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Notes

Notes for Introduction

1. C.S. Lewis, 'Preface' to George Macdonald, George MacDonald: An Anthology, ed. C.S. Lewis. New York: Macmillan, 1947. 2. Clarissa Pinkola Estes, Women Who Run with the Wolves. London: Rider: 1992.

Notes for Chapter 1

1. See Sally Roberts Jones, 'News from the Land of Youth: Anglo-Welsh Children's Literature- A Tradition in the Making' The New Welsh Review 2:4, 1990, 6-10; and in the same issue, Norma Bagnell, 'An American Hero in Welsh Fantasy: the , Alan Gamer and Lloyd Alexander' 25-29. 2. See C.W. Sullivan III, Welsh Celtic Myth in Modern Fantasy (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989). This is an important study which will, I hope, be the first of many dealing with the topic of Welsh myth and its contemporary relevance. Sullivan discusses thematic and aesthetic concerns, while I have concentrated upon the polemic, a concern com­ plementary to those of Sullivan's. 3. See Kath Filmer, Scepticism and Hope in Twentieth Century Fantasy Literature. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1992. 4. Davies' article appears in The Journal ofMyth, Fantasy and Romanticism 2:1, April 1993, 25-35. 5. John Ackerman, Dylan Thomas: his life and work. New edition. Basing­ stoke: Macmillan, 1991. 6. Glyn Jones, Selected Poems: Fragments and Fictions. Bridgend: Poetry Press, 1988. 7. Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwymdrobwllllantysiliogogogoch: St Mary's church in the hollow of the white hazel near to the rapid whirlpool of Llantysilio (church of Tysilio) of the red cave. 8. John Tripp, Loss of Ancestry. Llandybie: Christopher Davies, 1969. 9. Gwyn Williams, Choose Your Stranger. Port Talbot: Alun, 1979. 10. Raymond Garlick, ed., Welsh Airs. Bridgend: Poetry Wales Press, 1988. 11. See The Plays of Saunders Lewis, Vol. I (of three vols), translated from the Welsh by Joseph P. Clancy. Llandybie: Christopher Davies, 1985. 12. Raymond Garlick and Roland Matthias, eds. Anglo-Welsh Poetry 1480- 1980. Bridgend: Poetry Wales Press, 1984. 13. Tony Curtis, ed., The Poetry of Snowdonie. Bridgend: Seren Books, 1989. 14. See George Borrow, Wild Wales. London: Collins rpt. ca 1930. Fp 1862.

167 168 Notes

15. Both essays are in C.S. Lewis, Of This and Other Worlds, ed. Walter Hooper. London: Collins, 1982. 16. George Orwell, 'Boys' Weeklies' in his Inside the Whale and Other Essays. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1957. 17. See, for example, Esther de Waal, A World Made Whole: Rediscovering the Celtic Tradition (London: Fount, 1991), which gives a lively and sympathetic account of . 18. It should be noted here that I have avoided, for the most part, the inclusion of the vast amount of popular Arthurian material in my study. The simple reason for this is that it is so vast; at least one critic has said that there are thousands of such works. On the other hand, I have made an exception of Lawhead's trilogy, since it specifically uses other sources - historical data, the Four Branches, the Triads - as well.

Notes for Chapter 2

1. Louise Lawrence, The Earth Witch. New York: Ace, 1986; fp New York: Harper and Row, 1981. 2. See Catharine R. Stimpson, J R R Tolkien. New York: Columbia Uni­ versity Press, 1969. Tolkien, is, she writes, 'irritatingly, blandly, tra­ ditionally masculine' (3); his bloodthirsty female monster the Shelob suggests something of his 'subtle contempt [for] and hostility toward women' (18-19). 3. Spelled '' in . 4. Often spelled ''. 5. Rosalind Miles, The Rites of Man: Love, Sex and Death in the Making of the Male. London: Grafton, 1991. 6. Alan Gamer, The Owl Service. London: Lion's Tracks, 1990; fp Collins 1967. 7. Liane Jones, The Dreamstone. London: Mandarin, 1992. 8. Gwyn A. Williams, Madoc: The Making of A Myth. London: Eyre Methuen, 1979. 9. The cynghanedd is a strict form of poetry consisting of a series of englynion, in which alliterative metre and internal rhyme are arranged in strict sequence. This is the form for which bardic chairs are awarded at Welsh eisteddfodau. 10. To write cynghanedd in Welsh is difficult; would-be attend classes in order to master the art. To attempt to mimic the cynghanedd form in English is to multiply the difficulty many times. Jones does not seem to realise the depth of the task she has set for her character.

Notes for Chapter 3

1. Madeleine L'Engle, A Swiftly Tilting Planet. London: Souvenir, 1978. 2. Gwyn A. Williams, When Was Wales? London: Black Raven, 1985. 3. Jan Morris, The Matter of Wales. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984. 4. L'Engle's Welsh is incorrect. It should read: Notes 169

... ymdroi gyda diflastod ac anobaith [ ... ] Madog wrth ystyried cyflwr gwlad ei enedigaeth, lle'r oedd brawd yn ymladd yn erbyn brawd hyd nes yr oedd petai Duw ei hun wedi peidio a gofalu am feibion dynion (247; emphases and ellipses indicate corrections).

Although L'Engle has provided a translation, it too is slightly inac­ curate. According to Frank Owen Davies, a better translation is:

Madoc lingered with disgust and despair as he reflected upon the plight of the country of his birth where brother was fighting against brother until it was as though God himself had ceased to care for the sons of men.

Davies points out, too, that there is no mention in the Welsh of Madoc's actually leaving Wales. 5. See Thomas Jones and Gwyn Jones, eds., The Mabinogion. London: Everyman, 1989. 6. C.S. Lewis, The Problem of Pain. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1940.

Notes for Chapter 4

1. There are two literals in the reproduction of the words; the Welsh word for 'died' is marw, and the word ydiw should be ydyw. 2. Again, there are literal errors in the transcription of the Welsh: the passage should read: 'Rwyf yn oer' (I'm cold) ... 'Peidiwch os gwelwch yn dda' (Please don't). The translation is also slightly incorrect. It should read, 'Gruffydd, I'm cold, afraid (or perhaps the ofn is an interrupted ofnadwy, 'very much'). I would like to stay. Don't make me go. Please don't'. Caswell's text reads, '"She says she's tired (but the Welsh for tired, wedi blino, does not appear) and cold and she doesn't want to go. She's pleading with someone called Gruffydd to let her stay."' 3. See C.S. Lewis, Perelandra (London: The Bodley Head, 1943}; and his short story, 'The Forms of Things Unknown' in his The Dark Tower and Other Stories, ed. Walter Hooper (London: Collins, 1977) 124-32. The epigraph to the short story is taken from the novel: ' ... that what was myth in one world might always be fact in some other' (FlU 124). Both pieces of fiction treat the same theme, the novel in relation to the possibility that a paradise lost on this earth might be a paradise retained on the planet Venus (Perelandra in the novel), the story in relation to the Medusa myth. 4. So great was the competition between Sydney and Melbourne for the honour of becoming Australia's Federal Capital that the nation's wise men decided to build a new city, Canberra, almost exactly midway between Sydney and Melbourne. 5. See Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 2nd edition. New York: Harper and Row, 1970. 170 Notes

Notes for Chapter 5

1. Lloyd Alexander, 'Truth About Fantasy' in Top of the News, January 1968, 168-174. 2. Lloyd Alexander: The Book of Three (1964) The Castle of Llyr (1966) The High King (1968) Taran Wanderer (1967) New York: Yearling, 1990. The Black Cauldron (1965). London: Lions, 1991. 3. Norma Bagnall,'An American Hero in Welsh Fantasy: The Mabinogion, Alan Garner and Lloyd Alexander'. The New Welsh Review 8 (Chil­ dren's Literature issue) II:4. Spring 1990. 4. My reference for these is the seminal work Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads, edited with introduction, translation and commentary by Rachel Bromwich (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1961). Since the first of Alexander's Prydain series, The Book of Three, appeared three years later in 1964, Alexander might well have had access to Bromwich's work. In any case, even the title, The Book of Three, sug­ gests the strong influence of the Triads upon the Prydain series. Incidentally, many of the triads celebrate personal attributes from sexual prowess (the three Well-Endowed Men of the Island of Brit­ ain: Gwalchmai son of Gwyar, and Llachau son of Arthur, and Rhiwallawn Broom-Hair [8]) to nobility and honour. 5. Abraham H. Maslow. Motivation and Personality, 2nd edition. New York: Harper and Row, 1970. 6. See Robert Graves, The White Goddess. London: Faber and Faber, 1961. 7. Peter Beagle. The Last Unicorn. London: Unwin, 1983. (Fp 1968). 8. The Welsh word 'gwrgi' means 'man-dog'; presumably, that is what the Gurgi is. 'Gurgi' is also the name of Alexander's creature. 9. Gwyn Jones and Thomas Jones (translators), The Mabinogion, revised edition. London: Dent, 1989.

Notes for Chapter 6

1. W.A. Cummins. 's Place in Pre-History: The Great Age of Stonehenge. Phoenix Mill: Sutton, 1992. 2. Michael Senior, 'Introduction' to Sir Thomas Malory's Tales of King Arthur, edited and abridged with an introduction by Michael Senior. London: Guild, 1980, 9-28. 3. Patrick Sims-Williams, 'The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems' in The Arthur of the Welsh: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval Welsh Literature, edited by Rachel Bromwich, A.O.H. Jarman, Brynley Roberts. Car­ diff: University of Wales Press, 1991. 4. Englynion (Welsh, plural) are short verses written according to a strict, determined metre. 5. Brynley Roberts, ' ac , The Triads, Saints' Lives', in The Arthur of the Welsh, cit. supra. 6. Henken 57-74, cit. Roberts 82. 7. Williams cites J.E. Lloyd, '' EHR 57 (1942) Notes 171

460-68 and O.J. Patel 'Geoffrey of Monmouth and ' CMCS 8 (1984) 1-28. 8. J. Caerwyn Williams, ' and the Arthurian Legend' in The Arthur of the Welsh, cit. supra 249-272. 9. Stephen Lawhead, The Pendragon Trilogy: Oxford: Lion, 1988 Oxford: Lion, 1989 Arthur Oxford: Lion, 1990. 10. Mary Stewart, The Hollow Hills. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1992. fp 1979. The Last Enchantment. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1992, fp 1974. Merlin and the Crystal Cave. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1991, fp 1971. 11. What constitutes 'druidism' these days is a variety of New Age and occultic beliefs attributed to the . Since the druids left no written records, however, the issue of druidism is largely a matter of imagi­ native conjecture. Even the Gorsedd and the Eisteddfod, Welsh institu­ tions supposedly based on druidic practice, date no further back than to the creative and imaginative mind of the scholarly fraud, , the 'bardic name' for Edward Williams (d. 1826). 12. For a discussion of this and other novels by C.S. Lewis, see Kath Filmer, The Fiction of C.S. Lewis: Mask and Mirror (Macmillan, 1993). 13. I am grateful to Marilyn Hume for these ideas; they form part of her Ph.D. dissertation. 14. Gwennallt, Eples. (Llandysul: Gwasg Gomer, 1951) 63-64; cit. van der Waal 130. 15. Ceridwen lived on the banks of Bala Lake, in which the River Dee rises and from there flows through the Dee Valley, the Vale of Llangollen, , and joins the River Mersey and from thence out to sea. The various versions of the myth and the voyage of Taliesin's coracle could all, to some extent, be correct, depending on how far it travelled. The tale of Taliesin is included in Charlotte Guest's ver­ sion of The Mabinogion and more recently in Patrick Ford's transla­ tion of The Mabinogi (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977). 16. Thomas Love Peacock, The Misfortunes of Elphin. Felinfach: Llanerch, 1991, fp 1829. 17. Charles Williams, in a seemingly idiosyncratic move, spells the 's name as 'Taliessin' (see Region of the Summer Stars, especially 'Taliessin Through Logres'; but the same spelling is used in The Black Book of , in the poem 'Myrddin converses with Taliesin' in which the identity of the speaker is rendered as: 'Taliessin: Rys undant oet rychv/any y tarian ... ' The Black Book of Carmarthen, trans. Meirion Pennar. [Felinfach: Llanerch, 1988] (35-36)). 18. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, The Portable Coleridge, ed. I.A. Richards. New York: Penguin, 1950. 19. C.S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition. Lon­ don: Oxford University Press, 1958. 20. C.S. Lewis. The Pilgrim's Regress: An Allegorical Apology for Christian­ ity, Reason and Romanticism. London: Collins 1977, fp 1933. 172 Notes

Notes for Chapter 7

1. Nancy Bond, A String in the Harp. New York: Athenaeum, 1974. 2. Susan Cooper, The Grey King. Harmondsworth: Puffin, 1977. Silver on the Tree. Harmondsworth: Puffin, 1979. 3. See Rachel Bromwich, Triodd Ynys Prydein (The Welsh Triads), cit. supra. 4. Mrs Davies agrees that is 'the little beyond Wales', and that natives of Pembroke are believed not to have that special Welsh feeling called hiraeth. 'We're made to feel like foreign­ ers in Wales,' she said in an interview with the author on Wednes­ day, 8 December 1994. 5. In modem Welsh, it is more correctly rendered 'Cantref y Gwaelod'. 6. According to Llyela Hughes, a teacher of Llanegryn, near Tywyn, , the Cantref y Gwaelod is off the coast of Barmouth, where the sea is still seen to be reclaiming the land. Mrs Hughes recalls participating in pageants during her childhood in which the story of the Lost Hundred was enacted. (In a conversation with the author, 19 November 1993). 7. Thomas Love Peacock, The Misfortunes of Elphin. Felinfach, Dyfed, Wales: Llanerch 1991; fp 1829. 8. C.S. Lewis, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. London: Lions, 1992; fp 1950. The 'recommended' reading order, thanks to the literary trustee of the Lewis estate, Walter Hooper, has The Magician's Nephew coming first; I disagree vehemently with the damage that this choice does to the elements of surprise in The Lion, the Witch and the Ward­ robe, especially such lines as 'None of the children knew who Asian was any more than you do ...' (LWW 65). Also The Last Battle (Lon­ don: Lions 1992, fp 1956).

Notes for Chapter 8

1. Gwynfor Evans, Land of My Fathers: 2000 Years of Welsh History (Talybont: Y Lolfa, 1992. Fp : John Penry Press. Translated from the Welsh by Mr & Mrs Raymond Garlick). 2. Barbara Erskine. Child of the Phoenix. London: Harper Collins, 1992. 3. Sharon Penman. Falls the Shadow. London: Penguin, 1989. Here Be Dragons. London: Penguin, 1991. The Reckoning. London: Penguin, 1992. 4. Edith Pargeter. Afterglow and Nightfall. London: Headline, 1988, fp 1977. The Dragon at Noonday. London: Headline, 1987, fp 1975. The Hounds at Sunset. London: Headline, 1988, fp 1976. Sunrise in the West. London: Headline, 1987, fp 1974. 5. J.P. Day, The Banner of David. Llandysul: Gwasg Gomer, 1992. 6. According to the translator and editor Lewis Thorpe, the manuscripts of The Journey through Wales are as follows: (i) British Library Bib. Reg. 13B VIII. Late twelfth or early thirteenth century; (ii) Bodleian Library, Rawlinson B.188. Early thirteenth century; (iii) Cambridge Notes 173

University Library, Ff. 1.27. Late thirteenth or early fourteenth cen­ tury. See Gerald of Wales, The Journey Through Wales and The Descrip­ tion of Wales, translated with an introduction by Lewis Thorpe. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978 {37).

Notes for Chapter 9

1. Francis Schaeffer, Escape from Reason. Leicester: IVP, 1968. 2. Roland Bainton, 'Man, God, and the Church in the Age of the Ren­ aissance' in The Renaissance: Six Essays. Ed. Wallace K. Ferguson. New York: Harper & Row, 1973. 3. See Gwynfor Evans, Welsh Nation Builders. Translated from the Welsh by Seiri Cenedl. Llandysul: Gomer, 1988. 4. See, for example, John Matthews, The Elements of the Arthurian Tra­ dition (Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element, 1989), and many others, includ­ ing illustrated encyclopaedias. 5. Graham Phillips and Martin Keatman, King Arthur: The True Story. London: Arrow, 1993. 6. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, otherwise known as the Mormons, believes that conversion and salvation can take place after death if a living person is willing to be baptised on behalf of the deceased. Salvation is offered, in what can only be described as a most generous move, to persons long dead. Mormon genealogies serve the purpose of locating all deceased people and giving them this posthumous gift of redemption. In recent times, the Mormons also have generously offered their records to people interested in tracing their family trees. Mormon records are accurate and extensive.

Notes for Chapter 10

1. C.S. Lewis, The Pilgrim's Regress: An Allegorical Apology for Christian­ ity, Reason and Romanticism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981. 2. C.S. Lewis, An Experiment in Criticism. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni­ versity Press, 1961. 3. See my article 'An Allegory Unveiled' in The Ring Bearer: Journal of the Mythopoeic Literature Society of Australia 1985, 3:3, 2-5; rpt in Mythlore, Autumn 1986. 4. Mercia Eliade, cited in Rutherford 43. Rutherford cites Eliade's Sha­ manism: Arabic Techniques of Ecstasy, tr. Willard R Trask (New Jersey 1974) and her Images and Symbols, tr. Philip Mairet (New York, 1969), in the bibliography concluding his book, but does not otherwise in­ dicate the source of this material). 5. C.S. Lewis, 'Myth Became Fact' in God in the Dock: Essays on Theology and Ethics, ed. Walter Hooper. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970. 6. C.S. Lewis, Out of the Silent Planet. London: the Bodley Head, 1939. 7. Ursula Le Guin, 'Why are Americans Afraid of Dragons?' in The Language of the Night, ed. Susan Wood. New York: Perigree, 1979. 8. Brian Wicker, A Story-Shaped World. London: The Athlone Press, 1975, passim. Index

Aberdovey, see Aberdyfi Book of Taliesin, The, 80 Aberdyfi, 103 Borrow, George, 7, 166 Abergynolwyn, 110-11 Borth, 99, 100-7 Aberystwyth, 99, 100, 101 Bradley, Marion (Zimmer), 84, 149 Acts of Union, The, 11 Bran the Blessed, 65, 82, 133, 147 Alexander, Lloyd, 9, 24, 62, 116, , 42, 5~ 147-8 166 Braveheart, 145, 148 The Castle of Llyr, 62, 71-2, 170 Brenin Clwyd, 110 The Book of Three, 62-9, 70, 78 British National Lottery, 153 The Black Cauldron, 24, 62, Bronte, Charlotte, Jane Eyre, xii, 97 69-71, 75, 170 Taran Wanderer, 62, 71-4, 78, 170 Cader, Idris, 110, 112, 115 The High King, 62, 74-8, 170 Cadfan's Way, 112 American Civil War, 40 , 262 Aneurin, 94-5 'Camelot' Lottery Syndicate, 153 Angelsey (Ynys Mon), 48-9, 71 Cantref y Gwaelod, 103-4, 110, As Irish settlement, 48-9 :i16, 117, 161, 172 Arthur, King, 15, 79-98, 112, 114, Cardigan Bay, 104, 118 116, 120, 151, 153, 166 Carmarthen (Caer Fyrddin), 89, Ashe, Geoffrey, 93 123 Ashton, Jay, The Door from Carnell, Corbin Scott, 10 Nowhere, 32, 45, 55-61 Carroll, Lewis, 46 Australian Celtic Capital, 267 Caswell, Brian, Merryll and the Australian Standing Stones, 154 Stones, 14, 32, 45-55, 166 Australian Aboriginal people, 55 Celtic Myth, 11, 68, 271-87, 288 Avalon, 93 Celtic Christianity, 84, 85, 91, 92, 96, 98, 148 Bagnall, Norma, 1, 63, 64, 112, 170 Ceridwen, 21, 40, 65, 66, 70, 101, Bainton, Roland, 146, 173 171 Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid), 21, 40 Chretien de Troyes, 79 Beagle, Peter, 62, 170 Christianity, 83, 84, 98, 119, 143, Bedd Taliesin, 174 151 Beddgelert, 7, 13 Clancy, Joseph, 155 Belonging, sense of, xiii, 1-16, Clwyd, 50 32-44, 48, 57-60, 98, 99 Coleridge, S.T., 97, 171 Bibyl Ynghymraec, y, 11 Cooper, Susan, 110, 172 Bildungsroman, 63 The Grey King, 99, 110-16 Bird Rock, see Craig Aderyn Silver on the Tree, 99, 116-18 Black Book of Carmarthen, 80, 84 Cors Fochno, 117, 186, 202 Blake, William, 145 Craig Aderyn, 113 , 23-6, 149 Culhwch ac Olwen, 80 Bond, Nancy, A String in the Harp, Cummins, W.A.,. 79, 170 24, 99-110, 119, 172 Cunedda, 266

174 Index 175

Curtis, Tony, 7, 167 Gelert, 198 Cyrnru Fydd, 72 genres, 208-11, 249 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 79, 81, 82, Dafydd ap Gryfudd, 12, 129 83, 170-1 Dark Crystal, The, 149-50 Gerald Cambrensis, 5, 122, 129, Davies, Dot, 178 130, 131, 153, 172 Davies, Frank Owen, 169 Gerald of Wales, see Gerald Davies, John Norman, 2, 167 Cambrensis Davies, John, 5-6 Glastonbury, 92-3, 94, 153 Day, J.P., 14, 122, 130-5, 172, 211 Innes Glen, 154 de Braose, Maud, see Matilda of Hay Graves, Robert, 66-7, 68, 155, 170, de Montfort, Eleanor, 123 269 de Montfort, Simon, 123 Great Mother, The, xi, 18-19, Dee, Dr John, 33 21-2, 31, 66, 97, 117 Devil's Bridge, 7 Grey King, The, see Brenin Llwyd Dickens, Charles, 55 Gronw Pebr, 23-6, 275 didactic literature, 9 Gryffudd ap Llewelyn, 12, 124, Druids, 45, 47, 48, 82, 149 125, 132 Dunning, R.W., 92 Guest, Charlotte, 155 Dydd Gwyl Dewi Sant, 3 , see Gwenhwyfar Dyfed, 5 Gwenallt, 85, 171 Gwenhwyfar, 136-68, 258-66 Edward I, 123 Gwidion, 24, 65, 67, 131 Eliade, Mircea, 162, 173 Gwyddno, 87, 103, 104, 107, Ende, Michael, 273 117-18, 161 Enfys, Yr, 155 Gwynedd, 33, 39, 123 Enniaun Girt, 266-7 Erskine, Barbara Hamlet, 145-6 Lady of Hay, 14, 122, 166, 172 Hauntings, 100-4 Child of the Phoenix, 122, 172 Hedd Wyn, 2, 46, 263 Evans, Ellis, see Hedd Wyn Hedd Wyn, film and video, 2, 152-3 Evans, Gwynfor, 121, 124, 173 Hen Wen, 112, 114-40 , 148 Henry III, 123 Estes, Clarissa Pinkola, Women Henry VII, 11 Who Run With the Wolves, Henry VIII, 116 Intro xi, 167 hero, The, 249-70 Hiraeth, 1, 7, 10, 98, 120, 130, 142, feminism, 95, 134 154, 156, 157 film, fantasy, 143 humanism, renaissance, 145 First Night, 146, 150 humanism, 145 Ford, Patrick, 85 Hume, Marilyn, 84 Frye, Northrop, 69 Hy Breasil, 95 hypnotic regression, 234 Gadall Lenin, 152 Gahtz, Jeffrey, 20 imagination, the, 94, 167, 273-4, Garlick, Raymond, 5, 166 286-8 Gamer, Alan, Iolo Morgannwg, 152 The Owl Service, 14, 23-6, 28, 29, Irish, The, 45, 68, 30, 31, 134, 168 in Angelsey, 45-6 176 Index

Joan (Joanna, Siwan), 125-6, 127, 141 MacDonald, George, i, 46 John Plantagenet, 124, 125, 127, McLeary, RoHan, 162 137-40 Machiavelli, 145 Jones, Glyn, 3 Macsen Wledig, 92, 93 Jones, Gwyn and Jones, Thomas, Madoc, Prince, 12-13, 27-31, 32, see Mabinogion 40-4, 45-53, 55-76, 122, 168 Jones, Liane, The Dreamstone, 17, Maelgwyn, 174 27-31 Malory, Sir Thomas, 79 Jones, Michael D., 40 son of Ll9"r, 50 Jones, T. Harri, 6-7 Mandan Indians, 27, 29, 30 Joseph of Arimathea, 161-2 Maslow, Abraham, 60, 169, 170 Math ap Mathonwy, 50, 76, 130 Keatman, Martin and Phillips, Matilda of Hay, 135-40 Graham, 153, 173 , 79-83 Keifer, Barbara Z., 49 Matter of France, 80 Kennealy, Patricia, 161 Matter of Rome, 80 Matthews, John, 82, 173 Lawhead, Stephen, 15, 82-98, 168, Maud of Hay, see Matilda of Hay 171 Meibion Glyn Dwr, 3 Arthurian Sequence, 15, 82-98, Meirionydd (Merioneth}, 49, 123 140-68 Merlin, 14, 89-98 Song of Albion Trilogy, 15, 86, Miles, Rosalind, 22, 168 157-272 Milton, John, 84, 145 Lawrence, Louise, The Earth Witch, Mithras, 89 18-23, 28, 29, 31, 168 Moon Goddess, see Great Mother Layamon, 79 Morgan, Vyrnwy, 12 Le Guin, Ursula, 8-9, 83, 149, 165, Mormon Church, 173 173 Morris, Jan, 34, 37, 40, 168 L'Engle, Madeleine, A Swiftly Myth, Arthurian, Intro xv, 15, 16, Tilting Planet, 14, 32-44, 45, 79-98, 148, 149, 150-7, 153, 166, 168 154 Lewis, Saunders, 6, 151 Myth, Welsh, passim Lewis, C.S., x, xi, 8, 46, 54, 74, 83, mythopoeic literature, passim 95, 97, 106, 107, 116, 134, 158, 160-1, 162-4, 166, 167, 168, Nant-y-Moch, 108, 109 169, 171, 172, 173 Nash, D.W., 82-3, 86 Llew Llaw Gyffes, 23-6, 159 Nationalism, Welsh, passim Llewelyn ap Iorwerth, 2, 12, 122, Nature Goddess, see Great Mother 123, 126, 127, 157 Nennius, 79, 82, 95 Llewelyn ap Grwffydd, 2, 12, 122, New Age, 55 124, 128 Norman Conquest, The, 120, 121 Lodge, David, 8 O'Curry, Eugene, 48-9 Mabinogi, see Mabinogion Olympic Games, 144 Mabinogion, 2, 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, Original sin, 249 17-18, 23-6, 36, 46, 50, 58, 65, Orwell, George, 9-10, 168 69, 76, 77, 80-1, 112, 125, 136, Otherness, x-xiii 141, 147, 148, 149, 154, 155, Otherworld, passim 159, 165 Owain ap Gruffyd, 33 Index 177

Owain Glyn Dwr, 2, 11, 122, 151 Stewart, Mary, 83, 89, 91, 92-6, Owain Ddantgwyn, 266 171 Stimpson, Catharine, 168 Pargeter, Edith, 14, 122-4, 172 Sullivan, C.S. III, 1, 167 Peacock, Thomas Love, 67-8, 171 Peckham, Archbishop of Tal-y-Llyn, 110 Canterbury, 128 Taliesin, 2, 4, 5, 75, 82, 85-98, 101, Penman, Sharon, 1~ 122, 124-9, 105-10, 117-19 135, 172 Tamburlaine, 146-7 Peters, Ellis, see Edith Pargeter Thomas Aquinas, 254 Phillips Graham, see Keatman and Thomas, Dylan, 3, 4, 27 Phillips Thomas, R.S., 5, 6 Pook, John, 5 time travel, 32-61 Portmeirion, 260 Tolkien, 18-19, 68, 161 Pritchard, Caradog, 46 Trawsfynydd, 2 , Prince of Dyfed, 50, 76, 148, Tripp, John, 4 165 Tyddewi, 133, 134, 142 Tywyn, 110-11 raven(s), 20, 133, 134 realism, 120 Vagina Dentata, 21 Red book of Hergest, The, 81 Vampires, 21 revenge, 145 Van der Waal, Esther, 85, 168 Roberts, Brynley, 81-2, 170 Vonnegut, Kurt, 62 Roberts-Jones, Sally, 1, 13, 167 Rutherford, Ward, 161 Wace, 79 Wells, H.G., xi, 96 Schaeff, Francis, 146, 173 , 26, 56-7, 121 Secret of Roan Inish, The, 145 Welsh Triads, The, 14, 65, 170 Sehnsucht, see Hiraeth White, T.H., 151 Seithrhyn ap Seithyn Saidi, 104 , The, 81 Senior, Michael, 79-80, 170 Williams, Charles, 84, 171 Shelley, Percey Bysche, 17 Williams, J.E., Caerwyn, 81-2, Spiral Castle, 68-9 170-1 sport (as ritualised war), 144 Williams, Gwyn A., 11, 33-4, St David's, see Tyddewi 43-4, 168 St David, 81, 85, 89, 131 Williams, Gwyn, 5 St Patrick's Rune, 41 Wolfe, Naomi, The Beauty Myth, i Star Wars (film trilogy), 149 Wordsworth, William, 7, 97