulaymaniya and Halabja. Each organized project has to acquire approval by the Directorate of Antiquities of Kurdistan. For each project there are mentioned the directors, main aims and preliminary results.

4.3.1.2 Governorate of Dohuk

Directorate of Antiques in Dohuk The Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey The Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) has started in 2013. This survey is lead by Peter Pfälzner and Paola Sconzo from University of Tuebingen. The geographical focus is in Zakho and Dohuk province. The aim of this project is to investigate the landscape and settlement patterns. All periods, from Palaeolithic to recent times have been recorded so far (Pfaelzner-Sconzo 2013).

The Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project (LoNAP) is a survey conducted since 2012. The director is leading by Daniele Morandi Bonacossi from University of Udine. The studied region is located in Dohuk Governorate. This survey is an interdisciplinary project with the aim to gain more information about formation and evolution of natural and cultural landscapes. It has been detected material from Neolithic to Islamic period. Researches intend an excavation on site Tell Gomel, where was during the survey identified material from Pottery Neolithic to Ottoman period. 1

The Upper Greater Zab Archaeological Reconnaissance Upper Greater Zab Archaeological Reconnaissance has been directed by Rafal Kolinski from Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan since 2012. The main aim of this project is to record sites, canals, monuments, inscriptions and to make an interpretation of collected data and comparison to similar data from other surveys. There were detected sites from Palaeolithic to recent time.2

4.3.1.3 Governorate of Erbil

Directorate of Antiques in Erbil The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey (EPAR) have been directed by Jason Ur from Harvard University since 2012. The location is in the capital of Erbil and the plain around the

1 Website of The Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project available at: http://www.terradininive.com/?lang=en

2 Website of The Upper Greater Zab Archaeological Reconnsaissance project available: http://archeo.amu.edu.pl/ugzar/indexen.htm

city of Erbil. The survey is focusing on the mapping of archaeological sites and landscapes features. It has been identified settlement pattern dated from Neolithic to the present time (Ur et al. 2013, 90-91).

The Italian Archaeological Expedition in Erbil Plain An Italian Archaeological Expedition in Erbil Plain (MAIPE) is directed by Luca Peyronel from University IULM Milan since 2013. Project is focused on surrounding area of Helawa/Aliawa, where an excavation is conducted. More information about this excavation will be mentioned in a chapter Excavations projects. In a survey was detected material from Halaf, Ubaid, Late Chalcolithic and Middle Assyrian periods (Kopanias et al 2015, 29).

Directorate of Antiquities in Soran The Rowanduz Archaeological Program Rowanduz Archaeological Program is lead by Michael D. Danti. This program is a joint research project by Boston University and Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH). The studied area is located in Rowanduz-Soran region. The aim of this project is to establish an archaeological chronology of Rowanduz region with emphasis on Late Bronze Age and early Iron Age. Although this research is primarily focused on the earl Iron Age, during survey were found remains of ceramic material also from Late Neolithic 4 (Kopanias et al 2015, 41).

4.3.1.4 Governorate of Sulaimaniyah

Directorate of Antiques in Sulaimaniyah The Central Zagros Archaeological Project

3 The Upper Greater Zab Archaeological Reconnsaissance website: http://archeo.amu.edu.pl/ugzar/indexen.htm

4 The Rowanduz Archaeological Program Website: http://www.jezireh.org/balabra_home.html 16

The work in the Central Zagros Archaeological Project is directed by Roger Matthews, Wendy Matthews and Kamal Rasheed Raheem, who represent University of Reading and Sulaimaniyah Antiquities Directorate. In a frame of this project they try to investigate the sedentarisation of human communities and the early development of animal and plant domestication in Early Neolithic. In a frame of survey project are conducted also excavations projects, at Bestansur, Shimshara and Zarzi. So far in excavations project has not been found any remains of ceramic material, which could be dated to the Late Neolithic. In a frame of this project have been organized excavations and investigations at Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites Sheikh-e Abad and Jani (Matthews et al 2010).

The North-western Sulaimaniyah Survey The Northwestern Sulaimaniyah Survey is conducted since 2011 under leading of Margarete van Ess and Marta Luciani from German Archaeological Institute and University of Vienna. Studied areas are located northwest of city Sulaimaniyah and south of lower Zab. With an interdisciplinary and geo-morphological survey the main aim of this project is to make a reconstruction of development of landscape and settlement patterns during main historical epochs. For better understanding of local culture have been organized within this project an excavation on Chemchemal Qala’, which will serve as a reference-site (Kopanias et al 2015, 33).

The Rania Plain Survey Rania Plain Survey directed by Jesper Eidem and Tim B.B. Skuldøl from Netherlands Institute for the Near East in Leiden cooperate with University of Amsterdam and University of Copenhagen. The commencement of the project was in 2012: This survey has been focused on surrounding area within 15 km radius of the excavated site Tell Shemshara. The aim is to explore the regional setting and reinvestigate sites within Dokan Dam Salvage Area. During survey have been detected all periods, from the Neolithic to present, so far5(Kopanias et al 2015, 40).

The Shahrizor Survey Project Shahrizor Survey Project is conducted since 2009 with cooperation of University College of London, Ludwig Maximilians University in Muenchen, Leiden University, UCL Qatar, and the Sulaimaniya Directorate of Antiquities and Heritage. The institutions are

5 The Rania Plain Survey at the website of The Netherlands Institute for the Near East: http://www.nino- leiden.nl/projects/rania-plain-survey 17

represented by Mark Altaweel and Karen Radner from University College of London, Simone Mühl from Ludwig Maximilians University in München and Olivier Nieuwenhuyse from Leiden University. In a frame of this project not only survey is conducted, but also small scale excavations at sites Tell Begum, Tepe Marani and Gurga Chiya as well as environmental research. The excavations at these sites will be mentioned in Excavations Projects. During the survey was found material from all periods.6

The Upper Tanjaro Archaeological Survey Upper Tanjaro Archaeological Survey is directed by Christine Kepinski and Aline Tenu in collaboration with Kamal Rasheed Rahim, who represent National Centre for Scientific Research, University of Paris and Department of Antiquities of Sulaimania. This project started in 2011. Its geographical focus is on Tanjaro valley in Sulaimania Province in the Zagros Mountains. Pottery was collected and dated from the Neolithic up until Islamic periods (Kopanias et al 2015, 51).

Directorate of Antiquities in Garmiyan Sirwan (Upper Diyala) Regional Project This project is conducted by the Universities of Bitlis Eren, Glasgow and Arkansas and led by Tevfik Emre Șerifoğlu, Claudia Glatz and Jesse Casana. It is organized along the Iranian border, between towns Darbandikhan and Khanaqin with the aim to investigate the settlement pattern of transitional area between the central Mesopotamian plains and the Zagros Mountains. In this project, by using interdisciplinary approach, they are studying the environmental conditions, human cultural and biological adaptation and past-socio economic systems. From most of surveyed sites have been reported multiperiod occupations from the Neolithic until Ottoman Period (Kopanias et al 2015, 46).

6 Shahrizor Survey Project On the Website of the University of Leiden: https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/research/research- projects/archaeology/shahrizor-survey-project On the Website of the Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich: http://www.vorderas-archaeologie.uni- muenchen.de/forschung/shahrizor/index.html

4.3.2 Excavations projects

4.3.2.1 Governorate of Erbil

Directorate of Antiques in Erbil Erbil Citadel Archaeological Investigation This excavation project is conducted at Erbil citadel with cooperation of HCECR (High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalisation) and Directorate of Antiquities, who developed a strategy for an archaeological investigation of the citadel. It consists from geophysical remote sensing and excavations in multiple selected areas. The Director of HCECR is Dara Al- Yaqoobi, director of excavations Abdullah Khorsheed, archaeological committee comprised of Abdullah Khorsheed, Saber Hassan, Sangar Mohammed, Ibrahim Khalil and archaeological advisor John MacGinnis. Excavations is organized in multiple selected areas with previous geophysical remote sensing. Collected ceramic assemblages have shown an occupation during all period, from Neolithic until Islamic period (Kopanias et al 2015, 17).

Tell Lashkry: Late Prehistory in the Erbil Region The director of excavation is Miguel Molist Montaña from Autonomous University of Barcelona since 2014. The project is an interdisciplinary research, which is carried out in collaboration with the University of Salahaddin. Tell Lashkry is small mound, which is situated 30 km northeast of Erbil. First of all a survey was conducted, where the material dated to Pre- Halaf and Halaf period was recovered. Due to this information Tell Lashkry might contribute to understanding the Late Neolithic settlement in basin area. This research should provide information about the first ceramic production and its evolution towards cultures as well as establishing of occupation settlements with their economic and strategies7 (Kopanias et al 2015, 28).

Helawa The project is part of the Italian Archaeological Expedition in the Erbil Plain (MAIPE) directed by Luca Peyronel. The commencement of project was in 2013. Helawa is a site with an irregular shape, which rises 22 m high. To the south lies a high mound, a secondary small mound extends to the south-east with low extension to the north and east. This area of 0, 5 ha was divided into five collection areas and subdivided into 44 collection units. Diagnostics

7 Website about Tell Lashkry excavation: http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/sappo/

sherds were dated to the Halaf, Ubaid and Late Chalcolithic periods. Sporadic sherds suggest occupation during II mil. C and first millennium BC and the Islamic Period (Kopanias et al 2015, 29).

Tell Nader Project It is an excavation project directed by Konstantinos Kopanias from University of Athens since 2011. This tell covers 1 ha and raises 5 m hight. The site was detected for the first time by Nader Muhammad. During excavations seasons 2011 and 2012 were revealed no buildings only several baked bricks, number circular clay constructions, probably ovens or kilns, one of them was later re-used as a grave for an adult woman. In the excavation were found approximately 4 000 lithic’s and 4 000 ceramic sherds, which are dated to the Middle Assyrian, Nineveh 5, Middle Uruk, Halaf, Samarra and Hassuna periods (Kopanias et al. 2015, 32)

Directorate of Antiquities in Soran Banahilk/ Gird-I Banahilk This site is situated in the northern Zagros Mountains, on the Diyana Plain, close to the city of Soran. In a frame of the Rowanduz Archaeological Program was conducted an excavation in Banahilk with the aim to develop a regional archaeological sequence. Researches have choosen this site due to long sequence of occupation, which is dated to the Halaf period (Kopanias et al 2004, 4).

4.3.2.2 Governorate of Sulaimaniyah

Directorate of Antiques in Sulaimaniyah Tell Begum8 The excavation Project at this site is conducted since 2013 under leadership of Olivier Nieuwenhuyse and Akemi Kaneda from Leiden University, Takahiro Odaka from University of Tokyo, Simone Mühl from Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich, Mark Altaweel from University College of London and Kamal Rasheed from Directoriate of Antiquities of Sulaymaniyah in Iraq. The excavation is in a frame of the Shahrizor Survey Project.

8Website about Tell Begum excavation: http://archaeology.leiden.edu/research/news-mission/rescuing-tell- begum-nieuwenhuyse-byvanck-.html> 26.11.2016 20

Tell Begum is located in Shahrizor Valley, in an area of Danbard-i Khan Dam. This site consists of 20m high conical “Upper Mound” and an elongated “Lower Mound”, which are extended for over 5 ha. In 1960th a team from Bagdad examined this site (Hijara 1997). At first was conducted a surface collection in 2013. Among collection of ceramic assemblages was identified material, which belongs to the Late Halaf, the Ubaid period as well as the Late Chalcolithic, the Late Bronze Age, the Iron Age, Achaemenid and the Medieval period. The re- excavation of already excavated section revealed the Late Halaf period, the Halaf-Ubaid Transitional. The ceramic material is being processed by Olivier Nieuwenhuyse, Takahiro Odaka and Mark Altaweel (Kopanias et al 2015, 12).

Bestansur The excavation of this site is conducted in a frame of the Central Zagros Archaeological Project, directed by Roger Mathews, Wendy Mathews and Kamal Rasheed Raheem. This site is situated on the Shahrizor Plain in the western foothills of the Central Zagros Mountains. It have been detected levels dated to the Early Neolithic, Neo-Assyria and Sasanian period9 (Kopanias et al. 2015, 13).

Chemchemal The project at Chemchemal started in 2012 under supervision of Margarete van Ess from German Archaeological Institute, Marta Luciani from University of Vienna and Saber A. Saber from Sulaimaniyah Directorate of Antiquity (Kopanias et al 2015, 14).

The site Chemchemal Qala’ (Spy Hasar) is located in Sulaimaniyah. It expends up to 5 ha with 20m high mound. The excavation at this site is a result of the Northwestern Sulaimaniyah Survey. Gradually, excavated areas A, B, C, D, E and F were opened at this site. The ceramic material is dated to Hassuna/Samarra, Ubaid, Uruk, Kassite, Neo-Assyrian, Achaemenid, Seleucid and Islamic period so far (Kopanias et al 2015, 14).

Gurga Chiya Project is conducted under leadershio of David Wengrow and Robert Carter, from UCL and UCL Qatar as a part of the Shahrizor Prehistory Project. This site is located in the southern plain of Shahrizor Plain, near the town Halabja. It is a steep - sided tell, which extends up to 1 ha and rises ca. 12m. First season of excavation had organized test trenches to validate

9 Information about the Central Zagros Archaeological Project could be found at http://www.czap.org/bestansur

occurrence of the Prehistoric assemblages. Later four trenches were establish with aim to identify the location of late Prehistoric deposit (Wengrow et al 2016, 253, 255).

Tepe Marani The excavation project at Tepe Marani is supervised by David Wengrow and Robert Carter from University College London, Qatar since 2013. As well as the excavation at Gurga Chiya is the excavation at Tepe Marani part of the Shahrizor Prehistory Project. Tepe Marani lies less than 0, 5 km to the south of Gurga Chiya, in the southern part of the Shahrizor Plain. The location in a natural rise made it problematic for easy identification with the naked eye. Preliminary results showed the presence of Late Neolithic settlement, with stone architectural foundations below the topsoil. The part of investigation is also to take environmental sampling (Kopanias et al 2015, 30).

Qalat Said Ahmadan: A study of Neolithization and Social Complexity in Prehistoric Kurdistan This is an excavation project conducted by Akira Tsuneki from University of Tsukuba since 2014. This site is situated south of Said Ahmadan village, about 3, 5 km north of Qaladizah in the Phsdar Plain. Tell has an oval shape, 160 x 170 m and height of 22 m above the surrounding area. The main aims have been studying the process of neolithization, the development of social complexity and establishing the local chronology. The sounding is 2m wide trench along the north-south axis on the southern slope of tell. It reveals large quantity of material, which is useful for establishing the long term local chronology from the PPN through the Pottery Neolithic,, Late Early Bronze Age-Early Middle Bronze Age and Iron Age in the Rania-Pshdar region10 (Kopanias et al 2015, 26).

10 Qalat Said Ahmadan Project available at the website: http://rcwasia.hass.tsukuba.ac.jp/kaken/index.html 22

Fig. 1 The excavation projects conducted in Kurdistan (Google Earth)

5 Criticism of the sources and the ceramic material

The ceramic material mentioned and analysed in this bachelor thesis came from an archaeological survey. The survey itself has advantages as well as disadvantages. Additionally, its methods depend on some factors, such as the characteristics of the land, the size of the surveyed area, the intensity of the survey, as well the identification of potential sites.

The site visibility is crucial for finding a new locality. Halaf sites are small and they are dating to an early Holocene stage, so they could have been buried by later Holocene deposits. This factor could have effected results which could be achieved from the survey. Furthermore, Neolithic society might have still preferred mobile way of life, so their settlements assemblages might not have such a great impact on environment. In interpretations, the amount of missed data and possibility of acquisition new data should be taken into the consideration.

The main disadvantage of survey is, that it could not be directly followed stratigraphically sequence, and therefore definitions and classifications could be made on the bases of comparison. If surveys are systematically done, it could give a reliable overview of material culture thought the time. Approach of comparison of the ceramic material give an indication, that pottery should have followed exactly the same or similar path of development, what does not have to be necessarily truth. Also the local variability of ceramics assemblages in the region, what has not been examined well yet, has to be taken in to consideration.

For defining and comparison of a ceramic material I considered disparate ceramic material from an excavations and therefore also limited published publications, lack of quantitative data, radiocarbon sampling, which it partly caused by lack of continuity in occupation at most of Halaf sites. In that case is also the division of Halaf pottery still poorly understand, even if it is getting better. For analyses I used anyway a comparison method.

The material obtained from this survey has also not been well published so far. From a ceramic material collected in this survey, some remains were fragmented and although at first sight they looked like diagnostic, there was not a lot of possibility to obtain a satisfactory information from them due to erosion of decorative motifs, which could led to an unsatisfactory conclusions.

Furthermore, I consider as a questionable in general the Halaf itself, its definition and terminology. For more exact information it is necessarily to work out the terminology, which could suit the new reveal material with possibility to compare it with already obtained material.

This point might be solved progressively by commencement of new excavation or even re-examine the material from previous excavation and surveys with the aim to fit it to pre- defined characteristics. On the other hand, the new excavation could reveal and bring new material with a need to define new terminology. It should be taken into consideration, that if there will be new terminology created it must be generally accepted (Campbell 2007, 106).

6 The Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey EHAS

6.1 Introduction The commencement of The Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) was in 2013. It goes about a part project of a project Resource Cultures. Sociocultural Dynamics and the Use of Resources with an evidence number SFB 1070.

SFB 1070 distinguish three project divisions:

Project Division A: Developments Resources and Processes of Social Change

Project Division B: Movements Resources and Spatial Development

Project Division C: Valuations Resources and the Symbolic Dimensions of Cultures

The Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) belongs to division B, Movements Resources and Spatial Development. Its evidence number is B07 and the name A Hunt for Raw Materials? The Expansion of Mesopotamian Empires into the Northern Regions.

This project is conducted under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Andres Fuchs and Prof. Dr. Peter Pfälzner and scientific employees Dr. Paola Sconzo and Alexander Edmonds.

The main aims of B07 is an investigation of the effect, which have resources on sociocultural dynamics in the expanding empires of Mesopotamia. For exploration, whether territorial expansion was motivated by the search for raw material requirement or the acquisition and valuation of cultural resources played an crucial role have been used two examples a thus the Akkadian Empire from 3rd millennium and the Assyrian Empire of the 1st millennium BC.

The project will analyse:

1) which kinds of trade goods from peripheral regions were turned into culturally valuated resources in Mesopotamia and how this process of valuation took place 2) how these culturally valuated resources changed during the time span from the 3rd to the 1st millennium BC 3) for which functions were these resources used in the Mesopotamian states and how the continuous flow of these resources was organised on economic and political levels

4) which kinds of socio-political and socio-cultural dynamics were triggered by the Mesopotamian acquirement and valuation of resources within the conquered and peripheral regions.11

In this project are conducted two case studies. The first is concentrated on the written source. The second one is focused on an archaeological evidence obtained from the Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) in autonomous region Kurdistan northern Iraq.

6.2 Surveyed area The region, which is surveyed, is located in the northeast part of the Dohuk Province in the autonomous region Kurdistan in Republic of Iraq. The bounders of surveyed area in the northern part are created by Taurus/ Zagros chain. These mountains also makes political boundaries between the Iraq Republic and the Turkey. The east part is surrounded by the Great Zab. South boundaries are limited by another survey project Land of Nineveh Regional Project (LoNAP). On the west is situated triangle of three countries, Syria, Turkey and Iraq. Political boundaries constitute of confluence of the Khabur River and Tigris River.

6.3 Main aims of EHAS The region of the Kurdistan was the northern periphery of Akkadian empire in the 3rd millennium BC. It was also the zone of contact as well of conflicts between Assyria and Urartu during the 1st millennium BC. These conditions offer the possibility to examine the expansion of mentioned empires and the role of raw materials and culturally valuated resources.

It should enable to construct the model of the distinct of resources and explain its role within political and social system.

EHAS has four major aims:

1) To determine the potential of the region to provide resources of cultural value 2) To identify changes in the settlement system of the region over time as result of external political impacts

11 http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en/research/core-research/collaborative-research-centers/sfb- 1070/projects/project-division-b-movements/project-b-07.html

3) To assess the role of the region in inter-regional exchange and communication 4) To study the social and cultural dynamics in the region as a consequence of external relations with lowland Mesopotamia.12

6.4 Methodology of EHAS The studied region was divided into five zones, trying to follow geographical, morphological characteristics of area. It goes about Zone A, what is the Tigris valley, Zone B the Eastern Tigris Plateau, Zone C the Lower Zagros chain with the Khabur basin, Zone D the high Zagros chain, Zone E the Amadiya corridor. (Fig. 2) The description of zones A, B, C, where were found remains of Late Neolithic pottery will be mentioned in another chapter.

Fig. 2 Divided zones of EHAS

12 Pfälzner, Sconzo 2015 28

It is geo-database of landscape features and settlement sites establishing by using data from existing topography, images from remote sensing project such as CORONA, GeoEye, and DigitalGlobe.

Site boundaries and elevation are marked with the help of a hand-held GPS. From the 2014 for recording procedure started to be used an unmanned aerial vehicle, a drone, with a mounted camera, what speed up and improve the process of site documentation and mapping.13

On sites are collecting diagnostic sherds such as rims, base, handles, lids and decorated body sherd and any other significant small artefacts. Heavy items such mortars, column base are always recorded and sometimes left in situ. In an expedition house are collections from each site cleaned, sorted and afterwards processed. Individual pottery sherd is recorded, labelled, coded, drawn, photographed and entered in an Access database.

For chronological determination of each item is used also ‘Working Ceramic Typology’ 7th edition from a year 2013. The typology was created on a frame of material from Iraqi North Jezirah Project, Tell Beydar Survey, Tell Hamoukar Survey, Tell Brak Survey, Hirbemerdon Tepe Survey. Additionally, new types from Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey, Land of Nineveh Regional Project and Upper Greater Zab Archaeological Reconnaissance were also added. This typology is an effort of the ‘Assyrian Landscapes Research Group’ (EHAS, EPAS, LoNRP, UGZAR) to build a homogenous, comparative dating for all identified sites in northeastern Mesopotamia. (Fig.4)

For a determination of a settlement size and its chronology is calculated a surface ratio of diagnostic per hectare (Pfälzner and Sconzo)

13 Pfälzner, Sconzo 2016 29

Fig. 3 Archaeological Surveys cooperating in the framework of ‘Assyrian Landscapes Research Group’14

6.5 The Late Neolithic Assemblages During the commencement of the project in 2013 28 Late Neolithic sites was detected so far. These sites were found in Zone A, the Tigris Valley, Zone B, the Eastern Tigris plateau and in Zone C, the Lower Zagros chain. In the Zone D and Zone E have not been attested Neolithic occupation so far. On 11 sites was detected Hassuna occupation, and on 25 sites was suggested dating to Halaf period. On 8 sites was possible to found remains also from Hassuna/Samarra and Halaf cultural tradition. Chapter Sites with Halaf pottery in EHAS will more precisely present the documented material. For each site is expressed infographic with percentage amount of reported sherds, which belonged to various periods. The material from these sites will be in depth examined during the next campaigns.

14 http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/06/2014/new-archaeology-survey-maps-iraqi-kurdistan 30

7 Physical Environment of surveyed area 7.1 Introduction The understanding of natural environment is crucial for understanding the cultural landscape. It is important to look at resources, which the particular land could offer to people and at the limits of this resource and how the requirement of the environment from people’s side has been changing through the different periods.

The geography of the Near East is distinguished by mountains and height plateaus on the north in Turkey, Iran and the Trans Caucasus. East-west chain is comprising by Pontic Mountains and Taurus Mountains. These Mountains formed barrier to human movement as well they created corridors. In between these mountains and plateaus, which were from 500 to 1 000m above sea level came to ideal condition for agriculture and became centre of sedentary settlement (Wilkinson 2003, 17).

The limitation in growing season of crops as well as the pasturing of the animals will encourage the human mobility and the attempt to find new places and resources, which could accomplish the needs at particular time. This movement will lead to meeting diverse communities and slow development in exchanging goods and learning new things from the others. The Zagros and Elbruz mountains in Iran like the Taurus and Pontic ranges create similar barriers to human movement and in between these surroundings also came to ideal agriculture (Wilkinson 2003, 16).

The backbone of Arabia is formed by Hejaz Mountain located to the east of the Red Sea. Further south the highlands of southwest Arabia are situated. Extending to the east are the plateaus of the Nejd. Further north, the mountains are dwindling into the hill of the Levant. Parallel to the coast is situated Dead Sea Rift, which continues into Beqa, Ghab and Amuq Valleys (Wilkinsom 2003, 16).

7.2 Geomorphology of the surveyed area The surveyed area is bounded on the south-west side by the eastern bank of the Tigris River. In the direction to the north-east, it extends to Eastern Tigris plains until the mountains chain Șax-e Bixe and Șax al-Kamama. These mountains rise closed to Iraq-Syrian-Turkey borders and continue forward to the south to the area, which is surveyed by an Italian team. To the north direction the land extends into the flat and fertile Silopi Plain, which continues from a Turkey region. This plain, as well as the survey area is terminated by Zagros Mountain with Șax-e Kișan Mountains, Zinar and Haror Mountains. The eastern border is bounded by city

Amēdi, which is located only few kilometres of the River and in the corridor, which is created by Șax-e Ser Amedi on the north side and Zenci-e Gara. (Fig. 4) (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015)

Fig. 4 Geographical map of the EHAS region in Dohuk province (Pfälzner, Sconzo 2016)

7.3 Climate The climate has influence on the human behaviour in their environment. It has affected also the length and the location of permanent or seasonal settlement. For such an indication as climate change it is important to focus also on botanical and zoological material, which could say how climate could change in particular region, which could not have been done necessarily only by human influence.

The greater part of Iraqi country has an arid climate and areas of deserts. It belongs to the sub-tropical, continental climate area. The summers are usually dry and hot and on the other hand, winters are cooler with some rainfall and even more rainfall in the northern part of country, where is this survey conducted. In the autonomous region Kurdistan is rainfall

influenced by the Zagros Mountain and therefore the amount of rainfall is variable each winter. Due to this rainfall is sufficient to support winter crops without additional irrigation. (Fig. 5) High pressure is typical for winter and on the other hand low pressure for summer low pressure. Thanks to dry climate, dust storms are quite common mainly during the early summer months, when the cold air from the north penetrates to the Syria and joins the warm, which creates an unstable mass resulted in dust storm, which could affect also the region of Kurdistan. The frost is very rare outside the autonomous region of Kurdistan in Iraq (Buringh 1960, 42)

Fig. 5 Rainfall in Greater Mesopotamia (Ur 2010) 7.4 Hydrology In the Iraq republic are two rivers crucial. The Tigris River, with the length of 1, 718 km and the Euphrates River with the length 2, 333km. The Tigris River rises in Aramenic Mountains in the Turkey. This region could reach the height of 4 000m and after snow melding the Rivers obtain a lot of water. Among the surveyed area plays a fundamental role the Tigris River. Into the Tigris, which is located on the east part of Jezirah are flowing two rivers, the Great and the Small Zab (Danecke 1958, 7; Buringh 1960). Furthermore, on the north slope of Șax-e Bixe and Șax al-Kamama flow the Rugerin River, which belongs to the Zone C. Few kilometres further of Zenci-e Gara starts Kuça River.

Nowadays Iraq is not yet a developed industrial country, therefore it puts an emphasis on agriculture, what makes the role of the canal system very important. For the society and its development during different periods the canal system played also a crucial role. Furthermore in the autonomous regions of Kurdistan a lot of natural springs is situated, which could exist also in the past a helped people in their development (Danecke 1958, 16).

7.5 Flora and fauna Buringh (1960) states, that the human action causes a depravation of natural condition. He counters among the results of human actions following causes such as cultivation of a land for many thousands of years, shifting cultivation in the steppe region, grazing and overgrazing, using wood for fuel, charcoal burning and house construction, digging sub-shrubs for fuel, irrigation with additional salinization and over-silting. Damage caused also by a wind and a wind erosion, what is also a result of human action.

Despite the arid climate is the vegetation quite scarce. The number of various species, which occur in the dessert and its margin is over 2 000. The forest vegetation could be found only in the Kurdish mountains (Danecke 1958, 32; Buringh 1960, 55).

8 Sites with Halaf pottery in EHAS 8.1 Introduction Since the commencement the survey in the 2013 the Halaf sites have been found in the Zone A, the Tigris Valley, the Zone B, the eastern Tigris valley plateau and the Zone C, the lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin so far. It has been detected 25 sites with Halaf occupation. (Fig. 6) Due to poor condition it was not possible to pay attention in a great amount to the Zone D, the high Zagros chain and the Zone E, the Amadiya corridor (Fig.5).

Fig. 5 Sites with Halaf occupation in EHAS (Google Earth)

8.2 Zone A: The Tigris valley Zone A is located along a Tigris river. The survey work is restricted only on the eastern bank of the river, which belongs to the Kurdistan Autonomous Region. The western bank belongs to the Iraq province Ninawa and has been already surveyed in the frame of the ‘Saddam Dam Salvage Project’ (Wilkinson and Tucker 1995).

Tigris valley with its 30 km stretch, extends from an adjunction of the Eastern Khabur close to Feș Khabur down to the Eski Mosul dam. This valley is between 1 and 3 km wide and on both sites is limited with low terrace and hilly landscape (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015).

During the campagna 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 there were so far sixteen sites determined and collected in this zone. Only on a site A006 was found a Halaf pottery. (Fig. 6)

Fig. 6 Halaf sites in Zone A, The Tigris Valley (via Google Earth)

8.2.1 A006 The site with a survey abbreviation A006 is called Gire Tusana. It is a truncated conical tell, which is oval in plan (130 m x 90 m) with flattened top. Steep flanks are to the north and the eastern and softer flanks are to the south and west of tell. On the top and on the northern edge is found a modern cemetery. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 1)

This site is located on a branch of the River Tigris, on its left bank. In the northern direction of tell is a Wadi with Unknown Name. Nowadays at the base, mainly on the eastern side of tell is situated a village. (Fig. 6)

The material, which was found at this tell is dated to the following periods: Halaf, LC 1-2, Uruk, Mid-Late III. Millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer) (Fig.

Islamic Halaf LC 1-2 10% LC 3-5 A006 3% 1% Parthian/Roman 4% Halaf 1% Mid-Late III Mill. 7% LC 1-2 Seleucid/Hellenistic LC 3-5 10% Mid-Late III Mill. MBA Neo-Assyrian 8% M. Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Seleucid/Hellenistic M. Assyrian MBA Parthian/Roman 10% 46% Islamic

Fig. 7 Pottery material from A006 divided according to documented period

8.3 Zone B: The Eastern Tigris plateau Zone B is the Eastern Tigris plateau, a plain with soft hills, which extends between the Tigris valley and the foot of the Zagros Mountains. The Tigris Plateau is relatively narrow as the first close to the Tigris valley is the Zagros mountain range, the Ğebel al-Abyad in Arabic, Șax e-Bixêr in Kurdish. (Pfälzner, Sconzo 2015)

The zone is approximately 30 km long and from 5 km at the western end of Ğebel al- Abyad, Șax e-Bixêr to maximally 25 km width. (Pfälzner, Sconzo 2015)

This plateau has a fertile soils and possibility of rain-field agriculture, so it was considered as a rich agricultural area as well as the area suitable for ancient roads from the direction of Nineveh to the Zaxo and Cizre Plain. (Pfälzner, Sconzo 2015)

In the zone B was so far detected 19 sites with possibility of occupation during the Halaf tradition. (Fig. 7)

Fig. 8 Halaf sites in Zone B - The eastern Tigris Valley Plateau (Google Earth)

8.3.1 B003 The site with a survey number B003 is called Bassetki 3. It is a small mound of conical shape (280 m x 150 m), raising of about 11 m on the surrounding plain. On the eastern side is situated Wadi Bawaka. The northern, southern and western slopes are soft, on the other hand the eastern slope on the Wadi side is steep. The top of tell is free of vegetation, sides are cultivated and covered with thick layer of straw. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 2)

Bassetki 3 is situated 500 m to the north-east of the Tell Bassetki and approximately 100 m from its lower town. To the north, approximately in 300 m of this mound is new Dohuk- Zaxo highway and to the east is located the old Dohuk-Zaxo highway in ca 170 m. The mound is halfway between the villages of Balqus and Bassetki. (Fig.8)

The ceramic material suggested dating to Halaf, Ubaid, LC 1-2, Nineveh 5, Mid-Late III. Millennium, Middle Bronze Age and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016,74-76).

Islamic B003 5,60% Unclear Halaf 15,87% Halaf MB 22,62% 2,91% N.-Ubaid LC 1-2 Mid-Late III. Mill. 0,38% Ninive 5 N.-Ubaid Mid-Late III. Mill. LC 1-2 25,54% Ninive 5 26,99% MB 0,08% Islamic Unclear

Fig. 9 Pottery material from B003 divided according to documented period

8.3.2 B010 Name of the site with a survey number B010 remain Unknown. It is a small conical tell with a modest elevation (5 m). The rounded top measures ca. 1 ha and is completely covered by dry grass. Each side of this tell is soft. At the base of the mound, on the eastern and northern sides are hips of stones. On the western side is situated Wadi with Unknown name. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 3)

This tell is located in a rolling plain to the south direction of Jebel Bihair, between the old and the new Zaxo road. Tell is located approximately 2, 4 km south-west from the village of ‘Asi. (Fig. 8)

The material from this tell was dated to Halaf, Ubaid, LC1-2, LC 3-5, S-Uruk, Mid-Late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Neo Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthians, Romanian and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 95-97).

B010 Halaf N.-Ubaid LC 1-2 2,54% 3,81% 6,67% LC 3-5 Halaf 1,90% N.-Ubaid

Mid-Late III. Mill LC 1-2 7,94% LC 3-5 Unclear 39,05% MB Mid-Late III. Mill 3,17% MB Mittani 1,27% Mittani M. Assyrian M. Assyrian Islamic 0,32% Neo Assyrian 9,84% Seleucid / Hellenistic Neo Assyrian Parthian / Roman Seleucid / 10,79% Parthian / Roman Hellenistic Islamic 6,03% 6,67% Unclear

Fig. 10 Pottery material from B010 divided according to documented period

8.3.3 B011 The site with survey abbreviation B011 is called Muqable 1/ Gire Gozel. It occupies the top and the slopes of a free-standing natural hill. Sides are step, especially on the western side in the direction to the main Wadi. Tell is situated in an oasis-like area rich of ground-water and natural springs. (For further details see Appendix Tab.4)

Muqable 1/ Gire Gozel is a part of a cluster of seven sites, namely Muqable 1-7. B011 lies in the northern part of a cluster, at the confluence of two Wadi. The cluster of sites is situated 5 km to the south-east of Bassetki. (Fig. 8)

The ceramic material, which was found, suggested dating of the site to Halaf, Ubaid, LC1-2, Nineveh 5 Mid-Late III. Millennium and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 98,99).

Islamic Halaf N.-Ubaid B011 1,95% 0,65% 1,30% Unclear 10,06% Mid-Late III. Mill. 0,65% Halaf N.-Ubaid Ninive 5 LC 1-2 0,97% Ninive 5 Mid-Late III. Mill. Islamic LC 1-2 84,42% Unclear

Fig. 11 Pottery material from B011 divided according to documented period

8.3.4. B012 The site with survey number B012 is called Muqable 2. It was possible to find out the Kurdish toponymal, which sounds Muqable. B012 is a natural hill of irregular shape with flattened top. On the southern and western sides are soft flanks and on the northern and eastern sides are flanks steeper. It is situated in an oasis-like area, rich of ground-water and natural springs. To the north is located the spring of Ain Garra Kras Shin. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 5)

Muqable 2 is a part of a cluster of seven sites, namely Muqable 1-7. It is situated approximately 5 km to the south-east of Bassetki. The locality lies at the confluence of two Wadi. (Fig.8)

According the collected material were suggested the periods of occupation Halaf, LC 3- 5, Uruk, Nineveh 5, Mid-Late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Middle Assyrian, Neo Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Roman, Early Islamic – Abbasid and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 103, 104).

M. Assyrian B012 Mid-Late III. Mill. MB 1,79% 1,79% 4,47% Neo Assyrian Mid-Late III. Mill. 5,37% MB Seleucid / M. Assyrian Hellenistic Unclear 0,45% Neo Assyrian 38,03% Sasanian Seleucid / Hellenistic 16,55% Sasanian Middle Islamic Middle Islamic Islamic Islamic 0,22% 31,32% Unclear

Fig. 12 Pottery material from B012 divided according to documented periods

8.3.5. B013 The site B013 is named Muqable 3/Kharabe. The Kurdish toponymal is Kharabe. It is a tell, which has truncated conical form, oval in plan, ca 200 m x 150 m at its base, raises of about 20 m on the surroundings plain. Atop of this tell is flattened. Western and northern flanks are steep, southern and eastern flanks are softer. At the northern foot is located the spring of Ain el-Rajal. Muqable 3/Kharabe is located on the eastern side of the Wadi Saru Kani, south of Muqable 2. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 6)

Muqable 3/Kharabe is also a part of a cluster of seven sites, namely Muqable 1-7. It is situated 5 km to the south-east of Bassetki, at the confluence of two Wadi. (Fig. 8)

The suggested dating is Proto-Hassuna, Halaf, LC 1-2, LC 3-5, Uruk, Nineveh 5, Mid Late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Mitanni, Middle Assyrian, Neo Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Roman, Sasanian and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 106- 109).

Halaf LC 1-2 Proto-Hassuna 0,51% 5,84% LC 3-5 B013 1,14% 1,27% Proto-Hassuna Halaf S.-Uruk 0,51% LC 1-2 LC 3-5 Unclear Ninive 5 S.-Uruk 31,13% 11,94% Ninive 5 Mid-Late Mid-Late III. Mill. III. Mill. MB 10,42% Mittani Islamic M. Assyrian MB 12,45% 16,52% Neo Assyrian Parthian / Roman Seleucid / Hellenistic 0,76% Parthian / Roman Seleucid / Mittani Islamic M. Assyrian Hellenistic Neo Assyrian 0,64% Unclear 3,94% 2,16% 0,76%

Fig. 13 Pottery material from B013 divided according to documented periods

8.3.6 B015 The locality with survey number B015 is called Gire Salu. Its Kurdish toponymal is Gire Salu, the Arabic toponymal sounds Tell Salu. It was found high balk ca 15m long on the flank along which are visible stone walls and floors. It was destroyed from the villages so it remains stands as a small cone. Surface is covered with a thick layer of dry grass. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 7)

This site is located on the eastern side of the Wadi Kuri Batil, in front of the Kurdish village of Batel (B77), on the other side of the modern homonymous town and to the right side of the highway leading to Zaxo. (Fig. 8)

According to the collected material was detected the period of occupation to Halaf, Mid- Late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Mitanni, Neo Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian and Romanian period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 113, 114).

Halaf 2,52% B015

Parthian / Halaf Roman Unclear 2,52% 22,69% Mid-Late III. Mill. MB Seleucid / Mid-Late III. Mill. Hellenistic Mittani 31,93% 3,36% Neo Assyrian

Neo Assyrian Seleucid / Hellenistic MB 5,88% Parthian / Roman 26,89% Mittani Unclear 4,20%

Fig. 14 Pottery material from B013 divided according to documented periods

8.3.7 B016 The site B016 is named Bamir 1. It is a flat site on a high terrace, which is naturally protected on the western and southern sides, where the flanks are very steep. In the valley ground is found plenty of water with several natural springs. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 8)

It is situated above deeply incised valley, on the eastern side of the Wadi Bastikah, at confluence with a second Wadi. Ca 800 m north-east is located the Kurdish village Bamir. This locality lies only few hundred metres southern of other site with survey abbreviation B026. (Fig. 8)

The periods of occupation are suggested to from Halaf, Ubaid, Nineveh 5, Mid Late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Mitanni, Neo Assyrian, Post Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian Roman, Sasanian to Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 116-117).

N.-Ubaid Ninive 5 Halaf 0,17% 0,34% B016 2,23% Mid-Late III. Mill. 4,64% Halaf N.-Ubaid Ninive 5 Mid-Late III. Mill. Unclear MB 40,89% 24,74% MB Mittani Mittani Neo Assyrian 1,20% Post Assyrian Seleucid / Hellenistic Islamic Neo Assyrian Parthian / Roman 0,34% 10,31% Sasanian Sasanian Seleucid / Post Assyrian Islamic Parthian / 0,34% Hellenistic 0,17% Roman… Unclear 7,22% Fig. 15 Pottery material from B016 divided according to documented periods

8.3.8. B032 The name of a site with survey number B032 remains Unknown. It is a natural hill, which is located at the confluence of Wadi Tatok and second Wadi with Unknown name. The settlement extends for about 220 m x 120 m, mainly on the eastern side of the hill and look forward the Wadi Tatok. The soil is very dry and clumpy and the hill is free of vegetation apart from small bushes scattered around. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 9)

It lies about 400 m south of the Dohuk-Zaxo highway. This locality is accessible through a trackway running parallel to the main Dohuk – Zaxo highway. (Fig. 8)

The material, which was found at this site was dated only to Halaf period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 157, 158).

B032

Unclear 14,68%

Halaf Unclear

Halaf 85,32%

Fig. 16 Pottery material from B032 divided according to documented periods

8.3.10 B046 The locality with a survey number B046 is named Kardis 1. B046 is a flat site on a terrace, which is raising of about 13 m on the Wadi. The site extends on terrace self and along the eastern flank, which is quite soft. The northern flank is step and irregular. It is crossed north- south by a track-way. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 10)

It is located on a flat terrace overlooking the western bank of the Wadi Muqable and opposite to the site with an abbreviation B045. It is situated north of the abandoned village of Kardis. The site belongs to a long chain sites on the both sites of Wadi Saru Kani/Muqable/Kardis. Kardis 1 lies south of Muqable cluster. It is accessible through a trackway running south along the west bank of the Wadi, directly from the airport main road. (Fig. 8)

Suggested dating are Halaf, Middle Bronze Age, Middle Assyrian, Neo Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian and Roman (EHAS Site Gazetteer 187, 188).

Halaf MB 0,48% 6,76% M. Assyrian 0,48% B046

Neo Assyrian Halaf Unclear 13,04% MB 45,89% M. Assyrian Seleucid / Neo Assyrian Hellenistic 24,15% Seleucid / Hellenistic Parthian / Roman Unclear Parthian / Roman 9,18%

Fig. 17 Pottery material from B046 divided according to documented periods

8.3.11 B054 The site B056 is named Balqus 4. It was an artefact scatter on a slightly sloping field, which is not cultivated. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 11)

It is located on the eastern bank of the Wadi Bawaka, 6 km north-east from a locality Bassetki and 0, 8 km from the Dohuk-Zaxo highway. It is accessible by foot from the new village of Bassetki. (Fig. 8)

The suggested dating is Halaf and Middle Bronze Age with hiatus until Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 204, 205).

Halaf MB 0,48% 6,76% M. Assyrian 0,48% B046

Neo Assyrian Halaf Unclear 13,04% MB 45,89% M. Assyrian Seleucid / Neo Assyrian Hellenistic 24,15% Seleucid / Hellenistic Parthian / Roman Unclear Parthian / Roman 9,18%

Fig. 18 Pottery material from B054 divided according to documented periods

8.3.12 B056 The survey number B056 is a site with a name Kardis 6. It is a large site on a terrace, which consists of a central mound. Flanks are very soft with a lower terrace on the Wadi side, field are dry, cultivated. It is an area rich of natural springs. (For further details see Appendix Tab.12)

It is located to the south of a site with abbreviation B055, on the same flat terrace, overlooking the western bank of Wadi Kardis. The site is situated south of the Muqable cluster, accessible through a track-way running south along the eastern bank of the Wadi, directly from the airport main road. (Fig. 8)

The periods of occupation are Halaf, Ubaid, LC 1-2, Middle Assyrian, Neo Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Romanian, Sasanian and Islamic (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 208, 209).

N.-Ubaid LC 1-2 Halaf 0,52% 1,05% 0,52% M. Assyrian B056 2,62% Halaf N.-Ubaid LC 1-2 Neo Assyrian 21,99% M. Assyrian Seleucid / Unclear Neo Assyrian Hellenistic 55,50% 9,42% Seleucid / Hellenistic Parthian / Roman Parthian / Roman 6,28% Sasanian

Islamic Sasanian Islamic 1,57% 0,52%

Fig. 19 Pottery material from B056 divided according to documented periods

8.3.13 B101 The name of a site with survey abbreviation B101 remains Unknown. This site is slightly sloping northeast-southwest toward the Wadi side. The terrace raises of about 30 m above the main Wadi level. It is situated in a hilly area rich of springs and vegetation. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 13)

The site B101 is located at confluence of two Wadi, in front of a site with survey number B099. It lies about 900 m south of the village Kashkan. (Fig. 8)

The material from this site was dated to Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf, Ubaid, Mitanni, and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 311, 312).

B101

Unclear 28,44% Hassuna Hassuna 36,70% Halaf N.-Ubaid Unclear N.-Ubaid 9,17% Halaf 25,69%

Fig. 20Pottery material from B101 divided according to documented periods

8.3.14 B114 The name of a site with a survey abbreviation B114 remains Unknown. It is tell, low mound with rounded top and soft flanks. On the top are traces of stone foundation of hut-like structure made up with large pebbles and stones. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 14)

The site is situated at a confluence of the Wadi with Unknown name, in a rolling plain to the south of the Jebel Bihair chain about 5 km from the mountains. It is located about 2, 5 km from the Dohuk-Zaxo highway and 2, 3 km from the villages of Bassetki and Gre Resh. Opposite this site is a locality with a survey number the B115. (Fig. 8)

The material, which was collected, was dated to Proto-Hassuna, Hassuna, Halaf, Mitanni, Middle Assyrian, Neo Assyrian, Parthian, Roman and Islamic period. (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 338, 339).

Proto-Hassuna B114 Islamic 1,03% Parthian / Roman 2,57% 1,29% Proto-Hassuna Neo Assyrian Unclear Hassuna 1,03% 16,20% Halaf

M. Assyrian M. Assyrian 0,51% Neo Assyrian Halaf 5,40% Parthian / Roman Hassuna 71,98% Islamic Unclear

Fig. 21 Pottery material from B114 divided according to documented periods

8.3.15 B115 The name of a site with a survey number B115 remains Unknown. It is tell, low mound, which is rising of ca 12 m of the surrounding plain, with very soft flanks. Top is flattened, almost circular, covered by dry grass. Traces of a stone foundation of hut-like structure are found on this site. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 15)

It lies between two Wadi with Unknown name, in a rolling plains to the south of the Jebel Bihair chain. It is situated about 5 km from the mountains, 2, 5 km from the Dohuk-Zaxo highway and 2, 3 km from the villages of Bassetki and Gre Resh. B115 lies opposite the locality with a survey abbreviation B114. (Fig. 8)

The suggested periods of occupation are Hassuna, Halaf, Mitanni and Islamic period. (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 340, 341).

Unclear B115 0,00%

Islamic 27,83% Hassuna Halaf Islamic Halaf 2,61% Hassuna Unclear 69,57%

Fig. 22 Pottery material from B115 divided according to documented periods

8.3.16 B120 Gire Fil/Grfil is a name of a site with survey number B120. Its Kurdish toponymal is Grfil. The Arabic toponym is Tell Karfyl. The site is truncated conical tell with flat top, raising of about 7 m on the surrounding plain. The western and northern flanks are steep, while the southern and eastern flanks slope gently toward the plain. The surface on southern side littered with stones belonging to the destroyed houses. In the vicinity are presence of small springs. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 16)

The locality is situated on the western side of a deep Wadi with Unknown name. It is located about 4 km of the Jebel Bihair. At the base of tell were remains of destroyed villages of Gir Fil. (Fig. 8)

The material collected in this locality was dated to Halaf, Nineveh 5, mid-late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Roman, Late Sasanian/Early Islamic, Abbasid and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 351,352).

Halaf Ninive 5 1,35% 1,01% Mid-Late III. Mill. B120 4,22%

Halaf MB 8,61% Ninive 5 Unclear 35,14% Mid-Late III. Mill. Seleucid / Hellenistic MB 18,07% Seleucid / Hellenistic Parthian / Roman Islamic Parthian / 14,36% Roman Late Sasanian / Early Islamic 12,50% Early Islamic / Abassid Early Islamic / Late Sasanian / Abassid Early Islamic Islamic 1,35% 3,38%

Fig. 23 Pottery material from B120 divided according to documented periods

8.3.17 B134 B134 is tell with a name Gire Garmawa. The Kurdish toponym is also Gire Garmawa, It was not possible to find out the Arabic and ancient name. It is a small conical tell with height about 14 m. On the western part is line of stones of uncertain dating. On the top of tell and on its northern flank lies a modern cemetery. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 17)

Gire Garmawa is situated between two wadi northern of Semel and about 1, 4 km southern of the Ğebel Biḫair. At the western side of its food is located destroyed village Garmawa. It lies on the left site of the raod, which leads to the compound of Xalifka (Fig. 8)

Collection suggests occupation during Hassuna, Halaf, LC 1-2, Nineveh 5, Mid-Late III Mill., Middle Bronze Age, Mittani, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Partihian, Roman, Late Sasanian, Early Islamic and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016,389-391).

Hassuna 5,92% B134 LC 1-2 0,66% Hassuna Halaf Halaf Ninive 5 LC 1-2 17,76% 3,29% Ninive 5 Mid-Late III. Mill. Mid-Late III. Mill. Unclear 1,32% MB 51,97% MB Mittani Mittani 7,24% 1,97% M. Assyrian M. Assyrian 0,66% Neo Assyrian Parthian / Roman Neo Assyrian Islamic Late Sasanian / Early Islamic 0,66% 5,26% Late Sasanian / Parthian / Islamic Early Islamic Roman Unclear 0,66% 2,63%

Fig. 24 Pottery material from B134 divided according to documented periods

8.3.18 B145 The name of a site with survey abbreviation B145 has not been detected. It is a flat artefact scatter, which lies in nowadays melon field, not far from the mountains. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 18)

B145 is located in a plain, which slopes towards two wadi, approximately 1 km northeastern of Balqus. (Fig.8)

From scares amount of pottery sherds was suggested occupation during the Halaf period and Middle Bronze Age (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016 422, 423).

B145

Unclear 15,38% MB Halaf 7,69% MB

Unclear

Halaf 76,92%

Fig. 25 Pottery material from B145 divided according to documented periods

8.3.19 B146 Site name as well as Kurdish and Arabic toponym and Ancient name has not been found out. B146 is a flat site, which lies on a terrace rising about 5 m above the wadi. This site is disturbed by buildozing, which makes its detection difficult. Due to these activities it has an irregular shape and its extension was hard to identify. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 19)

B146 lies on a terrace on the eastern bank of Wadi Sawa, north of Muqable. It is situated approximately 2,5 km northeast from the village of Sarshawur and 400 m in southern direction of an industrial area of Kwasha. (Fig. 8)

The collected sherds suggested occupation during Hassuna and Halaf cultures (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 424, 425).

Halaf Hassuna 2,13% Unclear 3,19% 0,00% B146

Proto-Hassuna Hassuna Halaf Proto-Hassuna Unclear 94,68%

Fig. 26 Pottery material from B146 divided according to documented periods

8.4 Zone C: The lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin The Eastern Tigris plateau is separated by the Ğebel Biḫair or Șax-e Bixêr. From the northern, eastern and southern side it is determined by Zagros Mountains, while on western side it is opened to the Zaxo/Cizre Plain. It is possible to access to the Upper Tigris valley. The name of basin is Dașt-e Sindya. It consists from smaller and larger mountains, with elevation from 500 to 900m. There are rising two higher mountains from the east Șax-e Mangêș and Șax-e Kalȃș. The Khabur River is flowing from north-east to south west in a lot of bends. (Pfälzner, Sconzo 2015).

In this zone have been identified only 5 sites so far, which indicated the Late Neolithic assemblages. (Fig.8)

Fig. 27 Halaf sites in Zone C, The lower Zagros chain with the Khabur basin (Google Earth)

8.4.1 C002 The site with a survey number C002 is called Harina 1. It is a flat site, partially extends to the north, partially covered by the ruins of village of Harina. The surrounded environment is hilly. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 20)

It is located on northern side of the Jebel chain, on a terrace, which is about 100 m to the west side of the Wadi Harina. Harina 1 lies ca 400 m north-east from Harina 2. It is situated on the left side of the road leading to Khabur. (Fig. 8)

The material was dated to Hassuna, Halaf, Ubaid, Mitanni, Parthian, Roman, Sasanian and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 532, 533).

Neo Assyrian Post Assyrian 7,34% 0,92% C020 Seleucid / Hellenistic 9,17% Neo Assyrian Post Assyrian Parthian / Seleucid / Hellenistic Roman Unclear 15,60% Parthian / Roman 66,97% Unclear

Fig. 28 Pottery material from C002 divided according to documented periods

8.4.2 C054 The name of a site with a survey abbreviation C054 is Kerpet Ali 2. It is a flat site on a terrace, which is slopping towards the Khabur for about 10 m. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 21)

The locality is a part of a cluster of two sites, located at a distance of about 100 m on the two sides of a tiny Wadi with Unknown name and at the northern edge of the homonymous village. This site is located at the edge of a low terrace on the northern bank of Khabur River, in distance ca 300 m from river. On the eastern side is found Wadi Malo. (Fig.8)

The material was dated to Proto-Hassuna, Halaf and Ubaid period. (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 678-680).

C054

Unclear 25,53% Proto-Hassuna Proto-Hassuna 30,50% Halaf N.-Ubaid N.-Ubaid 9,93% Unclear Halaf 34,04%

Fig. 29 Pottery material from C054 divided according to documented periods

8.4.3 C062 The site with a survey abbreviation C062 is called Milham Bani Jora. The Kurdish toponymal is Milham Bani Jora. The Arabic toponymal of this site is Ras al Ain al Ulya (Upper). It is tell, a mound, with a flat top raising of about 15 m above the surrounding plain. On the eastern side the flank was cut to allocate the water tower, southern of this bulk is a modern construction. The western flank is steeper and at the base bordered by a modern channel, watered by the spring. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 22)

The site is located on the southern edge of the modern village of Milham Bani Jora, about 5 km southern of Khabur River. (Fig. 8)

The material suggests occupation during Halaf, Mid-late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Mitanni, Neo Assyrian, Parthian, Roman and Islamic period. (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 699-701).

Halaf Ninive 5 3,23% 1,61% Mittani C062 3,23% MB Neo Assyrian 6,45% Halaf 3,23% Ninive 5 Islamic MB 1,61% Mittani Neo Assyrian Unclear 80,65% Islamic Unclear

Fig. 30 Pottery material from C062 divided according to documented periods

8.4.4 C095 The Name of this site remains Unknown. It has not been detected its name, Kurdish and Arabic toponym and Ancient name. C095 extends in a triangular shape at the edge of the terrace. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 23)

C095 is situated on the Hezil Su alluvial plain, on the eastern bank of a wadi and in front of site C96. (Fig.8)

Collections suggest occupations during Halaf, LC 1-2, Middle Bronze Age, Neo- Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic and Sasanian period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 791, 792).

Halaf 6,43% LC 1-2 C095 15,71%

Unclear MB Halaf 0,71% 38,57% LC 1-2 Neo Assyrian MB 7,86% Neo Assyrian Seleucid / Hellenistic Sasanian Seleucid / Sasanian 22,14% Hellenistic 8,57% Unclear

Fig. 31 Pottery material from C95 divided according to documented periods

8.4.5. C096 For site with a survey abbreviation C096 has not been found out any name. It is a small mounding on a terrace with unknown exact measurement due to appearance of military station. (For further details see Appendix Tab. 24)

C095 lies on a terrace on the Hezil Su river, in front of site C095. (Fig.8)

Dating based on pottery indicates occupation during Halaf, LC1-2 and Uruk period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 794, 795).

Halaf C096 5,00% LC 1-2 15,00%

Halaf LC 1-2

Unclear S.-Uruk 55,00% Unclear

S.-Uruk 25,00%

Fig. 32 Pottery material from C95 divided according to documented periods

9 Background of Halaf pottery 9.1 Introduction For the first time this type of pottery was detected by John Garstang at the site Sakçe Gözü, which is nowadays located in the Turkey. The higher attention on the remains of ceramic material was paid after the excavation at Tell Halaf, conducted by Max von Oppenheim in 1911, 1927 and according to this site was pottery titled. The ceramic remains should represent a cultural tradition, which was extend in area of northern Iraq, eastern Turkey, northern and coastal Syria and eastern Lebanon. (Davidson 1977) (Fig. )

Fig. 33 Map of some Halaf sites (Roaf 1991)

9.2 Division of ware

9.2.1 Introduction For better understanding of ceramic material should be considered as a relevant establishing of proper terminology. This terminology should characterise pottery remains in more precise way to enable description and comparison of material on completely different sites. As I already mention in chapter Methodology pottery acquired during EHAS project is divided on the base of ware. According to Rice ware is “ceramic material in the raw or fired state; a class of pottery whose members share similar technology, fabric and surface treatment” (Rice 1987)

For aims of this chapter I would like to highlight that during history of research, which was focused on the Late Neolithic period, terminology was established on the base of results from single sites and researches often have not took into consideration results from another sites. According to found material they created a new, mostly own terminology. If everyone would take this approaches, knowledge would not be complex and it would not be possible to make comparison between diverse sites and regions and to find differences as well as similarities of ceramic material. The more excavations, the better possibility to get known the material and create terminology that could suit the remains from Halaf period on numerous sites.

In this subchapter I would like to present ware terminology of Halaf culture, which is based on ceramic-technological attributes. For each term will be firstly mention definition according Le Mière and Nieuwenhuyse (1996, 2006), with regard to apply these definitions for analysed ceramic material. It will be acknowledged level from excavation in Tell Sabi Abyad, in which remains of specific ceramic ware have been identified. This will be followed by a name of site, where the term was established and applied. Then what the main defining attribute of the ware have been, whether meaning of term has been changed and among aforementioned localities have had the same or similar interpretation and whether it could be still used.

Definition, which I applied, have been established at Tell Sabi Abyad, therefore in this introduction I would like to make a short foreword to this site. Tell Sabi Abyad II is a part of four mounds, which lie in the northern Syria in the upper Balikh region, approximately 2 km of the modern village Hammam et-Turkman. Occupation at Tell Sabi Abyad extends from PPNB into Halaf, then was hiatus and re-occupied in LBA, Assyrian period and. extents to 4-5 ha, but some its parts might have been during its history left empty. This site have been examined from

1986, and revealed at least 11 architectural levels from Neolithic occupation, which were divided into 3 main phases of occupation. Level 11 to level 8 were identified as Pre-Halaf phase, level 7 to level 4 as Transitional period (Proto-Halaf) and level 3 to level 1 as Early Halaf phase (Akkermans 1989, 6, 11; Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 30, 32, 33) (Fig). I would like to emphasize that published material from Tell Sabi Abyad up to now present only layers from Pre-Halaf to Early Halaf.

Fig. 34 Absolute data and stratigraphy of the excavated areas at Tell Sabi Abyad (source: Nieuwenhuyse etl al 2015, 56)

With regard to aim of this thesis is crucial to emphasis also other site and thus Chagar Bazar, where have been detected material dated also to the Middle and Late Halaf period. Chagar Bazar is a site situated in the north-eastern part of Syria, approximately 20 km south of the city Amuda in the Khabur region. The sequence at this site revealed Proto-Halaf up to Late Halaf layers, furthermore to the II millennium BC (Cruells, et al 2013, 467, 469; Cruells and Nieuwenhuyse 2004, 53, 54; Cruells 2006, 677).

The following lines will present definition of ceramic ware from the Syria to show what characteristic of each ware have been in Syria attested. This do not suggest that the same type of ware might be documented also in Iraqi Kurdistan or even that particular type of ware has the same attributes. It serves as basis for a research question: whether these terms might be/might be not used in the studied region, to what degree is the well documented northern Syrian classification applicable to Iraqi Kurdistan, even if are in Iraqi Kurdistan in surveyed region find the same wares, which look the same as in northern Syria.

9.2.2 Standard Ware (SW)/Coarse Ware (CO) The Standard Ware and the Coarse Ware are two different names for one type of ware, which has the same attributes. The term Coarse Ware was used e.g. in Tell Amarna, at the beginning of examination also in the Sabi Abyad. It was for the first time applied at Yarim Tepe II, where one category of a ceramic material was called the Coarse Ware. Thick-walled and flat based jars and bowls have been dominant among the Coarse Ware. The colour of Coarse Ware was usually dark brown and the quality of clay and firing was poor, with a great amount of vegetable temper. (Merpert, Munchaev 1987, 10). Definition made by soviet archaeologists fits to the category Standard Ware/Coarse Ware.

During the excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad in 1989 was used the term the Coarse Ware. The Coarse Ware was defined by roughly and irregular shape with thick wall and mainly with chopped straw temper. The mineral temper occurred only seldom and only with combination of plant inclusions. The core showed a dark core, or so called sandwich pattern, what demonstrated an incomplete oxidation process. The surface indicated traces of scraping in most cases. Decoration in this type of ware have not been very common and burnishing appeared sporadically. The colour of surface have been usually brown or orange-brown (Akkermans 1989, 81, 86).This definition and name Coarse ware have been renamed as Standard Ware in 1996.

Term Standard ware was established during excavation at site Tell Sabi Abyad in Syria in 1996. Le Mière and Nieuwenhuyse (1996) stated, that this type of ware do not represent a homogenous ware, but rather variety of ceramics groups, which cannot be identified with certainty. Examined pottery from Tell Sabi Abyad was sorted according to presence or absence of plant inclusions, the size and quantity of plant inclusions and mineral inclusions, the surface treatment and the thickness of the fabric. When these features were analysed, either in combination or separately, it has not lead to recognition of specific wares within the Standard

Ware (Le Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 129). After more analyses have been made more precise definition and it lead to subgroups that are already aforementioned.

According to Nieuwenhuyse (2006) this type of ware is characterised by the use mainly of plant tempered clay fabric, which varies in amount, but also mineral inclusions might occur in temper and thus calcite, siltstone and iron-oxide siltstone. Surface colour range from pink, to reddish brown to grey brown. Analyses of material from Tell Sabi Abyad showed that this pottery might have been fired during a short interval. This have been suggested due to frequent dark grey to black cores resulting from incomplete burning out of plant inclusions (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 70, 71). It seems, that there is a relation between presence/absence of plant inclusions and wall thickness and rim diameter. Thickness of sherds, which do not have plant inclusions is lower than those with them. Furthermore there is a link between presence and size of plant inclusions and surface treatment e.g. slipped pottery contain small size plant inclusions, burnished ceramic consist of height amount of small-plant inclusions etc. Smoothing and burnishing are more common in material without plant inclusions. (Le Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 131-132, Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 70-71)

There have been slightly differences among ware in various stages of Halaf period e.g. during Pre-Halaf was typical smoothing of surface, pottery was lightly coloured and it occurred self-slip. Shapes of ceramic were simple and monotonous (Le Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 135; Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 72). For decoration were typical painting, appliqué, impression and incision. Colour of painting was red and design consists of triangles, organized in horizontal zones and sometimes lined by chevrons. Appliqué was limited only to blobs and crescents, which were horizontally fixed. Impressions are commonly used with painting and used for dotted lines, vertical or oblique bands of parallel, straight lines, horizontal wavy bands. Paintings and appliqué are found from level 11 forward, incision from level 10 forward and pattern-burnishing from level 8 onwards. (Le Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 138; Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 177).

Transitional period, which are level 7 to 4 at Tell Sabi Abyad showed increase of material with large plant inclusions and with large mineral inclusion. It occurred pottery, which is mainly buff and pinkish-red and as new appeared cream and orange-red colours. It have been detected decline of application of slip as well red-slip and self-slip and burnishing, whereas amount of smoothened pottery increased in level 6, decrease in level 5 and again increase in level 4. During this period have been reported also reduction in size of vessel. Generally pottery was less carefully finished. On the other hand appeared three new ware and those from Pre- 67

Halaf showed some evolution. Techniques of decoration were painting, appliqué, incision, impression, pattern-burnishing and occasionally combination of them. The paint was mainly red and burnished, sometimes black and in the earliest level occur bitumen Design consist of triangles either plain, or crosshatched, parallel lines, chevrons and herringbones. Impressions have been made with comb to produce dotted lines, straight wavy bands and shallow lines. Incisions consist of chevrons, zigzags, lines, crosshatched triangles, group of linear incisions in zones. Plastic decoration contain blobs and horizontal crescents and was restricted only to level 6. (Le Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 144, 150, 156; Nieuwenhuyse 2006: 73, 114)

During the Early Halaf Period began reduction in morphological variability. The ceramic material were plain, coarsely made with roughly smoothed surface, sometimes appeared traces of finger-pressing and scraping. It have been reported stopping of using slip (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 73, 113)

At Chagar Bayar during the Early Halaf was reducing of coarse ware, especially of Red Slip wares (Cruels et al 2013, 473).

Standard Ware might have been divided into categories according to ceramic technology, vessel shape and decorative style. According to the decorative style it is possible to determine various groups among Standard ware. They furthermore differ in ceramic technology and in shape and size of vessels. It is possible to identify Painted Standard Ware, Red-slipped Standard Ware, White-slipped Standard Ware, Red-painted Standard Ware, Incised Standard Ware, Impressed Standard Ware, Appliqué Standard Ware and Bitumen- painted Standard Ware. These techniques contained in name of these subgroups might be used also in combination and could give a name to further subgroups. Incised, impressed, appliqué and bitumen-painted have been associated with coarse plant-tempered fabrics (chopped straw), whereas red-slipped and red-painted might have been associated with fine plant-tempered fabrics (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 177, 179).

9.2.3 Standard Fine Ware/Standard Hassuna/Samarra Fine Ware Although scholars are using as well this terminology, there are more problems with its applying. The first problem rise from term Samarra pottery. It is still uncertain, whether it represents cultural tradition or separate technological tradition conversely indicating only a style of pottery decoration. For a better understanding of this type of ware is important to examine pottery according technological criteria such as choice and preparation of raw material, shaping methods and firing techniques (Nieuwenhuyse et al 2001, 148, 149).

Analyses from examined pottery from Tell Sabi Abyad shows that ceramic material, which is classified as this type of ware, was reported from the earliest so called Proto-Halaf levels. Sherds were made of finely textured clay, which contain mainly mineral inclusions or even no inclusions were visible. The pottery was usually completely oxidized, or slightly reduced with the dark grey, or black section, which appeared only with combination of plant inclusion. The colour of surface have been reported buff, cream greenish, grey, red, brown or orange. Its surface have been in most cases carefully smoothed, burnished wash or a self-slip. Most of sherds was painted with black or brown colour in matt lustrous. The painting decoration might appear also with a combination of impression (Le Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 161-163).

9.2.4 Grey Black Ware/ Grey Burnished Ware Nieuwenhuyse (2006) and Le Mière (2000) defined that this ceramic ware resulted from combination of purposely reduced firing with other technological and stylistic aspects and thus fabric, surface treatment, vessel size and decorative style.

It seemed, that for production of Grey Black Ware was chosen fine clay, which indicate plant inclusions of small size and small quantities and fine minerals such as dark-grey sand, calcite, limestone, siltstone, quartz or basalt. Fabric of ceramic material depend on the size and function of vessel. Sherds with coarser plant fabric had thickener walls and rim diameter. Grey Black Ware from Tell Sabi Abyad with chipped straw and dung had average thickness 10 mm, 8 mm and 7 mm. The average rim diameter was 16 cm, 13 cm and 13 mm. Small vessels with thinner walls were made of finer fabric and more often have been decorated mostly with incising and/or pattern burnishing (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 75, 76).

For shaping technique has been used coiling, which was in exterior surface in some cases not visible due to burnishing and/or smoothing, whereas in the interior side might be seen traces of smearing, scraping and finger-pressing and burnishing only bellow rim. Some bowls indicated that slipping might precede firing and during the firing process potters decided whether particular vessel will be Standard Ware or Grey-Black Ware (Nieuwenhuyse 2006:76).

Section of this type of ware were often completely dark and due to end reduction appears so called sandwich effect. Surface had homogenous dark grey to black colour. Occasionally happened, that surface was even darker then core. If vessel contain larger quantities of vegetal inclusions, it might cause darker cores due to incomplete burning-out of plant composition and might appear double sandwich effect (Nieuwenhuyse 2006:76-77).

Reduced firing in Balikh appeared already in earlier stages, around 6 600 BC. Through time have been observed technological and stylistic changes e.g. during the Transitional period have been decreased of plant temper and increased in fine fabric (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 77).

In comparison with other types of ware Grey-Black Ware had smaller size with thinner walls. Therefore might be interpreted as “mobile pottery”. Burnishing of this pottery might reduce porosity and could be appropriate for using by individuals for food serving and consumption. Among shapes have been identified different types of bowls and jars (Nieuwenhuyse 2006: 130-131)

During Pre-Halaf occurred various decoration motifs. For decoration were used different techniques such as incising, impressing, appliqué and pattern-burnishing. Incising and impressing were most used techniques for decoration. Impressed motifs have been made during dying by sharply pointed tool. For impressing were used either sharply pointed tools to create short stabs or shell or comb, which were used for making rows of chevrons, diagonal lines and zigzags. Pattern-burnishing motifs constituted of diagonal cross-hatching. Amount of decorated pottery have been changing through time, during the Transitional period quantity of decorated pottery decreased and in Early Halaf disappeared completely and vessels were left plain. (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 202, 204).

Term Grey Burnished Ware have been for the first time used by Ismail Hijara in Tell Arpachiyah. According to Hijara Grey Burnished Ware was made of pure clay and grit temper, with thick walls and in the section it shows carbonization. On the other hand this definition made by Hijara correspond to the Mineral Coarse Ware from Tell Sabi Abyad (Nieuwenhuyse 2006). Hijara furthermore suggested, that most of this vessels of the Grey Burnished Ware were used as cooking pots (Hijara 1978, 143).

At Sabi Abyad in 1989 was established Grey Black Ware category. For the Grey Black Ware was typical grey or black surface colour with end reduction, which showed a dark core. In most cases was this pottery burnished. This type have had always mineral temper, lime or fine sand with a brittle and granular texture (Akkermans 1989, 82, 93).

The report from 1996 from Tell Sabi Abyad divided more precisely the ceramic assemblages. Grey black ware have been characterised by the very fine fabric, with mineral inclusions, that are smaller than 0, 5 mm and plant inclusions smaller than 1 mm in diameter. Most of Grey Black Ware had plant inclusions. The colour of surface was the grey or rarely black. This characteristics colour was produced intentionally, in comparison with Dark-Faced

Burnished Ware, where it was because of the used clay. The wall thickness in Tell Sabi Abyad was average 7 - 4 mm and was decorated by comb-impression, incision or pattern-burnishing. (Le Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 128, 147).

This category is still not well understood and therefore there is a requirement for more material and comparison approach for assuming relevant conclusions and defining, what is hidden behind this term. Analyses from excavate sites revealed occurring of purposely reduced pottery, for which this term have been applied.

9.2.5 Mineral Coarse Ware Mineral Coarse Ware represents small minority group during the Pre-Halaf and Transitional period in site Tell Sabi Abyad. For this type of ware is typical coarse, granular fabric with large amount of crushed minerals and intentionally added crystalline calcite. Deliberately might have been added also shell, grog and basalt (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 77). Colour varies from buff to grey and dark (Le Mière and Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 128). According to found traces it was suggested coiling shaping technique. Walls had regular thickness (13 mm) with often applied lugs, which might be utilized for holding (Nieuwenhuyse 2006: 78; La Mière and Picon 2001, 180).

This ware is frequently burnished as exterior as interior and also lugs, what might effected porosity of the vessels and reduced it. (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 78). Any changes have been reported during the time so far, only in quantity. Limited amount have been reported in Pre-Halaf and progressive rise at the end of the Transitional Period. In Early Halaf have been noted growing of Mineral Coarse Ware and on the other hand decreasing of Dark Faced Burnished Ware (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 136).

Mineral Coarse Ware did not showed huge variety in vessel morphology. The hole- mouth shapes, strong lugs and burnishing, which effect porosity and traces of black saat suggested utilization as cooking ware. But on the base of analyses and their results have been demonstrated, according to inclusion and functional attributes might be this type of ware also divided into subgroups. One only one of them could be suitable and defined as ‘cooking ware’ (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 135).

During the Pre-Halaf period and Transition period occurred only in small amount and its signification slowly increase during Early Halaf, when on the other hand is disappearing Dark Faced Burnishing Ware (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 136). 71

Mineral Coarse Ware was introduced at Tell Sabi Abyad in 1996 report. (Le Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 128) It is proposed that it might have been imported product, but due to extreme fragility it is implausible, because this hypothesis would suggest that it had to move far and furthermore raw material might be accessible also for local production (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 79).

9.2.6 Dark-Faced Burnished Ware The term Dark-Face Burnished Ware have been for the first time used by the R. Braidwood during his examination of Amuq region.

This type of ware express group, which was exchanged over large areas, but its origin remains still unknown. This suggestion of exchange is based on its inclusions and particularly amphibole mineral, which do not occur in northern Syria, but its source might have been in north-western Syria or Cilicia. It should be taken in consideration that amphibole occurs also in the Zagros and Taurus mountains (Nieuwenhuyse 2006:79, 81).

According to researches it is not a homogenous category, what have been reflected also in results of analyses, which showed at least six distinctive groups with possibility of further division. As a base might for further division served differentiation into ‘western’ and ‘eastern’ varieties. Variety support also features such as ridged profiles and decorative style, which is displayed in painted and incised curvilinear designs east of Euphrates. In the western group have been reported its characteristic shapes, decorative styles, vessels with thickened lip and decoration consist of nail-impression (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 82-83).

Fabric of Dark-Faced Burnished Ware at Tell Sabi Abyad have been identified as homogenous. It contain large amount and often very large (<2 mm) black inclusions without plant, rock fragments, sometimes tuff stone, feldspar, quartz, iron siltstone and biotite. Analyses showed impermeability and resistant to thermal shock, what might indicate using as ‘cooking ware’ (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 79-80, 139).

As shaping process even due to scarcity amount of traces has been suggested coiling method. Exterior surface was treat by burnishing and/or smoothing. Interior was less burnished and limited only on the area below rim, what allowed detection of shaping process. Pattern burnishing have been reported from Pre-Halaf and Early Halaf levels. Typical colour was chocolate brown, but its colour often varies from black and grey to dark reddish grey, dusky red, and very dusky red, reddish brown, reddish grey, reddish brown and reddish-black. Use of

slip might result in bright cherry-red colour. Its colour might have been as a result of used clay and not firing process (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 80).

Dark Faced Burnished Ware have been identified as multifunctional category due to strong resistance to thermal and physical stress and impermeability to liquids. Among this have been reported jars, pots, bowls and re-used jar necks. Vessel had usually ridged profile, what might be used as a defining feature. Its rims were mostly plain and simple, but pointed also occurred.

Decoration of Dark-Faced Burnished Ware involved slipping, incising, painting and pattern-burnishing. Incising might occurred in combination with slipping and/or painting. The decoration emerge mainly in exterior surface, whereas interior surface was either undecorated or along rim. In comparison with other groups reported from Tell Sabi Abyad decorations motifs were quite simple and were applied repeatedly on other vessels. The most comon decoration have been red-slipping of whole vessel. Painting and incising occurred mainly in the upper body of jars. Pattern-burnishing have been determine only in 1% of vessels and included chevrons, parallel diagonal lines and triangular designs. Amount of decorated pottery during periods have been slowly declined, in Tell Sabi Abyad was reported from Pre-Halaf levels amount of 80% decorated pottery, and 50% at the end of the Transitional period. (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 205-206).

It might have been used due to its technological attributes as storage facility, but on the other hand its dimensions were smaller and therefore not suitable for bulk storage as Standard Ware have been. It was also suitable for storage of liquids as well as its serving. In this type of ware have been observed progressive changes concerning its function in favour of cooking ware whereas its utilization for consumption and food-serving as well as displaying might be on regression. This might be confirmed also by decreasing amount of decorated vessel. Slowly have been replaced by Mineral Coarse Ware and Standard Fine Ware (Nieuwenhuyse 2006: 81, 139-140).

9.2.7 Orange Fine Ware. Despite its name Orange Fine Ware temper have been identified as relatively coarse with large mineral inclusions (>2 mm), which varied in colour from orange to reddish orange, dark grey and/or black, what depended also on the way of firing. Among mineral inclusions have been detected mudstone/mudrock, limestone/microfosills, siltstone, compounds of iron, little quartz. Although mineral inclusions have been prevalent, it has occurred also plant

inclusions in small amount and in small size (<2 mm). The fine clay composition suggest purposely adding manure to clay. Its coarseness might be reflected in its thickness, the coarser the thicker. According to clay composition has not been suggested any further division of this ware, only variety inside this group (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 85-86).

On the base of visible coils have been suggested coiling shaping methods. Furthermore bowl’s base have been made from pressing a mound, which served as a base for adding coils. The surface treatment indicate smearing and scraping observed mainly on the larger vessels on the interior side. The exterior surface have been smoothed or burnished. Red slipped sherds might be at the same time burnished (40%). A light colour self-slip also occurred, what might be consequence from smoothing with hands and/or wet cloth (5%). Temperature of firing seems to be not so much over 800 °C and firing might have been done during short intervals. (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 86).

During different periods Orange Fine Ware have become less well finished. Surface treatment decreased from 60% at the beginning of Transitional period to 25% in Level 5. Also plant inclusion occurred in the Transitional period. Surface have been roughly-smoothed with traces of scraping and pressing. During this period red slip slowly disappeared and occurred paintings decoration (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 85, 86).

Prevalent amount of Orange Fine Ware have been bowls with relatively thick walls. At Tell Sabi Abyad these thickness varied from 8 mm to 9 mm in Level 9 and from 6 to 14 mm in Level 7. Rims of vessels were simple, pointed, flat, bevelled outwards or slightly pinched. In some cases have been reported also loop handles, usually bowls had them in the lower part, close to the base, whereas jars used to have them in the upper part of the body (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 87, 143).

It seems, that in a case of Orange Fine Ware size, shape and decoration might be related. Therefore this ware might be divided into small to medium vessels, where occurred more complex design structures and large vessels with simple decoration style. In comparison with Standard Fine Ware also Orange Fine Ware might have been used for various occasions. Small and medium-large jars, which occurred with more complex decorative styles might have been used for public demonstration in serving and drinking. Large jars with tall necks might be suitable in the pouring of liquids and generally large jars also for storage of dry goods and liquids (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 145).

This type of ware is frequently decorated, mainly with slipping and painting. It might occurred also incising and appliqué in combination with painting. In the earliest levels (L8 to L6) decoration appears mainly in the exterior surface, which have been divided into bands. During the Transitional periods (L5 to L4) occurred decoration in the interior’s rims, which consists of simple motifs, single band or paint and/or row of short diagonal lines along the rim. Decoration in the exterior surface did not occur below the carination and/or below the point of maximum vessel diameter. From Tell Sabi Abyad have been reported wide range of motifs, among popular have been diagonal lines, diagonal crosshatching, chevrons and solid triangles (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 207-210).

Although this type of ware is known from numerous Late Neolithic sites in Syria for the first time have been defined at a site Tell Sabi Abyad (La Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 160). It seems to be restricted to the Balikh valley, northeaster-Syria, area along the Khabur River and south Syria along the Euphrates River. These sites have been dated to the Transitional period in the Balikh Valley, about 6 100- 5 900 BC, whereas in the north-eastern Syria sites have been dated to the Proto-Hassuna period. At Tell Bouqras it is a part of a Proto-Hassuna assemblages, while at Tell Baghouz appeared also in ‘classic’ Samarra assemblages. So far have not been identified in Iraqi Jezirah (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 87) (Fig.).

Fig. 35 The distribution of Orange Fine Ware 1.Tell Sabi Abyad; 2.Tell Mounbatah; 3.Khirbet al-Haramie; 4.Tell Wazgol; 5.Tell Boueid II; 6.Tell Asnane Foqani; 7. KS11 bis; 8.Tell esh-Shour Gharbi; 9.Tell Kdich; 10.Ain el Qerd; 11.Tell Khaneke 12.Tell Baqar;

13. Tell Rhazal Tahtani; 14.Tell Jhach; 15.Tell Nisibin; 16.Tell Raheke; 17.Tell Khazna II; 18.Chagar Bazar; 19.Tell Bouqras; 20.Tell Baghouz; 21. Hakemi Use; (source Nieuwenhuyse 2006,86) 9.2.8 Fine Painted Ware Fine Painted Ware showed fine clay temper, carefully finished surface and mostly painted decorative style. Macroscopically were not visible any plant inclusions only small mineral inclusions, which were small (<0,5mm) lime particles or sand. Colour of this type of vessel have been reported as pale brown or pink. Vessel are usually small size with thin walls. At Tell Sabi Abyad have been found vessels with height up to 10 cm and with maximum rim diameter 15 cm. Rims were often plain, but also pointed, pinched or beaded. Those vessels with almost miniature-size might have been produced by pinching, whereas the others probable with coiling method and excess clay might have been removed by scraping. Surface treatment indicate smoothing and burnishing, sometimes light-coloured self-slip or even red-slip appeared. This type of ware occur during Transitional period (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 87-88, 147- 148).

Decorative motifs are varied and mostly on each vessels were quite unique. Besides painting have been applied also impressing and incising, but only in combination with painting. Impression was made by thin brushes and restricted to the shoulders of jars. Among design, which have been reported belong horizontal rows of horizontal and/or diagonal stabs and fields filled by rounded dots. Painted motifs have been reported in bounded way, although horizontal undulating lines have been appeared. Furthermore also diagonal crosshatching, diagonally crosshatched zigzags, lozenges, stepped patterns, crosshatching bands. Decoration appeared on the exterior surface, although in some cases in the interior rim is a band of paint (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 211-213).

At Yarim Tepe II during an excavation was divided the category Painted Ware. The vessels of Painted Ware are slipped and burnished, their colour is usually brown, cream, rose or white. The form of vessel is similar to the smoothed pottery but more variable. Five diverse type of bowls among Painted Ware were establish, each one painted on the exterior and also interior side (Merpert and Munchaev 1987, 29-30).

During the excavation at Sabi Abyad in 1989 was distinguished Fine Ware. It has finely texture clay and usually is lime-tempered. The pottery is well fired. The colour of surface are light, cream or buff. The majority of this type ceramic is painted. (Akkermans 1989) This have been further enlarged. At Tell Sabi Abyad have been Fine Painted Ware distinguished as a new ceramic ware (Le Mière and Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 160, 169-170). It might seemed that Tell

Sabi Abyad might have been the only excavated Late Neolithic site, where this category was distinguished. In the Balikh valley occurred also another site Tell Mounbatah, where this ware was detected (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 87).

9.2.9 Halaf Fine Ware At Tell Sabi Abyad have been Halaf Fine Ware slowly evolved during the Transitional Period (Level 7 –Level 4) from the Standard Fine Ware and further appeared during Level 3 to Level 1. As its name suggested, it had relatively soft fabric. As decoration have been identified not only painting but also impressing and incising, which have been limited to the Transitional period and during the Early Halaf remain only painting. Decoration became through time more complex, what is reflected also in increasing amount of decoration zones. Early Halaf pottery displayed geometrical designs mostly in ‘unbounded’ way, plants, trees, animals, which were surrounded by dots. The interior surface have been mostly left plain, or if it was decorated then in simpler way than exterior surface. On a base of its decoration has been suggested displaying in public during serving and consumption of liquids (Nieuwenhuyse 2006, 165, 213, 221)

Halaf Fine Ware have been evolved from monochrome to polychrome pottery. At Yarim Tepe have been found in the last layers before Ubaid levels.

At site Tell Arpachiyah Hijara tried to distinguish slightly more precisely Halaf pottery. He divided Halaf pottery to Halaf Fine Ware, Halaf Medium Ware and Halaf Soft Ware (Hijara 1976, 141). Halaf Fine Ware defined as a ceramic material, where some sherds are burnished and have chalky-white slip (Hijara 1997, 24, 67).

10 Description of a ceramic material from EHAS 10.1 Introduction In this chapter I would like to present a description of the ceramic material from three sites collecting during EHAS project, each one is located in a different zone. The environmental condition and surroundings of particular zone were already mentioned in a chapter Sites with Halaf pottery.

I would like to highlight that this material came from a survey and therefore a state of preservation of collected sherds does not have to be in a very good conditions and these remains are often fragmented. Due to lack information from investigated area on the Late Neolithic assemblages I decided to include also this material to show what kind of material might be expected in further examination.

From the pottery which was collected in a survey were selected a diagnostics sherds, what means that they were fragments of rims, bases or bodies, which were decorated. Among collected sherds there were found no remains of completely preserved vessel or profile, lug, handle, lid or a strainer. So far have been recorded only rims, bodies and body sherds.

This is only a preliminary effort to present a variety of Halaf pottery in surveyed area. For analysing and defining was used comparison method with a material from excavations. Division to the different type of ceramic ware have been made on the base of classification evolved in Tell Sabi Abyad. This site in situated in Syria and in order to this fact should be taken in consideration also regional variability.

In frame of examination of sherds have been studied a shape of vessel, decoration technique and its motifs, size and technology. For a definition of colour was used in advance defined colour system, which is used for the aims of the survey. This colour system was derive from Munsell colour system and was simplified (see Appendix 2).

10.2 Zone A: The Tigris valley In this area was determined so far only one site, where the Halaf pottery was detected. On the site A006 with a Kurdish toponymal Gire Tusana (Fig.1) was found a total amount of 140 sherds. It goes about the site which might be occupied from the Late Neolithic until Islamic time. I would like to point out, that at the site with survey name A006 were found only two Halaf body sherds. In order to this fact I would like to emphases that because of the lack of

data, on this bases could not came to relevant conclusion. My point is to show the collected material to know, what kind of material we could expect in this region in the next studies.

Fig. 36 Gire Tusana in Zone A, The Tigris valley

10.2.2. Halaf Fine Ware Both body sherds recorded on this site did not have any visible plant inclusions only minerals such as dark material and chalk. Matrix showed firing under oxidizing circumstances. Exterior surface was carefully smoothed, with slip and only in the interior were detected traces of scraping. Decoration on both sherds was only on the exterior surface and polychrome. On the base of aforementioned data were remains from this site identified as Halaf Fine Ware.

10.3 Zone B: The Eastern Tigris plateau From a commencement of a survey there were already identified 19 sites with Halaf occupation on the Tigris plateau. The site with main amount of Halaf pottery was a site with a survey abbreviation B03 called Basetki 3. This mound is located close to the excavations site Bassetki in the direction to the north-east and approximately 100 m from its lower town. Just about 300 sherds were dated to Late Neolithic period. The lowest amount of sherds were found on the sites B046, B054 and B056 with amount only 1 sherd.

For aims of this theses I choose a site with survey abbreviation B032, which name remains Unknown. On this site was collected sherds of total amount of 110, which I consider as a sufficient quantity. On B032 were found remains only from Halaf occupation.

Fig. 37 B32 in in Zone B, The Eastern Tigris plateau

10.3.1 Standard Ware To Standard Ware have been categorized 9 sherds from collection. Temper of linked sherds contain large amount of vegetal inclusions and sometimes also dark material or calcspar or chalk particles appeared. The firing circumstances varied from completely firing to completely reduced. On the bases of aforementioned data, were remains from this site identified as Standard Ware.

10.3.2 Standard Fine Ware Among collected material have been 68 sherds identified to this category. This was on the base of its temper, where have not been detected any vegetal particles and mainly it consist from large amount of small chalk particles or even no microscopically inclusion have been observed. Among the firing circumstances prevail oxidizing, or it appears also slightly incompletely oxidizing, or even end reduction. Most of this sherd have also painted decoration, mostly on the exterior side, but sporadically also in the interior. In aframe f this category I

would subdivide also the Standard Fine Ware Red Painted and the Standard Fine Ware White slipped.

Standard Fine Ware Red painted To this category is ranked only 4 sherds, but I anyway decided to establish this category. Each one is characteristic by the red painted decoration, which spread all over the sherds, in the exterior surface, but sometimes also in the interior surface. The temper show small chalk. Firing express oxidizing circumstances.

Standard Fine Ware White slipped Although to this category are link only 3 sherds I also decided to establish this category. Temper of these sherds consists either from small amount of chalk or dark material. Its firing was conducted in oxidizing circumstances, although one sherd show reducing..

10.3.3Halaf Fine Ware To this category have been ordered only one sherds, which showed polychrome decoration. Its temper consist from chalk material and show oxidizing firing circumstances.

10.4 Zone C: The lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin Since the beginning of the survey in 2013 there was identified only 5 sites with possible Halaf occupation in zone C so far. On the site C02, called Harina 1 was found the ceramic material also from Halaf periods in amount of 74 sherds. On this site was also found Hassuna and Ubaid ceramic material. Because of amount of sherds I choose this site to examine. On the site C054, called Kerpet Ali 2 was found 48 sherds of Halaf pottery, as well Proto-Hassuna and Ubaid. On the site C062 with a name Milham Bani Jora were identified only 2 sherds from a Late Neolithic period. The dating suggests the occupation until Islamic time with a hiatus during Assyrian period. On the site C002 with name Harina 1 was collected total amount of 162 sherds. The occupation might start during the Hassuna with continuation to Halaf and Obeid and then was a gap in occupation until the Sasanian and Islamic period.

Fig. 38 C002 in Zone C, The lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin 10.4.1 Standard Ware To this category was linked only one sherd fragment with vegetal temper and chalk particles.

10.4.2 Standard Fine Ware Among Standard Fine Ware Have been ordered 52 sherds. These sherds show temper mainly with large amount of small chalk particles, without any other inclusions. The surface is smoothed or roughly smoothed.

10.4.3 Halaf Fine Ware Among Halaf Ware have been linked 5 sherds. Its temper do not differ from temper which have the Standard Fine Ware. They have also large amount of small chalk particles. Although some difference occur in the surface colour, which is red, red beige.Firing circumstances are mainly oxidizing.

11 Conclusion

The main goal of this bachelor thesis was to process Halaf material from the EHAS Project conduced in the Iraqi Kurdistan. The region, where this survey is conducted has not been examined yet, therefore I met with problems of classification of ceramic material. Furthermore this material was collected during the survey, what means, that most of sherds have been fragmented, might be affected by post-depositional processes, as well as human’s and animal’s action.

Material was analysed from three different zones, which were established according to geomorphological attributes. It goes about the Zone A - The Tigris Valley, Zone B - The Eastern Tigris Plateau and the Zone C - the Lower Zagros chains with the Khabur Basin. Any material has been documented from Zone D and Zone E, which might be caused either by not so well examination of particular zones, but also by absence of Halaf occupation in particular regions. Answer to this question will be possible to find after further investigation of these areas.

In the Zone A have been reported Halaf occupation only from one site, which has survey abbreviation A006 and Kurdish toponymal Gire Tusana. At this site were found only two fragmented remains of Halaf ceramic, which were suggested to order to Halaf Fine Ware. On the bases of only two sherds I do not dare to come to conclusions, which phase of the Halaf period might be this site occupied. It should be also taken into consideration that only two sherds might have at this site occured by accidence and it do no necessarily attest Halaf occupation on this site.

In the Zone B have been identified Halaf occupation on 18 sites. For purposes of this thesis was chosen site with survey abbreviation B032. On this sites have been detected Standard Ware, Standard Fine Ware with further subdivision to Standard Ware Red painted and Standard Ware White-Slipped and one Halaf Fine Ware Sherds, which present polychrome decoration and thus might serve indicate for the dating to the Late Halaf period. This might date the occupation on this site from the Hassuna/Samarra period through the Halaf period, more precisely until to the Late Halaf Period. On the other hand, only one sherd express polychrome decoration and this sherds might also occur only by accidence on this site. Until there will be found more sherds, which suggested also the Late Halaf occupation, it is not precise to claim this.

In the Zone C were documented 5 sites with possible Halaf occupation. On the site Harina 1, which were chosen for further analyses of author of this thesis, were prevalent amount of Standard Fine Ware. 52 sherds have been listed to this category. Only one sherd was identified with vegetal temper and chalk particles and was rank to the Standard Ware. On this site have been found also 5 sherds, which were suggested to the Halaf Fine Ware. This might date the occupation on this site from the Hassuna/Samarra period through the Halaf period, which exact period has not been identified.

Analysed material express, that in surveyed region might be expected also Hassuna/Samarra occupation as well as Halaf occupation. Further analyses might come with more precise results. Furthermore I would suggested for the area, where the survey is conducted also excavation project, which might reveal stratigraphical sequence with Halaf material and enlighten Neolithic occupation in this region.

Appendix 1 Description of Neolithic sites Tab. 1 Description of site A006 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation A006

Site Name Gire Tusana

Kurdish toponymal Gire Tusana

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 269884, 17 /4098670, 59

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA

Geomorphology

Site description Tell

Shape Conical

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 0, 46

Length (m) 79,077

Length (m) 73,361

Height (m) 5

Height a. s. l. (m) 335

Tab. 2 Description of site B003 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B003

Site Name Bassetki 3

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 297455, 61/ 4093189, 87

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA

Geomorphology

Site description Tell

Shape Conical

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 2, 84

Length (m) 226, 137

Length (m) 156, 613

Height (m) 11

Height a. s. l. (m) 533

Tab. 3 Description of site B010 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B010

Site Name Unknown

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 294011, 79/4097589, 04

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA

Geomorphology

Site description Tell

Shape Conical

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 1, 18

Length (m) 136, 755

Length (m) 108, 648

Height (m) 5

Height a. s. l. (m) 567

Tab. 4 Description of site B011 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B011

Site Name Muqable_1/Gire Gozel

Kurdish toponymal Gire Gozel

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 299026, 34/4088020, 47

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA

Geomorphology

Site description Hilltop site

Shape Conical

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 1, 01

Length (m) 134, 275

Length (m) 97, 797

Height (m) 5

Height a. s. l. (m) 467

Tab. 5 Description of site B012 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B012

Site Name Muqable 2

Kurdish toponymal Muqable

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 298772, 88/4087882, 95

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA

Geomorphology

Site description Hilltop site

Shape Irregular

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 3, 71

Length (m) 262, 419

Length (m) 194, 247

Height (m) 10

Height a. s. l. (m) 469

Tab. 6 Description of B013 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B013

Site Name Muqable 3/Kharabe

Kurdish toponymal Kharabe

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 298928, 74/4087720, 26

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA

Geomorphology

Site description Tell

Shape Truncated Conical

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 2, 34

Length (m) 205, 311

Length (m) 149, 067

Height (m) 9

Height a. s. l. (m) 463

Tab. 7 Description of site B015 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B015

Site Name Gire Salu

Kurdish toponymal Gire Salu

Arabic toponymal Tell Salu

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 293130, 93/4093678, 33

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA

Geomorphology

Site description Tell

Shape Conical

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 0, 57

Length (m) 85, 087

Length (m) 84, 179

Height (m) 2

Height a. s. l. (m) 505

Tab. 8 Description of site B015 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B015

Site Name Gire Salu

Kurdish toponymal Gire Salu

Arabic toponymal Tell Salu

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 293130, 93/4093678, 33

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA

Geomorphology

Site description Tell

Shape Conical

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 0, 57

Length (m) 85, 087

Length (m) 84, 179

Height (m) 2

Height a. s. l. (m) 505

Tab. 9 Description of site B016 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B016

Site Name Bamir 1

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 294229, 21/4089078, 11

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by interviews

Geomorphology

Site description Blufftop site

Shape Irregular

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 2, 15

Length (m) 259, 752

Length (m) 110, 108

Height (m) 19

Height a. s. l. (m) 463

Tab. 10 Description of site B032 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B032

Site Name Unknown

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 299626,22/4089205,82

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing

Geomorphology

Site description Hilltop site

Shape Irregular

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 2, 15

Length (m) 201, 421

Length (m) 142, 575

Height (m) 16

Height a. s. l. (m) 493

Tab. 11 Description of site B046 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B046

Site Name Kardis 1

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 299072, 99/4083203, 22

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA

Geomorphology

Site description Hilltop site

Shape Irregular

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 8, 14

Length (m) 414, 85

Length (m) 356, 188

Height (m) 13

Height a. s. l. (m) 420

Tab. 12 Description of site B056 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B056

Site Name Balqus 4

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 297732, 61/4093260, 44

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery Off-site/chance

Geomorphology

Site description Artefact scatter

Shape Oval

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 0, 16

Length (m) 58, 915

Length (m) 33, 703

Height (m) 1

Height a. s. l. (m) 527

Tab. 13 Description of site B101 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B101

Site Name Unknown

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 284960, 45/4098795, 36

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery Off-site/chance

Geomorphology

Site description Bluff top site

Shape Triangular

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 1, 79

Length (m) 188, 741

Length (m) 145, 427

Height (m) 28

Height a. s. l. (m) 472

Tab. 14 Description of site B114 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B114

Site Name Unknown

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 299574, 68/4093625, 62

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing

Geomorphology

Site description Tell

Shape hemispherical

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 5, 02

Length (m) 296, 956

Length (m) 213, 115

Height (m) 14

Height a. s. l. (m) 558

Tab. 15 Description of site B115 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B115

Site Name Unknown

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 299629, 79/4093381, 34

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing

Geomorphology

Site description Tell

Shape Oval

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 2, 77

Length (m) 221, 372

Length (m) 156, 319

Height (m) 13

Height a. s. l. (m) 555

Tab. 16 Description of site B120 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B120

Site Name Gire Fil/Grfil

Kurdish toponymal Grfil

Arabic toponymal Tell Karfyl

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 304559, 21/4090301, 41

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery Atlas of archaeological sites in Iraq

by remote sensing CORONA

Geomorphology

Site description Tell

Shape Conical

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 0, 95

Length (m) 118, 367

Height (m) 7

Height a. s. l. (m) 551

100

Tab. 17 Descrpiton of site B134 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B134

Site Name Gire Garmawa

Kurdish toponymal Gire Garmawa

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 308496,55/4089071,2

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery Atlas of archaeological sites in Iraq

Geomorphology

Site description Tell

Shape Ovoid, conical

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 1,3

Length (m) 165,21

Length (m) 95,62

Height (m) 14

Height a. s. l. (m) 607

Tab. 18 Description of site B145 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B145

Site Name Unknown

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 297172,29/4095514,1

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery Remote sensing

Geomorphology

Site description Artefact scatter

101

Shape ovoid

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 1

Length (m) 165,23

Length (m) 82

Height (m) 6

Height a. s. l. (m) 564

102

Tab. 19 Description of site B146 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation B146

Site Name Unknown

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 302377,74/4090226,8

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery By remote sensing

Geomorphology

Site description Flat site

Shape Irregular

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 0,81

Length (m) 100

Length (m) 98

Height (m) 6

Height a. s. l. (m) 526

Tab. 20 Description of site C002 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation C002

Site Name Harina 1

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 308544, 25/4101925, 89

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA

Geomorphology

Site description Flat site

103

Shape Irregular

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 0, 64

Length (m) 123, 937

Length (m) 69, 102

Height (m) 8

Height a. s. l. (m) 673

104

Tab. 21 Description of site C054 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation C054

Site Name Kerpet Ali 2

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 318813, 48/4109116, 12

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by chance

Geomorphology

Site description Flat site

Shape Irregular

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 2, 57

Length (m) 222, 784

Length (m) 159, 012

Height (m) 12

Height a. s. l. (m) 601

Tab. 22 Description of site C062 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation C062

Site Name Milham Bani Jora

Kurdish toponymal Milham Bani Jora

Arabic toponymal Ras al Ain al Ulya (Upper)

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 326114,28/ 4103398,68

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA

Geomorphology

Site description Tell

105

Shape Ovoid

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 1, 68

Length (m) 187, 979

Length (m) 119, 176

Height (m) 16

Height a. s. l. (m) 918

106

Tab. 23 Description of site C095 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation C095

Site Name Unknown

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates 287401,36/4117948

WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery By remote sensing

Geomorphology

Site description

Shape Triamgular shape

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 1

Length (m) 166

Length (m) 95

Height (m) 15

Height a. s. l. (m) 434

Tab. 24 Description of site C096 (EHAS Site Gazetteer)

Survey number/Abbreviation C096

Site Name Unknown

Kurdish toponymal Unknown

Arabic toponymal Unknown

Ancient Name Unknown

Coordinates WSG84 UTM38N

Means of discovery By remote sensing

Geomorphology

Site description

Shape Oval shape

107

Dimension

Estimated size (ha) 0,49

Length (m) 103

Length (m) 60

Height (m) 11

Height a. s. l. (m) 427

108

Appendix 2 Colour system applied in EHAS project

109

Appendix 4 Catalogue of analysed sherds Zone A: Site Gire Tusana

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

A006-q1-1 Halaf Fine Body sherd, Th. 4 mm Large amount Completely Orange red Light red Ware vertically of small dark oxidized colour, colour, oriented body material reserved slip, reserved slip, without very carefully traces of carination smoothed, scraping, decoration in without

dark brown decoration colour, mat paint lustre

A006-q1-2 Halaf Fine Body sherd, Th. 3-7 mm Small amount Completely Green brown Very pale Ware vertically of small chalk oxidized colour, brown colour, oriented body reserved slip, Paint, reserved without very carefully slip, very carination smoothed, carefully

painted smoothed, decoration in without dark brown decoration colour, paint lustre mat

110

Zone B: Site B32

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

B32-q1-1 Standard Body sherd, Th. 4 mm Large amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Buff colour, Fine ware vertically of a small chalk oxidized slip, roughly smoothed, Roughly oriented body painted decoration, paint smoothed without lustre mat carination

B32-q1-4 Standard Body sherd Th. 4-5 mm Little amount of Slightly Very pale brown colour,, Buff colour, Fine Ware a chalk and dark incompletely paint with dark brown roughly material oxidized core colour, roughly smoothed smoothed

B32-q1-5 Standard Body sherd Th. 7 mm Large amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Very pale brown Fine ware of a small chalk oxidized very carefully smoothed, colour, carefully painted decoration in dark smoothed brown colour

B32-q1-6 Standard Body sherd Th. 4 mm Large amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Very pale brown Fine ware of a small chalk oxidized traces of scraping colour, traces of scraping, painted decoration in brown colour

B32-q1-7 Standard Rim fragment Th. 2-3 mm Large amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Very pale brown Fine ware of a small chalk oxidized roughly smoothed colour, roughly Rim. Diam. and small smoothed 210 mm amount of dark material

B32-q1-9 Standard Body sherd Th. 3-4 mm Large amount Slightly Green beige colour, very Green beige Fine Ware of a small chalk incompletely carefully smoothed colour, very and small oxidized core carefully amount of a smoothed dark material

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Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

B32-q1-11 Standard Body sherd, Th. 2 mm Small amount Completely Very pale brown, slip, Very pale Fine ware vertically of small chalk reduced traces of scraping unclear brown, traces of oriented body and dark decoration with dark brown scraping White- without material colour slipped carination

B32-q1-12 Standard Body sherd, Th. 2-4 mm Large amount Slightly Yellowish beige, slip, very Yellowish beige, Fine ware vertically of a dark incompletely carefully smoothed, traces of oriented body material oxidized core decoration with brown scraping without colour carination

B32-q1-13 Standard Body sherd, Th. 4-5 mm Small amount Completely Slip, very carefully Very carefully Fine ware vertically of a dark oxidized smoothed smoothed oriented body material without carination

B32-q1-14 Standard Body sherd, Th. 4 mm Large amount Exterior reduced, Very pale brown, slip, Light beige Fine ware vertically of a small chalk interior oxidized carefully smoothed, colour, carefully oriented body painted decoration in dark smoothed, without brown colour painted carination decoration in dark brown colour

B32-q1-15 Standard Body sherd Th. 5 mm Small amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Brown colour, Fine ware without of a small chalk reduced slip, carefully smoothed, overall carination and dark painted decoration in dark burnished material brown colour

B32-q1-16 Standard Rim fragment Th. 2-5 mm Large amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Very pale brown Fine ware of a small chalk oxidized Slip, traces of finger colour, traces of Rim. Diam. pressing dominant, painted scraping, painted 210 mm decoration in dark brown decoration in colour dark brown colour

B32-q1-18 Standard Rim Th. 3-6 mm Large amount Completely Yellowish beige colour, Yellowish beige Fine ware fragment, of a small chalk oxidized Slip, traces of scraping colour , traces of slightly scraping convex with a

112

closed Rim. Diam. orientation 200 mm

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

B32-q1-19 Standard Rim fragment Th. 2-5 mm Large amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Very pale brown Fine ware convex shape of a small chalk oxidized Slip, carefully smoothed colour, carefully Rim. Diam. with a closed smoothed White- 180 orientation slipped

B32-q1-20 Standard Body sherd, Th. 4 mm Large amount Slightly Yellowish beige colour, Very pale brown Fine ware without of a small chalk incompletely very carefully smoothed, colour carefully carination and small oxidized core painted decoration in smoothed, amount of a brown colour painted dark material decoration in dark brown colour

B32-q1-21 Standard Rim fragment Th. 2-4 mm Large amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Very pale brown Fine ware with a vertical of a small chalk oxidized traces of scraping, painted colour, roughly Rim. Diam. orientation decoration in dark brown smoothed, 215 mm and straight colour painted

shape decoration in dark brown colour

B32-q1-22 Standard Rim fragment Th. 5-7 mm, Small amount Slightly Pale yellow colour, traces Pale yellow Fine ware with vertical rim. Diam. of small chalk incompletely of scraping, painted colour, roughly orientation 230 mm and dark oxidized core decoration in dark brown smoothed, White and straight material colour painted slipped shape decoration in dark brown colour

B32-q1-23 Standard Rim fragment Th. 3-6 mm, Large amount Exterior reduced, Buff colour, traces of Buff colour, Fine ware with a closed of a small chalk interior scraping, painted roughly Rim. Diam. orientation incompletely decoration in dark brown smoothed, 200 mm and a straight oxidized colour painted shape decoration in dark brown colour

B32-q1-24 Standard Rim fragment Th. 1-3 mm Large amount Slightly Buff colour, Roughly Buff colour, Fine ware with vertical of a small chalk incompletely smoothed, painted roughly orientation oxidized core decoration in dark rot smoothed, and straight painted

shape decoration in dark rot

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Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

B32-q1-25 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 2-4 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Yellowish beige, ware with a closed a small dark reduced core, colour, carefully carefully Rim. Diam. 200 orientation and material incompletely smoothed, smoothed, mm straight shape oxidized surfaces painted painted decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown

B32-q1-26 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 4-6 mm, rim Large amount of End reduction Red beige colour, Red beige colour, ware diam. a small chalk very carefully very carefully smoothed, smoothed painted decoration in red

brown colour

B32-q1-27 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 2-3 mm, rim. Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown, ware Diam. 160 mm a small chalk oxidized colour, traces of not preserved scraping, painted decoration in dark brown

colour

B32-q1-28 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 7-8 mm Large amount of Completely Yellowish beige, Yellowish ware a small chalk and oxidized roughly brown, roughly a little amount of smoothed, smoothed a dark material painted decoration in dark brown colour

B32-q1-29 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 2-3 mm, Small amount of Exterior Very pale brown Very pale brown, ware a small chalk and incompletely colour, traces of traces of Rim diam. 210 dark material oxidized, interior scraping, painted scraping, painted mm reduced decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown

B32-q1-30 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 5 mm Large amount of Completely Buff colour, very Very pale brown ware a small chalk oxidized carefully colour, very Rim diam.180 smoothed, carefully mm painted smoothed decoration in

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dark brown colour

B32-q1-31 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 2-3 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware a small chalk and oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly Rim. Diam. 230 a small amount of smoothed smoothed, mm a dark material painted decoration in

brown colour

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

B32-q1-32 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 1-2 mm, Little amount of a Completely Yellowish beige, Yellowish beige, ware small chalk oxidized slip, traces of slip traces of Rim diam. 170 scraping, painted scraping, painted mm decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

B32-q1-33 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 1-5 mm small amount of a Completely Yellowish beige Yellowish beige ware small chalk and oxidized colour, slip, very colour, slip, very Rim. Diam. 150 dark material carefully carefully mm smoothed, smoothed, painted painted decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

B32-q1-34 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 3-7 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware a small chalk reduced colour, roughly colour, roughly smoothed smoothed

B32-q1-35 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 5-6 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Yellowish beige, ware a small chalk and reduced colour, roughly roughly small amount of a smoothed smoothed dark material

B32-q1-36 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of Completely Yellowish beige Yellowish beige ware a small chalk, oxidized colour, slip, colour, slip, Rim. Diam. small amount of a roughly roughly dark material smoothed, smoothed

115

B32-q1-37 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 5 mm Small amount of Strongly reduced Buff colour, Buff colour, ware a small chalk core carefully carefully Rim. Diam. 240 smoothed, smoothed, mm painted painted decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

B32-q1-38 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware a small chalk and reduced colour, roughly colour, traces of Rim. Diam. 160 small amount of smoothed, scraping, painted mm dark material painted decoration in

decoration in dark brown brown colour colour

B32-q1-39 Standard ware Rim fragment Th. 3-4 mm Vegetal temper, Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown small amount of a reduced colour, traces of colour, traces of Rim diam. 120 dark material scraping scraping mm

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

B32-q1-40 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 2-4 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown, Very pale brown, ware a small chalk oxidized traces of traces of Rim. Diam. 240 scraping, painted scraping, painted Red painted mm decoration in decoration in

dark red colour dark red colour

B32-q1-41 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 1-2 mm, Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Buff colour, ware a small chalk oxidized colour, carefully carefully Rim diam. 120 smoothed, smoothed mm painted decoration in

dark brown

B32-q1-43 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of Completely Yellowish beige Very pale brown ware a small chalk oxidized colour, traces of colour, traces of scraping, painted scraping, painted Red Painted decoration in decoration in red dark red colour brown colour

B32-q1-44 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 4-5 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown, ware a small chalk oxidized colour, roughly carefully smoothed, smoothed painted

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decoration in dark red colour

B32-q1-45 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 4-6 mm Small amount of Exterior reduced very pale brown Very pale brown ware a small chalk and interior colour, carefully colour, Roughly dark material incompletely smoothed, smoothed oxidized painted decoration in dark brown colour

B32-q1-46 Standard Ware Rim fragment Th. 6-9 mm Chaff, vegetal Completely Red beige colour, Yellowish beige temper with a reduced roughly colour, treatment Rim diam. 190 large amount of a smoothed, not preserved mm white inclusions

B32-q1-47 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of Slightly Very pale brown, Very pale brown, ware a small chalk incompletely traces of scraping roughly Rim. Diam. oxidized core smoothed

B32-q1-48 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 2-6 mm Large amount of Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, ware a small chalk oxidized roughly roughly smoothed, smoothed, painted painted decoration in decoration in dark brown brown colour colour

117

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

B32-q1-50 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 2-5 mm Small amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware a small chalk oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly smoothed, smoothed painted decoration in

dark brown colour

B32-q1-51 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 9-16 mm Large amount of Slightly Buff colour, Buff colour, ware a small chalk incompletely traces of traces of scraping oxidized core scraping, painted decoration in dark brown

colour

B32-q1-52 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 4 mm Large amount of Completely Pale brown Pale brown ware a small chalk oxidized colour , very colour, carefully carefully smoothed smoothed, painted decoration in dark brown colour

B32-q1-53 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 6-7 mm Large amount of Slightly Yellowish beige, Pale brown ware a small chalk incompletely very carefully colour, carefully oxidized core smoothed, smoothed Red painted painted decoration in dark red colour

B32-q1-56 Halaf Fine Ware Body sherd Th. 5-6 mm Large amount of Slightly Yellowish beige Very pale brown a small chalk incompletely colour, traces of colour, traces of oxidized core scraping, painted finger pressing decoration in combination red and red brown

B32-q1-58 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 4-6 mm Small amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware a small chalk and oxidized colour, roughly colour, Roughly dark material smoothed, smoothed painted decoration in

dark brown colour

B32-q1-59 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 6-8 mm Small amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware a small chalk oxidized colour, carefully colour, Roughly smoothed, smoothed painted decoration in

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dark brown colour

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

B32-q1-60 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 4-5 mm Small amount of Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, , ware a small chalk oxidized traces of traces of scraping, painted scraping, painted decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

B32-q1-61 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of Slightly Yellowish beige Yellowish beige ware a small chalk incompletely colour, roughly colour,, roughly oxidized core smoothed, smoothed, painted painted decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

B32-q1-62 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 5-8 mm Large amount of Completely Yellowish beige Very pale brown, ware a small chalk oxidized colour, roughly roughly smoothed, smoothed painted in dark brown colour

B32-q1-63 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of Slightly Very pale brown Very pale brown ware a small chalk incompletely colour, carefully colour carefully oxidized core smoothed smoothed

B32-q1-67 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 1-3 mm, Small amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware a small chalk a oxidized colour, roughly colour, Roughly Rim diam. dark material smoothed, smoothed, painted painted

decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

B32-q1-69 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 3-5 mm Large amount of Completely Dark red colour, Very pale brown ware a small chalk oxidized very carefully colour, carefully smoothed, smoothed, Red painted painted remains of decoration in decoration in dark red colour dark brown colour

119

B32-q1-70 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 4-5 mm Large amount of Completely Yellowish beige Yellowish beige ware a small chalk reduced colour, roughly colour, Roughly smoothed, smoothed painted

decoration in dark brown colour

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

B32-q1-71 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 1-2 mm No Slightly Very pale brown Yellowish beige, ware macroscopically incompletely colour, roughly roughly visible inclusions oxidized core smoothed, smoothed painted decoration in dark brown colour

B32-q1-72 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 2-5 mm, Large amount of Completely Yellowish beige, Yellowish beige, ware a small chalk oxidized slip roughly slip traces of Rim. Diam. 210 smoothed scraping mm

B32-q1-73 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of Exterior reduced, Red brown Red brown ware a small chalk interior oxidized colour, traces of colour, roughly scraping, painted smoothed, Red painted decoration in red painted

brown colour decoration in red brown colour

B32-q1-75 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 5 mm Small amount of Completely Red beige colour, Red beige colour, ware a small chalk and oxidized very carefully very carefully dark material smoothed, smoothed, remains of painted painted decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

B32-q1-76 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 7 mm Large amount of Exterior Very pale brown Buff colour, ware a small chalk, oxidized, interior colour, carefully carefully small amount of a reduced smoothed, smoothed dark material painted decoration in dark brown

colour

B32-q1-77 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 2-3 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware a small chalk oxidized colour, roughly colour, Roughly smoothed, smoothed painted decoration in

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dark brown colour

B32-q1-79 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 2 mm Large amount of Completely Dark brown Buff colour, ware a small chalk and oxidized colour, traces of traces of scraping small amount of a scraping, painted dark material decoration in dark brown colour

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

B32-q1-80 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 2-3 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware small chalk, oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly small amount of a smoothed, smoothed dark material remains of painted decoration in dark brown colour

B32-q1-81 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 5-6 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware a small chalk oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly smoothed, smoothed painted decoration in

dark brown colour

B32-q1-82 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 4 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Light red colour, ware a small chalk oxidized colour, traces of traces of scraping scraping

B32-q1-83 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 5-8 mm, Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware a small chalk oxidized colour, roughly colour, Roughly Rim diam. smoothed, smoothed painted decoration in dark brown colour

B32-q1-84 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 2-3 mm Small amount of Completely Yellowish beige Yellowish beige ware small chalk oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly smoothed, pained smoothed decoration in dark brown

colour

B32-q1-86 Standard Ware Th. 9 mm Vegetal temper Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown with small oxidized colour roughly colour, roughly amount of chalk smoothed smoothed particles

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B32-q1-88 Standard Ware Rim fragment Th. 7-8 mm Chaff temper Completely Grey brown Grey colour, reduced colour, roughly roughly smoothed smoothed

B32-q1-90 Standard Ware Body fragment Th. 9-10 mm Chaff, vegetal Slightly Very pale brown Buff colour, temper, small incompletely colour, roughly traces of scraping amount of a small oxidized core smoothed chalk

122

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

B32-q1-91 Standard Fine Body fragment Th. 10-11 mm Large amount of Slightly Red beige colour, Yellowish beige ware a small chalk incompletely roughly colour, roughly oxidized core smoothed smoothed

B32-q1-92 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 2-3 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Buff colour, ware a small chalk oxidized colour, carefully carefully smoothed smoothed, painted decoration in

dark brown colour

B32-q1-93 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 6-7 mm, Small amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware a small chalk oxidized colour, very colour, carefully Rim. Diam. carefully smoothed 300mm smoothed, painted decoration in dark brown colour

B32-q1-94 Standard Ware Rim fragment Th.7-9 mm Chaff, vegetal Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, temper with a oxidized roughly roughly large amount of a smoothed smoothed small dark material and

chalk

B32-q1-95 Standard Ware Rim fragment Th. 5-8 mm Chaff, vegetal Strongly reduced Dark brown Brown colour, temper, small core colour, roughly treatment not amount of a smoothed preserved calcspar

B32-q1-96 Standard Ware Rim fragment Th. 6 mm Chaff, vegetal Completely Brown colour, Brown colour, temper with a reduced roughly roughly large amount of a smoothed smoothed dark material

B32-q1-98 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 5 mm Small amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown, ware a small chalk oxidized colour, traces of traces of scraping Rim. Diam. 140 scrpaing mm

123

B32-q1-101 Standard Ware Base fragment Th. 8-9 mm Large amount of Strongly reduced Buff colour, Very pale brown with a flat shape chaff, vegetal and core roughly colour, roughly and sharp base calc-spar smoothed smoothed transition

124

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

B32-q1-102 Standard Fine Base fragment Th. 5- 10 mm Large amount of Completely Green beige Green beige ware with a very a small dark oxidized colour, traces of colour, traces of rounded shape material scraping, without scraping, without and sharp base decoration decoration transition

B32-q1-103 Standard Fine Base fragment, Th. 5-7 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware with a gently a small chalk oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly rounded shape smoothed, smoothed, with a gradual without without transition decoration decoration

B32-q1-104 Standard Fine Base fragment Th. 4-9 mm Large amount of Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, ware with a gently a small chalk oxidized traces of traces of rounded base scraping, without scraping, without with gradual base decoration decoration transition

B32-q1-105 Standard Fine Body sherd, with Th. 9 -11 mm Large amount of Strongly reduced Very pale brown Very pale brown ware a rounded a small chalk core colour, not colour, not carination preserved preserved treatment, treatment, painted without decoration in decoration dark brown colour, mat paint lustre

B32-q1-106 Standard Fine Base fragment, Th. 4-7mm Small amount of Slightly Very pale brown Buff colour, ware with a flat shape a small chalk and incompletely colour, traces of traces of with a sharp dark material oxidized core scraping, without scraping, without transition decoration decoration

B32-q1-107 Standard Fine Body fragment Th. 4-6 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown, Very pale brown, ware small chalk oxidized carefully carefully particles smoothed, smoothed painted decoration in brown colour

B32.q1.108 Standard Fine Rim fragment, Th. 7-11 mm Large amount of Slightly Not preserved Not preserved ware with a straight a small chalk incompletely treatment, treatment, shape and a oxidized core without without closed decoration decoration orientation

125

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

B32-q1-109 Standard Fine Body sherd, Th. 5 – 6 mm Small amount of Slightly Very pale brown Very pale brown ware vertically a small chalk and incompletely colour, carefully colour, carefully oriented body dark material oxidized core smoothed, smoothed without painted

carination decoration in

combination dark red and dark brown colour, mat paint lustre

B32-q1-110 Standard Fine Body sherd, Th. 6- 8 mm Small amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown ware vertically a small chalk oxidized colour, carefully colour, carefully oriented body smoothed, smoothed without painted carination decoration with

dark brown colour, a mat paint lustre

126

Zone C: Site Harina 1 Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

C02-q140-1 Halaf Fine Rim fragment Th. 1 mm Large amount Slightly Very pale Very pale Ware of small chalk incompletely brown colour, brown colour, Rim. Diam. oxidized core carefully carefully 180 mm smoothed, smoothed, painted painted decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

C02-q140-2 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 1-4 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Very pale ware of small chalk oxidized brown colour, brown colour, Rim. Diam. traces of traces of 260 mm scraping, scraping,

painted painted decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

C02-q140-3 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 2-3 mm Large amount Slightly Buff colour, Buff colour, ware of small chalk incompletely Very carefully roughly Rim. Diam. oxidized core smoothed, smoothed unclear painted

decoration in dark red colour

C02-q140-4 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 3-5 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Very pale ware of a small chalk oxidized brown colour, brown colour, carefully carefully smoothed, smoothed, painted painted decoration in decoration in dark brown red brown

colour colour

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

C02-q140-5 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 5 mm Large amount Slightly Yellowish Yellowish ware of a small chalk incompletely beige colour, beige colour, Rim. Diam. oxidized core carefully carefully 190 mm smoothed, smoothed,

painted painted decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

127

C02-q140-6 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 5-8 mm Small amount Slightly Yellowish Yellowish ware of dark incompletely beige colour, beige colour, material oxidized core carefully traces of smoothed, scraping painted decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-7 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 5-6 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Buff colour, ware of a small chalk oxidized brown colour, roughly roughly smoothed smoothed, painted decoration in red brown colour

C02-q140-9 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 5-6 mm Large amount Slightly Very pale Buff colour, ware of a small chalk incompletely brown colour, roughly oxidized core carefully smoothed smoothed, painted

decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-10 Halaf Fine Body sherd Th. 6-7 mm Small amount Completely Orange red Very pale Ware of a small chalk oxidized colour, Very brown colour, carefully carefully smoothed, smoothed painted

decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-17 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 6 mm Large amount Slightly Buff colour, Buff colour, ware of a small chalk incompletely Very carefully Very carefully oxidized core smoothed, smoothed painted decoration in

dark brown colour

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

C02-q140-18 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 7-10 mm Large amount Completely Orange Red Orange Red ware of a small chalk oxidized colour, very colour, very carefully carefully smoothed, smoothed painted

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decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-19 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 5-6 mm Large amount Completely Yellowish Yellowish ware of a small chalk oxidized beige colour, beige colour, Roughly Very carefully smoothed, smoothed painted

decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-20 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 3 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Very pale ware of a small chalk oxidized brown colour, brown colour, Roughly roughly smoothed smoothed,

painted decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-21 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 1-2 mm Large amount Completely Yellowish Yellowish ware of a small chalk oxidized beige colour, beige colour, Rim. Diam. traces of Very carefully 120 mm scraping, smoothed,

painted remains of decoration in painted dark brown decoration in colour dark brown colour

C02-q140-22 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 2-3 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Very pale ware of a dark oxidized brown colour, brown colour, material traces of traces of scraping, scraping

painted decoration in brown colour

C02-q140-23 Standard Fine Body sherds Th. 4 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Very pale ware of a small chalk oxidized brown colour, brown colour, carefully traces of smoothed, scraping

painted decoration in brown colour

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

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C02-q140-23 Standard Fine Body sherds Th. 4 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Very pale ware of a small chalk oxidized brown colour, brown colour, carefully traces of smoothed, scraping

painted decoration in brown colour

C02-q140-24 Halaf Fine Body sherd Th. 8-10 mm Small amount Completely Light red Light red Ware of a small chalk oxidized colour, Very colour, Very carefully carefully smoothed, smoothed, painted painted decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

C02-q140-25 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 6-8 mm Small amount Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, ware of a small chalk oxidized Very carefully traces of Rim diam. smoothed, scraping unclear painted decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-28 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 12-15 mm Large amount Completely Yellowish Light red ware of a small chalk oxidized beige colour, colour, roughly roughly smoothed, smoothed, painted decoration in brown colour

C02-q140-29 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 2-8 mm Small amount Completely Yellowish Yellowish ware of a small chalk oxidized beige colour beige colour Rim. Diam. traces of traces of 250 mm scraping scraping, painted decoration in brown colour

C02-q140-30 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 1-4 mm Large amount Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, ware of a small chalk oxidized Carefully Traces of smoothed, scraping, painted painted decoration in decoration in red brown brown colour colour

130

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

C02-q140-31 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 3-5 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Very pale ware of a small chalk oxidized brown colour, brown colour, Rim. Diam. carefully traces of 140 mm smoothed, scraping

painted decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-32 Halaf Fine Ware Rim fragment Th. 1-6 mm Large amount Slightly Red beige Very pale of a small chalk incompletely colour, roughly brown colour, Rim. Diam. oxidized core smoothed, roughly unclear painted smoothed,

decoration in painted dark brown decoration in colour dark brown colour

C02-q140-33 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 3 mm Small amount Slightly Very pale Very pale ware of a small chalk incompletely brown colour, brown colour,

oxidized core carefully carefully smoothed, smoothed,

painted painted decoration in decoration in red brown red brown

colour colour

C02-q140-34 Halaf Fine Base fragment Th. 5-7 mm No Slightly Very pale Yellowish Ware macroscopicall incompletely brown colour, beige colour, y visible oxidized core traces of carefully inclusion scraping, smoothed

painted decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-35 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 7-11 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Very pale ware of a small chalk oxidized brown colour, brown colour, carefully traces of smoothed, scraping,

painted painted decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

131

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

C02-q140-36 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 8-10 mm Large amount Completely Very ale brown Buff colour, ware of a small chalk oxidized colour, roughly roughly smoothed, smoothed painted decoration in

dark brown colour

C02-q140-37 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 5-6 mm Small amount Buff colour, Very pale ware of a dark roughly brown colour, material smoothed, traces of painted scraping decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-38 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 6-8 mm Large amount Completely Brown colour, Dark grey ware of a small chalk reduced Roughly colour, roughly smoothed, smoothed pained decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-39 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 4-5 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Very pale ware of a small chalk oxidized brown colour, brown colour, carefully traces of

smoothed, scraping painted decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-40 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 6 mm Large amount Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, ware of a small chalk oxidized very carefully traces of smoothed, scraping painted decoration in

dark brown colour

132

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

C02-q140-41 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 7-9 mm Small amount Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, ware of a small chalk oxidized roughly roughly smoothed, smoothed, painted painted decoration in decoration in

dark brown dark brown colour colour

C02-q140-42 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 10-11 mm Small amount Slightly Yellowish Very pale ware of a small chalk incompletely beige roughly brown colour, oxidized core smoothed, roughly painted smoothed

decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-43 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 7-9 mm Large amount Completely Buff colour, Buff colour ware of a small chalk oxidized carefully carefully smoothed, smoothed, painted painted

decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

C02-q140-45 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 8-9 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Buff colour, ware of a small chalk oxidized brown colour, traces of carefully scraping smoothed, painted

decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-46 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 7-9 mm Large amount Slightly Very pale Very pale ware of a dark incompletely brown colour, brown colour, material oxidized core roughly traces of smoothed, scraping, painted

decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-47 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 5-6 mm Large amount Slightly Yellowish Very pale ware of a small chalk incompletely beige colour, brown colour, oxidized core roughly

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smoothed, traces of painted scraping decoration in red brown colour

134

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

C02-q140-48 Painted Standard Body sherd Th. 8 mm Large amount Completely Yellowish Buff colour, ware of a small chalk oxidized beige colour, roughly carefully smoothed smoothed, painted

decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-49 Painted Standard Body sherd Th. 4-5 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Very pale ware of a dark oxidized brown colour, brown colour, material carefully carefully smoothed, smoothed painted decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-50 Painted Standard Body sherd Th. 6-7 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Very pale ware of a dark oxidized brown colour, brown colour, material Roughly carefully smoothed, smoothed

painted decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-52 Painted Standard Body sherd Th. 5-6 mm Large amount Exterior Very pale Very pale ware of a small chalk incompletely brown colour, brown colour oxidized , Roughly roughly interior smoothed, smoothed oxidized painted decoration in dark brown colour

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Inventor Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior y No.

C02-q140-53 Painted Body sherd Th. 6-8 mm Small amount Slightly Very pale Very pal Standard ware of a small incompletely brown colour, brown colour, chalk oxidized core Roughly traces of smoothed, scraping painted

decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-55 Painted Body sherd Th. 4-7 mm small amount Completely Yellowish Yellowish Standard ware of a small oxidized beige colour, beige colour, chalk and trace of roughly dark material scraping, smoothed Roughly

smoothed, painted decoration in brown colour

C02-q140-56 Painted Body sherd Th. 5-6 mm Small amount Completely Yellowish Very pale Standard ware of a small oxidized beige colour, brown colour, chalk carefully carefully smoothed smoothed, painted decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-57 Painted Rim fragment Th. 3-7 mm Large amount Completely Buff colour, Buff color, Standard ware of a small oxidized Roughly Roughly chalk smoothed, smoothed, painted painted decoration in decoration in

dark brown dark brown colour colour

136

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

C02-q140-58 Painted Standard Rim fragment Th. 1 mm Large amount Slightly Buff colour, Buff colour, ware of a small chalk incompletely very carefully traces of Rim. Diam. oxidized core smoothed, scraping 200 remains of painted

decoration in dark brown colour

C02-q140-59 Painted Standard Body sherd Th. 4-6 mm Large amount Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, ware of a small chalk oxidized Carefully Carefully smoothed, smoothed, painted painted decoration in decoration in red brown red brown colour colour

C02-q140-60 Painted Standard Body sherd Th. 7-9 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Very pale ware of a small chalk oxidized brown colur, brown colour, roughly traces of smoothed scraping,

painted decoration in red brown colour

C02-q140-62 Painted Standard Body sherd Th. 3-4 mm Small amount Slightly Buff colour, Buff colour, ware of a small chalk incompletely Roughly traces of oxidized core smoothed, scraping painted decoration in brown colour

C02-q140-64 Painted Standard Body sherd Th. 3-8 mm Large amut of a Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, ware small chalk oxidized carefully carefully smoothed, smoothed, painted remains of decoration in painted red brown decoration in colour red brown colour

137

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

C02-q140-69 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 3-5 mm Large amount Slightly Very pale Very pale ware of a small chalk incompletely brown colour, brown colour, oxidized core carefully traces of smoothed, scraping painted

decoration in orange red colour

C02-q140-138 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 2-4mm Large amount Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, ware of a small chalk oxidized traces of traces of scraping scraping

C02-q140-144 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 4-8mm Large amount Slightly Buff colour, Buff colour, ware of a small chalk incompletely Roughly Roughly and dark oxidized core smoothed smoothed material

C02-q140-145 Standard Ware Rim fragment Th. 5-11mm Small amount Completely Brown colour, Dark brown of vegetal reduced Roughly colour, temper and smoothed Roughly chalk calc-spar smoothed

C02-q140-158 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 5 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Buff colour, ware of a small chalk oxidized brown colour, roughly and dark traces of smoothed material scraping, painted decoration in dark red colour

C02-q141-1 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 3-4 mm Large amount Completely Yellowish Orange red ware of a small chalk oxidized beige colour, colour, traces Rim. Diam. traces of of scraping, 110 mm scraping, painted painted decoration in decoration in brown colour brown colour

C02-q141-2 Standard Fine Base fragment Th. 3-5 mm Large amount Slightly Buff colour, Buff colour, ware of a small chalk incompletely traces of traces of oxidized core scraping scraping

138

Inventory Ware Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.

C02-q141-3 Standard Fine Body sherd Th. 4-6 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Buff colour, ware of a small chalk oxidized brown colour, traces of carefully scraping smoothed,

remains of painted decoration in brown colour

C02-q143-1 Standard Fine Rim fragment Th. 4-6 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Very pale ware of a small chalk oxidized brown colour, brown colour, Rim. Diam. traces of traces of 270 mm scraping, scraping,

painted painted decoration in decoration in dark brown dark brown colour colour

139

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