Television in Scotland: an Assessment of the Broadcasting Landscape: Past, Present and Potential Futures
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Johnson, Nicola Elizabeth (2018) Television in Scotland: an assessment of the broadcasting landscape: past, present and potential futures. PhD thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/9106/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Television in Scotland An assessment of the broadcasting landscape: past, present and potential futures. Nicola Elizabeth Johnson MA (Hons), MSc A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Glasgow Centre for Cultural Policy Research School of Culture and Creative Arts December 2017 © Nicola Johnson Roe 2 Abstract This thesis provides an assessment of the Scottish television broadcasting landscape within a previously unexamined contemporary context. In particular, the work explores the impact of developments that have occurred since the Scottish Broadcasting Commission in 2007. Through a critical realist lens, it does so by using a combination of desk research, elite interviews and an online audience survey to answer the main research questions: how well does the current broadcasting landscape serve the television industry in Scotland; how well does the current broadcasting landscape serve the television audience in Scotland; to what extent is there an appetite for a new television service for Scotland and what type of service might be viable? By mapping the historical, political and economic terrain, the research also analyses the themes and theoretical concepts that underpin the specificity of the experience of Scottish television within the UK context. It demonstrates the way in which these dynamics interrelate creates a curious environment, whereby Scotland’s position in the UK- wide broadcasting framework is perceived to produce both indispensable advantages and debilitating disadvantages. Findings show there is a certainly a perception that the television broadcasting landscape currently falls short in serving both the industry and audience satisfactorily, and a latent demand was found for a supplementary television service for Scotland. This finding is now particularly significant due to the BBC’s recent announcement that a new television channel for Scotland will be launched in the Autumn of 2018. 3 Table of Contents Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………2 Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………… 3 List of Figures and Tables …………………………………………………………………...6 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………….7 Authors Declaration …………………………………………………………………………8 Chapter One: Introduction………………………………………………………………... 9 1.1 Context ………………………………………………………………………….. 9 1.2 Aims of the Research …………………………………………………………...11 1.3 A note on the new BBC channel for Scotland ………………………………….12 1.4 Thesis Structure……………………………………………………………...….13 Chapter Two: Broadcasting in Scotland.………………………………………………...16 2.1 Broadcasting Beginnings………………………...……………………………...17 2.2 Devolution………………………………………………………………………22 2.3 The Scottish Broadcasting Commission………………………………………...26 2.4 STV Organizational and Policy Changes………………………………..……...30 2.5 The 2014 Independence Referendum…………………………………………...35 2.6 Technological Changes ………………………………………...……………….39 2.7 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………...42 Chapter Three: Political and Economical Dimensions of Broadcasting in Small Countries…………………………….……………………………………………………. 45 3.1 Broadcasting and the Nation……………………………..……………………. 46 3.2 Broadcasting and Stateless Nations ………………..………………………….. 51 3.3 Scotland on screen………………………………………………………………54 3.4 Economic considerations………………………………………………………..60 3.5 Broadcasting economics, challenges of scale and country size ………………...60 3.6 Denmark and Ireland……………………………………………………………62 3.7 Scotland…………………………………………………………………………65 3.8 Conclusions………………………………………………………………….…..67 Chapter Four: Methodology and Research Design …......……………………………....70 4.1 Project background……………………………………………………………...71 4 4.2 Project timeline………………………………………………………………….72 4.3 Desk research……………………………………………………………………73 4.4 Interviews……………………………………………………………………….74 4.5 Online audience survey…………………………………………………………78 4.6 Ethics and confidentiality……………………………………………………….81 4.7 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………...82 Chapter Five: An investigation into how the current broadcasting landscape serves the Scottish television broadcasting industry………………………………………………...83 5.1 Network access for Scottish content…………………………………………….83 5.2 Returnable drama………………………………………………………………..87 5.3 Lift and Shift Policies and Waterloo Road…………………………………...…90 5.4 Geographical location of commissioning power………………………………..98 5.5 The role of Scottish Enterprise and Creative Scotland………………………...102 5.6 The positioning of STV Productions………………………………………..…104 5.7 Producer lobbying and rent seeking ………………………………………..…110 5.8 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………112 Chapter Six: An investigation into how the current broadcasting landscape serves the Scottish television audience……………………………………………………………....115 6.1 Drama………………………………………………………………………….116 6.2 Comedy………………………………………………………………………...125 6.3 Factual programming…………………………………………………………..130 6.4 News and current affairs……………………………………………………….133 6.5 BBC Alba………………………………………………………………………140 6.6 Past versus current satisfaction levels………………………………………….142 6.7 Audience opinion and constitutional views……………………………………144 6.8 Local television……………………………………………………………...…146 6.9 Stereotypes and ‘mythmaking’……………………………………………...…147 6.10 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………...149 Chapter Seven: An investigation into the appetite for and viability of a new Scottish television service…………………………………………………………………………..153 7.1 Appetite amongst the Scottish broadcasting industry………………………….154 5 7.2 Appetite amongst the Scottish audience……………………………………….163 7.3 Case studies……………………………………………………………………171 7.4 BBC Alba……………………………………………………………………....172 7.5 The Space………………………………………………………………………176 7.6 The new BBC channel for Scotland………………………………………...…178 7.7 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………180 Chapter Eight: Conclusions…………………………………………………………...…184 8.1 Summary of findings………………………………………………………..…185 8.2 Peripherality, politics and people……………………………………………...191 8.3 Limitations of the research…………………………………………………….196 8.4 Possibilities for further research……………………………………………….197 8.5 Concluding remarks……………………………………………………………198 Appendices………………………………………………………………………………...200 Appendix 1 – List of interviewees…………………………………………………200 Appendix 2 – List of structured questions…………………………………………202 Appendix 3 – Print screen of online survey as seen by respondents………………203 Appendix 4 – Consent to the use of data form…………………………………….208 List of References………………………………………………………………………...209 6 List of Figures and Tables Figures Figure 1 Audience satisfaction levels regarding Scottish television drama……………….116 Figure 2 Audience satisfaction levels regarding Scottish television comedy……….……..125 Figure 3 Audience satisfaction levels regarding Scottish factual television programmes...130 Figure 4 Audience satisfaction levels regarding news and current affaire programmes…..134 Figure 5 Audience satisfaction levels compared to the past……………………………….142 Figure 6 Audience interest in watching a new television service dedicated to Scotland and it’s audiences……………………………………………………………..………………..163 Figure 7 2008 Audience interest in a new Scottish television channel……………………166 Figure 8 2008 Audience interest in types of programme for a new Scottish channel……..166 Figure 9 Audience interest in an ‘online only’ television service for Scotland……………170 Tables Table 1 A cross tab analysis of audience news and current affairs satisfaction and region of residence………………………………………………………………………...…………138 Table 2 BBC Alba attitude statements amongst the Gaelic community 2008-13…………140 Table 3 A cross tab analysis of referendum voting behaviour and feelings about the representation of Scotland on television…………………………………………...………145 Table 4 A cross tab analysis of referendum voting behaviour and satisfaction levels regarding Scottish factual television programmes…………………………………………146 Table 5 A cross tab analysis of current satisfaction levels and interest in a new broadcasting service for Scotland…………………………….………………………………………….164 Table 6 A cross tab analysis of referendum voting behaviour and interest in a new broadcasting service for Scotland………………………………………………………….165 7 Acknowledgements Thanks are due first of all to my supervisors Professors Philip Schlesinger and Gillian Doyle for their patience, support and fantastic advice. I’m also indebted to all those at the Centre for Cultural Policy and Research who provided much appreciated help – useful contacts, points in the right direction or generally encouraging words. I’m grateful to the University of Glasgow’s College of Arts for providing the funding which made this whole exercise feasible, and for the interesting and varied internship opportunities offered throughout the three years. Thank you also to all those who agreed to contribute to this