Scientific Report 2011

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 1 2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 2 FOREWORD

Reviewing the important dates that have marked the institution last year, note with satisfaction that in 2011 we are able to make decisive steps to transform ICPE-CA into a modern R&D institute and prepared to meet requirements which are now in the entire R&D&I system in Romania. We are looking with satisfaction the development of our human resources, especially by employing ten young graduates in 2011, proving the interest and talent in research and which, as well as all our human resources, we offer through our research topics, creative atmosphere in laboratories and good and very good working condition, the possibility of developing a research and development career. Our development and performance evaluation system, according to MECTS Order 3860/10.03.2011, performed at the end of each year an objective individual analysis and guarantee the career development of each employee. Although applied research is often difficult, especially in the direction of this vector, the Institute was able to find in 2011 the correct direction and meaning, in accordance with Romania’s priorities in full agreement with our capabilities. After a year of internal reorganization in 2010, we find that we were able to transfer at SC Atelierele CFR Grivita SA equipment for analysis of train wheel wear and stand for computerized testing and diagnosis of dampers for railway vehicles, at Agricultural Society PRODLACTOSERV license for the household biogas unit, and at SC ROSEAL SA Odorheiu Secuiesc 5 kW PEM fuel cell for generating electricity and heat. Last year we received confirmation of acceptance of a technology transfer that will allow delivery of electromagnets and power sources for FAIR particle accelerators of amount about 4MEuro. This we hope to be just the beginning of our new specialization. Award in 2011 by AGIR President of two prizes in the “Electrical Engineering” field, for industrial assimilation of two products, respectively technologies, has rewarded our efforts to transfer knowledge in the industry. In 2011 we succeeded by our project “PROMIT”, financed under SOP-IEC, to complete the equipment investment with advanced characterization and technological equipment. In the first category is remarkable the microscopy equipment by purchasing a special FESEM-FIB microscope with resolution of 1.9 nm only 1kV and zoom of 106 times; a scanning electron microscope to study surfaces with tunneling type SPM Ntegra Aura NT – MDT, with work opportunities in the environment, liquid or vacuum in high-resolution surface profilometry, to evaluate the structure of magnetic fields by mapping (with the possibility to apply an external magnetic field), elastic properties, the topological study of electric properties of the surface; and a HRTEM microscope with maximum acceleration voltage of 200kV, resolution of 0.2 nm, with EFTEM imaging modes, TEM diffraction, TEM analysis, together with a complete laboratory to prepare the samples. Among the technological facilities notice SPS equipment, a casting system on rotating drum, 2000 atm isostatic press up to 2000oC, the C nanotubes growth system. These two categories of equipment are supplied through a centralized system of nine protective / technology gas, of which not lacking H2, He or N2. We came in 2012 with optimism, the year we want to capitalize some of the past scientific results and to prepare those who followed. Dear colleagues, wherever you are in the structure of the Institute, many thanks must be expressed to you for what you created in 2011. Together we must express our gratitude to all partners who helped us in our research achievements reported here. In 2011 we were pleased to welcome in our Institute prestigious guests from home and abroad. Thanks to those who prepared this report; I also thank the members of the Administrative Council Board, with whom I drafted and approved our strategy, have made it feasible and supervised it; I also thank the ICPE-CA Scientific Council. Not finally, I thank the members of the Directory Board, with whom we assured the daily coordination of the ICPE-CA efforts.

Bucharest, March 14 2012 Wilhelm Kappel General Director

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 3

Content

Foreword 3 The institute in brief 10 General information 15 Management structure of INCDIE ICPE-CA 29 Departments / Laboratories / Services / Offices 35 Our expertise Projects

NATIONAL projects 48 Field MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS with APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 48 Oxide semiconductor nanodevices for applications in nanoelectronics and nanomedicine 48 Ferromagnetic components for microelectromechanical systems 50 Transparent oxide semiconductor nanostructures with controlled properties by doping for applications in optoelectronic, spintronics and piezotronics 53 Composite Materials with Performant Mechanical Properties 56 New nonlinear laser materials for efficient generation of fotonic coherent emission in blue-near ultraviolet domain 59 Stable allotropic tin alloy at low temperatures for coatings 61 Development of environmentally friendly natural inhibitors from plant extracts for thermal installations corrosion and scale control (ICC) - PLANTINHIB 63 FIELD Biomaterials 66 Breathable superhydrophobe nanostructures 66 Complex techniques for investigation, assessment and restoration of ethnographic collagen-based materials 68 Content

Cell response as tool in translational science. Drug-design through antitumoral cell mechanisms induced by physiological complexes of transitional bivalent metals (DDMECEL) 69 Microfluidic biochip for rheological characterisation of non-newtonian biological fluids with applications in medical diagnosis and treatment (MELANOCHIP) 70 Development of new materials and devices for controlled release of drugs with applications in biomedical engineering 72 FIELD EnergY 75 Superconducting Electrical Motor 75 Planar Modulus of Clear Energy Source type IT-SOFC 76 Intelligent diagnosis and prediction system for power cable damages preventing - CABDIAG 78 Increase of efficiency of equipments and processes for conversion of energy from renewable resources 81 Low-power electric generator with double excitation 81 FIELD ENVIRONMENT 83 Investigation on biogas producing microorganisms under high h ydrostatic pressures and applied research on algae growth for CO2 recovery 83 Device for the detection and the retention of CO2 83 Device for CO2 detection 86 High accuracy procedures in the biomonitoring of environment pollution over the Southern, South-Eastern and central regions of Romania 88 Strategies of obtaining environmentally friendly ceramic pigments through non-pollutant methods (ECOPIG) 89 Field APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 91 Electrical degradation and lifetime estimation of polymeric cables insulations 91 Components and microelectromechanic systems (MEMS) realized with specific technologies with medicine, microfluidics and micromotor and microactuator (TSMEMS) („Micro and nanoelectromechanic components with bioengineering applications”) 93 Vibrations compensation using active suspension 96 Micro Electro-Mechanical components and systems (MEMS) developed by specific technologies with applications in medicine, micro fluidics and micro electrical machines and micro – actuators execution 98 Application of clean energy with micro hydro power plant including a submerged aggregate in a location on the Prut River 100 Research and Development of New Functionalities for Sports and Health Garments - CROSSTEXNET 102 Content

SERVICES 103 Integrated methods in preserving/restoring UNESCO cultural heritage for increasing community viability 103 Research on economic strengthen of SMEs in the electrotechnical field by the development of organizational culture and application of management innovation 104 The flow improvement within the vertical wells of the secondary intakes from Dâmboviţa – Clăbucet scheme 105 Complex characterization of collagen-based materials, using the methods of thermal analysis and other advanced techniques 106 Surface and interface science: physics, chemistry, biology and applications 107

INTERNATIONAL projects 110 Bilateral cooperation agreements Crystalline and magnetic structures in Nd2Fe14B / α-Fe, Fe3B biphasic system 110 Making dipole electromagnets, superconducting coils, magnets, electromagnets and sources for particle accelerators 112 5T Superconducting Coil 114 Study of the environmental impact on leather and parchment in Byzantine and post-Byzantine manuscripts in relation to their preservation and conservation 115 Environmental effects on the patrimonial objects on collagen basis 117 Joint study regarding an electro-generator system powered by water turbine for cross-border ecological electrical transport system 119 REACT - Integrated system for dynamic monitoring and warning for technological risks in Romania-Bulgaria cross-border area 120 Nanotechnology in Romania: prospective studies – Stage II 123 Investigations on alloyed intermetallic compounds NiAl, Ni3Al and NiTi by means of neutron diffraction technique 125 Evaluation of the ageing state and durability of CERN cable insulation materials 126 Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) 129 Developing RTD Potential of INCDIE ICPE-CA / in the Field of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies 129 Sectoral Operational Programme “Increase of Economic Competitiveness” 132 Advanced research for obtaining carbo-graphite heat resistant materials, exposed to irradiation, with high life time, for seal rings 132 Scientific events, scientific papers 135 Scientific events organized or co-organized by INCDIE ICPE-CA 136 National and international trade fairs and exhibitions 140 International and national awards 146 Patents submitted and granted 150 Scientific / technical papers 154 Press releases in 2011 166 Partners INCDIE ICPE-CA 168 Editorial Notes 174

Brief presentation The institute in brief

1. History

Upon registration in the Trade Register in 2001 until the reorganization in 2004 when he became a national institute, ICPE-CA has acted as a Joint Stock Company. The initial share capital subscribed of 3,811,075.00 lei – contribution in kind – was entirely owned by Romanian state as sole shareholder and was fully paid from the establishment of the company. Since August 2004, by Government Decision 1282, company ICPE-CA was reorganized as National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA Bucharest. Its patrimony, consisting of private state property which passed in institute management and own property, is on December 31, 2011 of 27,266,000,000 lei.

Vision INCDIE ICPE-CA

INCDIE ICPE-CA will become the promoter of progress based on knowledge in the field of electrical engineering.

Mission INCDIE ICPE-CA

INCDIE ICPE-CA promotes and takes applied research in national and international background in electrical engineering (materials, electrotechnology, new energy sources, micro- and nano-electrotechnologies, electromagnetic compatibility, a.o.) for private and public companies, public institutions, in the benefit of the whole society. Developing technological innovation for customers, ICPE-CA increases their competitiveness both in Romania and in Europe. Research activities carried promotes economic development of society and lead to social welfare, in compatibility with environment. For institute employees, ICPE-CA offers personal development professional qualification which will enable them to occupy positions of responsibility at the level of the institute, in industry and in other scientific fields. The mission is defined, achievable (due ICPE-CA skills and creativity of employees), informative, accurate, reflect reality (values and culture) of ICPE-CA, and is oriented towards beneficiaries. In strategy developed by the institute during the period 2006 - 2013, research activities should contribute to: - reach the level of compatibility and competitiveness necessary for integration into the European research area; - participation in RDT Framework Programme 7 of the European Union for the period 2007-2013; - developing social, economic, competitive and dynamic, oriented high-tech fields, able to meet the strategic long-term development in the globalized economy.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 10 The institute in brief

2. Organizational chart of INCDIE ICPE-CA

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 11 The institute in brief

3. Specialized field of INCDIE ICPE-CA

a. according to UNESCO classification: 3306 – Electrical Engineering and Technology 3312 – Technology of materials

b. according to CAEN classification: Main activity as coding: 7219 – Research – development on natural sciences and engineering Secondary activities as coding: 7211 - Research – development in biotechnology 7220 – Research – development in social sciences and humanities

2.3. Research area

a. main research area: Research – development on natural sciences and engineering

The institute is involved in 3 main research areas: advanced materials: functional / multifunctional, crystalline and nanostructured materials and composites; new sources of energy (wind energy, solar energy, fuel cells, hydrogen storage): conversion, economy and recovery; microelectromechanical technologies and systems.

b. secondary research areas: Research – development in biotechnology Research – development in social sciences and humanities Description of activity: a) basic and applied research in the field of electrical engineering; b) technical support and consultancy in the field of electrical engineering; c) information, documentation and staff training in the field of electrical engineering.

c. services / technologic transfer

- technologic transfer of research results in the field of electrical engineering for economy, through the Pilot Stations (Functional Material Pilot Station; Carbonic Materials Pilot Station; Magnetic Materials Pilot Station; Ceramic Materials Pilot Station) and the Center for Technology Transfer CTT ICPE-CA; - technical support, supplying of scientific and technological services for companies or any interested customers, by testing laboratories: Laboratory for Characterization and Testing of Electrotechnical Materials and Products; Laboratory for Bioelectromagnetic Compatibility; Laboratory for Thermal Analysis; Laboratory for MEMS and NEMS Measurements.

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General information General information

Founded in 2001 as a joint stock company and reorganized in 2004 under Government Decision no. 1282, published in Official Gazette no. 775/24.08.04, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, Bucharest, is currently a national institute which carries out the tradition activities, recognized in the field of electrical engineering. The patrimony of the institute consists of private ownership of state assets, which it has under management, and of their goods. The institute has an important scientific basis in the field, INCDIE ICPE - CA occupies a well-defined national position, being among the most active and efficient research units. This has been certified by the Excellence Award for the most efficient promotion of research results, awarded by NASR in 2008, and by the Award for assimilation into industrial manufacturing of a series of synchronous generators for wind micro turbines, awarded by the AGIR 2010. With a special opening to what is Research-Development-Innovation and especially to what is applied research in electrical engineering, the institute has addressed over the years for projects with impact to develop the scientific, economic and social environment. From the beginning until now, the institute has enjoyed a continuous scientific, technological, economic and social progress which has facilitated development of a large number of scientific papers, many studies and approvals, and last but not least, the number of important transfers in industry. In order to close the research results with the economic environment and to highlight their importance, the institute, by the Center for Technology Transfer CTT ICPE-CA, has facilitated a number of technology transfers. Thus, in the field of new energy sources, the institute has achieved a number of technological transfers such as: 5 kW PEM fuel cell based co-generation system transferred at SC ROSEAL SA – Odorheiu Secuiesc, 1.5 kW and 3 kW wind generators transferred at Electroprecizia – Sacele and 1.5 kW wind plant transferred at ROFEP – Urziceni. In the field of advanced materials, the institute has transferred to SC ROSEAL SA Odorheiu Secuiesc the carbon-ceramic composite material and magnetic circuit design methodology for pumps magnetic coupling (with zero losses), and to SC ROFEP SA – Urziceni the manufacturing technology of carbonic materials (EGR, BGR, CDR, MGR) and technology to replace the lead in MGR recipes. We can not forget other ICPE-CA products transferred in the industry. We remember in what follows only a few. Equipment for measuring and controlling the dynamic balancing of cardan shafts; computerized system for control, testing and final diagnosis of pneumatic brake equipment of railway vehicles; auto-destructive testing system of safety railway components; computerized stand for testing and diagnosis of dampers for railway vehicles; computerized stand for testing generators or electric motors, all transferred to SC Atelierele Grivita SA – Bucharest; anodic modules to achieve injection anodes and/or earthing plug transferred to SC Select Metlemplast SRL - Odorheiu Secuiesc and the technology to determine the state of degradation of reinforced concrete structures transferred to SC Utilitas SRL - Cluj- Napoca. For the customers of technology transfer mentioned above, we believe that the economic effect have been and still are important.

Certainly, these achievements have led to reach the strategic objectives required by the institute mission, namely, research and development progress based on knowledge in the field of electrical engineering, to benefit the whole society.

Vision INCDIE ICPE-CA

INCDIE ICPE-CA will become the promoter of progress based on knowledge in the field of electrical engineering.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 16 General information

Mission INCDIE ICPE-CA

The mission is defined, achievable (due ICPE-CA skills and creativity of employees), informative, accurate, reflect reality (values and culture) of ICPE-CA, and is oriented towards beneficiaries.

In strategy developed by the institute during the period 2007 - 2013, research activities should contribute to: - reach the level of compatibility and competitiveness necessary for integration into the European research area; -participation in RDT Framework Programme 7 of the European Union for the period 2007-2013; -developing social, economic, competitive and dynamic, oriented high-tech fields, able to meet the strategic long-term development in the globalized economy.

What characterizes today INCDIE ICPE-CA attention is fundamental and applied research and development, with particular emphasis placed on Research-Development-Innovation in the field of energy, materials and micro & nano technologies, the engine of sustainable development of society.

Main activities include:

basic and applied research in the field of electrical engineering; technical assistance and consultancy in the field of electrical engineering; information, documentation and training personnel in electrical engineering.

The Institute is involved in 3 main research areas, organized in 3 great departments: - Department for Advanced Materials: functional / multifunctional, crystalline and nanostructured materials and composites; - Department for Efficiency in Conversion and Consumption of Energy (wind, solar, fuel cells, hydrogen storage): conversion, saving and recovery; - Department for Micro-Nano-Electro-Technologies.

Also, in the institute are testing laboratories which are RENAR (Romanian Accreditation Association) accredited: - Laboratory for Electrical Materials and Products Characterization (RENAR accreditation certificate LI 845 / 26.01.2010); - Laboratory for Electromagnetic Compatibility (RENAR accreditation certificate 881 / 14.06.2010); - Laboratory for Determination of Thermal Analysis (RENAR accreditation certificate LI 685 / 21.07.2008); - Laboratory for Micro and Nano-Electro-Mechanics (accreditation in progress).

The main research groups in the INCDIE ICPE - CA are focused on the following areas of interest:

Advanced Materials

Development of research on achievement and characterization of materials and components for energy:

Structural materials: carbon materials resistant to thermal-mechanical shock; composite ceramic crucibles used in dental technique;

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Functional materials: metal hydrides-based materials for hydrogen storage; NiAlCrB materials for deposition having the role of thermal barrier; NiTiCu alloys with shape memory obtained by sintering; CdTe/CdS thin films deposited on glass for photovoltaic cells; Bi3Te3 and Zn4Sb3 doped nano-crystals; Multifunctional materials: radiant heating systems; thin-layer advanced ceramic materials for SOFC;

Development of research on achievement and characterization of materials and components for electrical engineering: Functional materials: soft magnetic cores of iron-based composite materials; products from sintered heavy alloys; carbon-ceramic composites for power resistors; ceramic glow plugs for Diesel engines; zirconia’s ceramic for arc-extinction and element supports for electrical resistance; dense cordierite-based ceramic insulating materials for arc-extinction; polymeric membranes for displacement actuators; composite powders from silver

nanoparticles laid-down on ZnO and SnO2 powders for sintered conducting materials; plated materials for electrical contacts; FePtNbB heavy magnetic nano-crystalline powders; Ti(Ni, Cu, Fe, Nb) shape memory materials; Al(Ni, Co) intermetallic compounds with ferromagnetic properties; electrical contacts for air and vacuum switching; Al and Al-Mg

alloys for electronic and communications equipment; Ag-SnO2 contact materials doped

with Bi2O3 and CuO; securing cellulose composite with ferromagnetic microwires; FeBSi ferromagnetic microwires; oxide semiconductors-based piezoelectric nanostructures; magnetic nano-crystalline materials based on Fe and FeNi; Co and CoNi nanopowders; composite material based on magnetic material which provides protection from low frequency electromagnetic fields and radiofrequency; ferromagnetic materials obtained from industrial wastes for protection in microwave (800 – 10000 MHz); carbon-ceramic composite materials for electromagnetic shielding; absorbing ferrosilicium concrete materials of electromagnetic radiations; absorbing pyrite composites of electromagnetic radiations; flexible electromagnetic absorbing material; carbon fiber composite material impregnated with epoxy resin reinforced with carbon nanotubes; Multifunctional materials: NdFeB magnetic materials with high magnetic stability; NdFeB and SmCo agglomerated permanent magnets; magnetic isotropic nanocomposited based on rare earths; microwires from Cu and FeBSi; insulating materials from steatic ceramics; piezoelectric materials for low rpm and high axial loads micromotors; textile composites with amorphous microwires for protection at electromagnetic radiations; natural inhibitors from plant extracts to prevent corrosion and deposition of thermal plants;

Development of research on achievement and characterization of biomaterials and bio-based products:

Structural materials: ceramic materials based on calcium phosphate; porous ceramic material obtained by organic precursors; CoCrTi and TiAlNb alloys coated with carbon; Functional materials: silver colloidal solutions for bactericidal applications; iron-zacharide magnetic nanocomposites; natural antioxidants obtained from plants; photocatalytic and biocidal nanocomposite powders and slimes based on TiO2 and ZnO; materials for tactile sensors – polymeric composites with nanomaterials additions; Multifunctional materials: microporous calcium phosphates granules for medical applications; ceramic biomaterial based on calcium phosphates; ecological multifunctional polymeric materials with polyphenolic antioxidant from plants;

Development of research on achievement and characterization of materials with special applications:

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Functional materials: contrast powder for non-destructive control of ferromagnetic materials; nickel powder with high specific surface; DLC synthesis and deposition on metal substrate and silicon oxide; conductive coatings with noble metal of magnetic nanostructures;

Materials characterization:

Investigation the thickness and optical constants of thin films (ellipsometry); Determining the tribological properties of thin films (wear and friction); Determining the mechanical properties of thin films (hardness, Young modulus, scratch resistance); Detemining the gas adsorption and desorption properties (hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, methane) by Sievert method; Investigation the thermal properties of materials (heat of formation, transformation temperature, Curie temperature, thermal diffusivity, linear coefficient of thermal expansion); Investigation the surface properties of materials (surface specific, distribution and size pore); Characterization of nanocrystalline materials in suspension form (particle size, granulometric distribution, zeta potential, molecular weight, absorbance); Investigation the optical characteristics of nano-crystalline materials in powder form by spectrophotometry (reflectance); Investigation the mechanical properties of materials (tensile, compression, bending) at RT and T = 20 … 500°C; Investigation the different luminescence phenomena (chemiluminescence, thermo- chemiluminescence, lio-luminescence, fluorescence, radio-thermo-luminescence); Investigation the radio-induced processes; Investigation and development of knowledge in the degradation and stabilization of polymeric materials under the action of different demand factors; Assessment of life cycle and remaining life of electrical insulating materials in different conditions; Characterization of stabilizers for polymeric materials; Investigation of materials behavior (of biomaterials) in the presence of fungi and molds; Electrical characterization of electrical insulating materials (complex impedance, complex admit, complex relative permittivity, loss factor, complex electrical conductivity).

Efficiency in Conversion and Consumption of Energy

Mechano-electrical conversion:

Hydrodynamics and aerodynamics of hydraulic and wind rotors; Electrical generators operated from renewable sources; Special electric machines; Hydraulics and fluid mechanics; Methods, technologies, systems and equipment for environmental protection and rehabilitation; New and non-conventional technologies for obtaining, producing and storage of energy; Applications of superconductivity for efficiency of conversion and consumption of energy;

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Applications of cryogenics for efficiency of conversion and consumption of energy; CAD/CAM/CAE design; Microelectromechanical systems; MEMS by LIGA technology.

Electrochemical conversion:

Obtaining of fuel cells and integrated systems for energy production; Development and testing of materials for energy storage in chemical form; Monitoring the anaerobic digestion processes in biogas unit; Assessment of biogas potential from biomass by physics-chemical and microbiological analysis; Identification of new combustible materials such vegetable oils and biodiesel; Materials degradation by corrosion, corrosion control in different natural and industrial environment; Electromagnetic pollution of environment, stray currents; Complex electronic security systems and active protection against corrosion for underground metallic conductors; Protection system against corrosion for underground metallic cables and systems to increase their durability and safety in operation; Technical assistance and consultancy in the field of corrosion.

Micro-Nano-Electro-Technologies

Micro and Nanoelectromechanical:

Piezoceramic, electrostrictive, magnetostrictive, electromagnetic, electrodynamic, electrothermal microactuators; Electromagnetic and electrostatic micromotors and microgenerators; Electromechanic or piezoelectric microharvesting systems; Linear and angular position microsensors, electromagnetic microsensors with application in monitoring the landslides and slide position; Capacitive water desalination modules; Biology and electromechanical applications of carbon-graphite materials; Gas electrochemical microsensors; Microsensors for the study of mobility and medical reeducation; Micro and nano bionic / the study of magnetic bacteria with applications in MEMS and NEMS.

Micro and nanostructures of thin layers and nanoparticles:

Microsystems of magnetic multilayers with effect of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and spin tunneling (TMR) for spintronics; Diluted magnetic semiconductors; Core-shell magnetic nanosystems for diagnosis by magnetic resonance method (MRI); Magnetic self-assembled nanoparticles for “chip” diagnostic microdevices; Nanostructures of transparent oxidic semiconductors with controlled properties by doping for applications in optoelectronics and spintronics;

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Oxidic semiconductor nanodevices (nanowires, nanoribbons) for applications in nanoelectronics and nanomedicine.

Technological transfer of electromechanical systems:

testing systems of railway ball races; microsystems for monitoring the motion and motility; soft for systems which monitoring the motion; identify the motion parameters with help of micro and macrophotogrammetry systems; micro drives and active control systems in 2D and 3D.

Characterization and Testing of Electrical Materials and Products

investigation on material composition: atomic absorption spectrometry, mass spectrometry with laser ablation; structural investigation: X-ray diffractometry, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy SEM; physical and mechanical tests: density, Fisher average diameter, tensile, resistance to compression and bending in 3 points, Vickers and Knoop microhardness, Vickers and Brinell hardness; study of surface properties: STM tunneling electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy AFM; determining the magnetic properties: remanence, coercitive field, maximum energy product, total power loss, polarization, relative permeability; microbiological analysis.

Electromagnetic Compatibility

Determination of the attenuation of electromagnetic screens used to protect electronic equipment, building and / or specialists exposed to electromagnetic radiation; Determination of electromagnetic field level; Determination of electromagnetic field emitted by electronic and electrical applian- ces; Determination of dielectric permittivity, loss angle tangent, magnetic permeability, in the frequency 40 Hz-30 MHz; Determination of surface resistivity, volume resistivity; Infrared spectral image analysis for electrical circuits, printed circuits, fire prevention, electrical connections, buildings, etc.; THz reflectance spectroscopy; THz transmission spectroscopy, materials characterization; analysis of crystalline structure of polymorph substances; Study of surfaces and interfaces for solids, liquids, polymers; Thermographic analysis.

Determination of Thermal Analysis

Thermogravimetric analysis (TG); Derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG); Differential thermal analysis (DTA);

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Dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); Dilatometry (DIL); thermo-mechanical analysis (DMA).

Testing for Micro and Nanoelectromechanics

Nano and microdisplacements measurements; Dynamic parameters measurements of micro and nanoactuators; Electromechanical resonance measurements; Nanorugosity surface measurements (profilograms).

Management of Quality / Environment

Monitoring the Quality Assurance & Quality Technical Control and environment protection in INCDIE ICPE-CA; Maintaining the high performance of integrated Management system Quality – Envi- ronment, according to EU requirements; Support materials for certification/training in the management systems of the institute as support in the education process for quality of managerial and operative staff; Testing and control system of environment quality for obtaining of clean technologies in the field of electrical engineering; Real-time analysis system of environmental and health risk factors; Chemical-physical analysis for air and water quality assessment; Management and conservation of natural resources based on ecological principles, paying special attention to materials recycling; Improvement of environment quality through deployment of technical, economic, legal and administrative measures at the institute level; Determination of organic pollutants in air, water, soil (volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons); Determination the concentration of greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2, chlorofluorocarbons, SF6); Analysis of dielectric oils from electrical and electronic equipment; Determination of persistent organic pollutants (pesticides, herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls) of water, soil, agricultural products; Qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of organic compounds of interest for technological processes to obtaining biofuels (biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel); Monitoring of anaerobic fermentation processes in biogas units; biomass and biogas analysis; Determination of environmental and industrial noise; Determination of meteorological parameters (wind direction and speed; temperature in the range -40 … +60°C and relative humidity in the range 0 … 100%; atmospheric pressure in the range 825 – 1050 mbar).

INCDIE ICPE-CA operates through its representatives as members in the European platform: EuMaT - Steering Committee; Manufuture and national: EuMaT Platform in Romania; National Group of Reflectance EuMaT, as well as other professional associations: Institute of Professional Representatives – European Patent Office, Germany, Enterprise-Europe-Network, National Technical Committees of Romanian Standards Association: CT 19 “Environmental conditions, classification and methods of test for electrical and electronic products and systems”, CT 20 “Magnetic components and ferrites materials”, CT 25 “Magnetic materials”, CT 30 “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio Interference”, CT 34 “Superconductivity”, CT 133 “Hydraulic turbines”, CT 135 “Capacitors and resistors for electronic equipment”, CT 174 “Wind turbines and conversion systems of wave and

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tidal energies”, CT 279 “Human exposure to electromagnetic fields”, CT 378 “Micro and Nanotechnologies”; IEEE Society – USA; SRMM (Romanian Society of Magnetic Materials) affiliated at UKMS (UK Society of Magnetic Materials); SRMP (Romanian Society of Powder Metallurgy), SRMC (Romanian Society of Carbonic Materials), ARM (Romanian Society of Materials), Romanian Society of Physics, Romanian Society of Biomaterials, Romanian Federation of Biomedical Engineering, CER (Romanian Committee of Electrical Engineering), AGIR (General Association of the Engineers in Romania), VDI (The Association of German Engineers), Germany, ARIES (Romanian Association of Electronics and Software), CEROM (Romanian Society of Ceramics), Electrochemical Society, USA, IAHR (International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research), CCIB (Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Bucharest), SPERIN (Society for Promotion of Renewable, Inexhaustible and New Energies), SUNE (Professional Association of New Energy Sources), ACER (Romanian EMC Association), SRPRNI (Romanian Society for Protection against Non-ionising Radiation), Graduates Association of “Mircea cel Bătrân” Naval Academy - Constanţa (founding member: Samoilescu Gheorghe), SAE – USA (International Association of Engineers in Machine Building), BENA (Balkan Environmental Association), ACER (Romanian EMC Association), SIAC (Society for Computer Aided Engineering), LNR (Romanian Naval League), LOMM (League of Navy Offi- cers), thus contributing to the harmonization of the Romanian policy research with the European zones.

R&D staff of INCDIE ICPE-CA in 2011

R&D Non-certified Junior Researcher R&D High school higher education 19 staff staff Senior 34 6 Researcher third degree Production Senior 17 Researcher first degree Senior 15 Researcher Senior second degree Production Senior Production Senior Researcher 8 Researcher Researcher first degree third degree second degree 21 6 6

Fig. 1

Structure of higher education staff

Other 41 PhD 54

Master Students 2 PhD Students 35

Fig. 2

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Institute staff in 2011, as can be seen from the chart above (fig. 1 and 2), is composed of high-class specialists who have a high potential for assimilation of the latest technologies in the field and always adapting to the market requirements. Thus, in proportion of 72% of those 183 employees with higher education, 54 are doctors, 35 are PhD students having quite different specializations (physics, chemistry, electrotechnics, metallurgy, mechanics, and biology) and 2 are master students. Financing of its activities is done mainly by The National Research and Development Programmes, the Nucleus Programme, and in the framework of grants and projects financed from EU programmes.

Evolution of turnover for the last five years (fig. 3) reveals the dynamics of the institute development in 2007 - 2010. By the drastic reduction of research funds in 2009, 2010 and respectively 2011, the turnover dropped to 27,265,690 lei. However, investing in the future, ICPE-CA has continued the best investments in equipment, even in conditions of crisis, endowments have achieved the highest level in 2010 (15,375,024.87 lei), in 2011 reaching a value of 14,323,000 lei, due to the project “Modernization of the infrastructure for promotion of research potential in electrical engineering for applications in priority economic thematic areas of Romania as EU member state”, acronym PROMIT, financed by POS-CCE, Priority Axis II, area of intervention 2.2, operation 2.2.1.

Turnover evolution 2007-2011

36.678.204 lei 32.336.000 lei 27.265.960 lei 25.679.567 lei 21.935.678 lei

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 years

Fig. 3

Evolution of investment in equipment 2007-2011 [lei]

15.375.024 lei 14.323.000 lei 9.360.477 lei 8.394.332 lei

827.845 lei

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Fig. 4

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 24 General information

Increasing the volume of investment, both for its own and attracted funding sources, and from budgetary sources, as it is presented in Fig. 4, allowed the institute and the research staff, on the one hand, the new directions of research, on the other hand, to increase the quality of research.

Activities and contracts in progress: Basic and applied research in the Nucleus Programme and National Programme of Research- Development-Innovation II, as well as research grants and projects financed from EU Programmes, as follows: -16 projects in coordination, 19 projects as partners in National Programme R-D-I II and 12 projects in Nucleus Programme (MATER and INGENIOS); -7 international projects (bilateral cooperation) with JINR (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research) - Dubna, Russian Federation; -1 project with CERN – Geneva, Switzerland, “Study on the radioinduced effects of aging on insulating materials of cables; -as partner in international project - FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) - Germany; -UE/COST Action D43 (2006-2011): Colloid and Interface Science for Nanotechnology; -UE/COST Action CM1101 (2011-2016): Colloidal Aspects of Nanoscience for Innovative Processes and Materials; -1 project in FP7 REGPOT-2008-1 “Developing RTD Potential of INCDIE ICPE-CA in the Field of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies (ICPE-HyFC)”, grant agreement no. 229 906; -1 project with The North-West Regional Development Agency within Competitiveness & Innovation Framework Programme, ENT/CIP/07/0001a “Business Innovation Support Network Transylvania “ EEN 225 559 BISNet Transylvania-1; -1 project FP7-ERA NET 7-041/2011 “Research and development of new functionalities for sports and health garments”; -1 project within Sectoral Operational Programme, “Increasing of Economic Competitiveness” (SOP IEC programme), priority axis II - Research, Technological Development and Innovation for competitiveness, the area of intervention 2.2, Operation 2.2.1, “Modernization of the infrastructure for promotion of research potential in electrical engineering for applications in priority economic thematic areas of Romania as EU member state – PROMIT”; -1 project within Sectoral Operational Programme, “Increasing of Economic Competitiveness”), priority axis II - Research,�� Technological Development and Innovation for competitiveness,�� the area of intervention 2.2, Operation 2.2.1, “Advanced research for achieving carbon materials with thermal resistance subjected to irradiation, with high life time, for sealing rings”; -1 project within Cross Border Cooperation Programme Romania-Bulgaria 2007-2013, REACT - “Integrated system for dynamic monitoring and warning for Technological Risks in Romania-Bulgaria Cross-border area”; -1 project within Cross Border Cooperation Programme Romania-Bulgaria 2007-2013, RES-OP-DEV “Romanian - Bulgarian Joint Cooperation for the long-term and Sustainable Development of the young human resources in the field of the Renewable Energy Technologies in order to overcome the socio-cultural barrier to open common and Opportunities for getting a job and Their Employment Along the cross - border area”; -1 project within Cross Border Cooperation Programme Romania-Bulgaria 2007-2013, “Joint study regarding the promotion of renewable energy for the environmental protection, within the natural protected areas from the Lower Danube, the Danube Delta and the Black Sea Region”; -4 bilateral cooperation projects with China, Bulgaria.

The institute is involved in another 14 non-budgetary applied research contracts in areas such as: new energy sources, materials for electrical engineering, environmental protection, electromagnetic compatibility, micro and nano electrotechnologies. Also, were submitted projects financed from European funds, projects for human resource development, exchange of experience between the institute’s researchers and those of neighboring countries and, last but not least, the development of a favorable economical and social environment

Practical application of research results and patents through technological transfers, sales license (within the Technological Transfer Center CTT – ICPE-CA);

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 25 General information

Practical application through the development of spin-off:

S.C. ROMNEOMAG S.R.L.;

Technical and logistical support for incubation and development of business (by SMEs) in the field of electrical engineering by the Incubation Office - ITA ECOMAT ICPE-CA – having the headquarter in Sf. Gheorghe city;

Opening a workstation in Avrig city where will be held consulting activities, know-how transfer and business development to support start-up and implementation of “LOCAL ENERGY” - local contribution to climate change - Integrated model for communities with energy efficiency by exploiting the renewable energy resources in Avrig city, Sibiu county; Small-scale manufacturing of materials processed in different shapes and sizes, at customer demand; Small-scale manufacturing of some complex applications: sensors, actuators, magnetic couplings, transducers, equipment to control the electrochemical corrosions, stands/systems for monitoring, verification and control of electrical and environmental parameters; Application of techniques of vacuum thin layers deposition by: magnetron sputtering, e-beam and their characterization in terms of thickness (ellipsometry) and mechanical and tribological properties; Application of techniques for structural changes of hardening metal surfaces by electrons beam; Characterization and testing materials in laboratories certified by RENAR (Romanian Accreditation Association): magnetic properties investigations (analysis of remanence magnetization, analysis of coercive magnetic field, analysis of maximum energetic product, analysis of power losses, analysis of magnetic polarization and the relative, permanent and reversible permeability), physical testing (density determination through hydrostatic method, phase qualitative analysis), mechanical testing (Vickers hardness testing); investigations of material’s composition (atomic absorption spectrometer SOLAAR type, laser ablation mass spectrometer ELAN DRC type, X-ray diffractometer D8 ADVANCE type and D8 DISCOPER type), surface properties investigations (atomic force microscope AFM Veeco, scanning tunneling microscope STM-Ntegra, scanning electron microscope FESEM-FIB Auriga Zeiss); Consulting in the field of intellectual property; Import-Export; International cooperation; Organization of scientific events, fairs and exhibitions; Certification.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 26

Management structure Management structure of INCDIE ICPE-CA

1. Administrative Council Board

Administrative Council Board of INCDIE ICPE-CA

Kappel Wilhelm President General Director of INCDIE ICPE-CA

Tănăsescu Florin Teodor Vice-president Specialist, Romanian Electrotechnical Committee

Gavrilă Horia Member President of Scientific Council

Representative of Ministry of Education, Research, Bâlă Gheorghe Member Youth and Sport

Tudor Tatiana Member Representative of Ministry of Public Finance

Representative of Ministry of Labor, Family and Cioponea Gheorghe Member Social Protection

Specialist, Director of Special Telecommunication Opriş Marcel Member Service

2. Scientific Council

SCIENTIFIC CoUNCIL OF incdie icpe-ca

Prof. Dr. Eng., Horia Gavrila INCDIE ICPE-CA President of Scientific Council Dr. Eng., Scientific Secretary of INCDIE Iosif Lingvay Vice-President of Scientific Council ICPE-CA Florin Filip Acad. Prof. Dr. Eng., Honorary Member Romanian Academy

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 30 Management structure

Emil Burzo Acad. Prof. Dr. Phys., Honorary Member Romanian Academy

UPB – Faculty of Electrical Petru Notingher Prof. Dr. Eng., Honorary Member Engineering

Nicolae Olariu Prof. Dr. Eng., Honorary Member Valahia University – Targoviste

Teodor Visan Prof. Dr. Eng., Honorary Member UPB – Faculty of Chemistry

UPB – Faculty of Electrical Alexandru Morega Prof. Dr. Eng., Honorary Member Engineering

Member of Academy of Nicolae Vasile Prof. Dr. Eng., Honorary Member Technical Sciences

Georgeta Alecu Dr. Eng., Member INCDIE ICPE-CA

Constantin Bala Prof. Dr. Eng., Member INCDIE ICPE-CA

Petru Budrugeac Dr. Chem., Member INCDIE ICPE-CA

Mircea Ignat Dr. Eng., Member INCDIE ICPE-CA

Cristinel Ilie Eng., Member INCDIE ICPE-CA

Mariana Lucaci Dr. Eng., Member INCDIE ICPE-CA

Mihai Mihaiescu Dr. Eng., Member INCDIE ICPE-CA

Jenica Neamtu Dr. Phys., Member INCDIE ICPE-CA

Gheorghe Samoilescu Prof. Dr. Eng., Member INCDIE ICPE-CA

Wilhelm Kappel Prof. Dr., Member General Director of INCDIE ICPE-CA

Elena Enescu Dr. Eng., Member Technical Director of INCDIE ICPE-CA

Bara Adela Dr. Eng., Secretary of Scientific Council INCDIE ICPE-CA

2.1 Ethics Commission

Prof. dr. eng. Florin Tanasescu Dr. eng. Mircea Ignat Eng. Iuliu Popovici Dr. eng. Mirela Codescu Legal Adviser Mariana Lungu

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 31 Management structure

3. Directory Board

DIRECTORY BOARD OF INCDIE ICPE-CA

General Director, Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Kappel President

Technical Director, Dr. Eng. Elena Enescu Vice-president

Scientific Secretary, Dr. Eng. Iosif LINGVAY Member

Economic Director, Ec. Livia STAN Member

Head of Department for Advanced Materials, Member Dr. Eng. Mariana LUCACI

Head of Department for Efficiency in Conversion and Member Consumption of Energy, Dr. Eng. Sergiu NICOLAIE

Head of Department for Micro-Nano-Electrotechnologies, Member Dr. Eng. Mircea IGNAT

Heaf of Legal Office, Human Resources, Member Legal Adviser Mariana LUNGU

Head of Office for Programmes Monitoring, Member Ec. Dorina DOBRIN

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 32

Departments / Laboratories / Services / Offices of INCDIE ICPE-CA Departments / Laboratories / Services / Offices of INCDIE ICPE-CA Departments / Laboratories / Services / Offices of INCDIE ICPE-CA

LEGAL OFFICE, Human resources, LABOUR PROTECTION, PUBLIC RELATIONS and CLASIFIED INFORMATION

Head Office: Legal Adviser, Mariana LUNGU E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+40-21)346.82.97 / 136 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

Legal assistance; Evidence of human resources; Consulting in the field of intellectual property; Evidence of classified documents; Monitoring of work protection; Public relations.

OFFICE FOR MANAGEMENT OF QUALITY - ENVIRONMENT

Head Office: Dr. Eng. Georgeta ALECU E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+40-21)346.72.31/112 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

RESEARCH AREA

Monitoring the Quality Assurance & Quality Technical Control and environment protection in INCDIE ICPE-CA; Maintaining the high performance of integrated Management system Quality – Environment, according to EU requirements; Support materials for certification/training in the management systems of the institute as support in the education process for quality of managerial and operative staff; Testing and control system of environment quality for obtaining of clean technologies in the field of electrical engineering; Real-time analysis system of environmental and health risk factors; Chemical-physical analysis for air and water quality assessment; Management and conservation of natural resources based on ecological principles, paying special attention to materials recycling; Improvement of environment quality through deployment of technical, economic, legal and administrative measures at the institute level;

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 36 Departments / Laboratories / Services / Offices of INCDIE ICPE-CA

Determination of organic pollutants in air, water, soil (volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons); Determination the concentration of greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2, chlorofluorocarbons, SF6); Analysis of dielectric oils from electrical and electronic equipment; Determination of persistent organic pollutants (pesticides, herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls) of water, soil, agricultural products; Qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of organic compounds of interest for technological processes to obtaining biofuels (biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel); Monitoring of anaerobic fermentation processes in biogas units; biomass and biogas analysis; Determination of environmental and industrial noise; Determination of meteorological parameters (wind direction and speed; temperature in the range -40 … +60°C and relative humidity in the range 0 … 100%; atmospheric pressure in the range 825 – 1050 mbar).

MARKETING DEPARTMENT, TECHNICAL LIBRARY

Head of Department: Eng. Ciprian ONICĂ E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+40-21)346.82.97 / 152 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

Standard and electronic (internet) marketing for the institute; Developing of the laboratories interconnection for communications, reports and dissemination of information; Developing of interconnection with other entities, research networks, consortium to obtain partnerships, regional programmes, databases; Developing the own base of information through acquisition of books and subscriptions to specialized journals; Organizing of scientific events; participation at fairs and exhibitions; Marketing for promoting of the patents, products, equipment and services developed by the institute.elaborate de institut.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 37 Departments / Laboratories / Services / Offices of INCDIE ICPE-CA

SF. GHEORGHE BRANCH – BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY INCUBATOR ITA ECOMAT ICPE-CA

Director ITA ECOMAT ICPE-CA: Eng. Remus ERDEI E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+40-0267) 32.73.95 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

Supporting the establishment and development of SMEs in industry and services in the field of electrical engineering, advanced materials, new energy sources, ecological technologies, IT; Identify of business projects; Developing of partnership; Project initiation in the R&D National and International Programmes; Increasing the use of research results and patents; Creating new jobs, regional economic development; Improvement of SMEs access to information, consulting services, financing sources as well as R&D services and equipment.

OFFICE FOR PROGRAMMES MONITORING, PLANNING

Head Office: Accountant Dorina DOBRIN E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Tel.: (+40-21)346.72.31/126 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

Monitoring the research projects; Monitoring of contracts; Planning of income / expenditure; Planning / monitoring of staff overcharge; Billing operations; Elaboration of specific statistics.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 38 Departments / Laboratories / Services / Offices of INCDIE ICPE-CA

DEPARTMENT FOR ADVANCED MATERIALS

Head of Department: Dr. Eng.Mariana LUCACI E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+40-21)346.72.31/109 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

Deputy Head of Department: Eng. Phys. Iulian IORDACHE E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+40-21)346.72.31/145 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

Development of research in obtaining and characterization of materials and components for energy; Development of research in obtaining and characterization of materials and components for electrical engineering; Development of research in obtaining and characterization of biomaterials; Development of research in obtaining and characterization of materials for special applications.

Applications of these materials and products mentioned above are structural, as well as functional and multifunctional.

RESEARCH AREA

Areas of work grouped by research fields and applications include processing and characterization of all types of materials: metallic, ceramics, carbonic and polymeric.

Materials and components for energy:

Structural materials: carbon materials resistant to thermal-mechanical shock; composite ceramic crucibles used in dental technique; Functional materials: metal hydrides-based materials for hydrogen storage; NiAlCrB materials for deposition having the role of thermal barrier; NiTiCu alloys with shape memory obtained by sintering; CdTe/CdS thin films deposited on glass for photovoltaic cells; Bi3Te3 and Zn4Sb3 doped nanocrystals; Multifunctional materials: radiant heating systems; thin-layer advanced ceramic materials for SOFC;

Materials and components for electrical engineering:

Mfunctional materials: soft magnetic cores of iron-based composite materials; products from sintered heavy alloys; carbon-ceramic composites for power resistors; ceramic glow plugs for Diesel engines; zirconia’s ceramic for arc-extinction and element supports for electrical resistance; dense cordierite-based ceramic insulating materials for arc-extinction; polymeric membranes for displacement actuators; composite powders from silver nanoparticles laid-down on ZnO and SnO2 powders for sintered conducting materials; plated materials for electrical contacts; FePtNbB heavy magnetic nano-crystalline powders; Ti(Ni, Cu, Fe, Nb) shape memory materials; Al(Ni, Co) intermetallic compounds with ferromagnetic properties; electrical contacts for air and vacuum switching; Al and Al-Mg alloys for electronic and communications equipment; Ag-SnO2 contact materials doped with Bi2O3 and CuO; securing cellulose composite with ferromagnetic microwires; FeBSi ferromagnetic microwires; oxide semiconductors-based piezoelectric nanostructures; magnetic nanocrystalline materials based on Fe and FeNi; Co and

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 39 Departments / Laboratories / Services / Offices of INCDIE ICPE-CA

CoNi nanopowders; composite material based on magnetic material which provides protection from low frequency electromagnetic fields and radiofrequency; ferromagnetic materials obtained from industrial wastes for protection in microwave (800 – 10000 MHz); carbon-ceramic composite materials for electromagnetic shielding; absorbing ferrosilicium concrete materials of electromagnetic radiations; absorbing pyrite composites of electromagnetic radiations; flexible electromagnetic absorbing material; carbon fiber composite material impregnated with epoxy resin reinforced with carbon nanotubes; Multifunctional materials: NdFeB magnetic materials with high magnetic stability; NdFeB and SmCo agglomerated permanent magnets; magnetic isotropic nanocomposite based on rare earths; microwires from Cu and FeBSi; insulating materials from steatic ceramics; piezoelectric materials for low rpm and high axial loads micromotors; textile composites with amorphous microwires for protection at electromagnetic radiations; natural inhibitors from plant extracts to prevent corrosion and deposition of thermal plants; ;

Biomaterials:

Materials with special applications:

Structural materials: polymeric composite materials reinforced with carbon nanotubes; polymeric composite materials reinforced with carbon fiber; carbon composite materials; nano- additivated carbon, reinforced with carbon fiber; carbon materials with high thermo-mechanical shock resistance for aerospace industry; Functional materials: contrast powder for non-destructive control of ferromagnetic materials; nickel powder with high specific surface; DLC synthesis and deposition on metal substrate and silicon oxide; conductive coatings with noble metal of magnetic nanostructures;

Characterization of metallic, ceramics, magnetic, carbonic, polymeric materials:

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 40 Departments / Laboratories / Services / Offices of INCDIE ICPE-CA

Investigation of materials behavior (of biomaterials) in the presence of fungi and molds; Electrical characterization of electrical insulating materials (complex impedance, complex admit, complex relative permittivity, loss factor, complex electrical conductivity).

DEPARTMENT FOR EFFICIENCY IN CONVERSION AND CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY

Head of Department: Dr. Eng. Sergiu NICOLAIE E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+40-21)346.72.31/305 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

Deputy Head of Department: Dr. Eng. Gimi RÎMBU E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+40-21)346.72.31/147 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

RESEARCH AREA AND FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

Use of renewable energy (conversion of wind energy, conversion of hydraulic energy, conversion of wave energy, conversion of solar energy) to produce electricity; Electric machines for different industrial applications; Applications of hydraulics and fluid mechanics for consumption efficiency in industrial processes and environmental protection; Applications of cryogenics and superconductivity for efficiency of energy conversion and consumption; CAD/CAM/CAE design; Microelectromechanical systems; MEMS by LIGA technology; Fuel cells and integrated systems for energy production; Development and testing of materials for energy storage; Energy cogeneration, anaerobic fermentation in biogas units, evaluation of biogas potential of biomass by physical-chemical and microbiological analysis, biofuels; Corrosion control in different industrial and natural environments; Electromagnetic pollution of environment; Electrosecurity systems and active protection against corrosion for metallic pipes and underground electric cables.

DEPARTMENT FOR MICRO-NANO-ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES

Head of Department: Dr. Eng. Mircea IGNAT E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+40-21)346.72.31 / 204 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 41 Departments / Laboratories / Services / Offices of INCDIE ICPE-CA

Deputy Head of Department: Dr. Eng. Gabriela HRISTEA E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+40-21)346.72.31 / 129 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

RESEARCH AREA AND FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

Piezoceramic, electrostrictive, magnetostrictive, electromagnetic, electrodynamic and electrothermal microactuators; Electromagnetic and electrostatic micromotors and microgenerators; Electromechanical and piezoelectric microharvesting systems; Linear, angular and electromagnetic microsensors with applications for monitoring in landslides and position; Capacitive systems for water desalination; Applications in biology and electromechanics of carbon-graphite materials; Electrochemical gas microsensors; Microsensors for the study of motility and medical re-education; Micro and nanobionics; the study of magnetic bacteria with applications in MEMS and NEMS; Microsystems for magnetic multilayers with GMR (giant magnetoresistence) and TMR ( effect for spintronics; Dilute magnetic semiconductors; Core-Shell magnetic nanosystems for diagnosis with magnetic resonance method (MRI); Self-assembled magnetic nanoparticles for “chip” diagnostic micro-devices; Transparent oxidic semiconductors nanostructures with controllable properties by doping for applications in optoelectronics, spintronics; Oxidic semiconductor nano-devices (nano-wires, nano-ribbons) for applications in nanoelectronics and nano-medicine; Computerized stand used in railway equipment; Monitoring micro-systems for movement and motility; Specific software for monitoring systems of movement; Identification of motion parameters with micro and macro-photogrammetry; 2D and 3D active control and micro-drive systems.

TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFER CENTRE CTT ICPE-CA, INTELECTUAL PROPERTY

Director: Eng. Ion IVAN E-mail: [email protected] Tel: (+40-21)346.72.31 / 132 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

Technological transfer of products and technologies developed by INCDIE ICPE-CA; Development of interactive exchange for the practical application through technological transfer of patents, products, equipment and services developed by institute.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 42 Departments / Laboratories / Services / Offices of INCDIE ICPE-CA

LABORATORY FOR TESTING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROTECHNICAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

Head of Laboratory: Eng. Sorina Adriana MITREA E-mail: [email protected] Tel: (+40-21)346.72.31/151, 138, 107 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

Deputy Head of Laboratory: Eng. Phys. Delia PĂTROI E-mail: [email protected] Tel: (+40-21)346.72.31/138, 107 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

investigations of material’s composition: atomic absorption spectrometry, laser ablation mass spectrometry; Structural analysis: X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy; Determining the physical and mechanical characterizations: Vickers and Brinell hardness, Vickers and Knoop micro-hardness, density, Fisher average diameter, tensile strength, compressive strength, bending strength; Surface properties investigations: scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy; Determining the magnetic characteristics: magnetic induction, coercitive magnetic fields, intrisec magnetic field, specific magnetic energy, permeability, power loss; Microbiological analysis.

LABORATORY FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY

Head of Laboratory: Dr. Eng. Jana PINTEA E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+40-21)346.72.31 / 128 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

Deputy Head of Laboratory: Eng. Cristian Morari E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+40-21)346.72.31 / 116 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

Materials science; Electromagnetic compatibility.

RESEARCH AREA

Determining the level of attenuation of electromagnetic screens used to protect electronic equipment, buildings and/or specialists exposed to electromagnetic radiations; Determining the level of electromagnetic field; Determining the electromagnetic field of electrical devices;

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 43 Departments / Laboratories / Services / Offices of INCDIE ICPE-CA

Measurements of the complex dielectric permittivity, the loss tangent, the complex magnetic permeability in the frequency range 40 Hz – 30 MHz; Measurements of the surface and volume resistivity; Spectral analysis of infrared images for electrical circuits, fire prevention, electrical connections, buildings, etc.; Spectroscopy by spectral analysis of reflection and transmission in the THz frequency range; characterization of materials in the field of THz; analysis of crystal structure and polymorphic substances; Study of surfaces and interfaces of solids, liquids, polymers; Thermographic analysis.

LABORATORY FOR EVALUATION OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS

Head of Laboratory: Dr. Eng. Petru BUDRUGEAC E-mail: [email protected] Tel: (+40-21)346.72.31/118 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

Deputy Head of Laboratory: Dr. Eng. Andrei CUCOŞ E-mail: [email protected] Tel: (+40-21)346.72.31/160 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

Thermogravimetry (TG); Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG); Diffeential thermal analysis (DTA); Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); Dilatometry (DIL); Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).

Laboratory FOR MICRO AND NANOELECTROMECHANICAL TESTING

Head of Laboratory: Dr. Eng. Dragos OVEZEA E-mail: [email protected] Tel: (+40-21)346.72.31/210, 211 Fax: (+40-21)346.82.99

FIELDS OF ACTIVITY

Measurements of micro and nanodisplacements; Measurements of dynamic parameters for micro and nanoactuators; Measurements of electromechanical resonance; Measurements of surfaces nano roughness (profile diagrams).

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 44

Our expertise National projects

MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS WITH APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Oxide semiconductor nanodevices for applications in nanoelectronics and nanomedicine

INCDIE ICPE-CA – project manager synthesis have been made. The best variant of INCDFM – Partner 1 electrochemical potentiostatic synthesis was the one in UPB - Partner 2 which the electrodeposition process was carried out at UTBv – Partner 3 room temperature for 90 minutes, with air bubbling, at INCDTIM Cluj – Partner 4 a potential value of about -1000 mV and the transparent conductive substrate used as cathode was optical glass INTRODUCTION / ITO (ITO - deposited by magnetron sputtering in radio The overall objective is to obtain some electronic frequency (RF sputtering mode)). nano-devices based on new materials and with advanced The heat treatment was performed in two stages: (1) functionality, corresponding to the next generation of devices the thermal pretreatment of the precursor layer deposited currently studied in electronics industry. The objective of the on optical glass substrate / ITO, at 1000C temperature for IVth execution phase for the partner 1, INCDIE ICPE-CA, are: 30 minutes, in air atmosphere and (2) heat treatment at a Achieving the ZnO oxide semiconductor nanostructures, by temperature of 5000C for 60 minutes in air atmosphere. chemical methods (electrochemical potentiostatic method); Structural and morphological characterization of oxide RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS semiconductors by XRD, SEM and AFM. Dissemination of The results obtained in this work have resulted results through communication or publication. in the development of ZnO oxide semiconductor nanostructures by a chemical method (electrochemical Research staff of the project potentiostatic method) for applications in nanoelectro- (CS1) PhD. Jenica Neamtu – Project manager nics and nanomedicine. (INCDIE ICPE-CA) Structural (XRD), microstructural (AFM, SEM) and (CS1) PhD.eng. Teodora Malaeru – specialist project electrical properties (I-V characteristic) of ZnO were participant studied. ( IDT1) PhD.eng. Gabriela Georgescu – specialist project The electrochemical potentiostatic method for preparing participant ZnO oxide semiconductor nanostructures showed the (CS) PhD.Student Cristian Morari – specialist project following advantages: structures of nanometer-thickness participant were achieved, reproducibility and uniformity. It is a Eng Phd.Student Ionut Balan – specialist project participant cheap method (the electrochemical process was carried (CS) PhD.eng. Paula Prioteasa – specialist project participant out at room temperature) which offers many possibilities (CS) PhD.eng. Mihai Iordoc – specialist project participant for large-scale production at low cost. ( IDT III) Eng.Phd.Student Delia Patroi – specialist project X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation participant of ZnO nanostructures crystallized in a stable form – (CS) Eng.Phys. Virgil Marinescu – specialist project wurtzite. X-ray diffraction patterns show the interferences participant characteristic for ZnO (most intense diffraction lines at ( IDT1) Chem.Eng. Sorina Mitrea – specialist project 31.70, 34.40 and 36.20 respectively). ZnO is crystallized participant in a hexagonal network, wurtzite type, with the first three Eng.Techn. Carmen Haidu most intense interferences in the 2θ = 30-40˚ domain. Techn. Adriana Dinu – specialist project participant The 30.500, 35.300, 510 and 60.70 lines in the diffractogram of the substrate reveal ITO phases. EXPERIMENTAL XRD characterization of ZnO nanostructures was For obtaining the ZnO oxide semiconductor performed using X-ray diffractometer Bruker AXS-D8 nanostructures, using the electrochemical potentiostatic ADVANCE type. method, three versions of the electrolyte solution and By varying the synthesis parameters, different mor- seven variants of the electrochemical potentiostatic phologies were obtained. Microstructural characterization

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 48 National projects

was performed using the atomic force microscope (AFM) CONCLUSIONS type STM Ntegra Aura and FESEM-FIB equipment called Auriga Workstation (SEM). ZnO ��oxide semiconductor nanostructures ��were�� obtained by ��a chemical method (electrochemical potentiostatic method). For achieving oxide semiconductor nanostructures ZnO-type, three versions of the electrolyte solution and seven variants of the electrochemical potentiostatic synthesis were made. The best variant of electrochemical potentiostatic synthesis was the one in which the electrodeposition process was carried out at room temperature for 90 minutes, with air bubbling, at a potential value of about -1000 mV and the transparent conductive substrate used as cathode was optical glass/ITO (ITO - deposited by magnetron sputtering in radio frequency (RF Fig. 1. SEM image of the oxide semiconductor sputtering mode)). nanostructure optical glass / ITO / ZnO (ITO obtained Structural (XRD), microstructural (AFM, SEM) and elec- by sputtering) obtained by the electrochemical potentiostatic method (potential: - 1000 mV): trical properties (I-V characteristic) of ZnO were studied. magnification: 50000 x – 100000 x X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of ZnO nanostructures crystallized in a stable form – wur- The images obtained from SEM microscope reveals tzite. X-ray diffraction patterns show the interferences the growth of ZnO nanostructures (nanowires) on the characteristic for ZnO (most intense diffraction lines at 31.70, 34.40 and 36.20 respectively). ZnO is crystal- transparent conductive substrate Si/ SiO2/ ITO (Fig.1). Investigation of electrical properties was performed lized in a hexagonal network, wurtzite type, with the by measuring I-V (current-voltage) characteristic. first three most intense interferences in the 2θ = 30- I-V characteristic (Fig.2) was raised by injecting 40˚ domain. 0 0 0 0 a tunneling current on the growth direction of the The 30.50 , 35.30 , 51 and 60.7 lines in the dif- obtained ZnO nanostructures, using the conducti- fractogram of the substrate reveal ITO phases. ve tip (Pt/Ir) of the atomic force microscope (AFM), The images obtained from SEM microscope reveals by STM (scanning tunneling microscopy) technique. the growth of ZnO nanostructures (nanowires) on the conductive substrate Si/ SiO / ITO (Fig.1). The used STM instrument was Ntegra Aura platform. 2 The measurement checks the electrical behavior of Investigation of electrical properties was performed the ZnO nanostructures and proves that they are se- by measuring I-V (current-voltage) characteristic. miconductor, suitable for applications in nanodevices The I-V characteristic (Fig.2) was raised by injec- (nanoled). ting a tunneling current on the growth direction of the obtained ZnO nanostructures, using the conductive tip (Pt/Ir) of the atomic force microscope (AFM), by STM (scanning tunneling microscopy) technique. The used STM instrument was Ntegra Aura platform. The measurement checks the electrical behavior of the ZnO nanostructures and proves that they are semiconductor, suitable for applications in nanodevices (nanoled). Electrical properties of ZnO nanostructures are inti- mately connected to the microstructures of the samples and can be modeled by properly controlling the preparation conditions. Dissemination of research results was achieved by: - article elaboration: “Structural and magnetic properties of nanocristalline powders of Ni-doped ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductors synnthesized by sol-gel method”, Authors: Fig. 2. I-V characteristic of the ZnO oxide Teodora Mălăeru, Jenica Neamţu, Cristian Morari, Ga- semiconductor nanostructures obtained by briela Georgescu submitted at REVUE ROUMAINE DE electrochemical potentiostatic method, deposited on CHIMIE publication, and conductive substrate: optical glass/ITO - patent proposal: (Sputtering RF mode) Patent No. OSIM A/00689/02 08 2010, “Process for obtaining of diluted magnetic oxide semiconductors”, authors: Georgescu Gabriela, Neamţu Jenica, Mălăeru Teodora, Jitaru Ioana.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 49 National projects

REFERENCES “ELECTROCHIMIE SI COROZIUNE pentru doctoranzii ELCOR”, 4, Editura POLITEHNICA PRESS, Bucuresti, 1. U.Ozgur, Y.I. Alivov, C. Liu, A. Teke, M.A. Re- 2009, p. 243; schikov, S. Dogan, V. Avrutin, S.-J. Cho, H. Morkoc, 9. Swati Sharma, Alex Tran, Omkaram Nalamasu, A comprehesive review of ZnO materials and devices, P.S. Dutta, “Spin-Coated ZnO Thin Films Using ZnO Journal of Applied Physics 98, 2005, p. 041301; Nano-Colloid”, Journal of ELECTRONIC MATERIALS, Bagnall DM, Chen YF, Zhu Z, Yao T, Shen MY, Goto 35 (6), 2006; T, High temperature excitonic stimulated emission 10. S. Ilican, Y. Caglar, M. Caglar, “Preparation and from ZnO epitaxial layers, Applied Physics Letters, 73, characterization of ZnO thin films deposited by sol- 1998, p. 1038; gel spin coating method”, Journal of optoelectronics 3. Nomura K, Hiromichi O, Takagi A, Kamiya T, and advanced materials, 10 (10), p. 2578–2583, Hirano M, Hosono H., Room-temperature fabrication 2008; of transparent flexible thin-film transistors using 11. Sanghyun Ju, “Effects of bias stress on ZnO amorphous oxide semiconductors, Nature, 432, 2004, nanowire field-effect transistors fabricated with p. 488; organic gate nanodielectrics”, Applied Physics Letters, 4. Hoffman RL., ZnO-channel thin-film transistors: 89, 2006, p. 193506; channel mobility, Journal of Applied Physics, 95(10), 12. Chang Shi Lao, Jin Liu, Puxian Gao, Liyuan 2004, p. 5813-5819; Zhang, Dragomir Davidovic, Rao Tummala, and Zhong 5. Hoffman RL, Norris BJ, Wager JF., ZnO-based L. Wang. “ZnO Nanobelt/Nanowire Schottky Diodes transparent thin-film transistors, Applied Physics Formed by Dielectrophoresis Alignment Across Au Letters, 82(5), 2003, p. 733-735; Electrodes”, Nano Letters., 6 (2), (2006), p. 263- 6. R. Medianu, Petronela Prepelita, F. Garoi, and N. 266; Stefan, On the structural and electrical characteristics 13. T.E. Murphy, J.O. Blaszczak, K. Moazzami, W.E. of zinc oxide thin films, submited to Thin Solid Films, Bowen, J.D. Phillips, “Properties of Electrical Contacts Proceedings of EMRS-H, 2009; on Bulk and Epitaxial n-Type ZnO”, Journal of electronic 7. Heugsoon Kim - Naval Research Laboratory, code materials, 34 (4), 2005. 6364, Washington, D.C., Transparent Coating Oxides Films, 11, 2007, p. 239-260; The research was financed by the National ��Pro- 8. Teodor Visan, Liana Anicai, Anca Duta, gramme of Research, Development and Innovation - Iosif Lingvay, Marian Sima, Marin Nedelcu si altii, PNCDI II, contract 12-134/2008 (4256/2008).

Ferromagnetic components for microelectromechanical systems

PROJECT ABSTRACT Alnico alloys, deposited on various substrates by different The project aim is to prepare and to characterize the techniques: pulse laser deposition (PLD), magnetron and ferromagnetic components (FC) as thin/thick films, with RF sputtering, or as thick films based on the Co-Ni-Mn-P applications as components for micro-electro-mechanical systems, deposited by LIGA technique. systems (MEMS). Now, the ferromagnetic thin thick films are the focus of intense interest because of their Research staff of the project outstanding potentials for micro-electro-mechanical dr. M. M. Codescu – project manager device applications. In order to exploit at maximum eng. Cristinel Ilie the potential of these ferromagnetic thin / thick films is dr. eng. Mihai Iordoc extremely important to know how to manipulate their prof. dr. Wilhelm Kappel growth and to learn to design their properties. In the dr. eng. Magdalena Lungu Consortium frame, the FC were prepared and studied eng. Eugen Manta as thin films, based on intermetallic compounds RE-TM eng. Virgil Marinescu type (where RE - rare earth and TM – transition metal) or dr. Dragos Ovezea

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 50 National projects

dr. phys. Delia Pătroi The magnetic characteristics of a ferromagnetic dr. phys Eros Alexandru Pătroi components with sizes: 2000 x 2000 �μ��m and thick-

eng. Marius Popa ness 20 - 22 μm (s. Fig. 1.b) are: remanence, Br - min.

dr. eng. Paula Prioteasa 119 kA/m, (1,5 kGs); coercivity, Hc - min. 56 kA/m

techn. Georgeta Mărginean (700 Oe); maxim energy product, (BH)max - min. 1,5 techn. Florentina Oprea kJ/m3; leakage field, μH = 0,05 – 0,20 T. techn. Paul Ştean For elaboration of Technical Specification of the ferromagnetic components, the experimental models PROJECT RESULTS have been characterised and tested from the technical The results obtained in the last stage of the research and functional point of view, being analysed contract no. PNII 12-086/2008, after carrying out the chemical composition, the magnetic characte- activities under the project Workplan and agreed by the ristics, the layer thickness, the aspect and the behavi- 2011 Addendum have resulted in realisation / technical our at cold atmosphere and cyclic tests. and functional characterisation of the experimental In the frame of the OMICRON project was study, models of ferromagnetic components for MEMS for the first time in Romania, the possibility of Alnico applications. thin fims preparation, by PLD technique. The Alnico The ferromagnetic components with arrays based thin films have been annealed at 600oC for 1 hour, in on Co-Ni-Mn-P system, on Si substrates, have been high vacuum. prepared by LIGA processing technique. They are After annealing, XRD patterns reveals a crystalline used in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) structure formed mainly of cubic structures, evidenced as sensing / actuation elements, for IT applications, also by SEM images (see Figs. 2 and 3). mechanical engineering, aerospace or different instruments and meters. The technology allows the fabrication of different patters in lake photoresist, with presett configurations, as arrays of repetitive units (see Fig. 1a).

Fig. 2. XRD patterns for the target (black), the annealed films (red 50 nm thickness, blue 100 nm thickness, green 150 nm thickness) and for the ceramic substrate (brown pattern) a)

b) Fig. 1. Photographs of a) array with repetitive units of ferromagnetic components; b) ferromagnetic Fig. 3. SEM (left secondary electron, right component realised through Co-Ni-Mn-P alloy backscattering electron) images of Alnico thin films deposition on patterns of lake photoresist, x 65 (50 nm thickness), annealed for 1 hour at 600oC

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tion, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (in press); 1,5 ▲D. Pătroi, E. A. Pătroi, D. Bojin, M. M. Codes- cu, C. Constantinescu-Goldner - Magnetic materi- 1,0 als based on Alnico thin films, Patent application no. A00978/2011; 0,5 ▲D. Pătroi, E. A. Pătroi, D. Bojin, M. M. Codescu,

r Preparation methods for Alnico thin films, Patent appli- 0,0 cation no. A00979/2011.

M/M

References -0,5 M. Barbic et al. - Magnetic wires in MEMS and bio- in plane medical applications, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 249, -1,0 perpendicular 357-67, 2002. D. Niarchos et al. - Magnetic MEMS: Key Issues and -1,5 Some Applications, Sensors and actuators, A. 106, -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 255-62, 2003. H (kA/m) C. Liu et al. - Development of Surface Micromachined Magnetic Actuators Using Electroplated Permalloy, Mechatronics, 8, 613-33, 1998. Fig. 4. Hysteresis loops of the Alnico annealed thin C. Liu et al. - Out of Plane Permalloy Magnetic films (50 nm thickness) Actuators with Electroplated Permalloy for Fluid Dynamics Control, Sensors and Actuators, 78, 190-7, After the magnetic characterization by VSM 1999. technique of Alnico thin films, those of 50 nm showed O. Cugat et al. - Deformable Magnetic Mirror for the highest coercivity when measured in plane and Adaptive Optics: First Results, Proc. IEEE MEMS 2000, also, unexpected, out of plane (see Fig. 4). Miyazaki, Japan, 485-90, 2000. The project contributed to the following Ph.D thesis B. J. Bowers - A method to form bonded micromagnets th or part of them, presented at Politehnica University embedded in silicon, Tech. Digit., 14 Int. Conf. Solid- from Bucharest: State Sensors, Actuators & Microsystems, Lyon, 2, ▲C. Constantinescu-Goldner - Research on the 1581-4, 2007. development, characterization and applications of H. Cho et al. - Microscale resin bonded permanent some nanostructured magnetic materials, 2010; magnets for magnetic micro-electro-mechanical ▲D. Pătroi (Vişan) - Experimental researches regarding systems applications, J. Appl. Phys., 93(10), 8674-6, some new thin film magnetic materials with high 2003. applicability potential for microtechnologies. Alnico *** Technical Specification „NdFeB based hard magnetic thin films, 2011; micromagnets for electronics”. ▲P. Prioteasa - Electrode processes at induced and ***http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-international- abnormal deposition of some nickel alloys, 2010 7948487-beijingul-pare-tot-mai-dispus-utilizeze-noua- and also on elaboration of scientific papers and forta-economica-care-detine-dupa-japonia-china- patents applications: stopeaza-exporturile-pamanturi-rare-catre-sua.htm, ▲B. Cekić, V. Ivanovski , M. M. Codescu, A. Umićević, 2010. T. Barudzija, E. A. Pătroi -Mössbauer spectroscopic ana- *** Critical raw materials for the EU, Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials, lysis of Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe hard magnetic nanocomposites, Solid State Phenomena, vol. 170 (2011) 154-159, on- European Commission, Enterprise & Industry, 2010. line available since 2011/Apr/19 at, ww.scientific.net, D. Kim et al. - Soft magnetic films by electroless Ni- © (2011) Trans. Tech. Publ., Switzerland, doi:10.4028/ Co-P plating, J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 11, 3763–70, www.scientific.net/SSP.170.154; 1995. ▲D. Pătroi, M. M. Codescu, E. A. Pătroi, V. Mari- M. C. Chou et al. - Microcomposite electroforming nescu - Structural and magnetic behaviour of DC sput- for LIGA technology, Microsystem Technologies, 7, tered Alnico type thin films, Optoel. & Adv. Mat.- Rap. 36–9, 2001. Comm., 5, 10, 1130 – 1133, (2011); H. Matsubara et al. - Control of magnetic-properties ▲C. Constantinescu-Goldner, E. Patroi, M. M. Codes- of chemically deposited cobalt nickel-phosphorus films cu, H. Gavrila, M. Dinescu -Magnetic properties of by electrolysis, J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 9, 2386- NdFeB thin films deposited by radio frequency plasma 90, 1994. beam assisted pulsed laser deposition, Applied Surface G. Zangari et al. - Magnetic properties of electroplated Science (in press); Co-Pt films, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 157, 256-7, ▲C. Constantinescu-Goldner, V. Ion, M. M. Codescu, 1996. M. Dinescu, P. Rotaru - Thermal and optical properties T. M. Liakopoulos et al. - Magnetic Materials, Pro- th of NdFeB thin films deposited by pulsed laser deposi- cesses and Devices, Proc. Electrochem. Soc.: The 5 Int. Symp., Boston, MA, 413–8, 1998.

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J. D. Williams, Design and fabrication of S. Guan, B. J. Nelson - Pulse-Reverse Electrodeposited electromagnetic micro-relays using the UV – LIGA Nanograinsized CoNiP Thin Films and Microarrays for technique, M. Sci. thesis, Louisiana State University, MEMS Actuators, J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, C190- 1996. C196, 2005. D. Y. Park et al. - Nanostructured magnetic CoNiP S. Pané et al. - High-performance electro-deposited electrodeposits: structure – property relationships, Co-rich CoNiReP permanent magnets, Electrochim. Electrochim. Acta, 47, 2893-900, 2002. Acta, 56, 24, 8979-88, 2011. H. J. Cho et al. - Electroplated thick permanent magnet arrays with controlled direction of magnetization for MEMS application, J. Appl. Phys., 87 (9), 6340–2, 2000. The research work was supported by Ministry H. J. Cho et al. - A bidirectional magnetic microactuator of Education, Research Youth & Sports - National using electroplated permanent magnet arrays, J. Micro- Authority for Scientific Research, by PNCDI II project electro-mech. Systems, 11 (1), 78–84, 2002. no. 12-086/2008 (4258/2008).

Transparent oxide semiconductor nanostructures with controlled properties by doping for applications in optoelectronic, spintronics and piezotronics

INCDIE ICPE-CA – Project Coordinator established nanostructure. INCDFM – Partner 1 OS7) Dissemination. Specific identification of the UPB - Partner 2 customers. Assigning the property rights. UTBv – Partner 3 INCDTIM Cluj – Partner 4 Research staff of the project PhD. Jenica Neamtu, – Project manager, CS1 PROJECT ABSTRACT PhD. Teodora Malaeru – specialist project partici- PN 72-165 project overall objective consists in pant, CS1 developing new oxide semiconductor materials with PhD. Gabriela Georgescu – specialist project partici- optical, electrical properties and / or diluted magnetic pant, IDT1 semiconductors (DMS) with properties controlled by PhD. student Cristian Morari – specialist project doping. participant, CS Eng. PhD. student Ionut Balan – specialist project The specific objectives are: participant OS1) Theoretical foundation and experimental Eng. PhD. student Delia Patroi – specialist project verification of the influence of doping introduced charge participant, CS carriers and / or native defects in nano-structured Techn. Adriana Dinu – specialist project participant ZnO. OS2) To determine the correlations between each RESULTS OF THE PROJECT synthesis method and to obtain the desired properties: In the project 72-165, oxide semiconductor thin structure, chemical composition, local atomic films Zn1-xMTxO type (MT = Ni, Fe; x = 0.03, 0.05, ordering. 0.10) have been made, synthesized by sol-gel meth-

OS3) Foundation of the correlations between od and deposited by spinning on Si/SiO2, working on functional properties: electrical, electronic, structural, these systems: and chemical composition.

OS4) Determine the correlation between functional Zn(CH3COO)2.H2O : Ni(NO3)2.6H2O : NH2CH2CH2OH : PEG properties and materials nano-structuring by Zn(NO3)2.6H2O : Fe(NO3)3.9H2O : C3H8O2 : NH2CH2CH2OH morphology studies TEM, SEM and AFM/STM. OS5) To underlie correlations between magnetic and Semiconductor oxide thin films have been structural properties of the DMS, chemical composition, characterized structurally by X-ray measurements morphology. and FTIR spectra, optically by electronic spectra OS6) To determine optimal synthesis parameters measured in UV-vis, morphologically by SEM and AFM and development of the laboratory technology for microscopy and the layer thickness was determined by synthesis of materials with desired properties and pre- ellipsometry.

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X-ray diffraction analysis showed that all samples present a hexagonal crystal structure of ZnO wurtzite. The cell parameters and average size of crystallites are presented in table I.

Phase/ Sample name structure a = b[Å] c[Å] V[Å3] D[nm] type

Zn0,97Ni0,03O deposition ZnO 3.239 5.189 47.143 29.9 on Si/SiO2 -hexagonal substrate

Zn0,95Ni0,05O deposition ZnO - 3.230 5.193 46.918 32.8 on Si/SiO2 hexagonal substrate

Zn0,90Ni0,10O deposition ZnO – Fig. 1. SEM image of the Zn0.97Ni0.03O thin layer 3.236 5.220 47.337 47.3 on Si/SiO2 hexagonal deposited on Si/SiO2 substrate substrate

Zn0.95Fe0.03O - deposition ZnO – 3.246 5.205 47.493 32.8 on Si/SiO2 hexagonal substrate

Zn0.97Fe0.05O - deposition ZnO – 3.244 5.205 47.435 23.4 on Si/SiO2 hexagonal substrate

Zn0.85Fe0.10O- deposition ZnO – 3.248 5.201 47.515 19.8 on Si/SiO2 hexagonal substrate Data sheet ZnO – 3.249 5.206 47.590 no.00-036-1451 hexagonal Table I. Cell parameters and average size of crystallites for thin layers of Zn1-xMTxO (MT=Ni, Fe; x = 0,03;0,05; 0,10). Fig. 2. SEM image of the Zn0.97Fe0.03O thin layer The degree of solubility of transition metal ions Ni deposited on Si/SiO2 substrate and Fe in ZnO network was also revealed. Ni2+ ions showed a high solubility of up to 10% while for Fe3+ AFM determinations have shown that all thin ions the solubility is lower, at 10% Fe content phase layers consist of tight packaged crystallite and gap. segregation occurs with formation of a additional Gaps volume for Fe decreases from the Ni substituted ZnO layers. Crystallite sizes determined by AFM was ZnFe2O4 spinel phase. FTIR spectra showed the substitution of Zn ions consistent with the ones determined by RDX and SEM. with Ni2+ and Fe3+ ions in the fact that the vibration The roughness increases with increasing crystal size, frequencies of 414, 434 and 484 cm-1 characteristic to higher in the case of substitution with Ni (20.16 nm) undoped ZnO show changes. This change in frequency from the case of substitution with Fe (6.74 nm). is caused by the differences in bonds lengths when the The layer thickness determined by elipsometry was 2+ 3+ 2+. Ni or Fe ion replaces Zn 35.88 nm for Zn0.97Ni0.03O layers and 26.64 nm for

Optical transmission spectra showed that thin layers Zn0.97Fe0.03O layers. Dissemination of research results was achieved by: of Zn1-xNixO have a high transmittance of 98% in the visible region. Substitution with Fe3+ ions decreases Participation in International Conferences: the transmittance to 85%. [1] Malaeru T., Neamtu J., Morari C., Sbarcea The morphological analysis by SEM microscopy G.” STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES showed that all layers have a granular surface, finely OF NANOCRISTALLINE POWDERS OF Ni - DOPED nanostructured, without cracks. The size of crystalline ZnO DILUTED MAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTORS particle is 25 to 40 nm for ZnO layers containing Ni SYNTHESIZED BY SOL-GEL METHOD”, A 10-A and less than 18 to 30 nm for ZnO layers containing CONFERENCE OF CHEMISTRY COLLOID AND Fe. SEM results are consistent with the crystallite size SURFACE , with International, 9 – 11 Iunie 2011, measurements made using X-ray. GALAŢI, ROMÂNIA, book of abstracts, pg. 136, ISBN 978-606-8348-05-6. [2] Malaeru Teodora, Neamtu Jenica, Georgescu Gabriela ” STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 54 National projects

OF Fe,Ni – Doped ZnO NANOPARTICLES PREPARED [8] D. L. Hou et al., „Room-Temperature ferromag- th BY THE SOL-GEL METHOD”,17 Romanian Interna- netism in Cu-doped TiO2 thin films”, Thin Solid Films tional Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engi- ,516, 3223-3226 (2008). neering, RICCCE XVII 7-10 September, 2011 Sinaia, [9] X. F. Liu and R. H. Yu, „Meditation of room

Romania, S6-A.P 16. temperature ferromagnetism in Co-doped SnO2 nano- [3] M. Volmer si J. Neamtu “aspects regarding crystalline films by structural defects”, J. Appl. Phys., the development of Low-field magnetic sen- 102, 083917 (2007). sors based on the planar Hall effect”, 12th [10] S. Dahar et al., „Ferromagnetism and colossal INTERNATIONAL BALKAN WORKSHOP on APPLIED magnetic moment in Gd-focused ion-beam-implanted PHYSICS, Constanta 6-8 Iulie, 2011 GaN”, Appl. Phys. Lett., 89, 062503, (2006). Patent proposal [11] J.Wang et al., „Room-temperature ferromagne- [1] Patent No.OSIM A/00749/28.07.2011, «Process tism observed in Fe-doped NiO”,Appl. Phys. Lett., 87, for oxide semiconductors ferromagnetic nanoparticles», 202501 (2005). Autori: T. Malaeru, J. Neamtu, G. Georgescu [12] X. Liu et al., „Doping concentration dependence of room-temperature ferromagnetism for Ni-doped REFERENCES ZnO thin films prepared by pulsed-laser deposition”, [1] I. Zutic, J. Fabian, and S. Das Sarma, „Spintro- Appl. Phys. Lett., 88, 062508 (2006). nics: fundamentals and applications”, Rev. Mod. Phys., [13] M. Gacic et al., „Magnetism of Co-doped ZnO 76, 323-410 (2004). thin films”, Phys. Rev. B, 75, 205-209 (2007). [2] G. Schmidt and L. W. Molenkamp, „Spin injec- [14] Q. Xu et al., „Room temperature ferromagne- tion into semiconductor, physics, and experiments”, tism in Mn-doped ZnO films mediated by acceptor de- Semicond. Sci. Technol., 17, 310-321 (2002). fects”, Appl. Phys. Lett., 91, 092503 (2007). [3] H. Ohno, „Making nanomagnetic semiconduc- [15] A. Bonanni, „Ferromagnetic nitride-based se- tors ferromagnetic”, Science, 281, 951-956 (1998). miconductors doped with transition metals and rare [4] T. Jungwirth et al., „Prospects for high tempera- earth”, Semicond. Sci. Technol., 22, R41-R56 (2007). ture ferromagnetism in (Ga, Mn)As semiconductors”, [16]U. Ozgur et al., „A comprehensive review of Phys. Rev. B, 72, 165-204 (2004). ZnO materials and devices”, J. Appl, Phys., 98, 413- [5] T. Dietil et al., „Zener model description of ferro- 421 (2005). magnetism in zinc-blende magnetic semiconductors”, [17] T.Dietl et al., „Origin of ferromagnetism in Zn1-

Science, 287, 1019-1022 (2000). xCoxO from magnetization and spin-dependent magne- [6] X. C. Liu et al.,”Hole-mediated ferromagnetism toresistance measurement”,Phys. Rev. B, 76, 155-163 in polycrystalline Si1-xMnx:B films”, J. Appl. Phys., 100, (2007). 073903 (2006). [7] J. P. Xu et al., „Enchanced ferromagnetism in The research was financed by the National ��Pro-

Mn-doped TiO2 films during the structural phase transi- gramme of Research, Development and Innovation - tion” , Solid State Commun., 140, 514-518, (2006). PNCDI II, contract 72-165/2008 (4259/2008).

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 55 National projects

Composite Materials with Performant Mechanical Properties

PROJECT ABSTRACT ceramics nanoparticles Al2O3, SiC, Si3N4 etc., due to The aim of the project consists in the obtaining of mechanical properties increasing in compare with the ceramics composites based on SiC in the form of those reinforced with micro particles [5, 6]. ceramics plates, for ballistic protection and also, in the obtaining of the Al based composite materials for EXPERIMENTS recreational products, with performance mechanical In order to accomplish the objectives proposed in characteristics. In order to realize the proposed aim, 2011, the following experiments were performed: there were proposed, as objectives, the designing Ceramic plates experimental models of composite and developing of experimental models from ceramic material based on Si3N4/SiC were designed and composite materials based on Si3N4-SiC and from realized by hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment o o metallic composite materials based on Al with Al2O3 at 1950 C, and by Spark Plasma Sintering at 1850 C, nanoparticles reinforced. both processes taking place in nitrogen controlled Characterization of the obtained ceramic plates in atmosphere; terms of physical, mechanical and structural properties Extruded pipes experimental models of Al-2%vol. highlighted the fact that, they can be used both for Al2O3 composite materials were designed and realized ballistic protection and for high temperature components by: Powders mixture homogenization - Mechanical mechanically resistant. Also, extruded pipes made of milling – Pressing – Sintering – Machining - Extrusion; metallic composites by powder metallurgy method, Ceramic plates of composite materials based on provides physical and mechanical characteristics near Si3N4/SiC and extruded pipes of Al-2%vol.Al2O3 to the Al alloys (mark 6061), which are devoted to metallic composites experimental models have applications in aerospace, in automotive, bicycle frames been characterized, in terms of physical properties and components etc. (apparent density, apparent porosity, water absorption, conductivity and electrical resistivity, remanent Research Personnel porosity) and the microstructural and mechanical Eng. Florentina Albu – project responsible characteristics and were selected optimum experimental Dr. Eng. Violeta Tsakiris – project co-responsible models, in terms of physical, mechanical and structural Dr. Eng. Elena Enescu performances. Dr. Eng. Mariana Lucaci Dr. Eng. Magdalena Lungu RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Eng. Chem. Cristian Seitan Eng. Chem. Christu Tardei Composite materials with ceramics matrix based on Eng. Chem. Georgeta Velciu Si3N4 / SiC: Eng. Alexandra Bratulescu Compositions of ceramic composites Phys. Lucia Leonat A21:78%Si N -20%SiC-1%Al O -1%Y O Phys. Virgil Marinescu 3 4 2 3 2 3 Techn. Iosif Dumitrescu and A22:77%Si3N4-20%SiC-1.5%Al2O3-1.5%Y2O3 INTRODUCTION In comparing with metals, non-oxide ceramics gained were elaborated and characterized, being realized by field for the most of the ballistic protection systems using the technological flux: Dosing, Homogenizing, due to the physical and mechanical properties, such as Milling, Drying, Spark Plasma Sintering method; relative small density value, high hardness and modulus 2 laboratory models of ceramic composites were of elasticity values. For protection against deadly realized from powders mixtures of A21 and A22, by threats, such as bombs or projectiles, besides Boron using a cylindrical die of dimensions Lxlxh=40x40x7 mm; Carbide (B4C), silicon nitride (Si3N4, alumina (Al2O3) The A21 composite material was characterized by a and Boron Titanate (TiB2), the hot pressed Silicon Carbide (SiC) is the typical material of choice [1-3]. high densification (ρ=3.04 g/cm3), Bending Strength

Composite materials with metallic matrix reinforced Rm=331.52 MPa, Young Modulus E=292.39 GPa, particles, in particular those with aluminum matrix, Vickers Hardness HV=15.7 GPa; are used as structural materials for aerospace industry, The A22 composite material had a high densification automotive industry, railway sector, mechanical and (ρ=3.14 g/cm3) and high values of mechanical optics ensembles and for thermal management, army, properties: Rm=600.06 MPa, E=544.62 GPa, recreational products (baseball bats, golf clubs, skates, HV=19.9 GPa. bicycle frames etc.) )[4]. In the last years, researchers were preoccupied on the possibilities to realize metallic From the analysis of physical-mechanical properties matrix composites based on Al, reinforced with of the studied ceramic composites, Table 1, A21 and

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 56 National projects

A22 ceramic materials had comparable mechanical and characterized, processed at an optimum MM time properties. Moreover, A22 ceramics showed superior of 5 hours, for whom a good correlation between the mechanical characteristics values in compare with values of mechanical properties of strength, elongation, those indicated in the literature [1-3]. compression and microhardness was obtained.

Fig. 1. Ceramic plates

Fig. 2. Macroscopic aspects of experimental models of extruded pipes from Al-2%vol. Al2O3 metallic composite materials

In Table 2, the physical and mechanical properties of the composite materials from the Al-2%vol. Al2O3 system obtained in ICPE-CA and, the physical Table 1. Mechanical properties and mechanical properties of the Al marks and Al of the obtained ceramic composites commercial alloys, in different heat treatment states, are and commercial ceramics comparatively presented.

Compared with other ceramic composites whose properties were presented in literature and summarized in Table 1, the Modulus of elasticity of the obtained ceramic materials presents higher values than the types of materials that alumina-zirconia, aluminǎ-zirconia- mullite, SiC-Si3N4-Al2O3-Si, for the A22 sample and comparable values for the A21 sample. As resistance to bending, A22 sample presents higher values of the most representative materials from literature, and A21 sample has a value close to the highest level of these types of materials. Vickers Hardness values of both samples is upper to the ceramics presented in literature Table 2. Physical and mechanical properties of the Al-2%vol.Al2O3 composite materials and Al alloys

Composite materials with metallic matrix based on 1- annealed [7], 2 – solution treated and natural Al: aged [7]; 3 - solution treated and artificial aged [7]; 4 extruded pipes experimental models of Al-2%vol. 4,5 heat treated and artificial aged 6061 alloys,

Al2O3 composite materials were realized by using for pipes with wall thicknesses smaller Powder Metallurgy (PM) method by following the than 6.3 mm (ALCOA Standard) [8]; technological flux: Mixing - Mechanical Milling (MM) – 6/7-Al annealed/hardened [9]. Pressing – Sintering - Extrusion, the mechanical milling time being in the interval of 4 and 15 hours; 3 experimental models composite metallic materials Analyzing the mechanical tensile strength of the of extruded pipes of Al-2%vol.Al O with exterior composites of Al-2% vol.Al2O3 system, it was found 2 3 that metallic composites materials obtained within ICPE- diameter of Øext=22.0±0.1 mm and inner diameter of Ø =17.85±0.1 mm, Fig. 2, have been realized CA, have a mechanical strength greater than 330 MPa. int Therefore, mechanical resistance values of the composites

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 57 National projects

obtained in the ICPE-CA are superior to commercial Al physical-mechanical properties (ρ = 2.68 to 2.70 g/ 3 alloys - mark 6061, obtained by melt-casting. Compared cm , Rm = 330 -363 MPa, Rp0.2 = 106-152 MPa, A = with the yield values (Rp0.2) of Al alloys (mark 6061), the 23-31%) close to those of the Al alloys (6061 mark), composite materials made in ICPE-CA and processed by for components used in aerospace and automobile MP method, showed generally lower values, the highest industry, bicycle frames and components etc. value, 152.02 MPa, recorded for the Al-2%vol.Al2O3 composite material (obtained after 27 hours of MM of REFERENCES matrix and composite). All studied metallic composite Eugene Medvedovsky, ”Alumina ceramics for ballistic materials showed a value of elongation [A] of over 23%, protection”, Part I, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, which is higher than marks of 6061-T4, 6061-T6 and Vol. 81, No. 3, 2002, pag.27-32 Alcoa Standard (T6S9, T6S10, SF Alcoa T6S2; T6S15). Eugene Medvedovsky, „Alumina Ceramic for ballistic Scientific results of research conducted in this protection” Part II, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, project were published in special journals (2 ISI Vol. 81, No. 4, 2002, pag.45-50 articles, 1 B+ article) and also, they were presented Iakovos Sigalas, A. H. Ras, K. Naidoo and Mathias at several scientific national and international events (5 herrmann, “The use of hard and ultrahard ceramics international congresses with products and technical in transportation and security applications”, Global sheets of products, 1 symposium, 1 workshop, 5 Roadmap for Ceramics – ICC2 Proceedings, Verona, international conferences and 1 national conference). June 29-July 4, 2008, pag.2 The methods for processing of the studied composite Welcome to the world of MMC-ASSESS Metal materials have been patented: Matrix Composites Applications, - Procedure for the obtaining of a composite material http://mmc-assess.tuwien.ac.at aluminum based with nanoparticles of alumina: V. /mmc/Site-4-from-Applications.html Tsakiris, E. Enescu, M. Lucaci, G. Alecu, Fl Albu, M. M. K. Surappa – Aluminum matrix composites: Lungu, Fl Grigore, A/00711/20.07.2011 Chalanges and opportunities, Sadhana ,Vol 28, - Procedure for the obtaining of ceramic plate from February/April 2003, pp. 319-334 composite materials based on Si3N4/SiC: Fl.Albu, Sie Chin Tjong-Novel Nanoparticle-Reinforced V.Tsakiris, Ch.Tardei, C. Seitan, A/00801 /09.08.2011 Metal Matrix composites with Enhanced Mechanical Properties, Advanced Engineering Materials, 2007, 9, CONCLUSIONS No 8, p. 639-652 To obtain composite materials with performant *** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6061 _aluminium_alloy mechanical properties were developed ceramic ***http://www.galcit.caltech.edu/~tongc/html/ composite materials, Si3N4 and SiC-based, with added data/elastic/Extruded_Alloy_6061.pdf Standard de

Al2O3 and Y2O3 sintering components and metal-based firma ”ALLOY 606”, Alcoa Distribution and Industrial

Al, reinforced with 2% vol. Al2O3 nanoparticles. Products For the ceramic composite materials, the highest ***Tratat de Ştiinta şi Ingineria Materialelor Metalice, values of physical-mechanical properties (ρ=3.14 g/ Vol 3, Academia de Ştiinte Tehnice din Romania, Editura 3 1/2 cm , Rm= max.2 MPa*m , Rp0.2 = max. 600 MPa, Agir, 2009, pag. 706 HV=19.8 GPa), were obtained for the ceramic plates of composition: 77%Si3N4-20%SiC-1.5%Al2O3-

1.5%Y2O3. Thus, the obtained ceramic composites can be used for ballistic protection, and also for mechanically resistant components at high temperatures.

For metallic matrix composites of Al-2%vol Al2O3 (22 hours of MM for Al matrix and 5 hours of MM for the composite material), processed by PM method till The research was financed under NUCLEU extruded pipe shape, there were obtained values of the Programme, Contract no. 0935-5103/2009.

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New nonlinear laser materials for efficent generation of fotonic coherent emission in blue- near ultraviolet domain

PROJECT ABSTRACT tural properties, 4 samples of crystal type YCOBLu and The general objectives of the project were: develop- YCOBSc, respectively 2 samples of nonlinear laser ac- ment of new materials such Ln1-xRxCa4O(BO3)3, Ln tive media type GdLuCOB and GdScCOB. = (Y, Gd) si R = (Lu, Sc), with very good and controllable characteristics, in order to obtain emission in the field blue – UV near, demonstration of functionality RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS and performance of the new made crystals, realiza- Both compositional analysis and evaluation of struc- tion of experimental models regarding the obtaining of tural properties were achieved by performing qualitati- photon emission sources with efficient blue - UV near ve analysis phase by X-ray diffraction technique and emission, based on new nonlinear laser crystal with quantitative elemental analysis by scanning electron advanced features. microscopy technique (SEM) and atomic absorption The INCDIE ICPE-CA objectives in 2011, consisted spectrometry (AAS). in analyzing the composition of the crystals obtained by the project coordinator INFLPR, by evaluating struc- 1. Following the qualitative phase analysis were re- tural properties by X-ray diffraction technique [1, 2], vealed: scanning electron microscopy and atomic absorption For YCOBLu and YCOBSc crystals, were identified spectrometry. both Y based componds (in the samples no. 1 and 2) or Ca based compounds (in the samples no.3 and Project Staff 4) , as majority phases and Lu based compounds (in Eng. Sorina Adriana Mitrea – project manager the samples no. 1 and 2) or Sc based compounds Eng. Phys. Delia Patroi (in the samples no. 3 and 4). This fact confirm the Eng. Phys. Virgil Marinescu partial substitution, in certain atomic positions, of the Eng. Carmen Hajdu Y element, as was desirable (the objective of this stage of the contract). EXPERIMENTS For activ laser nonliniar media type GdLuCOB, were The project was addressed interchange ability identified both basic compounds type GdCOB and partial 3+ + 3+ 3+ cationic partial ions Ln with R3 = (Sc , Lu ) substitutions of Gd with Lu (LuB12), being signaled also ions, who have numbers of nuclear and radiation ionic the presence of the Nd in the basic composition, in 3+ much different from those of ions Ln (ZSc = 21, rSc order to assure the specific characteristics of the final

= 0,75Å, ZLu =71, rLu =0,86Å), thereby aiming at compound. obtaining new nonlinear crystals Ln1-xRxCa4O (BO3)3. For active laser nonlinear media type GdScCOB, Investigations conducted by INCDIE ICPE-CA in were identified both basic compounds type GdCOB

2010, watched structural refinements and composi- in differant combinations (GdB6; CaGd4O7) and tional analysis on four samples of test crystal (realized combinations of the Sc like substitution element by the project coordinator - INFLPR Magurele, using (B305,33Sc11,04). In this case the presence of Nd element specific growth techniques). could not be highlighted due to very low concentration, Research has shown two characteristic properties below the detection limit of the device. of these materials [3, 4, 5] of interest for this project, namely: 2. Following elemental chemical analysis performed

- Nonlinear LnCa4O (BO3) 3 crystals have a melting by atomic absorption spectrometry technique, was behavior that allow their growth, with large dimensions determined the concentration of Ca on two crystal and very good optical quality, using specific growing samples (sample 2 - YCOBLu40 and sample 3 - techniques; YCOBSc20) and the two samples of nonlinear active - Partial or total substitution of Ln3+ cations in laser media. The results obtained are consistent with theese monocrystals with R3+ cations, having smal- those indicated by the analysis performed by scanning ler ionic beam, allows to nonlinear crystals type electron microscopy (SEM), calcium concentration

Ln1xRxCa4O(BO3)3. ranging between 26% (for sample YCOBSc20) and During the third stage of the project, the partner P1 51% (for sample GdScCOB). - INCDIE ICPE–CA performed compositional analysis on Ln1-xRxCOB [COB = Ca4O(BO3)] crystals, obtained 3. Following elemental chemical analysis performed by different specific growing techniques. Were been by EDS probe mounted on scanning electron microscope evaluate also the structural properties of nonlinear la- type FESEM FIB Auriga, were revealed: ser active media based on Gd1-xRx –yNdyCOB (measure��- For YCOBLu and YCOBSc type crystal samples, ments by DRX, SEM and AAS techiques). were identified the elements Y, Ca, B, O and C in The project coordinator, INFLPR Magurele, sent to varying different concentrations in all four samples INCDIE ICPE–CA for analysis and evaluation of struc- analyzed and the presence of Mo element in samples

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 59 National projects

1 and 2 and Sc in samples 3 and 4. That fact confirms REFERENCES the realization of some crystals in which a party of Y [1] Cullity, B.D. si Stock, S.R., “Elements of X-Ray element was substituted with Lu or Sc. Diffraction”, Third Edition, Addison-Wesley, p. 664, For the active laser nonlinear media samples GdLuCOB 2001 and GdScCOB types, were identified elements Ca, Ge, [2] International Center of Diffraction Data (ICDD), Gd, O and Lu or Sc at various concentrations, and the baza de date pe support electronic, up-grade 2011 presence of low concentrations (1-2%) of Nd element, [3] Yiting Fei, Bruce H.T. Chai, C.A. Ebbers, Z.M. element added to provide specific characteristics of Liao, K.I. Schaffers, P. Thelin „Large-aperture YCOB the final compound. crystal growth for frequency conversion in the high average power laser system”, Journal of Crystal Growth CONCLUSIONS 290 p. 301–306, 2006 - Compositional analyzes were made of some [4] R. Arun Kumar, R. Dhanasekaran, “Flux growth type crystals Ln1-xRxCOB [COB = Ca4O (BO3)] of yttrium calcium oxy borate (YCOB) single crystals obtained by artificial growing techniques and the for nonlinear optical applications”, Journal of Crystal evaluation of the structural properties of nonlinear Growth, p. 153-155, 2008 laser active medium based on GD1-XRX-yNdyCOB; [5] R. Arun Kumar, M. Senthilkumar, and R. Dha- - Thus, were analyzed four crystal YCOBLu and YCOBSc nasekaran, “Growth of YCOB single crystals by flux type and respectively two samples of nonlinear laser technique and their characterization”, Cryst. Res. active media GdLuCOB and GdScCOB type; Technol. 43, No. 5, p.467 – 472, 2008 - Analysis techniques used were: X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); - Following implementation of the program of compositional analysis and evaluation of structural properties of the 6 samples, were drawn 6 complete The research was financed by the PNCDI II test reports containing the obtained results. Programme, contract 12-105 / 4.1-7065/2008.

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Stable allotropic tin alloy at low temperatures for coatings

PROJECT ABSTRACT low temperatures of Sn-Cu-Ti type, noted Sn-pac-40, The project aim is to obtain scientific results of for anticorrosion coatings interest for developing advanced materials based on Certified prototype of stable allotropic Sn alloy at tin used for corrosion protection under environment low temperatures of Sn-Bi-Sb type, noted Sn-pl-40, for conditions of low temperatures. Objective I.1.-Establi- soft soldering shment of the influence of low temperatures on the Technical Specification ST No. 93 of 08.06.2011 microstructural stability of the stable allotropic tin de- “Sn alloy for anticorrosion covering of plates exploited position; Objective I.2.-Verification of the functionality at low temperatures” of the researched product, study of atmospheric corro- Technical Specification ST No. 94 of 08.06.2011 sion behavior; Objective II.1.-Technology for obtaining “Sn alloy for soldering metal components exploited at stable allotropic tin alloy at low temperatures; Objecti- low temperatures” ve II.2.-Prototype realization; Objective II.3.-Elaborati- Working Procedure PL-MAv-22 of 30.09.2011 “Sn- on of the technological and verification documentation based alloy for anticorrosion coating of plates exploited of the product quality, Objective II.4.-Product certifi- at low temperatures (Sn-Pac-40)” cation. Working Procedure PL-MAv-23 of 30.09.2011 “Sn- based alloy for soldering metal components exploited Research staff of the project at low temperatures (Sn-pl-40)” Dr. Eng. Lungu Magdalena, CS II – project manager Dr. Eng. Enescu Elena CS I Sn-Bi-Sb Technical characteristics Sn-Cu-Ti alloy Dr. Eng. Lucaci Mariana, CS I alloy Dr. Eng. Tsakiris Violeta, CS II *Density, g/cm3 7,26 ± 0,05 7,25 ± 0,05 Dr. Eng. Iordoc Mihai CS *Vickers hardness, minim minim Dr. Phys. Pătroi Eros, CS II HV 0.3/15, kgf/mm2 11,2 10 Drd. Eng. Phys. Marinescu Virgil, CS Dr. Eng. Dobrin Ion, CS II *Tensile breaking strength, MPa 36 ± 2 25 ± 2 Drd. Phys. Cîrstea Diana, CS Melting temperature,°C 234 ± 4 234 ± 4 Drd. Phys. Leonat Lucia, CS Eng. Brătulescu Alexandra, CS *Electrical conductivity, minim minim Eng. Stancu Nicolae, IDT I m/Ω.mm2 8,2 8 *Corrosion rate, in electrolyte of maxim Eng. Mitrea Sorina, IDT I - Dr. Phys. Pătroi Delia, IDT III 0.6 M NaCl, pH7, µm/year 2 Dr. Eng. Zărnescu George, CS Soldering capacity at - good Eng. Ivan Ion, IDT I 235 ± 5 °C, for 2±0.5 s Hajdu Carmen Resistance at thermal cycling Tănase Ştefania from -40 oC to 60 oC, with a temperature gradient of 5 oC/ minim minim RESULTS OF THE PROJECT min and maintaining at -40 oC, 50 50 respectively at 60 oC for 15 min, thermal cycles Technical-scientific reports: 2 *at 25±2 °C Functional models of anticorrosive coatings of Sn- Table I. Technical characteristics of Sn-Cu-Ti and Sn-Bi-Sb alloys. Cu-Ti alloy on steel and/or copper plates exploited at low temperature Study on the influence of low temperatures on the microstructural stability of stable allotropic Sn deposition on steel and/or copper plates Study on atmospheric corrosion behavior in urban environment, in closed space, of the steel and/or copper plates covered with stable allotropic Sn alloy at low temperatures of Sn-Cu-Ti type Technology for obtaining stable allotropic Sn alloy at low temperatures of Sn-Cu-Ti type for anticorrosion coatings Technology for obtaining stable allotropic Sn alloy at low temperatures of Sn-Bi-Sb type for soft soldering Fig. 1. Digital image of prototype Certified prototype of stable allotropic Sn alloy at of Sn-Cu-Ti alloy (Sn-pac-40)

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Fig. 2. Digital image of prototype of Sn-Bi-Sb alloy (Sn-pl-40)

Fig. 4. Image of optical microscopy of Sn-Bi-Sb alloy (chemical etched with HCl and HNO3 in methyl alcohol for 10 s).

Published articles: 1 m. Lungu, N. Stancu, V. Tsakiris, L. Leonat, A. Brătulescu, D. Pătroi, S. Mitrea, M. Iordoc, A. Teişanu, „Ecological alloys based on tin for applications in electrical engineering industry”, AGIR Bulletin no. 3 (category B+ CNCSIS), July-Sept. 2011, p. 77-83, ISSN-L 1224-7928, Online: ISSN 2247-3548, indexed in Copernicus International.

Articles under publication: 1 M. Lungu, G. Rîmbu, E. Pătroi, “Tin based alloy for anticorrosion protection at low temperatures”, Interna- tional Journal of Materials Research, 2011, in review, ISSN 1862-5282, relative influence score in 2011 of 2.226. Fig. 3. Image of optical microscopy of Sn-Cu-Ti alloy (chemical etched with HCl The research was funded by the NUCLEU pro-��pro- and HNO3 in methyl alcohol for 10 s). gramme, contract PN09350104/2009 (5104/2009).

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Development of environmentally friendly natural inhibitors from plant extracts for thermal installations corrosion and scale control (ICC) PLANTINHIB

INTRODUCTION Cronoamperometry measurements The goal of this project is the elaboration of a novel ICC product on the basis of some indigenous plant extracts. Research staff of the project PhD. Eng. Iosif LINGVAY – project manager PhDs. Eng. Carmen LINGVAY

TESTING REPORT – Determination of inhibition efficiency for the process of crust/scale formation for ICC Fagus sylvatyca-folium – prototype.

Conductivity measurements

Fig. 2. Drawn cronoamperografy for steel polarized in 0.7M NaCl test solution, at 40°C, in the absence and presence of natural extracts with glycerin, S3, F3, F1S and F2B, in various concentrations: a) 1%; b) 2%

On the metal surface, forming a protective film, by the adsorption of molecules of organic compounds contained in extracts. Adsorption inhibitors to the metal surface can affect the corrosion rate or by decreasing the active surface of the tested metal, either by geometric blocking or by changing activation energy of anodic and / or cathodic partial processes. Fig. 1. 0.1 M CaCl2 solution conductivity variation with volume of 0.1 M Na2CO3 added, in presence of Electrochemical impedance measurements natural plant extracts in various concentrations: a) FS brut; b) FS selective

Conductivity studies [1, 2, 3] have shown that the active substances of tested natural plant extracts lower calcareous deposits formation rate by binding constituent chemicals cations, present in neutral solution, (forming a soluble complex) or by dispersing solid particles in suspension by adsorption process.

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Fig. 3. Nyquist diagrams drawn for carbon steel polarized in test solution at 40°C, after an exposure time of 6 hours, in the absence and presence of tested natural extracts F1, F2, F3 and S3, in different Fig. 4. Bode diagrams drawn for carbon steel concentrations: a) 1%; b) 2% polarized in test solution at 40°C, after an exposure time of 6 hours, in the absence and presence of From Nyquist diagrams [4, 5], it is observed that tested natural extracts F1, F2, F3 and S3, in different the impedance spectra shows a complete semicircle concentrations: a) 1%; b) 2% at high frequencies, followed by a straight line located at low frequencies; this leads us to conclude that the CONCLUSIONS interface takes place multiple stages, namely: the steel crusting inhibition efficiency of hydroalcoholic formation and growth of calcium carbonate extract “prototype”, at moderate temperatures (40°C) and layer (associated with mineral deposit capacity and high temperature (70°C), is appropriate, the extract provides resistance); doubling of the calcium content in treated water; bare metal surface, due to porosity of deposited the performance can be greatly enhanced by layer (associated with charge transfer resistance and subsequent treatment of hydroalcoholic extract of capacity); beech leaves with glycerin. diffusion of oxygen through the calcium carbonate layer (associated with diffusion impedance). REFERENCES From Bode diagrams [6, 7], shows that the phase C. Gabrielli, G. Maurin, G. Poindessous, R. Rosset, angle value are within 50-60 degrees, and impedance Nucleation and growth of calcium carbonate by an module increases the exposure time increased, except electrochemical scaling process, J. Cryst. Growth, for additives from natural extracts F1 and F3 2% 1999; 200, pp. 236–50; concentration. Martinod et al., Electrodeposition of a calcareous layer: Effects of green inhibitors, Chemical Engineering Science, 64, 2009, pp. 2413 – 2421; A.R. Rakitin, V.I. Kichigin, Electro-chemical study of calcium carbonate deposition on iron. Effect of the anion, Electrochimica Acta, 54, 2009, 2647-2654; J. Marin-Cruz, R. Cabrera-Sierra, M.A. Pech-Canul, I. Gonza Lez, Characterization of different allotropic forms of calcium carbonate scales on carbon steel by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 34, 2004, pp. 337–343; J. Marın-Cruz et al., EIS study on corrosion and scale processes and their inhibition in cooling system media, Electrochimica Acta, 51, 2006, 1847-1854; A. Cojocaru, I. Maior, D.I. Văireanu, I. Lingvay, C. Lingvay, S. Căprărescu, Estimation of Inhibition Efficiency for Carbon Steel Corrosion in Acid Media by Using Natural Plant Extracts, Rev. Chim., 60, (11), 2009, pp. 1175-1180; A. Cojocaru, I. Maior, D.I. Văireanu, C. Lingvay, I. Lingvay, S. Căprărescu, G.E. Badea, Ethanol extract of Fagus Sylvatica leaves as an eco-friendly inhibitor for carbon steel corrosion in acidic solutions, Journal of Sustainable Energy, 1 (3), 2010, pp. 64-71.

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DISSEMINATION Regarding the use of Environmentally Friendly Plant Papers in ISI journals Extracts for Steel Corrosion Inhibition, Proceedings of I. Lingvay, D.I. Văireanu, K. Öllerer, C. Lingvay, The EGYCORR 2010, Dec. 14-16, 2010, Alexandria, Egypt, influence of synthetic and environmentally friendly scale CD– paper 36; and corrosion inhibitors on the biodegradation of pollutants, I. Lingvay, I. Maior, A. Cojocaru, D.I. Văireanu, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, C. Lingvay, S. Căprărescu, Electrochemical Study of impact factor 1,435 – accepted for publication in July Several Green Inhibitors Against Calcium Carbonate 2011. Deposition on Steel, Proceedings of EGYCORR 2010, Dec. 14-16, 2010, Alexandria, Egypt, CD– paper 37. Papers in BDI journals A. Cojocaru, I. Maior, D.I. Văireanu, I. Lingvay, C. I. Maior, A. Cojocaru, D.I. Văireanu, I. Lingvay, C. Lingvay, S. Căprărescu, G.E Badea, A Comparative Lingvay, S. Căprărescu, Characterization of corrosion Study on the Corrosion Inhibition Properties of and scale processes in cooling systems, Journal of Fagus Sylvatica as Influenced by Extraction Solvent, Sustainable Energy, vol. 1, nr. 4, 2010, pp. 37-41; Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sinaia, Romania, Papers in national journals Sept. 7-10, 2011, Ed. Politehnica Press, pp. S.3.35- A. Cojocaru, I. Maior, I. Lingvay, C. Lingvay, S. S.3.44, ISSN: 2247-5389. Căprărescu, D.I. Văireanu, Considerations Regarding I. Maior, A. Cojocaru, I. Lingvay, C. Lingvay, D.I. the Efficiency of Environmentally Friendly Novel Type Văireanu, G.E. Badea, S. Căprărescu, Electrodeposition Inhibitors, Corrosion and Anticorrosive Protection, vol. Of Mineral Scales: Influence Of Natural Extracts V, nr. 4, 2010, pp. 16-21; ISSN 1842-0346. Composition On Antiscalent Properties, Proceedings of I. Maior, A. Cojocaru, D.I. Văireanu, I. Lingvay, C. The 17th International Conference On Chemistry And Lingvay, S. Căprărescu, Agrimonia Eupatoria Extract as a Chemical Engineering, Sinaia, Romania, Sept. 7-10, Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acid Solu- 2011, Ed. Politehnica Press, pp. S.3.7-S.3.18, ISSN: tions, Corrosion and Anticorrosive Protection, vol. VI, nr. 2247-5389. 1, 2011, pp. 18-25, ISSN 1842-0346.

Papers in Proceedings of International Scientific Conferences: D.I. Văireanu, A. Cojocaru, I. Lingvay, I. Maior, The research was funded PNCDI II, contract 72166 C. Lingvay, S. Căprărescu, Electrochemical Studies / 2008 (4253 / 2008), acronym PLANTINHIB.

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Biomaterials

Breathable superhydrophobe nanostructures

Project co-ordinator: INCDTP Technical Suspension of Suspension of characteristics AgNp/TiO2Np AgNp/ZnONp PROJECT ABSTRACT color color Aspect The project aims to research and achieve some su- cream-brown cream-brown perhydrophobe nanostructures of breathable bacterial Concentration in 75...1500 75...1500 barrier type, especially for the medical field, to ensure AgNp, ppm maximum protection for patients and users, high hy- Concentration in 5 5 giene/microbiological standards and wearing comfort. MeONp, % INCDIE ICPE-CA is the partner P2 of the project and Average diameter of 10...37 ± 8,5 42...93,5 ± 9 was involved in the accomplishment of the following AgNp/MeONp, ppm Polydispersity 0,202...0,240 0,050...0,122 objectives: Objective I.1. - Optimization of the syn- index thesis parameters of the selected suspensions of com- pH of suspension 8,50...9,02 9,41...9,83 posite nanopowders of Ag/MeO type (AgNp/MeONp). Zeta potential, mV -43,67...-33,44 -64,28...-41,25 Chemical and physical characterization of the selected 686 ± 4 686 ± 4 suspensions of Ag/MeO composite nanopowders; Ob- Wavelengths in which 450 ± 4 450 ± 4 jective I.2. - Assessment of the antifungal activity of absorption occurs in 423 ± 2 423 ± 2 the suspensions of Ag/MeO composite nanopowders; UV-Vis spectrum, nm 375 ± 3 375 ± 3 343 ± 2 343 ± 2 Objective I.3. - Identification and assignment of the in- good good Antimicrobial activity tellectual property rights on the results; Objective I.4. high high - Dissemination and exploitation of the results. High degree of finesse and dispersion of the components Photocatalytic and self-cleaning properties Research staff of the project Biocompatible and ecological Dr. Eng. Lungu Magdalena, CS II – project Table I. Technical characteristics of colloidal responsible suspensions of AgNp/MeONp Dr. Chem. Gavriliu Ştefania, CS I Dr. Eng. Enescu Elena, CS I a) Dr. Eng. Lucaci Mariana, CS I Biologist Burunţia Nicoleta, CS III Dr. Eng. Tsakiris Violeta, CS II Phys. Leonat Lucia, CS Drd. Eng. Grigore Florentina, IDT III Drd. Phys. Marinescu Virgil, CS Eng. Chem. Brătulescu Alexandra, CS

RESULTS OF THE PROJECT

Technical-scientific report: 1

Technology for obtaining suspension of composite nanopowders of Ag/MeO type (MeO = TiO2 or ZnO) containing 5 wt. % MeONp and 75 ppm, 750 ppm or 1500 ppm AgNp

Functional models of suspensions of composites powders of AgNp/MeONp type (MeO = TiO2 or ZnO) for the functionalization of antimicrobial textile supports with applications in medicine.

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b) Published articles: 3 - M. Lungu, Ş. Gavriliu, E. Enescu, A. Petică, I. Dumitrescu, N. Burunţia, C. Gaidău, F. Grigore, V. Tsakiris, A. Brătulescu, C. Pânzaru, O. G. Iordache, „Highly Concentrated Colloidal Silver Solutions for Antimicrobial Functionaliza-tion of Some Textiles and Leathers”, Proceedings of The 4th TEXTEH International Conference, Textile Research-Active Factor for Increasing Performance and Competitiveness, Bucharest, Romania, June 23-24, 2011, p. 34-43, ISSN 2068-9101

- I. Dumitrescu, O. G. Iordache, L. C. Dincă, A. M. Mocioiu, Ş. Gavriliu, M. Lungu, M. Danciu, C. Pânzaru, „The Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Textiles

Treated with TiO2/Ag Nanoparticles”, Proceedings of The 4th TEXTEH International Conference, Textile Research - Active Factor for Increasing Performance and Competitiveness, Bucharest, Romania, June 23-24, 2011, p. 13-27, ISSN 2068-9101 Fig. 1. SEM image of the Np from the colloidal suspension with 5 % MeONp and 750 ppm AgNp: - M. Lungu, E. Enescu, F. Grigore, N. Burunţia, M. a) MeO = TiO2, b) MeO = ZnO Lucaci, G. Rîmbu, C. Pânzaru, C. R. Ionescu, “Che- mical Prepa-ration and Properties of Some High Concentrated Colloidal Silver Solutions for Anti- microbial Applications”, Books of Abstracts, The th a) 10 International Conference on Colloids and Sur- faces Chemistry, Galaţi, June 9th - 11th, 2011, p. 90, in review for publishing in Revue Roumaine de Chimie.

Patent published in BOPI: - S. Gavriliu, M. Lungu, E. Enescu, “Composite nanostructures of silver- metallic oxide type with antimicrobial activity and procedure for their obtaining”, patent RO 126368 A2, No. of patent application at OSIM: A 01079/2009 published in BOPI no. 6/2011.

The research was funded by the PNCDI II - PARTNERSHIPS programme, contract 32-168/2008 b) (7061/2008).

Fig. 2. Grain size distribution of Np from the colloidal suspension with 5 % MeONp and 750 ppm AgNp: a) MeO = TiO2, b) MeO = ZnO

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 67 National projects

Complex techniques for investigation, assessment and restoration of ethnographic collagen-based materials

PROJECT ABSTRACT P. Budrugeac, A. Cucoş, Lucreţia Miu, Utilizarea me- The objectives of the research performed in INCDIE todei DSC pentru autentificarea obiectelor culturale şi/ ICPE-CA were: sau istorice manufacturate din piele (a) Achievement of the analytic protocol for identification and degradation degree determination of et- Communications nographic artefacts. Assessment of the experimental ROMANIAN ACADEMY. “The 20-th Symposium results obtained by thermal analysis techniques: TG, of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry” Bucharest, 11 DTG, DTA and DSC. februarie 2011 (b) Workshops and participation at conferences/Di- simination by communications and published papers. A. ��Cucos, P. Budrugeac, L. Miu, S. Mitrea, G. Sbar- cea, Evidences of a distinct crystalline fraction of col-

Research staff of the project lagenst in parchments and leathers

Dr. Chem Budrugeac Petru - responsible project 1 Central and Eastern European Conference on Dr. Chem. Cucos Andrei Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (CEEC-TAC1), 7 - 10 Ing. Chiose Ileana Laura September 2011, Craiova (Romania) .

RESULTS OF THE PROJECT Petru Budrugeac, Thermal analysis techniques ap- The following procedures for application of the plied to the study of some Romanian cultural and his- thermal analysis techniques (TG, DTG, DTA, DSC) in the torical objects manufactured from collagen-based ma- investigation of etnographic leathers were elaborated: terials a. The evaluation of degradation of etnographic artefacts made from leather by simultaneous thermal Published papers analysis techniques (STA): thermogravimetry + differential 1. Andrei Cucos, Petru Budrugeac, The suitability thermal analysis (TG+DTA) and thermogravimetry + of DMA method for the characterization of recent and differential scanning calorimetry (TG+DSC) historical parchments and leathers, International Jour- b. Evaluation of the hydrothermal stability of nal of Conservation Science, 1 (2010) 13-18. etnographic artefacts made from leather by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 2. A. Cucos, P. Budrugeac, L. Miu, S. Mitrea, G. Sbar- c. Evaluation of the stability of crystalline zone of cea, Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of new and etnographic artefacts made from leather by differential historical parchments and leathers: Correlations with scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC and XRD, Thermochimica Acta, 516 (2011) 19-28. By application of these procedures, the following kinds of stability of etnographic artefacts made from 3. P. Budrugeac, Andrei Cucos, Lucretia Miu, The leather can be determined: thermo-oxidative stability; use of thermal analysis methods for authentication and hydrothermal stability; crystalline zone stability. conservation state determination of historical and/or The obtained results were disiminated by: cultural objects manufactured from leather, Journal of participation at a Workshop; two communications at Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 104 (2011) 439-450. two International Conferences; two papers published in ISI journals; a paper published in a CNCSIS journal. The research was financed by the Programme PNCDI II, contract 92-089/ 2008 (7064 / 2008). Results disseminated

Workshop MATCONS-2011. Matter and Materials in/for Heritage Conservation, 24–28 August 2011, Craiova (Romania)

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Cell response as tool in translational science. Drug-design through antitumoral cell mechanisms induced by physiological complexes of transitional bivalent metals (DDMECEL)

INTRODUCTION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The concern of producing new drugs which could The aim of ��TG, DTG, DTA�� measurements was to de- act more targetly on the tumor cells is of permanent termine the thermal stability of the complexes on heat- topicality. The project’s aim is the developing of new ing in inert atmosphere. The analysis of these com- approaches of drug design based on the analysis of pounds revealed the following: the treatment response of the cells. The project’s For all the analysed complexes it is put in evidence objectives are the synthesis of transitional bivalent mass losses due to coordination water molecules and, metal complexes, the identification and the selection in the case of Co(II) complex, hydration water. From of those compounds which exhibit antitumoral activity. the corresponding mass losses it was calculated the One Schiff-base ligand L derived from amino-antipyrine number of coordination/hydration water molecules and and coordination complexes of Cu(II), VO(II) and Ni(II) the chemical formula was elucidated. bearing this ligand were characterized through TG, In general the analysed complexes begin to decom- DTG, DTA thermal analysis. Complex compounds of pose at temperatures above 200 oC, as it was also

Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and UO2(VI) with ligands on basis observed for similar compounds [1-4]. The decompo- of thiosemicarbazides and thiosemicarba-zones were sition process is very complex, which is demonstrated characterized through TG, DTG, DSC thermal analysis. by the existence of multiple overlapped steps in the Complicated decomposition processes due to the ligand TG curves and of many endothermic and exothermic coordination to metal ions were put in evidence. effects in the DTA curves (fig. 1).

Research staff of the project PhD. Chem. Petru Budrugeac – project manager PhD. Chem. Andrei Cucos Eng. Laura Chiose

EXPERIMENTAL The following compounds were analyzed:

complex compounds of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and UO2(VI) with L1 – L5 ligands on basis of thiosemicarbazides and thiosemicarbazones.

Fig. 1. TG ( –– ), DTG ( – · –) and DTA ( –– ) curves for L1: X = H, R = nBu; complex [Co(L4)(CH3COO)] 5 L2: X = Cl, R = nBu; L3: X = Br, R = nBu; Also, a study of analytical and physico-chemical

L4: X = Br, R = pCH3; selection of compounds based on thiosemicarbazides

L5: X = Br, R = pOCH3; and thiosemicarbazones was performed. A characterisation method through TG, DTG, DSC (sau

[Cu2(L1)2(CH3COO)2(H2O)4] 1 DTA) was elaborated.

[Cu(L2)2 (H2O)2] 2 The obtained results were used in the patent

[UO2(L2)(CH3COO)] 3 application: ”Cu(II) complex compounds with Schiff

[UO2(L3)(CH3COO)] 4 base derived from indole-3-carboxaldehyde”, authors:

[Co(L4)(CH3COO)] 5 T.Roşu, M.Leabu, P.Budrugeac.

[Ni(L4)(CH3COO)] 6

[Cu(L5)2(H2O)2] 7 CONCLUSIONS Complex compounds of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and

The TG, DTG, DTA measurements were carried out in UO2(VI) with ligands on basis of thiosemicarbazides nitrogen atmosphere, with a heating rate of 10 oC/min, and thiosemicarba-zones were characterized through the masses of samples were between 5 and 10 mg. TG, DTG, DSC thermal analysis. Complicated decomposition processes due to the ligand coordination

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to metal ions were put in evidence. a a study study of of ana ana-- Rev. Roum. Chim., 2008, 53(3), 177–182 lytical and physico-chemical selection of compounds [3] L. V. Ababei, A. Kriza, A. M. Musuc, C. Andro- based on thiosemicarbazides and thiosemicarbazones nescu, E. A. Rogozea, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 101, was performed. A characterisation method through 2010, 987–996. TG, DTG, DSC (sau DTA) was elaborated. [4] N. N. Dass and S. Sarmah, J. Therm. Anal. Cal., The obtained results were used in a patent application 58, 1999, 137 – 145. and in an article which is being prepared.

REFERENCES [1] Samir S. Kandil, Gad B. El-Hefnawy, Eman A. Bakr and Amro Z. Abou El-Ezz, Transition Met. Chem., The research was financed by the National ��Pro- 28, 2003, 168–175. gramme of Research, Development and Innovation - [2] A. Pui, D. Humelnicu, I. Humelnicu, C. Tanase, PNCDI II, contract no. 42-128/2008 (7073/2008)

Microfluidic biochip for rheological characterisation of non-newtonian biological fluids with applications in medical diagnosis and treatment (MELANOCHIP)

INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL

Realizing microfluidic biochips (by which the non- Synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was performed in newtonian biological fluids can be rheological charac- two stages: terized) allows the development of medical diagnosis Stage I - obtaining a complex combination of Fe (II) and friendly treatment methods for patients, with spe- in the Fe (II) salt–AOH system (complex precursor); cial advantages. Stage II - Obtaining an aqueous suspension of mag- The development of the microfluidic biochips in- netite by refluxing the complex precursor in the pres- volves the development of magnetic nanoparticles, ence of γ-Fe2O3. biocompatible. In order to obtain nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm The role of the partner ICPE-CA, Bucharest in the (Fig. 2), it is necessary that a complexing and gelling PN 12-094 project is to design, realize and character- agent or a less stable complex combination of Fe (II) ize magnetic nanoparticles used in the development to be present in the hydrolysis process of the Fe (II) of magnetic nanotransporters for applications in ma- salt–γ-Fe2O3 mixture. An amino alcohol –dimethylami- lignant diseases. noethanol was chosed as complexing agent with gelling properties, which forms a complex combination of Research staff of the project Fe (II), less stable in aqueous medium. (CS1) PhD. Jenica Neamtu – Project manager (IN- The resulted complex precursor was obtained at pH CDIE ICPE-CA) 8, isolated from the reaction medium and tested in the (CS1) PhD.eng. Teodora Malaeru – specialist project process of interphase control by FT-IR analysis. participant The magnetite nanoparticles have been obtained (IDT1) PhD.eng. Gabriela Georgescu – specialist by refluxing the precursor aqueous solution (obtained project participant in the first stage of the synthesis) where γ-Fe2O3 was (CS) PhD.Student Cristian Morari – specialist project then added. The hydrolysis was held at a temperature participant of 85 - 900C for 15 hours. Eng. Phd.Student Ionut Balan – specialist project participant (IDT III) Phd.eng.Student Delia Patroi – specialist RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS project participant The precursor of the Fe3O4 oxide system, obtained (CS II) PhD.phys.eng. Eros Alexandru Pătroi - in the first stage of the synthesis, was isolated from specialist project participant the reaction medium and tested in the process of inter- (IDT1) Chem.eng. Sorina Mitrea – specialist project phase control by FT-IR analysis. participant The quality control of magnetite nanoparticles, Technics Adriana Dinu – specialist project participant obtained in the second stage of the synthesis, was

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 70 National projects

achieved by checking structural (XRD), microstructural (AFM, TEM) and magnetic (VSM) properties. The study of magnetic properties of magnetite na- Study of the structural properties of magnetite nanopar- noparticles was performed by measurements with vi- ticles was performed using X-ray diffraction analysis: brating sample magnetometer (VSM). - The nanoparticles showed the interferences char- To less than 2000 Oe was observed a ferromagnetic acteristic for Fe3O4 (most intense diffraction lines at behavior of the oxide nanoparticles (σS=35.46 emu/g 0 0 0 0 16.17 , 19.53 , 25.47 and 27.76 respectively); and Hc=50 Oe). To more than 2000 Oe, due to the sin- - The oxide nanoparticles showed crystallinity (av- gle-domain magnetite particles, a superparamagnetic erage crystallite size was determined as 12.7 nm); contribution appeared. - The number of interferences was much lower due to the small number of existing phases. CONCLUSIONS Microstructural characterization was performed using Particles of iron oxide nanoparticles, such as mag- the atomic force microscope (AFM) (Fig. 1) type STM netite, are most often used in biomedicine, and may Ntegra Aura, respectively with the transmission electron show biocompatibility and low toxicity. The colloidal microscope type JEOL JEM 1010 (TEM) (Fig. 2). stability of magnetic fluid depends on the particle size which should be small enough so that precipitation due to gravitational forces to be avoided; In the phase IV of the 12-094/2008 project, oxide

magnetic nanoparticles of Fe3O4 with average size less than 13 nm were obtained (Fig. 2). It is known that nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm have higher effective surface area, lower sedimentation rate (higher stability) and improved tissue diffusion; For biomedical applications, is preferred to use particles which show a superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature.

REFERENCES 1. Deb S., Giri, Dasgupta S., Datta D., Bahadur D., Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible hydroxyapatite coated ferrite, Bull. Mater. Sci., 26 (7), 2003, p.655-660; 2. Zhou W., Gao P., Shao L., Caruntu D., Yu M., Chen J., O’Connor C. J., Drugloaded, magnetic, hol- Fig. 1. AFM image of magnetite nanoparticles low silica nanocomposites for nanomedicine, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medi- cine I, 2005, p. 233-237; 3. Chen J. F., Ding H. M., Wang J. X., Shao L., Preparation and characterization of porous hollow silica nanoparticles for drug delivery application, Biomateri- als, 25, 2004, p. 723-727; 4. Caruntu D., Caruntu G., Chen Y.,O’Connor C. J., Goloverda G., Kolesnichenoko V. L., Synthesis of

variable-sized nanocrystals of Fe3O4 with high surface reactivity, Chem. Mater., 16, 2004, p. 5527-5534.

The research was financed by the National ��Pro- Fig. 2. TEM image of magnetite nanoparticles (dispersed gramme of Research, Development and Innovation - in polimeric solution) PNCDI II, contract 12-094/2008 (7053/2008).

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Development of new materials and devices for controlled release of drugs with applications in biomedical engineering

PROJECT ABSTRACT Project purpose: to study and develop medical Stage objectives devices- bioresorbable ceramic biomaterials (carriers of therapeutic substances-drugs, antibiotics, general objectives growth hormones, anticancer substances), complex - optimization of operating parameters of drugs characterization and testing in laboratory conditions (in delivery medical devices [6, 7]; vitro), according to protocols provided with EU rules. - demonstrating the functionality of experimental Designing such a system for controlled release of model (EM) and dissemination drugs involves both a knowledge and understanding of disease, drugs and area / biological organ affected by specific objectives: disease or trauma. - optimization of model for controlled drug delivery - completion of processed parameters; - complex measurements of Drug Delivery System- release and loading testing; - specific measurements- in vitro tests of bioresorp- tion and biocompatibility; - functionality demonstration of EM; - dissemination and exploitation of results.

Research staff of the project Tardei Christu – CS III, project manager Budrugeac Petre - CS I Velciu Georgeta - IT I Grigore Florentina - ACS Components of the drug release system Bogdan Florentina - ACS Marinescu Virgil - ACS “Ceramic materials can be modelled specifically for Petrache Marian - Techn. pr. each type of pharmaceutical agents, making it possible Nicolaescu Elena - Techn. pr. to achieve various therapeutic targets in the context of different clinical needs.” Experimental The experiments consisted in the development of Introduction ceramic matrices (tablets and microspheres) with op- The release rate and amount of drug released de- timized functional characteristics, on morphology and pends mainly on the composition and physical proper- loading/released characteristics. Thus, in this stage ties of ceramic matrix, and the product characteristics. the experiments were conducted to reduce energy For local transport systems a series of events are of consumption; the technique (well known in the phar- utmost importance: maceutical industry) is based in drying with solvent, - release profile (time, speed, volume) for embedded mainly alcohol (water extraction). Energy consumption product; is completely reduced, the process involved only alco- - effectiveness of transport equipment to fill the hol, proportional to the amount of microspheres used. space created by removing the bone; Microspheres were prepared by the ionotropic gelation technique using CaCl2 as cross-linking agent [8-10]. Successful repair of bone defects remains a major The effect of the amount of alginate, addition of poro- concern in reconstructive surgery [1, 2]. A variety of gen material, tricalcium phosphate and sintering tem- filling materials based on ceramic granules (microsphe- perature on density, porosity and microstructure of res) including irregularly shaped granules with smoo- microporous ceramic granules, and the influence of th faces, spherical granules of different sizes, with or tricalcium phosphate/alginate solution report on rhe- without pores with wide size distribution and uniform ological characteristics of ceramic suspensions were were described in the literature [3-5]. In addition, sphe- investigated. Archimedes method was used for investi- rical particles are more suitable for implantation due gating physical properties. Experimental models devel- to better filling efficiency and their properties can be oped were investigated by complex measurements of foreseen. composition, microstructure and physical properties, in direct interdependence with functional characteristics.

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For compositional and microstructural analysis X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used. Physical characteristics were evaluated by the Archimedes method. Finally, matrices were tested on biocompatibility and biore- sorption properties, through in vitro measurements. Cell viability and pH variation in time. were measured.

PROJECT RESULTS

Ia. Development of ceramic - matrix, Tablets - method: uniaxial compression, 10÷50MPa - added porogen: 10 ÷ 30% wt. - dimensions: Ø ~ 12mm ; H ~ 6.5 mm Specific surface area for two sets of β-TCP ceramic microspheres, (K / L) Complex characterization Loading capacity / release capacity from ceramic matrices - Optimization

Ib. Development of ceramic matrices, Microspheres

- method: immiscible liquide - aqueuse solutions - dimensions: Ø = 500 ÷ 2,500μm

II. Ceramic Microspheres optimization a) drying process optimization

Specific measurements - in vitro tests

Model of H2O extraction with alcohol:

1. 50-75%, alcohol solution, for 1-4 hours 2. alcohol, p.a. - 96% for 16 hours. 3. alcohol, p.a. - 96% for 48 hours 4. alcohol, p.a. - 96% for 72 hours

b) optimization of microspheres morphology

Variation of cell viability (dynamic), for 3 different times of cultivation

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Nessebar, Bulgaria; 7.5 2. Melinescu A., Preda M., Tardei C., Hydroxyapatite- based composite ceramic for lead removal, The 17th 7 Conference on Glass and ceramics, 25.09-29.09.2011, 6.5 Nessebar, Bulgaria pH 6

5.5 References [1] E. Brandau, Th. Brandau, „Process and fabrica- 5 0 50 100 150 200 250 tion of calcium triphosphate and hydroxylapatite mi- Time (min) crospheres for clinical application”, Advances in Sci- ence and Technology, Vol. 49 (2006), p. 14-21 AD-4P25-1, m1 S60-4P25-1,m1 AD-4P25-1,m2 S60-4P25-1,m2 [2] S. Cazalbou, D. Eichert, X. Ranz, C. Drouet, et al., Ion exchanges in apatites for biomedical applications, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 16 pH variation for 2 samples (ceramic microspheres), (2005) 405– 409 between 0-4 hours [3] K. Yoshida, N. Kondo, H. Kita, J. Am. Ceram. In conclusion, the optimized profile for ceramic Soc. 88, 2315 (2005 matrix meet the following requirements: [4] E. Landi, G. Logroscino, A. Tampieri, et al., Bio- - designed as compact (tablet), with 55 ... 60% total mimetic Mg-substituted hydroxyapatite: from synthe- porosity, with pore size (<5μm), well interconnected; sis to in vivo behavior, J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 2008, - functional parameters: 19: 239-247 - load capacity: ~ 93μg active drug/g sample [5] L. Tuck, R. Astala, J.W. Reid, et.al., „Dissolution - release capacity: ~ 60% in 220min.; and re-crystalization processes in multiphase silicon ~ 72% in 24 hours stabilized tricalcium phosphate”, J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 2008, 19, 917-927. Dissemination and exploitation of results : [6] S.P. Victor, T.S. Sampath Kumar, „BCP ceramic Articles ISI: 2 - microspheres as drug delivery carriers: synthesis, char- 1. Oana Craciunescu, Christu Tardei, Lucia Moldovan, acterisation and doxycycline release”, J. Mater. Sci.: Otilia Zarnescu, „Magnesium substitution effect on Mater. Med., 2008, 19, pp 283-290 porous scaffolds for bone repair”, Cent. Eur. J. Biol., [7] www.ivf/sci.se/ Freeze Granulation, 2005 vol. 6(3), 2011, pg. 301-311 [8] H.W. Kim, B.H. Yoon, H.E.E. Kim, „Microsphere 2. Vasilescu C., Moreno JMC., Andronescu, of apatite-gelatin nanocomposite as bone regenera- E., Grigore F., et.al., Synthesis, mechanical and tion filler”, Journal. of Mater. Sci.: Mater in Medicine, structural properties and biological activity of some 2005, Vol. 16, pp 1105-1109 nanostructured bone scaffolds, Digest Journal of [9] S.M. Oliveira, C.C. Barras, C.C. Ribeiro, I.F. Al- Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 2011, Volume: 6, meida, et. al., „Morphology and mechanical properties Issue: 2, Pages: 523-534 of injectable ceramic microspheres”, Key Engineering Materials, 2009, vol. 396-398, pp 691-694 - Patent Proposal: 1 [10] S.P. Victor, T.S. Sampath Kumar, „BCP ceramic Patent submitted at OSIM (State Office for Inven- microspheres as drug delivery carriers: synthesis, char- tions and Trademarks), A/00786-04.08.2011: “Granule acterisation and doxycycline release”, J. Mater. Sci.: ceramice microporoase pe bază de fosfaţi de calciu”. Mater. Med., 2008, 19, pp 283-290 Samples ∕ Data sheet, International fair Hanovra, 4-8 April, 2011: ”Microporous calcium phosphate granules Acknowledgements for medical applications” The research was financed by the National ��Pro- - Project proposal PN 2/2011: 1 gramme of Research, Development and Innova- tion, Nucleus programme, contract 0935/2009 Internaţional Conferences - 2 (5301/2009). 1. Tardei C., Albu F., Velciu G., Stefania S., Preparation and characterization of porous tricalcium phosphate alginate microspheres for clinical applications”, The 17th Conference on Glass and ceramics, 25.09-29.09.2011,

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EnergY

Superconducting Electrical Motor

PROJECT ABSTRACT Techn. Mircea Ifrim Through this research theme we are proposing a small power (4kW) synchronous superconducting PROJECT RESULTS electrical motor realization. This experimental model works at relatively high temperatures (77K) using new Results from 2011 activity to this project were: ceramic superconducting materials (HTS). - Superconducting Electrical Motor – experimental The necessity of more efficient electric motors, model: superior to existing (conventional) ones by adopting specific rules at European level and the progress in obtaining high-temperature superconducting materials (HTS) applicable to industrial approach, has led to research work in this direction. The advantages of superconducting electric machines compared to the conventional ones are: high efficiency (90-98%), overall dimensions and low weight of approx. 1/3, silent in operation. The chosen constructive option is to use superconducting windings in the rotor, which only bind to its cryogenic cooling, the rest of the engine remains Fig. 1. Superconducting Electrical Motor in a classical structure (three-phase a.c. stator, copper Main technical characteristics: windings, etc.). - nominal power: P = 4 kW Possibility of using HTS superconducting material - nominal voltage U = 380Vca YBCO type, allows for simplified cryogenics by using - phases no.: m = 3; liquid nitrogen at boiling temperature (77K) or subco- - speed: n = 1500 rpm; oled version (65K) in order to maintain the supercon- - Frequency: 50 Hz; ducting state. - Weight: ~ 55 kg. In 2011 year, was developed and tested the experimental model of superconducting electric motor, and its related systems: cryogenic cooling system, electric power system and protection system of superconducting coils.

Thus, the overall objectives of the project were: - Design and realization of the superconducting coils and of the rotor; - Design and realization of the stator; - Design and realization of the cryogenic enclosure Fig. 2. The scheme of the superconducting motor and cryogenic cooling system; - Design and construction of electric power system and the protection system of the superconducting co- OSIM patent application no. A/01272/29-11-2011 ils; „Active superconducting coil protection system of - The main scientific results obtained were publi- superconducting electric motors”. shed in national/international scientific conferences and indexed journals. In the stage 2011, were made: Superconducting Electric Motor realization as Research staff of the project experimental model; Cryogenic cooling system realization; Dr. Ion Dobrin - CS II – project manager Electric power system for the superconducting Prof. dr. Wilhelm Kappel - CS I motor and the protection system of the coils; Dr. Eng. Pislaru Danescu Lucian - IDT II Superconducting electric motor testing. Eng. Victor Stoica - ACS Eng. Zamfir Stefania The research was financed by the PNCDI II Techn. Adrian Militaru Programme, contract 22118/2008 (4250/2008).

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Planar Modulus of Clear Energy Source type IT-SOFC

PROJECT ABSTRACT calcium, LSM = lanthanum manganite doped do-

The project aims to achieve a module of the planar fuel ped with strontium, E2=CeO2 based electrolytes cell with solid electrolyte of intermediate temperature (IT- doped with SrO, CaO şi Y2O3 and Ni-GDC= Ni and

SOFC), we try to give a new solutions related to the choice of CeO2 with Gd2O3 doped; compatible materials for cell components, electrolyte, anode - testing planar fuel cell into laboratory plant. and cathode. Ceramic materials proposed to be achieved Tasks carried out in the last stage: into this project will show high functional performances and a) was designed and manufactured a device for cost-effective manufacturing operations. testing fuel cell module sample; The complexity and multi-disciplinarily of the project nature will impose the tackling of some basic aspects (materials synthesis, surface and interface phenomena, oxy-reduction phenomena, cathode- electrolyte-anode complex systems characteristics, corrosion strength) and the characterization of out come IT-SOFC functionally modulus. This purpose, for processing materials, were synthesized using conventional and nonconventional methods. To solve the problems involved of approached subject, into the project a partnership will be established between one researches institutes, two universities and a industrial unity, one of the program-me proposals being touched and satisfied in this way. The general objectives of the project are: - Characterization of ceramic materials and components obtained in thin layers, the point of structural properties, thermal and electrical; - Development of cell planar fuel cell with micro and nano-structured components processed by the deposition of thin layers; - Design and achieving a testing device of module a the planar fuel cell; - Testing and evaluating fuel cell performance in a la- Fig. 1. The test device samples fuel cell boratory stand in the comparable operating conditions (temperature 650-8500C); b) electrolyte and electrode samples were tested - Demonstrate the functionality of module fuel cell point of view of electrical conductivity and they sample; submitted specific values of the class a materials - Protecting research results by the deposit of a pa- studied; tent application. c) the components of the electrolyte, cathode and anode we have developed a functional fuel cell module Research staff of the project of IT-SOFC; Eng. Velciu Georgeta – IDT I – project manager e) was tested module functionality and demonstrat- Eng. Şeitan Cristian – IDT I ed to fuel cell sample by: Eng. Teişanu Aristofan Alexandru – CS a. measuring the electrical resistance of the fuel Eng. Ţârdei Christu – CP III cell; similar interpretation of the results of electrical Eng. Marinescu Virgil – CS conductivity in the temperature range 400-7000C, Eng. Sorina Mitrea – IDT I analysis of experimental data on the fuel cell internal Tech. Nicolaescu Elena resistance, showing obtain results comparable with each component (electrolyte, electrodes); RESULTS OF THE PROJECT b. determining the electrode ohmic losses; corre- Results in the final stage of the project have resulted sponding operating relationship of a fuel cell the data in: obtained show to generate electromotive force for ex- -making device for testing a module of the planar ample: fuel cell; - values of 53 mV at 4500C for the environment - experiments and characterization of ceramic com- use hydrogen and oxygen - low voltage values + ponents electrolyte, cathode and anode; 63mV max at temperatures of 6000C generated in - development of two types of fuel cells sample: the reaction conditions gas used, which creates a low C1 (LCM –E2 –Ni-GDC) and C2 (LSM-E2-Ni-GDC) oxygen concentration difference between the two where LCM = lanthanum manganite doped with electrodes;

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- decrease in voltage can be made and the formation of carbon deposits account the anode surface, this phenomenon prevents the correct development of Measuring instruments electrochemical reactions; c. electrical conductivity calculated from tests on the fuel cell has values of 0.017 mS / cm at a temperature of 4500C and increases slightly with increasing temperature from 0.019 mS / cm at 6000C.

Fig. 3. Laboratory test stand fuel cell modules Fig. 2. Fuel cell sample with solid electrolyte support The research was financed by the National Programme of Research, Development and Innovation - Furnace PNCDI II, contract 22-083/2008 (4254/2008).

Admission

tube H2

Vaccum tube

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Intelligent diagnosis and prediction system for power cable damages preventing - CABDIAG

INTRODUCTION The goal of this project is the development of an intelligent prediction and diagnoses system meant for electrical energy cable faults. To substantiate the data of land acquisition procedure and predictive diagnostic studies, to develop a prototype system, the structural changes of polymer samples under influence of environmental factors ware investigated experimentally.

Research staff of the project IDT I - drd.eng. Carmen LINGVAY – project Fig. 2. Thermograms obtained on insulation material manager sample, subjected to 23 complete thermal cycles in CS I - dr.eng. Iosif LINGVAY air with humidity of 80±5%RH CS I - dr.chem. Petru BUDRUGEAC CS III - dr.chem. Andrei CUCOŞ Initial fraction with melting temperature 182.7°C CS III – dr.ing. Cristina STANCU disappears after 23 thermal cycling and a new Eng. Ileana Laura CHIOSE endothermic process at 191.8°C is appear, with increasing mass (solid oxidation products). The first EXPERIMENTAL process is due to oxidation of tertiary carbon atoms arising from reticulation, and the second is due to Was subjected to experiments one PE cable A2XS2Y oxygen attack on the methylene groups and formation type, 250mm2. Thermal cyclings were conducted in a of hydroperoxides [3÷6]. VÖTSCH-Industrietechnik climate chamber. Before, during and at the end of the thermal stresses were sampled material were characterized by methods of thermal analysis technique [1, 2], with Netzsch, STA 409PC equipment. Before heat treatment and after 120 thermal complete cycles, was taken 5 each circular samples (Ø8mm, g = 2.5mm) which were analyzed by dielectric spectroscopy technique in the frequency range 10-2 ÷ 10 6Hz, at 30°C and 100°C, with specialized equipment Ametek Solartron Analytical, model 1260A.

Fig. 3. Evolution of melting process temperatures during RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS thermal cycling 1. Investigations by thermal analysis.

Fig. 1. Thermograms obtained on insulation material sample, before the first thermal cycling Fig. 4. Evolution of melting process enthalpy during thermal cycling

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2. Insulating resistance evolution.

Fig. 9. Nyquist diagrams obtained on polyethylene samples: (1) uncycled at 30°C ; (2) thermal cycled at 30°C; (3) uncycled at 100°C; (4) thermal cycled at 100°C

Losses at 30°C are remarkable only for frequencies Fig. 5. Insulating resistance evolution for investigated below 1Hz, but are substantial at 100°C, in cable sample 0.5Hz÷2kHz domain. Dielectric performance of the PE insulation decrease, Comparative analysis of Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 show a respectively increase tg. δ. These results suggest that good correlation between insulation resistance evolution thermal stress of insulation producing "insulation and specific heat of PE insulation (enthalpy), respectively ageing", namely decreased insulation resistance and crystallinity degree of investigated cable sample. dielectric losses increase, more pronounced at higher 3. Investigations by dielectric spectroscopy. temperatures.

Fig. 10. Variation of real component complex Fig. 6. Variation of real component complex permittivity εr’ with frequency f at 100°C, 3VRMS: (1) permittivity εr’ with frequency f, at 30°C, 3VRMS: uncycled, (2) thermal cycled (1) uncycled, (2) thermal cycled

Fig. 11. Variation of imaginary component complex

Fig. 7. Variation of imaginary component complex permittivity εr’’ with frequency, at 100°C, 3VRMS: permittivity εr” with frequency f, at 30°C, 3VRMS: (1) uncycled, (2) thermal cycled (1) uncycled, (2) thermal cycled

Fig.12. Variation of loss factor tg δ with frequency, at Fig. 8. Variation of loss factor tg δ with frequency, at 100°C, 3V : (1) uncycled, (2) thermal cycled 30°C, 3VRMS: (1) uncycled, (2) thermal cycled RMS

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CONCLUSIONS J. SUSIR, Sledování degradace elektroizolacního materiálu termickymi analizami, Proceedings of DISEE after thermal cycling (120 cycles between 2008, Sept. 17-19, 2008, Demänovská Dolina, Slovak –35°C and +100°C), dielectric performance Republic, pp. 143-146. of investigated PE insulation decrease, respectively increase tg δ; DISSEMINATIONS tg δ increases are more pronounced at high Papers in BDI journals working temperature (100°C), especially in C. Stancu, A. Cucoş, C. Lingvay, P. Budrugeac, I. the frequency range 0.5Hz ÷ 2kHz.; Lingvay, Studies regarding the parameter evolution of after accelerated heat aging, PE insulation energy cables polyethylene insulation, due to thermal become crosslinked (increase the number cycling, EEA, Vol. 59, No. 3, 2011, pp. 26-32; of tertiary carbon-carbon bonds), but also I. Lingvay, C. Stancu, A. Cucoş, C. Lingvay, becomes more amorphous, which lowers the Degradation of power cables polyethilene insulation dielectric performance; due to thermal cyclind, Journal of Sustainable Energy, during thermal cycling, was found a good ISSN 2067-5534, Vol. II, No. 3, 2011, pp.6-11. correlation between the insulation resistance Papers published in the proceedings of international evolution for investigated cable sample scientific conferences: (including dielectric loss factor) and specific L. Tudosie, P. Budrugeac, A. Cucoş, C. Lingvay, O. heat of fusion of PE insulator, respectively Ciogescu, I. Lingvay, Study of Thermal Ageing of the crystallinity degree of it, which leads to Power Cables with PVC Insulations, Proceedings of 16th conclusion that the dielectric properties of International Conference on Chemistry, Cluj-Napoca, PE are largely determined by the crystallinity Nov. 11-14, 2010, ISSN 1843-6293, p.104. degree. I. Lingvay, A. Cucoş, P. Budrugeac, C. Lingvay, O. Ciogescu, L. Tudosie, Study of Ageing of Polyethylene REFERENCES Insulations Used in Electrical Energetic by Thermal P. Budrugeac, The Characterization of Materials and Analysis, Proceedings of 16th International Conference Products by the Thermal Analysis Methods, Proceedings on Chemistry, Cluj-Napoca, Nov. 11-14, 2010, ISSN of URB-CORR 2007, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, June 20- 1843-6293, p.62. 23, 2007, pp.138-139. I. Lingvay, C. Stancu, P. Budrugeac, A. Cucos, C. P. Budrugeac, I. Lingvay, A. Comănescu, C. Homan, Lingvay, Studies Concerning the Fast Ageing by Thermal Aplicarea metodelor de analiză termică pentru Cycling of Power Cables, Proceedings of ATEE 2011 caracterizarea materialelor electroizolante aferente -7th International Symposium on Advanced Topics in cablurilor de energie subterane, Simpozionul internaţ. Electrical Engineering, May 12-14, 2011, Bucharest, LEC_IT&MT 2007, Editia a II-a, Cluj–Napoca, Romania, ISSN 2068-7966, pp. 437-440 (BDI). 3-5.10.2007, Proceedings CD, paper 2. I. Lingvay, C. Stancu, A. Cucoş, C. Lingvay, P. Budrugeac, E. Segal, Changes in the Mechanical Degradation of power cables polyethilene insulation due Properties and Thermal Behaviour of LDPE in Response to thermal cyclind, Conference of Energy Engineering to Accelerated Thermal Aging, J. Therm. Anal., 53 CIE-2011, Băile Felix, June 2-4, 2011, Proceedings CD, (1998), pp. 801-808. ISBN 978-606-10-0151-4, paper s1-p1-5. P. Budrugeac, Thermooxidative degradation of some nitrile-butadiene rubbers, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 38 (1992), pp. 165-172. T. Hatakezama, F.X. Quin, Thermal Analysis. Fundamentals and application to polymer science, The research was funded by PNCDI II, contract John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1999. 22122 / 2008 (4251 / 2008), acronym CABDIAG.

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Increase of efficiency of equipments and processes for conversion of energy from renewable resources Low-power electric generator with double excitation

ABSTRACT PROIECT An important current challenge in the field of synchronous machines as generators is the use in modern wind power plants. Actual solutions without intermediate gears and low rotational speeds of wind turbines rotor determined the development of multipole synchronous generators with large diameters and, in consequences, less favorable with regard of the radial dimensions and optimum use of space inside the electric machine. The proposed project reconsiders the first industrial construction of electric machine known as the machine with ring winding. New character is determined by the dual excitation and active function of both conductor, of the ring armature (in known solution the return conductor was passive). Should be noted higher usage of the interior space of the indus and the possibility Fig. 1. Overall Scheme and mixed excitation, with permanent magnets and also with electromagnets (ie adjustable). As for ring winding different variants are possible, either with conductors on flat ferromagnetic yoke or conductor in the notches. In the 2011 phase of the project was developed and tested a model of synchronous generator with double excitation and the armature winding in ring to 1000W power output and speed of 600rot/min.

Staff Research Project Ph.D. Dorian Marin – project responsible – cs III PhD. Sergiu Nicolaie – idt 1 PhD. Gheorghe Mihaiescu – idt 1 eng. Cristinel ILIE - idt 1 eng. Marius Popa – cs 3 eng. Adrian NEDELCU - cs tech. Marius MIU tech. Florin Sorescu Fig. 2. Components made of a machine with dual REALIZATION & EXPERIMENTALS excitation The design was intended as constructive elements (parts and subassemblies) to provide relatively Final assembly of the generator consists in placing simple solutions such as geometry and technology the rotor subassembly with centrally mounted bearing implementation. within the stator subassembly so that the magnets in front of the two stator yokes do not touch the ring. For this reason the axle was designed with longer axial length then the machine, so at the introduction of the rotor subassembly the contact with the axle bearing (and centered) is made before reaching the permanent magnets in the coil.

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- Nominal current Inca = 11A. Winding temperature recorded during rated operation after the thermal stabilization was 90°C.

Fig. 3. Assembly dual generator excitation

Fig. 5. Synchronous generator experimental bench

1800 Pca=f(Ica) 100 rpm 1600 200 rpm 300 rpm 1400 400 rpm 1200 500 rpm 600 rpm 1000 700 rpm 800 rpm 800 putere [W]

600

400

200

0 0 2 4 6 curent8 [A] 10 12 14 16 Fig. 6. Families of curves of power at various speed Fig. 4. Synchronous generator with blade support mounts CONCLUSIONS The generator variant made according to the Three phase generator confirmed in experiments invention features constructive solutions as simple performed during preliminary design parameters, namely technology such as: a power of 1.2 kW useful to speed of 600rpm. -stator lamination pack without indentations, loca- It was identified a company interested in the ted on the surface of the coil, the air gap; assimilation of such products, which has supported -winding the ring, coil separated from the insulating the implementation of conventional landmarks (ROFEP housing, the spool executable by the process (manu- Urziceni). al); -overall construction supported by a single central REFERNCES bearing, radial thrust with two rows of balls; Dual-Rotor, Radial-Flux, Toroidally-Wound, -mechanical parts as simple geometry, without achi- Permanent-Magnet Machines; Ronghai Qu, Student eving technological difficulties; Member, IEEE and Thomas A. Lipo, Fellow, The 7th -smooth assembly operations at the unique. International Conference on Intelligent Autonomous Preliminary experiments and interpretation of results Systems (IAS-7) March 25-27, 2002 Marina del Rey, (high characteristic curves and heating load) has set California, USA. the following parameters in nominal values:

- Nominal power: Pnca = 1200W; - Rated speed n = 600rpm; The research was funded by AMCSIT – NUCLEUS n Programme, contract PN 0935 0201/2009 (5201). - Nominal voltage Unca = 67V;

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Environment

Investigation on biogas producing microorganisms under high hydrostatic pressures and applied research on algae growth for CO2 recovery

PROJECT ABSTRACT be exposed to some growth experiments in The project’s scope is to establish collaborations be- specific environmental conditions. tween two research-developing-innovation entities that could provide solutions to the specific problems identi- Research staff of the project fied in the energy domain. Dr. Eng. Carmen Mateescu – Project responsible, The objectives are mainly to achieve a core of re- CS 3 search between ICPE CA Romania and BIOMA P.R. Architect Allo Assmann – Technical responsible China in the favor of research activities carried out in Dr. Eng. Corina Băbuţanu – Economical responsible, CS both countries, regarding the following topics of re- Biologist Nicoleta Butoi – Project team member, ACS search aimed on increasing the efficiency of biogas Drs. Eng. Adrian Nedelcu – Data processing plants: responsible Improving of the biogas yield in anaerobic digesters; Treatment of organic waste by anaerobic fer- RESULTS OF THE PROJECT mentation under high hydrostatic pressure Documentary studies regarding the present conditions; state in developing of biogas technology in Assessing the influence of pressure on Romania and China, opportunities and con- anaerobic microorganisms; straints; Analysis of the metabolic activity of the Experimental reports; microorganisms living in anaerobic digesters; Recommendations for selecting the proper Selection and enrichment for biogas anaerobic technical solutions regarding the optimal microbiota for producing a high quality biogas; working parameters; Assessment of inoculum biomass for the Working visits at the Chinese partner BIOMA. selected microorganisms; Assessment of the some algae species for This research was financed by the Capacities/ being used in making valuable materials/ Module III – Bilateral / multilateral cooperation products, as well as for carbon dioxide Programme, Project�� for financial supporting of partici- consumption; pation at international projects, Contract no. 520/2011 Selection of high quality algae species to (4276/2011).

Device for the detection and the retention of CO2

INTRODUCTION spaces use adsorbents like granular activated carbons The project objective is represented by the execution and alumina with high specific surfaces. When the of a device for detection and retention of CO2 in order sorbents reach the saturation, they are removed for to reduce the operating costs of gas filtering systems regeneration and waste removal. Effective life time of by developing higher adsorption capacity and electrical each adsorbent depends on the amount of pollutant regeneration of the adsorbent. The device will contain captured, and the adsorption capacity of the material. a filter cartridge for CO2 retention and a microsensor High costs of adsorbent regeneration limited the for CO2 detection. implementation of many technologies for air quality Current technologies for gaseous pollutants removal improvement, such as technologies that use activated from the air for residential, commercial and industrial carbon systems. Technical and operating major

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problems associated to granular adsorbents include earlier stages of the project, and two supports at the the creation of channels, tamping and resistance to ends needed fixing microsensors filter cartridge (Figure airflow. Along with the advent of the new standards 2). for indoor air quality, researches were conducted to the application of low cost systems, longer cycle life and low recycling costs, necessities imposed by the demands of residential and commercial markets that grew rapidly. To achieve the project objective, will be approached simultaneously a number of research directions as follows: Execution of the filter based on carbon fibres monolithic composite; Design and execution of the filter cartridge;

Execution of the CO2 sensor. Fig. 2. Device for detection and retention of CO2 Research staff of the project Eng. Cristina Banciu – CS III – project responsible RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS PhD. Adela Băra – CS III The testing was done at 4 cartridge supply flow, 10 PhD. Ioana Ion – CS III l/h, 15 l/h, 20 l/h and 30 l/h at atmospheric pressure PhD. Gimi Rîmbu – CS II and ambient temperature of 25°C. The flow was Eng. phys. Iulian Iordache – IDT II measured with a rotameter with a measuring domain Eng. Aristofan Teişanu – CS III of 3-30 l/h. Adsorption characteristics of the cartridge Eng. Radu Vasilescu-Mirea – IDT III filter are plotted in figure 3. Eng. Mihai Iordoc – CS Eng. Elena Chiţanu - CS

11000 Curba de saturatie pentru un debit de 10 l/h EXPERIMENTAL 10000

Testing the adsorption capacity of the cartridge filter 9000 was performed using experimental assembly presented 8000 in figure 1. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the 7000 (ppm) 2 gas flow at the exit of the cartridge was determined 6000 with the instrument for CO2 measuring type TESTO 5000 535, with two infrared channels, with the measuring 4000 domain 0-9999 ppm. 3000 Concentratie CO 2000

1000

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Timp (minute)

Fig. 3. The variation of CO2 concentration with time at the exit of the cartridge at a rate of 10 l/h

It was found from the analysis of experimental data

that the increasing of the gas mixture flow (N2 and

CO2) inserted in the cartridge increases the amount

of CO2 adsorbed due to the emergence of a slight overpressure, such as the gas diffusion on the surface of carbon filter being favoured. Adsorption efficiency is high and ranges from 98.84 to 99.03%. Fig. 1. Experimental assembly used at testing the Considering the analyzes made in earlier stages of the adsorption capacity of the cartridge filter project on the carbonaceous material by measurements performed with the equipment Quantachrome Autosorb The cartridge supplying was made from a cylinder Automated Gas Sorption Device System (BET), the with a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in a pressure increasing favours the adsorption of CO2 on mass ratio of 99% N2 and 1% CO2. the carbon filter. In the second stage it was designed and built the For testing the cartridge desorption the measurements device for detection and retention of CO2, which is were performed using the filter cartridge assembly composed of the filter cartridge, designed and made in consists of a Fluke 1587 multimeter type for reading

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temperature, a current source type probe PS3020 and It was registered at OSIM a patent application instrument for measuring CO2 type TESTO 535. entitled „Porous carbonic materials with carbon fibres The results are presented in figures 4 and 5. and process for their obtaining” registered with no. A/00898, 13 September 2011.

10000 10000 CONCLUSIONS 8000 8000 Filter cartridge was developed and tested at the 6000 6000

4000 4000 adsorption and the desorption of CO2, which revealed Concentratie CO2 (ppm) Concentratie CO2 (ppm) 2000 2000 the following:

0 0 Increasing the flow of the gas mixture (N and 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 0 10 20 30 40 50 2 Temperatura ( oC) Timp (minute) CO2) introduced in the cartridge increase the

Fig. 4. The variation of CO2 concentration at the amount of the adsorbed CO2; desorption with the temperature and the time The adsorption efficiency is high and ranges from 98.84 to 99.03%; 55 The amount of adsorbed CO2 related to the carbon filter weight used for adsorption, of 50 193.50 g, ranges from 1.37% to 5.72% and it increases with the gas flow increasing; 45 The amount of CO desorbed increases

C) 2 o with the temperature increasing in the filter 40 cartridge, the desorption being accelerated at higher temperatures; 35

Temperatura ( The desorption rate increases slowly during the first 15 minutes after the application of 30 the electric current, after which it is growing

25 fast; 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 The amount of CO2 adsorbed on the filter, at C ure nt ( A) a gas mixture flow of 30 l/h, is 11.06 g CO2;

The CO2 desorption time is 40 minutes; Fig. 5. The variation of the temperature achieved in the The drop pressure in the device for the cartridge according to the current passed through it detection and the retention of CO2, at a feed flow of 30 l/h, is 1 mbar. The analysis of the data presented shows that the

CO2 desorbed amount increased with the increasing of REFERENCES the filter cartridge temperature, the desorption being Cristina Banciu, Adela Băra, Lucia Leonat, Delia accelerated at higher temperatures. The desorption Pătroi, „Carbon fiber composites for CO2 adsorption”, rate increases slowly during the first 15 minutes after 11th International Conference „Carbon Dioxide the application of the electric current, after which it is Utilization” - ICCDU XI, Dijon, France, 27-30 June growing fast. 2011. The project results were disseminated through Cristina Banciu, Adela Băra, Lucia Leonat, Delia Pătroi, publication and communication of scientific papers “Carbon Monoliths for CO2 Adsorption”, Optoelectronics and product presentation at the exhibition: and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, vol. Cristina Banciu, Adela Băra, Lucia Leonat, Delia 5, no. 12, p. 1341–1345, 2011. Pătroi, „Carbon fibre composites for CO2 adsorption”, Cristina Banciu, Adela Băra, Lucia Leonat, Delia th poster presentation at The 11 International Conference Pătroi, „Porous carbon materials with carbon fibers „Carbon Dioxide Utilization” - ICCDU XI, Dijon, France, and method of making them”, Patent Application no. 27-30 June 2011. A00898 - 13.09.2011. Cristina Banciu, Adela Băra, Lucia Leonat, Delia Pascu Constantin, Costache Adrian, „Filter- Pătroi, “Carbon Monoliths for CO2 Adsorption”, adsorbent elements and method of making them”, RO Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Patent no. 107839 B1. Communications, vol. 5, no. 12, p. 1341–1345, Marumo Chisato, Hayata Eiji, Shiomi Niro, „Molecular 2011. sieving carbon”, US Patent no. 4933314. Participation at “The Research Fair 2011”, 5-8 Soichiro Tsujimoto, Katsuya Kibata, Yoshinobu October 2011. Otake, Masao Hirayama, Harushi Okabe, „Adsorbent”, In the final stage of the project: US Patent no. 5310593. It was developed and approved the technical specification entitled „Renewable filter of CO2 The research was funded by the Core Programme, retention”. contract 09350303/2009 (5303/2009).

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Device for CO2 detection

ABSTRACT PROJECT necessary temperature in the sensor function. The dif- The aim of the project represent the realization of ferential supply voltage is ±12 V with condition to a device type microsensor for CO2 detection. The CO2 ensure a minim current of 400mA. detection is necessary in air quality monitorization and Figure 1 presents the sensor configuration. a human confort, where near temperature and air humidity, CO2 as a product of human respiration is a prin- cipal domestic polluant. By this motive is absolutely necessary the presence monitoring of CO2 in ventila- tion systems and climatization equipments. In the CO2 detection on utilize the next type of sensors based on physical and chemical methods: 1. Physical, optical sensor: nedispersive infrared sensor NDIR; 2. SAW sensor: sensor with surface acoustic wave; Chemical: Semiconductor sensors based on semiconductor oxides SnO2, ZnO; Potentiometric sensors based on solid ion conductor electrolytes: NASICON (Na1+xZr2Si2-xPO12, Na- β-alumina, Zirconie-yttrie, cerie). Sensors on the physical principles were characterized by a high sensitivity and especially by a very good selectivity but are very espensives and the semiconductor sensors were characterized by a simple construction, a good price but a poor selectrivity. Between the models presented previously the potentiometric sensors present a high detection performance a simpleand dense structure, an accesible price a continous gaz monitoring nd this recommend Fig. 1. Sensor scheme in toxic gases detection inclusive CO2. The improvement of the performances detection of this sensor is realized by electrolyte composition and by the composition of sensing electrodes constitute on the carbonate mixing. Other advantage of this materials used in CO2 detection is the lower temperature function. In this context, the project presents a sensor prototype type potentiometric for CO2 detection in the measure range 1000-5000 ppm used in closed spaces.

The research personnel of the project Eng. Gabriela Telipan - topic responsible – ITP I PhD. Eng. Lucian Pislaru-Danescu – ITP II PhD. Eng. George Zarnescu - CS Eng. Laurentiu Catanescu - CS Fig. 2. The sensor components image PhD. Eng. Paula Prioteasa - CS Techn. Ion Tinca Techn. Girjoaba Luminita

PROJECT RESULTS It was achieved a potentiometric sensor prototype for CO2 detection composed by a metallic carcass which has a metallic grid at one end where is introduced the sensitive element. The sensitive element is mounted on a transistor ambasis type TO99. Under Fig. 3. Sensor image for sensor incorporated in the ambasis is positioned the heater which ensures the metalic rod

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Function characteristics:

Measure range: 1000-5000 ppm CO2;

Output voltage at 1000 ppm CO2= min. 200 mV;

Output voltage at 5000 ppm CO2= min 150 mV; Response time: max. 1 minute; Temperature in the sensitive element zone: 140oC; Sensibility: max. 0,3 µV/ppm; Climate conditions: - temperature: 0...40oC; - air relative humidity: max. 80% without condensa- tion; Mass: 75±2 g; Dimensions: 158±0,5xϕ20 mm. Fig. 6. Electronic conditoning scheme for signal of Figure 3 presents the characteristic voltage-concen- sensitive element tration CO2.

The sensor for CO2 detection was certified with ST No. 92/2011.

Results dissemination: 1. G. Telipan, L. Pislaru-Danescu, V. Marinescu, P. Prioteasa, G. Zarnescu, «Gas sensing properties of 1-D ZnO obtained by hydrothermal process», Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications Vol. 5, Iss. 5-6, (2011) 643-647.

References SR EN 60068-2-1-2007 Environmental testing Part Fig. 4. The characteristic voltage- 2-1 Tests - Test A: Cold. SR EN 60068-2-2-2007 Environmental testing Part concentration CO2 2-2 Tests-Test B: Dry heat. SR EN 60068-2-78-2001 Environmental testing Test Figure 5 shows the temperature profile in the Cab - Damp heat. sensitive element zone, which was performed with SR EN 60068-2-6-2007 Climatic and mechanical thermovision chamber. Testing - Testing method - Fc - vibrations. SR EN 60721-1-2002- Classification of environmental conditions - Part 1 - Environmental parameters and their severities. STAS 10802-80 - Low voltage apparatus low voltage reliability. Statistical determination method of mechanical endurance limited at the specific reliability. SR EN 61207-1-2003 - Expression of the functional characteristics of the gases analyzers. Part 1: Generalities. C.I. Mocanu, “Theory of electrical circuits”, Didactic and Pedagogic Publishing house, 1979. C.A. Desoer, E.S. Kuh, “Basic Circuit Theory”, New York, Edition, Mc Graw Hill 1969. C.I. Mocanu, “Theory of electromagnetic field”, Fig. 5. Thermovision image for level temperature Didactic and Pedagogic Publishing house, 1984. of sensitive element James Bryant, Walt Kester, Walt Jung, “PC Board Layout and Design Techniques”, 2006, Analog Device, USA. For the signal conditioning gived by the sensitive Data Sheet, SFET Operational Amplifier, ADA4627-1, element of CO sensor was used a operational ampli- 2 Analog Device, 2009. fier ADA 4627-1 produced by the Analog Device USA. Figure 6 presents the electronic scheme for the signal conditioning of sensitive element. The research was financed by the Nucleus Programme, contract no. 5303 /2009.

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High accuracy procedures in the biomonitoring of environment pollution over the Southern, South-Eastern and central regions of Romania

INTRODUCTION The experimental studies concerning the pollution of environment by mineral and organic wastes expresses a priority request for the preservation of renewing of nature. In this project, the contribution of our institute consisted of the determination of polymeric material durability in relation with their degrading conditions. The application of chemiluminescence technique allowed the accumulation of useful data for the evaluation of the effect of environmental factors on the degradation rates for this class of wastes.

Research staff of the project Traian Zaharescu, project manager, senior researcher Fig. 1. General view of chemiluminescence device Tantza Setnescu, team member, senior researcher Adrian Mantsch, team member, assistant researcher RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Marius Lungulescu, team member, assistant researcher The chemiluminescence curves and resulting Arrhenius dependence for the sample polyethylene 1 EXPERIMENTAL are presented in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively. The performed studies on the environment action have revealed that of heat, sun light and humidity accelerate polymer degradation by a synergetic contribution. The following consequences must be noted: modification in ecological equilibrium by their long term presence and their long durability; decomposition of plastics leads to the accumulation of toxic products; increase in the polymer material waste amount brings about the diminution of soil fertility. Polymer samples were collected from the surrounding zones of Bucharest. These materials were polyolefins (3 samples of polyethylene and 2 samples of polypropylene). Before these samples were analysed, they were cleaned by washing with water and isopropyl alcohol, followed by their cut into very small thin pieces. The belonging of these samples to polyolefin class of Fig. 2. CL curves recorded on polyethylene 1 materials was checked by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. For sample at three temperatures. the investigation of oxidative degradation resistance, (1) 1700C (2) 1800C; (3) 1900C samples were thermally aged by chemiluminescence procedure (Fig. 1), the measurement temperatures REFERENCES being individually specified. The selected samples 1. S. J. Huang, Polymer Waste Management subjected to thermal degradation were investigated – Biodegradation, Incineration, and Recycling, J. at three temperatures for the calculation of activation Macromol. Sci., Part A: Pure and Applied Chemistry, energies required for natural ageing. For the correct 32, 593-597 (1995). evaluation of chemical strength of materials, two kinetic 2. T. Zaharescu, S. Jipa, D. Henderson, W. Kappel, parameters, oxidation induction time and maximum D. A. Mariş şi M. Mariş “Thermal and radiation oxidation period, were selected. By the application of resistance of stabilized LDPE”, Radiat. Phys. Chem., Arrhenius law, the values of activation energies that 79, 375–378 (2010). characterize the behaviour of studied samples have been compared. The research was financed by the National Programme of Research, Development and Innovation - PNCDI II, Programme 4 – Partnership, contract 72- 172 (7054 /2008).

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Strategies of obtaining environmentally friendly ceramic pigments through non-pollutant methods (ECOPIG)

INTRODUCTION - the number of decomposition steps is also The production of blue pigments which are used in dependent of chromium content; the ceramic industry and which contain Co2+ involves - modification of the decomposition mechanism in cost and negative impact on environment problems. function of chromium content (figs. 2 and 3). The aim of this project is to obtain environmentally friendly pigments with low Co content. A series of precursors of mixed oxides of ZnAl2O4 spinel-type TG DTG DSC was investigated, in which a part of the aluminium(III) (%) (%/min) (mV/ mg) 4 0.30 TG cation is substituted by chromium(III) ions: ZnCrxAl2-xO4, 0 where x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2. For comparison, the raw 0.25 0 DTG materials for ZnAl2O4 were analyzed. The thermograms 0.20 show complex multi-step decomposition processes. 20 -4 0.15

Research staff of the project -8 0.10 40 PhD. Chem. Andrei Cucos – project manager

0.05 PhD. Chem. Petru Budrugeac -12 DSC 0.00 Eng. Laura Chiose. 60 -16 -0.05 exo EXPERIMENTAL -20 TG, DTG and DSC thermogravimetric analysis of 80 -0.10 DH some coordination compounds which are precursors -24 -0.15 endo of ZnCrxAl2-xO4 (x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 şi 2) spinels was 100 -0.20 performed. The measurements were carried out with a 0 200 400 600 800 1000 o heating rate of 10 C/min in static air atmosphere, the Temperature ( oC) masses of samples were between 10 and 20 mg.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Fig. 1. TG, DTG and DSC curves of precursor The recorded thermograms exhibit similar features x=0.5 (heating rate 10oC/min, static air atmosphere) for all the studied compounds: complex multi-steps decomposition processes, in which some are partially or totally overlapped. Thermal analysis data put in evidence three regions of interest: - the first region of thermal decomposition, 75- 275oC, corresponds to the elimination of water, degradation of nitrate anion (from the chromium(III) nitrate [1]) and of acetate anion (from the zinnc acetate [2]) and decomposition of starch [3] (fig. 1); - the second thermal decomposition region, 275- DSC (a.u.) 475oC, corresponds to the degradation of starch resi- dues and is strongly influenced by the introduction od chromium (III) ions; - the third region, 550-825oC corresponds only to a thermal effect associated with the spinel crystallization; - the recorded mass losses are in the region 77.67 100 200 - 86.49%, the differences being due to the different o drying degrees; Temperature ( C) - the final decomposition temperature decreases Fig. 2. DSC curves of precursors with the increase in chromium content in the order: x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 (from bottom to up) 493.2oC (x=0) > 470.7oC (x=0.5) > 404.2oC for the region T=75-275oC (x=1) > 364.5oC (x=1.5) >353.2oC (x=2);

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CONCLUSIONS

A series of precursors of mixed oxides of ZnAl2O4 spinel-type was investigated, in which a part of the aluminium(III) cation is substituted by chromium(III)

ions: ZnCrxAl2-xO4, where x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.

For comparison, the raw materials for ZnAl2O4 were analyzed. The thermograms show complex multi-step decomposition processes. DSC(a.u.) REFERENCES [1] A. Małecki, B. Małecka, R. Gajerski, S Łabuś, J. Therm. Anal. Cal, 72 (2003) 135. [2] K. Gyoryová, V. Balek. J. Therm.Anal. Cal. 40 (1993) 519. [3] 300 400 500 D. Vinescu, B. Jurca, A. Ianculescu, O. Carp, Polyhedron, Temperature ( oC) 30 (2011) 2824.

The research was financed by the National Programme of Fig. 3. DSC curves of precursors x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and Research, Development and Innovation - PNCDI II, contract nr. o 2 (from bottom to up) for the region T=275-475 C 32-146/2008 (7062/2008)

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APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Electrical degradation and lifetime estimation of polymeric cables insulations

INTRODUCTION Table I: Water trees characteristics obtained at f = The main objective of the project is to determine a 1 kHz fast method for lifetime estimation reserves of cables τ f l d insulations. The method consists in a fast development [h] [kHz] [μm] [μm] of water trees, by using high frequencies of the electric 72 1 211 231 field f, higher than power frequency one (1-3 kHz), 144 1 225 225 respectively by using higher voltages than the nominal 288 1 358 333 ones of the cable. The water trees characteristics (length l, diameter d) but also the breakdown voltage

Ustr is experimentally determined. The obtained results for 1-3 kHz are extrapolated in Table II: Water trees characteristics obtained at f = order to determine the lifetime for f = 50 Hz. 3 kHz Research staff of the project τ f l d [h] [kHz] [μm] [μm] STANCU Cristina (PhD Engineer, Researcher III) – head of the project 48 3 234 170 72 3 297 263 EXPERIMENTAL 96 3 329 259 The tests were performed on model cables samples polyethylene insulated having the inner radius 0.55 120 3 361 273 mm and the outer one 1.35 mm. The model cables were provided by IPROEB Bistrita Company. Increase of the trees length and diameter with the RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS frequency and ageing time can be seen (Tables I and II) Water trees were developed in low density [1]. The results can be explained by the increase of the polyethylene insulations of some model cables having charge carriers concentration (Na+ and Cl-) due to the the dimensions: inner radius of insulation 0.55 mm and H2O and NaCl solution dissociation in the presence of outer radius of insulation 1.35 mm, for ageing times the electric field. The therml step currents (related to between 24 and 288 h. Water trees in lab obtained at space charge density) are presented in Figures 2 and 3 1-3 kHz are presented in Figure 1. [2]. The increase of the frequency from 1 to 3 kHz (Fig. 2), for the same ageing time τ, leads to the increase of the thermal step current amplitude, due to the enhancement of the charge carriers concentration.

Fig. 1. Water trees obtained at 1 kHz and Fig. 2. Thermal step currents obtained at 1 kHz, 3 kHz (U = 5 kV RMS) 2 kHz and 3 kHz (U = 5 kV RMS)

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more important with the frequency and ageing time increase. The increase of the ageing time, respectively of the ageing frequency leads to the water trees lengths increase and to decrease of the breakdown voltage.

Fig. 3. Thermal step currents obtained at 72 h and 96 h (U = 5 kV RMS)

Table III: Breakdown voltage obtained at f = 1 kHz and f = 3 kHz

τ [h] Ustr [kV] τ [h] Ustr [kV] 72 25 48 20 144 16 72 15 288 13 96 13 - - 120 11

Fig. 5. Variation of the electric field in electrostatic regime in the absence and presence of water trees with different lengths

CONCLUSIONS Water trees development leads to the worsening of the electrical properties of insulation by decreasing the breakdown voltage and by increasing the charge density (high electric fields in insulation). The increase of the electrical stresses leads to the reduction of the lifetime of polymeric insulations of cables and to their premature breakdown.

REFERENCES [1] J. Fothergill, L. Dissado, “Electrical Degradation and Breakdown in polymers”, Peter Peregrinus, 2002. Fig. 4. Electric field in the absence (black) and [2] S. Boggs, “A Rational Consideration of Space presence of water trees of lengths l = 0.35 mm in Charge”, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 20, electrostatic (red) and stationary regime (green) No. 4, pp. 22-27, 2004.

A decrease of the breakdown voltage experimentally The research was financed by the National determined on aged samples comparative to the Programme of Research, Development and Innovation unaged ones can be seen. This decrease becomes – PNCDI II, contract 34/2010 (4269/2010).

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Components and microelectromechanic systems (MEMS) realized with specific technologies with medicine, microfluidics and micromotor and microactuator (TSMEMS). („Micro and nanoelectromechanic components with bioengineering applications”)

ABSTRACT PROIECT Table I. The aim purpose of this project is the micro Technical parameters UM Limite and nanoelectromechanical components with Electric voltage V 0,5÷3,5 bioengineering applications: The design and theoretical studies on the Frequency Hz 50÷1000 microelectromechanical actuators; Maximul electric current A 18,5A The realisation of experimental models of the Speed rpm 3000÷60000 microelectrome-chanical actuators; Maximum microtorque cNcm 60 The design and building of the micromotors Power W 50W and microactuators; Experiments to define the functional parameters. Functional period sec 30 Prototypes attestations.Brevets proposal and scienti- fique publications. Table II. Geometrical dimensions UM Limite The research team Eng. Cătănescu Alexandru-Laurenţiu, CS, head of Lungime microrotor mm 30 the project Microrotor length mm 20 Dr. Eng. Mircea Ignat, CS I Rotor outlet diameter mm 15 Dr. Eng. Puflea Ioan, CS II Stator outlet diameter mm 5 Dr. Eng. Zărnescu George, CS Eng. Paraschiv Tudora, CS III Stator length mm 16 Eng. Marius Popa, CS III Microbearings mm ffff4× 1,8×1,7; 3× 5×5 Techn. Tincă Ion Mass g 50 Techn. Gîrjoabă Luminiţa Ec. Clara Hender Angular microtransducer – prototype certificate.

PROJECT RESULTS

Syncron micromotor of high speed. The prototype certificate.

Fig. 2. Scheme of the angular microtransducer

Fig. 1. High speed micromotor MMSTR-1

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Fig. 5. Flat coil realised in MNE Department Fig. 3. Angular microtransducer Table V. Table III. Technical characteristics UM Field Electric voltage V 5÷35 Technical characteristics UM Field cc Electrical voltage V 0.5÷1.5 Maximum electric current A 3 Nominal electric current mA 110 Electrical resistance of flat coil Ω 1,4÷1,6 ° Frequency Hz 400÷1000 Maximum temperature C 120 Electrical resistance Ω 3.2÷3.4 Force cN 0÷6 Winding inductance according to Displacement mm 0÷17 geometric given rotor position angle 28.5÷61.8 μH Residual voltage mV 0÷5 (360 degrees) Slide microtorque mNm 0.1 Table VI. Residual voltage mV 0÷5 Geometrical dimensions UM Tolerances

Table IV. Flat coil diameter mm 30±0,5 Flat coil thickness mm 0,7±0,1 Geometrical dimensions UM Tolerances Shaft diameter microactuator mm 2,8±0,02 Outlet microtransducer mm 6±0,2 Inlet stator mm 1H6 Support plate microactuator mm 62,2± 0,1 x46,4±0,1 Outlet microrotor mm 2,3 Flat coil support diameter mm 30±0,5 Inlet microstator mm 2,4 Microactuator length mm 45 Outlet microstator mm 5,02 Mass g 25 Microtransducer length mm 12 „Rombodisc” piezoelectric micromotor Spindle diameter mm 1,02

Planar electromagnetic microactuator -the prototype certificate.

Fig. 6. The functional scheme of micromotor “Rombodisc”

Fig. 4. Electromagnetic microactuator with flat coil

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Fig. 7. The experimental model of “Rombodisc” Table VII. Fig. 9. Inductive harvesting microgenerator μINDH–1 Electric voltage Vef 50÷250

Frequency kHz 20÷40 Table IX. Active power W <0.01 Technical characteristics UM Field Efficiency % 50÷55 Electric voltage V 0,05÷1,46 Electric current Microforce cN 0,7÷4 μA 0,36÷2,92 (on resistive load R=0,5MΩ) Speed cm/sec 0,75÷1,6 Electric power μW 0,05÷3 Rotational speed of the sphere rpm 35÷40 Frequency Hz 5÷1000 Voltage(rms) V 50÷250 Coil electric resistance Ω 315 Minimum inductivity of the coil Table VIII. mH 72 without the core Technical characteristics UM Field Minimal stroke mm 0,5 Microactuator length mm 68 Microactuator width mm 60 Side rombodisc mm 55 Piezoelectric harvesting microgenerator μPH - 1 (tip Diameter sphere mm 22 harvesting) – The prototype certificate. Diameter piezoelectric disk mm 35 Diameter of piezoceramic element mm 25 Mass g 200

Liniar inductive harvesting microgenerator μINDH – 1 (tip harvesting) – The prototype certificate.

Fig. 10. Harvesting piezoelectric microgenerator μPH – 1

Table X. Technical characteristics UM Field Voltage V 0,01÷5 Electric current μA 0,01÷5 (on resistive load R=1MΩ ) Electric power μW 0,0001÷25 Frequency Hz 5÷1000 Electric resistance MΩ 25 Fig. 8. The functional scheme of inductive harvesting microgenerator: (a) 3D model and (b) transversal Capacity nF 11 Microdisplacement of membrane section 5 to 50cN μm

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Table XI. Induction Micromotor – Torque Estimation”, Bulletin Technical characteristics UM Field of Micro and Nanoelectrotechnologies, Vol. II, No. 1, March 2011, pp. 17-20, ISSN 2069-1505. Maximum diameter of the microgenerator mm 35 [6] M. Ignat, G. Hristea, „Electrothermic Thickness mm 9,8 Carbon Microactuator”, Bulletin of Micro and Length of the connections mm 110 Nanoelectrotechnologies, Vol. II, No. 1, March 2011, Mass g 12,12 pp. 21-26, ISSN 2069-1505. [7] Alexandru-Laurenţiu Cătănescu, „Design Scientific publicated papers: aspects for magnetostrictive microactuators”, Bulletin [1] M. Ignat, G. Zărnescu, A.-L. Cătănescu, of Micro and Nanoelectrotechnologies, Vol. II, No. 2, „Piezoelectric microgenerators for body energy June 2011, pp. 33-36, ISSN 2069-1505. harvesting”, Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced [8] Alexandru-Laurenţiu Cătănescu, Materials, Vol. 13, No. 8, August 2011, pp. 1026-1029. „Microgeneratoare electromagneticede tip harvesting”, [2] M. Ignat, G. Hristea, P. Budrugeac, Actualităţi şi Perspective în Domeniul Maşinilor „Electrothermic Carbon Microactuator”, Journal of Electrice, SME’11, EDIŢIA A ŞAPTEA, Bucureşti, 6-7 Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, Vol. 13, No. septembrie 2011, 90 de ani de la înfiinţarea Facultăţii 8, August 2011, pp. 992-997. de Inginerie Electrică, ISSN 1843-5912. [3] George Claudiu Zărnescu, Alexandru-Laurenţiu Cătănescu, „Design aspects and realization of a linear Patents submitted at OSIM piezoelectric motor with progressive ultrasonic waves. MEMS applications using linear piezoelectric micromotors.”, [1] Patent application no. A/00809, 08/11/2011, Proceedings of the 1st MEMS and NEMS Symposium of Title: “Micromotor electrostatic with rotating field”. Junior Researchers, 26-27 May 2011, ISSN 2069-1505. [2] Patent application no. A/00810, 08/11/2011, [4] Alexandru-Laurenţiu Cătănescu, „Design aspects Title: “Microgenerators electromagnetic inertia”. for magnetostrictive microactuators”, Proceedings of the 1st MEMS and NEMS Symposium of Junior Researchers, 26-27 May 2011, ISSN 2069-1505. This project was financed by the NUCLEU Programme [5] I. Puflea, M. Ignat, A.-L. Catanescu, „Electric PN 09-35-01.01 (5101/ 2009).

Vibrations compensation using active suspension

PROJECT ABSTRACT ensembled such as to control the energy (external The project proposes as a general objective the perturbation) at the system input to obtain at output realisation of a compensation system of vibrations an electrical measure desired for the isolation of using active suspensions. external force. The proposed system is of high complexity and Envisioned results for achieving the objective: precision and it has as basis a structure of laboratory the realisation of an electronic chain for table in which is embedded a precision mechanical measuring and compensation of mechanical table of control with two axis kinematics xy which vibrations; has as components piezoceramic transducers. realisation of mechanical support , table type The system is based on using vibrations table for supporting the payload; transducers which measures the disturbing signal the realisation of piezoelectric sensors/ and piezoelectric actuators which can generate a actuators for measuring the primary vibration in anti-phase. (dephased with 180 °) for information, respectively of execution of an annihilating the perturbing system. The command anti-phase signal generated and proportional element in the process is constituted by the control with the induced value. unit block and data acquisition endowed with a Envisioned results for achieving the stage: Project computer and a specialised software program. and realisation of experimental / functional models The research has a complex character because of measuring systems with active compensation and the system realisation necessitates specialists from transducers with piezoceramic elements. electronic, electrotechinal, hardware, software, fine An analysis of existing control systems is mechanics, ceramics, electropneumatic actuating presented accentuating that an active control domain. At the end of the project the technological system represents a group of electrical components, transfer of equipment and realised technology takes electronic components, mechanical components, place to research laboratories where high precision

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measurements are accomplished.

Research group of the project Eng. Strambeanu Dumitru, project responsible Eng. Popovici Iuliu Eng. Ilie Cristinel Eng. Lipcinski Daniel Eng. Chirita Ionel Eng. Medianu Silviu Eng. Dumitru Alina Tech. Dragomir Ion Tech. Velea Constantin Tech. Marcu Liliana Eng. Pintea Jana Fig. 2 PROJECT RESULTS: 5. Piezoceramic elements using different prescriptions of materials obtaining pastilles with 1. Design and obtaining of the functional model for different thicknesses and diameters imposed by the the measuring system with active control of vibrations necessary electrical properties; using as sensors piezoceramic transducers; 2. Control systems analysis underlining the main performance parameters: stability, accuracy, response speed, sensitivity, representation; In the below block scheme, Fig.1, is presented an example of hibrid method, which uses a feedforward- feedback controller where: Gc is the transfer function of the controller, Gp is the transfer function of the followed process, H2 is the transfer function of the direct path (feed forward) between the reference R(s) and the perturbation D(s), Gd is the transfer function of the perturbation, H1 is the transfer function of the feedback path, E(s) – the measured error between the Fig. 3 reference signal R(s) and the controlled value C(s). 6. Design and realization transducer/actuator; 7. Design and realization of the electronic system for system prototype presenting the main components; 8. Design and execution of the prototype of plate system for 2D control for compensating the vibrations using the parallel kinematics method; 9. Design and realisation lots of prototypes for the piezoceramic elements, experimental descriptions, raports of experiments; 10. Design the command and control software and graphical interface of the system; 11) Experiments with the prototype: Using this kind of system a high performance is Fig. 1. obtained for vibrations isolation having a maximum efficiency in the frequency domain 0.6-20 Hz with a 3. Design the electronic system for the functional limited displacement domain. model describing the main components together The functional samples were executed in laboratory with the associated electronic schemes and their conditions on XY vibrations table, Fig.4. Signals of performances; vibrations were generated in 5-150 Hz spectrum 4. Design and execution of the control table of the observing an attenuation of amplitude of 30-40% from system for compensating the vibrations using the disturbing signal, see fig. 4. parallel cinematics method, (Fig.2);

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Technical characteristics of the system: - frequency band 0,1 – 1 kHz; - displacement on X,Y axis: min. 0,01 – 0,1 mm; - table XY dimensions: 250 x 250 x 25 mm; - attenuation factor: 30% for f = 5 – 150Hz; - numeric band filter commanded wih quality factor Q = 25; - supply voltage: 230 Vca; - work temperature: 5 – 45 C. 12) Dissemination: paper presented and published at AGIR Symposium no.3 from 2011, pag.98-102, ISSN 2247-3548 Fig. 4 The research was financed by the NUCLEU Programme, contract no. PN-09-035-02-05 (5205/2009).

Micro electro-mechanical components and systems (MEMS) developed by specific technologies with applications in medicine, micro fluidics and micro electrical machines and micro – actuators execution

INTRODUCTION system and technology for obtaining functional In the project there were developed advanced materials with processed gradient of the electron beam products in the field of electrical engineering. The main structure, gel casting technology for the development objectives are: mechanical microstructures processing of ceramic products with MEMS application, photo by LIGA technology, the development of an improved polymerization of the specific monomers for micro system and of an appropriate technology for functional fluidic circuits, micro and nano electromechanical materials obtaining having the structure characterized components, with application in bioengineering, by a processed gradient and an electron beam, ‘gel integrated fluidic micro systems, systems for generating casting’ technology used for achieving ceramics with micro bubbles of air. MEMS applications, photo polymerization of specific Within the project developed during 2011, 4 patents monomers for micro fluidic circuits, micro and nano proposals have been submitted: electromechanical components with applications in the a). Method for making toothed gears miniature with field of bioengineering, micro fluidic integrated system, cycloid profile, generating air micro bubbles systems. b). Simulator for the determination of the optimum parameters for the aquatic animal transport containers, Research staff of the project c). Electrostatic micro motor with rotating field, Eng. Marius POPA, CS III – project responsible d). Inertial electromagnetic micro generators. Eng. Cristian Şeitan, IDT I 15 scientific papers were published and 15 Eng. Laurenţiu Cătănescu, ACS communications were presented at symposiums and Phys. Iulian Iordache, IDT II conferences. Numerous prototype have been also Dr. Chem. Radu Setnescu, CS I developed Micro reductor Mri4-5101N, micro pump Dr. eng. Gabriela Oprina, CS III MP5101N, system for generating micro bubbles of Eng. Cristinel Ilie, IDT I air, high speed synchronous micro motor, angular Chem. Paula Prioteasa, CS rotating electromagnetic micro transducer , planar Dr. Eng. Ionel Chiriţă, IDT II electromagnetic micro actuator, inductive linear micro Dr. Eng. Mircea Ignat, CS I generator �INDH - 1 (harvesting type), piezoelectric micro generator μPH - 1 (harvesting type). EXPERIMENTAL AND RESULTS Within the project, several advanced products have been developed in the field of electrical engineering. The main objectives are: processing microstructures using LIGA technology, implementation for an upgraded

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The product has improved energy performance which is superior to other types of bubbles generators and net pressure drop perforated plate is up 0.158

mH2O. Concerning the micro motors and micro actuators the following products were certified: Planar electromagnetic micro actuator; High speed synchronous micro motor. The technical and constructive characteristics of the developed prototypes using unconventional technologies: High speed synchronous micro motor, electromagnetic micro transducer with angular rotation, planar electromagnetic micro actuator, piezoelectric linear micro motor, linear inductive micro generators (harvesting type), electrostatic micro motor with Fig. 1. Mri4-5101N micro reductor– assembly design liquids based on polyamide, electrostatic induction micro motor (with rotating field).

Cycloid gear wheels were realized using LIGA technology having the thickness around 160µm from nickel, electrically made in SU8 photo resist pattern on the mono crystalline silicon substrate [100], superficially oxidize and gold plated. The cycloid profile of the wheels tooth was obtained through a process that allows for exact cycloid profile to be made, with very small dimensions, possibility with sub-micron details. A micro pomp with one way spring valves was made. One way spring valves were made using LIGA technology with thickness about 190µm from electroplated nickel and one way micro valves from photorezist SU8, for the comparative study of the behaviour.

Fig. 3. MMSTR-1 High speed synchronous micro motor

When it comes to “gel-casting” technology for

ceramics based on Al2O3, there have been established technology performances used in order to obtain alumina ceramics with application possibilities in the field of MEMS, using the gel casting route as a process for producing the ceramic body and there were determined

the characteristics of Al2O3 powder used as a ceramic

material. The Al2O3-based ceramic components obtained by slow increase of temperature (30°C/h) in the process of binder removal and consolidation had Fig. 2. MP5101N Micropump superior mechanical properties to those obtained by faster increase of temperature (50°C/h). As for the Regarding the bubble generators, the bubbles monomers photo polymerization, there was carried generator device was developed with micro-perforated out the LP-2 material functional characterization, holes of constant diameter, using GBM encoding with being shown that this is a positive photo resist, with typo-dimensional variants like GBM 50, GBM 72 and a sensitivity and resolution corresponding to the GBM 110, where the numbers represent the outer proposed goal. diameter for the support capsule of the generator. The There has been developed a thermoplastic photo product is intended for water aeration by bubbling resist material which has the advantage of a simple oxygen or air. handling, not being need of the solvents presence, The technical specification of the generator was while the photo resist film is generated by processes developed and technical and functional requirements specific to commercial plastics processing. were mentioned and also technical conditions for quality and verification methods.

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CONCLUSIONS Ghiculescu D – Unconventional Processing , There have been made micro gearbox with cycloidal Printech, 2004 gear profile and a micropump with flexible valve using LIGA technology. Wolf B.A. - Solubility of polimers, Pure & Appl There have been made bubbles and microbubbles Chem, 1985 generators and were determined energy performance and oxygen transfer performance. Hol P, Heindel T - Local gas holdup variation in a fiber Technical and constructive prototypes characteristics slurry, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, were determined: high speed synchronous micromotor, 2005 electromagnetic microtransducer rotation angle, planar electromagnetic microactuator, piezoelectric Chapman St. - Electric Machinery Fundaments, Mc. linear micromotor , inductive linear piezoelectric Graw Hill, 2005 microgenerator (harvesting type), micromotor with liquid polyimide, electrostatic induction micromotor Schlesinger M, Paunovic M.- Modern Electroplating, (with rotating field). New York, 2000 Four proposals for patents were submitted. Mortini B. - Photosensitive resists for optical REFERENCES litography, Comptes Rendus Physique, 2006

Koch C, Rinke T. - Litography- Theory and Application The research was financed by the NUCLEU of Photoresists, Developers, Solvent and Etchants, Programme, contract PN09350101 / 01.03.2009 MicroChemicals, 2008 (5101 / 2009).

Application of clean energy with micro hydro power plant including a submerged aggregate in a location on the Prut River

PROJECT ABSTRACT Eng. Cristinel Ilie This paper aims to develop a facility for converting Eng. Marius Popa kinetic energy of flowing rivers and rivers into Eng. Adrian Nedelcu electricity. It is designed for isolated areas where Eng. Rares Chihaia there is need to provide low energy utilities. Available Techn. Marius Miu potential is reduced due to reduced flow rates of rivers Techn. Florin Sorescu in lowland areas. However, in areas which are at a Conf. Dr. Dan Scurtu – UT Iaşi significant distance (of order kilometers) of mains and Eng. Dumitru Cuciureanu – Q SRL financially justify such an investment, especially since Eng. Ştefan Iordache - EOL Energy the environmental benefits are obvious (do not require water reservoirs with dams, not affect fish habitat and creatures of the river). In previous steps were made: PROJECT RESULTS - Technical study of micro-hydro plant and location; - Establishing constructive solution. Theme Experimental model of turbine technique. Elements of pre-sizing; The experimental model consists of turbine hub - Design of experimental models. mounting flange shaft electric generator of the four In the final stage in 2011 were made and tested (4) blades and hull front center. Blades have been models of turbine and generator for micro-hydro with designed according to calculations partner George aggregate submerged. Asachi Technical University - Iasi. Project execution was made at INCDIE ICPE-CA – project coordinator. Research Staff of the Project Execution of the turbine blade was performed on a PhD. Eng. Sergiu Nicolae – Project Manager machine manufactured by SC Q SRL Iasi. PhD. Gheorghe Mihaiescu PhD. Eng. Dorian Marin

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Inductor rotor is equipped with high-energy permanent magnets based on rare earth, protected by polar pieces of steel poles is inclined to reduce parasitic magnetic cogging torque.

Specific aspects of construction: Case type is encapsulated in the console, Mechanical shaft seal type EFS-163-S-020- SC U1U1S2G5G1 Roseal Factory, Support, anchoring intubation generator hou- Fig. 1. Tridimensional representation sing stability and safety against the force of the water, For taking axial load, generator bearings were chosen by axial and radial type adequately covered.

Fig. 4. Assembly hydro aggregate Fig. 2. Component parts and assembly model of turbine The hydraulic turbine is mounted on the shaft of the electric generator. Experimental model of generator Complete equipment includes submersible He seized the opportunity of assimilation and aggregate: later in manufacturing electric generator at SC Hydraulic micro intubated; ELECTROPRECIZIA SA. By a suitable electromagnetic Synchronous generator; and mechanical design, we have used current production body floating support with auto direction the parts and assemblies for asynchronous motors. direction of flow of the entire hydro, anchored by one or two sides. Depending on necessary the electric installation will contain a bridge rectifier, a DC / DC converter - for charging a battery, and inverter batteries if desired connection to the grid. Experiments on assemblies have included attempts to stand on the bench made model turbine with hydrodynamic channel of the Department of Hydraulics - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering from ICU.

a) Stator b) Permanent magnets rotor

a b c Fig. 5. Hydro-kinetic turbines experimental bench. Turbine with: a) two blades, b) tree blades, c)four blades

Increasing the number of blades when the turbine shaft increases simultaneously with decreasing speed c) Assembly intermediate d) assembly generator (angular speed of rotation). The experimental results validate the theoretical model applied to design turbine Fig. 3. Electric Generator (average power and average yields).

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In our case, knowing the average flow speed of the Emf Uf0 = 39V;

Prut very small (0.7 to 0.8 m / s) target sites (lower Cut electric power Pu = 1000W;

Prut) justify the choice of hydraulic turbine with 4 Cutting current IF = 10.6 A. blades to have a longer operating. Of interest are the results of experiments on the stand electric generator identified the following The research was financed by the PNCDI II, contract parameters to nn = 220rpm nominal speed: 22-129 / 2008 (4252/2008).

Research and Development of New Functionalities for Sports and Health Garments - CROSSTEXNET

INTRODUCTION CONCLUSIONS The huge advancement in the textiles industry and Future research and advances in the area of elec- the accurate control on the mechanization process tronic textiles will enable a plethora of applications coupled with cost-effective manufacturing offer an ranging from accomplishing the simplest of everyday innovative environment for new electronic systems, chores to complex applications. Embedded system te- namely electronic textiles. The main objective of this chnologies alongside smart materials can be integrated project is to carry out research and development of and interfaced to create new possibilities. textile products for technical applications in the health- care sector. INCDIE ICPE CA will carry out research REFERENCES dealing with materials and development of innovative [1] S. Park, C. Gopalsamy, R. Rajamanickam, components for an intelligent textile system for some S. Jayaraman, “The wearable motherboard: An vital signs monitoring/perceiving (respiration and per- information infrastructure or sensate liner for medical spiration). The main objectives put an emphasize on: applications, ”, Studies in Health Technology and Development of sensing techniques for health Informatics, IOS Press, vol. 62, pp. 252-258, 1999. monitoring, compatible with integration into [2] S. Park, C. Gopalsamy, S. Jayaraman, “Fabric textile; or garment with integrated flexible information Monitoring of body fluids (perspiration) via infrastructure,” WO Patent 9964657, Dec.1999.B. sensors distributed on a textile substrate; Smith,“An approach to graphs of linear forms Development of sensing patches adapted to (Unpublished work style),” unpublished. sweat where the textile itself is the sensor. [3] E. R. Post, M. Orth, “Smart fabric, or washable computing” Proc.of the First Intl. Symp. on Wearable Research staff of the project Computers, pp. 167–168, Oct. 1997. Dr. Eng. Hristea Gabriela – CP 1, project manager [4] R. Paradiso, A. Gemignani, E. P Scilingo, D. Dr. Eng. Mircea Ignat – CP 1 De Rossi, “Knitted bioclothes for cardiopulmonary Dr. Eng. Ovezea Dragos - ACS monitorining,” Proc. 25th Annual International Techn. Fotea Filoftea Conference, IEEE-EMB, Engineering in Medicine and Techn. Tinca Ion Biology Society, vol.4, pp. 3720-3723, Sep. 2003. [5] D. Marculescu, R. Marculescu, N.H. Zamora, EXPERIMENTAL & all, “Electronic Textiles: A Platform for Pervasive During 2011 has been sustained a literature review Computing”, Proc. IEEE, vol.91, No.12, pp.1991– regarding: 2016, Dec. 2003. Identification and establishing the monitoring [6] S. R. Anton, H. A Sodano, “A review of power sensorial system adapted to a smart textile system; harvesting using piezoelectric materials (2003–2006),” Establishing of physiological parameters Smart Mater. Struct., vol.16, pp. R1-R21, May 2007. intended to be monitorized; Mechanisms/techniques of developing interactive electronic-textile.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The research was financed by the National ��Pro- The first stage of this project comprises a literature gramme of Research, Development and Innovation review consisting mainly in mechanisms/techniques of - PNCDI II, project: ERA NET contract 7-041/2011 developing interactive electronic textile. (7080/2011).

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Services

Integrated methods in preserving/restoring UNESCO cultural heritage for increasing community viability

INTRODUCTION The main objectives of the research performed in INCDIE Communication ICPE-CA were: A. Emandi, P. Budrugeac, O. Cinteza, I. Stamatin, a. Elaboration of technological flux for application of the Characterization of The Artificially Decayed Malachite and scientific protocol in restoration/conservation of fresco; Plasters on The Fresco Painting by Means of μ-FTIR, TG, EPR, b. Achievement of the service for complex investigation of Techniques, Parma, Italy, 5-8 September, 2011, The International fresco by: omologation of the methodologies described in the Congress on Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Art and tecnologic flux and standardization of test reports; Archaeology c. Capitalization of the project results; d. Dissemination of the obtained results. CONCLUSIONS In the present phase of the project it was performed: Research staff of the project - Elaboration of book Chapter entitled: “Application of thermal Dr. Chem. Budrugeac Petru – project responsible analysis methods in mortars and plasters diagnosis”; Dr. Chem. Cucoş Andrei - Elaboration of two procedures for evaluation of composition Biolog Buruntia Nicoleta of mortars and plasters and for investigation of fresco pigments Eng. Chiose Ileana Laura by thermal analysis methods; - On the basis of procedures elaborated in the previous RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS phases, INCDIE ICPE-CA draws up the part corresponding to In the present phase of the project it was performed: achievement of the complex investigation service of materials - Elaboration of book Chapter entitled: “Application of thermal that are components of art objects; analysis methods in mortars and plasters diagnosis”; - Dissemination of the obtained results by two papers - Elaboration of the following procedures: submitted for publication in a ISI journal and a communication 1. Evaluation of the mortars and plasters composition by at an international Congress. simultaneous thermal analysis methods (STA): thermogravimetry + differential thermal analysis (TG/DTG+DTA) and thermogravimetry REFERENCES + differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DTG+DSC); 2. Investigation of fresco pigments by simultaneous thermal 1. Biscontin G, Pellizon Birelli M, Zendri E, Characterization analysis methods (STA): thermogravimetry + differential thermal of binders employed in the manufacture of Venetian historical analysis (TG/DTG+DTA) and thermogravimetry + differential mortars, J. Cult. Herit., 3 (2002) 31. scanning calorimetry (TG/DTG+DSC); 2. Silva DA , Wenk HR, Monteiro PJM, Comparative - study concerning the behaviour of restoration product at the investigation of mortars from Roman Colosseum and cistern, biological attack, which was materialized by the following test reports: Thermochim. Acta, 438 (2005) 35. 1. Estimation of the behaviour of mortar samples at the 3. Tomasi C, Ricci O, Perotti G, Ferloni P, Plasters and mortars moulds action; in the central building of the University of Pavia. Thermal and 2. Estimation of the behaviour of fresco samples with glass structural study, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim, 84 (2006) 33. fibres at the moulds action; 4. Pires J., Cruz A. J., Techniques of thermal analysis applied - On the basis of procedures elaborated in the previous to the study of cultural heritage, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim, 87 phases, INCDIE ICPE-CA draws up the part corresponding to (2007) 411. achievement of the complex investigation service of materials 5. Tittarelli P., Moriconi G., Bonazza A., Atmospheric that are components of art objects; deterioration of cement plaster in a building exposed to a urban - Dissemination of the obtained results by two papers environment, J. Cult. Herit., 9 (2008) 203. submitted for publication in an ISI journal and a communication 6. Iordanidis A, Garcia-Guinea J, Strati A, Gkimourtzina A, at an international Congress. Papoulidou A, Thermal, mineralogical and spectroscopic study of plasters from three post-Byzantine churches from Kastoria Papers submitted for publication (northern Greece), J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 103 (2011) 577. 1. Nicoleta Buruntea, Ana Emandi, Petru Budrugeac, Accelerated 7. Brosnan DA, Sanders JP, Hart SA, Application of thermal biological deterioration studies of a repainting nano-lime mortar, analysis in preservation and restoration of historic masonry International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, in press.2011 materials. Part A. Characterization of materials, J. Therm. Anal. 2. Nicoleta Buruntea, Ana Emandi, Petru Budrugeac, Calorim., 2011 (online DOI 10.1007/s10973-011-1422-z) Assessment of microbiological deterioration of medieval wall from Saint Stefan and Saint Nicholas - Popa Tatu Churches, The research was financed by the PNCDI II Programme, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, in press 2011 contract 91_113/2008 (7055 / 2008).

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Research on economic strengthen of SMEs in the electrotechnical field by the development of organizational culture and application of management innovation

PROJECT ABSTRACT 1.5 to 5 kW: SC ELECTROPRECIZIA SA Sacele, SC Objectives of the project were: ROFEP SA Urziceni, MECANICA CEAHLAU. 1. Achieving socio0economic environment for the It is presented also another application, a mixed use growth of field, under existing legislation; of renewable energies: electrothermal module of 5 kW 2. Implementation and development of partnerships fuel cell based, which is assimilated in production by to support SMEs in the field; SC ROSEAL SA Odorheiu Secuiesc. 3. Creating thematic clustering environment of the Study regarding the opportunities to include the area and its inclusion in national thematic networks, environmental of clustering in electrical engineering in interregional and European. interregional and European thematic networks Stage activities consisted in two studies. The study presents the ��purpose ��of establishing clus- The first refers to possibilities and opportunities for ters: the creation and improvement of collaboration be- developing parnerships in the electrotechnical field. tween several companies, in a fiels or different fields The second study describes the opportunities to under the same brand. From 18 clusters existing in include the environmental of clustering in electrical Romania only two can be considered as working in engineering in interregional and European thematic ne- electrical engineering: ETREC and AUTOMOTIVEST. tworks. Romanian Association of Clusters, newly established, has as first objective to promote at regional as well Research staff of the project as central level aset of policiesto take into account Eng. Ivan Ion, IDT I – project manager the stimulation of establishment and operation of the Eng. Macamete Elena, CS II clusters. Another important objective is affliliation with homologous asociations from European countries in or- RESULTS OF THE PROJECT der to facilitate access of Romanian clusters to inter- Study on possibilities and opportunities for develo- regional or tansnational partnerships. Study makes an ping parnerships in the electrotechnical field overview on clustering opportunities and cooperation The study deals the issue of use of renewable ener- of already established clusters within the European or gy, solar power, wind and hydropower by analyzing the cross-border cooperation programs. current situation in Romania. Achivements are presented in terms of converting solar energy into electrical REFERENCES energy: solar power plant of 30 kW installed inside Technology watch report ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. University „Politehnica” of Bucharest, the 10 kW solar Current issues; power plant from Transylvania University in Brasov, and Guide for implementation in Romania of the concept power plant „Solar Amphitheater” at the University Va- of innovative cluster; lahia of Targoviste. Economic areas that can use elec- Travel report in Warsaw of Deputy Director tricity produced in this way are agriculture, lighting, Department of Industrial Policy. Ministry of Economy, water heating and food industry. Trade and Business Environment. Next issue is dealt with wind energy. There are presented partnerships between research institutes and universities with SMEs, aiming to develop wind generators for domestic users. There are listed SMEs that The research was funded by the National Programme have assimilated into production in whole or in part of Research, Development and Innovation - PNCDI II, (the electric machine), small wind power generators, contract 92099/2008 (7069/2008).

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The flow improvement within the vertical wells of the secondary intakes from Dâmboviţa – Clăbucet scheme

PROJECT ABSTRACT The problem has not been solved yet, although The purpose of this project was to improve the flow studies and experiments have been made, all with regime in secondary intakes Draxin and Cascoe from unsatisfactory results. To avoid these issues, it Dâmboviţa - Clăbucet scheme. is important to prevent formation of air pockets The proposed objectives were to evaluate the existing and their movement through the system at high situation, highlighting the problems and develop new speed. innovative solutions in order to their remediation. The Two-phase flows in vertical wells have been studied project was divided into two stages: mainly on physical scale models, but scale checks are 1. A preliminary study, which involves analyzing not common in the literature. the current situation and finding operating problems The air pockets movement is possible due to the of the secondary intakes and their associated positive longitudinal slope of the main inlet pipe. vertical wells which directs the water to the main The process of natural aeration within the flow inlet pipe. could be studied by measuring the air and water flow 2. Practical application with execution details of a rates at the wells input. The research was extended to new discharge chamber at the mouth of the well in study the air release process within two-phase flow, in order to ensure the air release from the water. order to establish the cause of these issues. Due to these deficiencies in the operation the solid Along with increasing water flow rate, the absorbed flows is captured into these intakes and jeopardize air flow rate is also increasing, and the air release the operation of the plant, and, on the other hand system works by throwing powerful jets of air-water an insufficient air release from the system causes mixtures. the emergence of air pockets which also damage the In conclusion the existing air release system could operation. not avoid air pockets to reach the main inlet pipe. The movement of air pockets causes system The proposed solution is based on the idea that instability and endanger the water system supply, separation of the two phases may occur in the same starting with the intake and ending with the turbine vertical well. and its hydraulic equipment. The water jet is dispersed at the periphery of Regarding those aspects, the final customer, the well, while the middle of the well remains open SC HIDROELECTRICA S.A. had to seek solution and allows air to pass freely to the surface. In order for improving the water flow regime, asking, in this to be primed and properly directed, water must purpose, the support of INCDIE ICPE-CA, a Research enter through a funnel suspended by three radial Institute which has scientific potential, experience, and fins on the base plate. The funnel has (under the original solutions in the field of Hydro-Gas-Dynamics. inlet pipe) a double conical device that disperses the water. Research staff of the project The upper conical device has a ring gasket, while Eng. CHIHAIA Rares Andrei, ACS, - project the lower conical device forms a circular crown through responsible which water flows. Eng. MALANCIOIU Corneliu The crown diameter is calculated according to the PhD. Eng. NICOLAIE Sergiu, IDT 1 throughput capacity. Eng. TANASE Nicolae, ACS Water entering the well can only go up due to the PhD. Eng. OPRINA Gabriela, CS III compensation tank (mounted on the base plate) and PhD. Eng. BUNEA Florentina, CS III then reaches the funnel spillway. The funnel has a middle pipe, also suspended by RESULTS OF THE PROJECT fins, that ensures the air release from the system. The Secondary intakes are used to recover the energy compensation tank has a cover drilled on the side. from side streams that can’t be captured into the Capturing the water from side streams using reservoir. Hereby, using these intakes is justified: secondary intakes and wells connected to the main additional flow reaches the turbines and makes the inlet pipe creates a series of problems. hydropower plant to operate at higher efficiency. The most common issue is the presence of air Unfortunately, there is a risk of absorbing sediments emulsions in the water that reaches the turbines. and air that can affect the hydraulic circuit and even This phenomenon occurs due to the failure of the air the turbine by damaging the blades. release system and affects the hydropower plant. More unwanted phenomena may occur as well: The prototype study allows the analysis of this fluctuation of the head and flow, interruption of the phenomenon and opens up new ways of solving the liquid column, wrong indication of measurement issues mentioned above. devices.

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The authors propose a solution to these issues by using common low-cost techniques based on the idea that separation of the two phases could be made on the same well.

The research was financed by SC HIDROELECTRICA S.A., contract 1055/2011.

Fig. 1. Discharge chamber

Complex characterization of collagen-based materials, using the methods of thermal analysis and other advanced techniques

INTRODUCTION ray diffraction on dry bovine tendon and discovered The aim of the project is the complex, systematic that around 200 oC the melting of the crystalline region and interdisciplinary characterization of collagen and of collagen occurs. collagen based materials, both in solution and in dry Concerning the collagen-based materials immersed in state, using the methods of thermal analysis and other water, they shrink on heating, due to the denaturation of advanced techniques, such as FTIR and XRD, in order triple helix, i.e. the disruption of intra- and intermolecular to gain a better insight into the mechanisms of colla- bonds, such as: hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic, Van der gen stability and degradation. Waals and electrostatic interactions [1]. It was found that the shrinkage (denaturation) temperature depends Research staff of the project on the imino-acids content [2], heating environment PhD Chem. Andrei Cucos – project manager [3], presence of salts, pH, etc. For example, Komsa- PhD Chem. Petru Budrugeac - mentor Penkova et al [3] has performed a study on the denaturation of collagen extracted from calf skin in the EXPERIMENTAL solutions of different inorganic salts and has observed In this stage of project no experimental has been that in general the denaturation temperature decreases performed. in these conditions. The shrinkage process is complex and is characterized by many intermediate states. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Thus, for example, Larsen [4] has found that collagen Below are presented some important studies fibers from skin shrink following the scheme: regarding the thermal behavior of pure collagen and collagen-based materials. T A1B1CB2A2T A pioneering study regarding the thermal analysis initial final of dehydrated collagen was the one performed by Oka- The MHT technique was used on different artifacts moto and Saeki in 1963 [1]. The authors have used from conservation and restoration areas, such as the dynamometry, derivative thermal analysis and X- historical parchments [5]. However, the most appropriate

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technique for the study of this phenomenon is DSC, [4] R. Larsen, Thermochim. Acta 365 (2000) 85– due to the fact that it permits the direct and very 99. accurate determination of the denaturation enthalpy [5] E. Badea, L. Miu, P. Budrugeac, M. Giurginca, of collagen-based materials. Thus, ChahineChahine [7],[7], Bu-Bu- A. Masic, N. Badea, G. Della Gatta, J. Therm. Anal. drugeac et al [8-10] have demonstrated the utility of Calorim. 91 (2008) 17–27. this technique in teh case of parchments and leathers. [6] L. P. Witnauer, A. J. Wisnewski, J. Am. Leather Also, the shrinkage is put in evidence by DMA as a Assoc. 59 (1964) 598–612. sharp decrease of the sample length and of the storage [7] C. Chahine, Thermochim. Acta 365 (2000) 101– modulus due to the denaturation [11, 12]. 110. [8] P. Budrugeac, L. Miu, J. Cult. Herit. 9 (2008) CONCLUSIONS 146–153. A documentary study and a systematization of [9] P. Budrugeac, L. Miu, M. Souckova, J. Therm. literature from the research field of the denaturation of Anal. Calorim. 88 (2007) 693–698. collagen in dry state and in solution was performed. [10] P. Budrugeac, L.Miu, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 94 (2008) 335–42. REFERENCES [14] Y. Okamoto, K. Saeki, Kolloid-Z. Z. Polym. 194 [1] Y. Okamoto, K. Saeki, Kolloid-Z. Z. Polym. 194 (1964) 124-135. (1964) 124-135. [2] P.L. Privalov, E.I. Tiktopoulo, Biopolymers, 9 (1970) 127-130. [3] R. Komsa-Penkova, R. Koynova, G. Kostov, B.G. The research was financed by the National ��Pro- Tenchov, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 129 (1996) 171- gramme of Research, Development and Innovation - 181. PNCDI II, contract 16/2011 (4280/2011).

Surface and interface science: physics, chemistry, biology and applications Grant PCCE ID_76/2010

PROJECT ABSTRACT Research staff of the project The project approach thematic from physics and surface chemistry will be tackled together Dr. Jenica Neamtu, SR1, Project Responsible with applications of surface science in biology and Dr. Eng. Teodora Malaeru, SR1 technology also new standards will be proposed for Dr. Eng. Gabriela Georgescu, Eng. DT 1 consistent data interpretation. The project clusterizes the most important teams with preoccupations in RESULTS OF THE PROJECT surface science, namely all X-Ray photoelectron II Stage „The systemes of diluted magnetic spectroscopy teams with most of the community of semiconductors with low dimensionalities (DMS) ” thin film deposition, cluster and nanoparticle physics, surface reactivity, surface chemistry, multilayer Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) are physics, magnetic fluids, functionalization of surfaces, defined as structures with magnetic ions inserted into cell attachment. The research teams belong to highly semiconductor lattices (GaAs, InAs, oxides etc) and prominent universities and research institutes. where the ferromagnetic ordering can be induced by The research will concentrate into four main areas: electrons and holes generated in the semiconductor, (I) Magnetic properties of surfaces and low therefore providing carrier-mediated ferromagnetism dimensional systems; by double exchange or RKKY. (II) Electrical properties of surfaces and ZnO is a semiconductor with large forbided band heterostructuctures; (3.37eV) with exciton energy of 60 MeV. The route (III) Surface chemistry; sol-gel for the synthesis of Co doped ZnO (Zn 1-xCoxO, (IV) Application of surface science in functionalized x = 0.05-0.11) films grown on Si (100) and glass systems and in biology. substrates has been investigated. A homogeneous and

stable Zn1-x CoxO sol was prepared by dissolving zinc

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nitrate hexahydrate and cobalt acetate tetrahydrate Ref: 1. C. Covaliu, J. Neamtu, G. Georgescu, in a PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) solution, followed by T. Malaeru, C. Cristea, I.Jitaru, ”Synthesis and annealing at 800 ºC. Local structure studies of the characterization of ferrites (Fe3O4 /CuFe2O4) – calcium Zn1-xCoxO thin films by XANES (X-ray absorption alginate hybrids for magnetic resonance imaging”, near-edge structure) and EXAFS (extended X-ray Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures absorption fine structure) proved the co-existence Vol. 6, No 1, January-March 2011, p. 245 - 252, ISI of a few amount of small metal cobalt aggregates 2.078 with Co in non-stoichiometric ConOm aggregates, 2. M Volmer and J Neamtu, “Micromagnetic with n > m, and m ~ 4. Low temperature magneto- analysis and development of high sensitivity spin-valve optical Kerr effect (Faraday rotation) measurements magnetic sensors”, Journal of Physics: Conference of the magnetization versus field give a direct proof Series, Volume 268, February 2011 of a super paramagnetic behavior of the magnetic 3. Marius Volmer, Jenica Neamtu, “Optimisation of aggregates and allowed an estimate of the number of Spin-Valve Planar Hall Effect Sensors for Low Field Me- magnetically active atoms in Co aggregates, which is asurements” accepted “IEEE Transaction on Magneti- close to the number of Co excess atoms inferred from cs”, oct 2011 XANES and EXAFS considerations: n - m ~ 3 atoms 4. Teodora MALAERU, Jenica NEAMTU, Cristian per aggregate. To this main superparamagnetic phase, MORARI, Gabriela SBARCEA, “Structural and Magnetic a weak ferromagnetic phase with coercitive field of ~ Properties of Nanocristalline Powders of Ni –doped ZnO 50 Oe is superimposed, most probably due to metal Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors Synthesized by Sol- cobalt nanoclusters. Gel Method” accepted Revue Roumaine de Chemie, sept. 2011, ISI 0.284

The research was financed by the Romanian National Authority of Scientific Research under the contract CNCSIS PCCE ID_76/2010 (7076/2010)

Fig. 1. (a) Co K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) in Co, in ZnO:Co, in Co(II)O, compared with (b) the Zn K-edge XANES spectrum in ZnO

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bilateral CooperaTION agreements

Crystalline and magnetic structures in Nd2Fe14B / α-Fe, Fe3B biphasic system

INTRODUCTION with WinNormos-Site program using a least squares The project propose the study of the physical proper- method [10]. ties of the nanocrystalline materials based on Nd2Fe14B

/ α-Fe, Fe3B, hardened by exchange interaction, having a high potential to be developed into high–performance permanent magnets, with high energy product. This magnets have two phases structure, one is soft magnetic (for example, alpha-Fe, Fe3B), the second is hard

(for example, Nd2Fe14B, SmCo5, Pr2Fe14B, Sm2Fe14Nx) [1]. The main advantages of such magnets are low price (small RE content), remanence enhanced, higher corrosion resistance and bigger magnetic energy densities, against the sintered corresponding magnets; coercivity of the two system is lower than in the sintered magnets [2-9]. Substitutions of Nd/Pr by Dy increase the coercivity [9].

Research staff of the project Fig. 1. Nd-Fe-B melt-spun alloy Dr. Mirela Maria Codescu – project manager Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Kappel RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Eng. Eugen Manta For the ribbons, hardened by exchange interacti- Dr. Phys. Delia Patroi on, with variable Fe contents: 5 wt. % Fe and 10 wt. Dr. Phys Eros Alexandru Patroi %, were recorded the X-ray diffraction (Fig. 2) and 57 Phys. Gabriela Sbarcea transmission Fe Mössbauer spectra (Fig. 3) at room Student Alexandru Lixandru temperature. Techn. Georgeta Margineanu Techn. Florentina Oprea Nd Fe B a - Fe 2 14 Fe3B Nd1.1Fe4B4 EXPERIMENTAL The results obtained in the project of bilateral scientific collaboration with Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna (Russia) and also with the support of specialists from Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinča,

Belgrade (Serbia), after carrying out activities under (b) the project Workplan, have resulted in magnetic isotro- Intensity [a.u.] pic nanocomposites based on rare earths. Among novel magnetic intermetallics based on rare earth-transition compounds, the Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe isotropic nanocomposites have been obtained by recristal- lisation from an amorphous phase, prepared by melt (a) spinning, starting from Nd Fe B and (b) Nd Fe B 30 40 50 60 11 83 6 10.5 84 5.5 q alloys (see Fig. 1). For structural characterisation, the 2 [ degree ] prepared magnetic samples were investigated throu- Fig. 2. XRD results of melt-spun annealed (a) gh X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Nd11 Fe83B6 and (b) Nd10.5Fe84B5.5 alloys Mössbauer spectra have been examined by fitting data

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CONCLUSIONS Magnetic microstructure of melt-spun Nd-Fe-B ribbons with Nd low content is very sensitive to variable 5 wt. % Fe and 10 wt. % Fe content in comparison with previously published Mössbauer spectroscopic

studies of Nd2Fe14B where average internal magnetic

field < Bhf > at 295 K is estimated as 30.4 T [14].

There is a close agreement of < Bhf > at 294K,

estimated as 28.1T and 28.8T for Nd2Fe14B,

dominantly present in Nd11 Fe83B6 and Nd10.5Fe84B5.5 nanocomposites, respectively. It is worthy to note that the area fraction of total

Fe3B decreases from 31.5% to 29.1% when variable presence of 5 wt. % Fe changes to 10 wt. % Fe. One can claim that the formation of mostly formed

as tetragonal Fe3B contributes, to the enhancement of total magnetization of the nanocomposite magnets [15]. The decrease of the α-Fe area fraction of total from

13.0% in Nd11 Fe83B6 to 5.9% in Nd10.5Fe84B5.5 has influence on the evident decrease of the magnetic performances; reduced remanence and intrinsic coercivity [9]. Analysis of experimental results enabled better insight in relationship between microstructure and magnetic properties of nanocomposites in function of variable percentage fraction of iron. The obtained results were the subject of scientific Fig. 3. Mössbauer absorption spectra at 295K in papers, published or still under preparation: a) Nd Fe B and b) Nd Fe B alloys ribbons 11 83 6 10.5 84 5.5 - B. Cekić, V. Ivanovski , M. M. Codescu, A. Umiće- vić, T. Barudzija, E. A. Pătroi - Mössbauer spectro-

scopic analysis of Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe hard magnetic nanocomposites, Solid State Phenomena, vol. 170 XRD phase analysis of both nanocomposites (2011) pp. 154-159, online available since 2011/ confirmed the presence of main hard magnetic phase Apr/19 at, ww.scientific.net, © (2011) Trans. Tech. Nd Fe B, soft magnetic phases Fe B and partially Fe, 2 14 3 Publ.,Switzerland,doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/ as well as minor quantities of hard magnetic Nd Fe B 1.1 4 4 SSP.170.154; boride phase. - B��. Cekić, V. Ivanovski, M. M. Codescu, A. Umiće- The appearance of non-ferromagnetic boron rich vić, T. Barudzija, Y. Nikitenko, E. Manta - Mössbauer Nd1.1Fe4B4 phase, can be explained as a consequence spectroscopic analysis of (Nd,Pr,Dy)2(Fe,Co,Ga)14B/α- of high boron content in the investigated alloys (above Fe permanent magnetic nanocomposites (under prepa- 4.2 at. %) [11]. It was found that Nd Fe B phase 1.1 4 4 ration); forms in non-uniformly distributed heavily faulted Part of the results research work will contribute to grains of approximately the same dimensions as grains elaboration of a M. Sc. Dissertation („Preparation and of Nd Fe B phase [4]. The Nd Fe B phase has very 2 14 2 14 characterisation of the hard magnetic nanocomposites low Curie temperature (T = 13 K ) and is deterious C based on rare-earths” (under preparation), M. Sc. to the magnetic properties of the magnets [12]. The Student, Alexandru Lixandru), which will be presented relative content of the paramagnetic phase in both next year at POLITEHNICA University from Bucharest. nanocomposites is 3.0 %. The Mössbauer spectra have been analyzed in terms of ten Zeeman sextets and one paramagnetic doublet REFERENCES related to the Nd Fe B phase. 1.1 4 4 [1] E. F. Kneller, R. Hawig - The exchange-spring One sextet corresponds to the α-Fe phase, whereas magnet: a new material principle for permanent others are attributed to six non-equivalent Fe sites magnets, IEEE Trans. Magn. 27, 3588-600, 1991. in the Nd Fe B structure, namely 16k , 16k , 8j , 2 14 1 2 1 [2] A. Manaf, R.A. Buckley, H. A. Davies - Enhanced 8j , 4c, and 4e. The three remaining sextets belong 2 magnetic properties in rapidly solidified Nd-Fe-B based to the Fe B structure with three inequivalent Fe sites 3 alloys, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 101, 360-2, 1991. Fe (8g), Fe (8g) and Fe (8g). All relevant parameters I II III [3] A. Manaf, R. A. Buckley, H. A. Davies - New for both nanocomposites: the magnetic hyperfine nanocrystalline high-remanence Nd-Fe-B alloys by rapid field, the isomer shift and the quadrupole splitting are solidification, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 128, 302-6, determined for each of these sites. 1993.

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[4] X. J. Yin, I. P. Jones, I. R. Harris - The program. Nucl. Instr. Methods B28, 398, 1987. microstructural characterization of Nd-Fe-B alloys. 2. [11] R. Coehoorn, D. B. de Mooij, C. De Waard -

Microstructural investigation of cast Nd-Fe-B materials, Meltspun permanent magnet materials containing Fe3B J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 125, 91-102, 1993. as the main phase, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 80, 101-4, [5] H. A. Davies - Nanocrystalline exchange- 1989. enhanced hard magnetic alloys, J. Magn. Materials, [12] S. C. Wang, Y. Li - A new structure of Nd1+εFe4B4 157-8, 11, 1996. phase in NdFeB magnet, J. Mater. Sci. 40, 3853-5, [6] J. Bauer, M. Seeger, A. Zern, H. Kronmüller 2005. - Nanocrystalline FeNdB permanent magnets with [13] R. Fruchart, P. L’Heritier, P. Dalmas de Reotier, enhanced remanence, J. Appl. Phys., 80, 1667-73, D. Fruchart, P. Wolfers, J. M. D. Coey, L. P. Fereira, R. 1996. Guillen, P. Vulliet, A. Yaouanc - Mössbauer spectroscopy

[7] C. J. Yang, E. B. Park - The effect of magnetic of R2Fe14B, J. Phys. F: 17, 483-501, 1987. field treatment on the enhanced exchange coupling [14] R. Kamal, Y. Andersson, Mössbauer of a Nd2Fe14B/Fe3B magnet, J. of Magn. Magn. Mat., spectroscopic studies of Nd2Fe14B, Phys. Rev. B 32, 3, 166, 1-2, 243-8, 1997. 1756-60, 1985. [8] A. Jianu, M. Văleanu, D. Lazăr, F. Lifei, M. [15] C. J. Yang, E. B. Park, The effect of magnetic Tomuţ, V. Pop, Ş. Alexandru - Temperature induced field treatment on the enhanced exchange coupling crystallization process in Nd2Fe14B/Fe3B magnetic of a Nd2Fe14B/Fe3B magnet, J. of Magn. Magn. Mat., nanocomposites, Rom. Rep. in Physics, 56, 3, 385- 166, 243-8, 1997. 90, 2004.

[9] W. Kappel, M. M. Codescu-Nd2Fe14B/a-Fe Hard The research was financed by National Programme Magnetic Nano-composites. Performances and Limits, Rom. of Bilateral Scientific Cooperation with Joint Institute J. Phys., 49, 9-10, 733-41, 2004 for Nuclear Research Dubna (Russia), Agreement no. [10] R. A. Brand – NORMOS - Mössbauer fitting 3887-4-09/11/2009, contract no. 12/2009.

Making dipole electromagnets, superconducting coils, magnets, electromagnets and sources for particle accelerators FAIR

PROJECT ABSTRACT Experimentation of superconducting coil prototype; The project objective is to develop superferic dipole Certification of superconducting coil prototype; electromagnets, superconducting coils, magnets, III. Realization of steerer magnet prototype. electromagnets and power sources for particle accelerators FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research staff of the project Research). FAIR is an international project for realization Phds Eng. Erdei Remus – head of the project of complex particle accelerator, which has a deadline Dr. Eng. Dobrin Ion for completion 2016 and will be developed in the area Prof. Dr. Phys. Kappel Wilhelm of Darmstadt in Germany. Dr. Eng. Chirita Ionel The project goal is to achieve efficient Dr. Phys. Patroi Eros electromagnets, incorporating a high-tech modern Eng. Stancu Nicolae technology. These types of electromagnets will be Prof. Dr. Eng. Bala Constantin used for realization of the quadrupolar electromagnets, Dr. Eng. Puflea Ioan sextupolar electromagnets, injection magnet, superferic dipole magnet which will be used in the FAIR particle accelerator complex especially in the high energy RESULTS OF THE PROJECT storage ring HESR. According to the project objectives there has been The main objectives of the project in 2011 were: developed the technical specifications for the three I. Certification of the electromagnets prototypes and prototypes, namely: technical specification quadrupole injection magnet, Superconducting coil realization and magnet EQ ST 25-10-290 HESR nr.97/2011, technical related systems; Development initial referential; specification sextupolar magnet ESP ST 45-140-290 II. Realization of the product file; Dissemination; HESR nr.96/2011, technical specification for injection

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magnet HESR 870-90-600 ST nr.95/2011. There where prepared technical construction documents for HESR EQ 25-10-290 quadrupole electromagnet, sextupol magnet ESP HESR 45-140- 290 respectively HESR MI 870-90-600 injection magnet. Technical conditions were checked according to the technical specifications for the quadrupole electromagnet, sextupol magnet and the injection magnet in the Laboratory for Characterization and Testing Materials and Electrical Products INCDIE ICPE-CA. In the phase II/2011 product sheets were developed for the three prototypes and at the same it has been made a patent application for the injection magnet, the Fig. 2. 3D view of steerer magnet patent application entitled “Injection permanent dipole magnet” with the authors R. Erdei, W. Kappel, E.A. Figure 3 shows the image with the DC power source Patroi, I. Chirita which registered at OSIM A/01157. which was used for testing the steerer magnet. Based on project is developed a doctoral thesis entitled “Magnetic field configurations used in particle accelerators”, doctoral taking place Polytechnic University of Bucharest. In the third phase of the project it was a prototype of a steerer magnet, known as orbit correction magnet. Figure 1 shows the prototype steerer magnet.

Fig. 1. General Assembly of steerer magnet prototype

In the steerer magnet prototype implementation has been made a series of activities such as, developing the best solution for electromagnetic circuit configuration of the electromagnet steerer 2D and 3D electromagnetic modelling with Infolytica program, trough this activity has been established the main parameters of the geometric configuration of the magnetic circuit and circuit geometry optimization for increasing the homogeneity of the air gap magnetic flux density to the value of 10-3 Tesla. There were performed 2D and 3D modelling of the components assemblies’ with design Fig. 3. DC power source of the steerer magnet softer as Solidworks for preparation of execution documentations. Figure 2 shows the 3D model of the By achieving these results we consider that prototype magnet steerer. the objectives of the research project where Also on this phase of the project was designed accomplished. and was made a DC power source +/-25 V, 0-320A current intensity, slope of 20 A / s, with a static and The research was funded through the NUCLEU dynamic accuracy of 10-4. Programme, contract 35N102/2008 (5102/2009).

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5T Superconducting Coil

PROJECT ABSTRACT RESULTS OF THE PROJECT Through this research theme we proposed a super- Results from 2011 activity to this project were: conducting coil prototype (solenoid) realization, gener- Creating and testing the prototype of the ating high magnetic field of 5T. superconducting coil and related systems; Getting intense magnetic fields greater than 2T can Certification of high magnetic field be done only by using superconductors which allows superconducting coil (~ 5T); much higher current densities than with conventional OSIM Patent application No. A/00750/28-07- conductors. 2011 „Superconducting coil and measuring These high values of magnetic flux density (~5T) cell system”. are necessary in particle accelerators and for many other applications. Superconducting coils magnetic Within 2011 activities were made: field (>5T), are designed for various applications of Superconducting coil prototype realization for the accelerator, the study of magnetic materials or el- high magnetic field (5T); ementary particle physics. Superconducting coil cool- Experiments on the superconducting coil ing is performed by using the cryogenic fluids (liquid (vacuum to 10-5 torr, cooling down to 4.2 K helium and liquid nitrogen). the superconducting coil, testing to 270A). Superconducting magnetic field coils generating more than 5T, are used for various applications in the In Fig.1 is presented the 5T superconducting coil: field of magnetism, studies in elementary particle physics and particles accelerators. The coil is made of NbTi wire and requires 4.2K temperature in order to achieve the superconducting state and have good functioning as superconductor. For this purpose, were made a cryostat and a liquid helium cooling system, operating coil deep in the helium bath. In 2011, it was realized such a superconducting solenoid prototype, for particle accelerators. Thus, the overall objectives of the project are: Design of the 5T superconducting coil; Design of the cooling system and cryostat; Realization of the 5T superconducting coil; Realization of the cryostat and the cooling system; Experimentation and Certification of the 5T Fig. 1. The 5T superconducting coil superconducting coil prototype. The main scientific results obtained will be pub- The main technical characteristics of the lished at national/ international scientific conferences superconducting coil: and indexed scientific journals. Inner diameter: 70 mm; Outer diameter: 120 mm; Research staff of the project High: 50 mm; Electrical resistance at 20C: 35,5 Ω ± 0,5 Ω Dr. eng. Ion Dobrin – CS II – responsible project Inductivity: 245 mH ± 10 mH; Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Kappel – CS I Work temperature: 4,2K; Dr. eng. Pislaru Danescu Lucian - IDT II Maximum current: 270A. Eng. Adrian Nedelcu – CS Eng. Popa Marius - CS The research was funded by National NUCLEU Eng. Mitrea Sorina - IDT I Programme under contract no. 5102/2009. Eng. Victor Stoica - ACS Eng. Zamfir Stefania Techn. Adrian Militaru Techn. Mircea Ifrim Techn. Sorescu Florin

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Study of the environmental impact on leather and parchment in Byzantine and post-Byzantine manuscripts in relation to their preservation and conservation

INTRODUCTION DSC /(mW/mg) Flow /(ml/min) e x o [1.3] GR-806-8-pergament-pg 142-5-20-5-izo10min-10-110-rac60-N2 apa-28.06.2011.sd3 DSC The main objectives of INCDIE ICPE-CA were: Flow (purge1) Flow (protective) 3 0 0 a. Investigation of the degradation of some leathleath-- - 7 . 2 3 5 J / g [1.3] ers and parchments in Byzantine and post-Byzantine 0 . 0 0 manuscripts in relation to their preservation and con- 5 5 . 4 ° C 2 5 0 servation; b. Changes of information and technical data concerning actual stage in the achievement of project ob- - 0 . 0 5 2 0 0 jectives. Visiting of the laboratories from “Ivan Duichev Center for Slavo-Byzantine Studies, Sofia, Bulgaria” 1 5 0 and establishing the research strategy in the future - 0 . 1 0 stages of the project. 1 0 0

[1.3] Research staff of the project Dr. Chem. Budrugeac Petru – project responsible - 0 . 1 5 5 0 Dr. Chem. Cucoş Andrei 5 9 . 4 ° C [1.3]

Eng. Chiose Ileana Laura 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 Temperature /°C EXPERIMENTAL Materials Fig. 1. DSC thermogram of a parchment sample Some samples of parchments and leathers extracted extracted from a Byzantine manuscript (XI century), from Byzantine and post-Byzantine manuscripts during immersed in water the vist performed at “Ivan Duichev Center for Slavo- Byzantine Studies, Sofia, Bulgaria” were analyzed. The extrapolated onset temperature of denaturation Methods in water is equal with the shrinkage temperature (Ts) and The used method was the differential scanning is a measure of the degradation degree of the analyzed calorimetry (DSC) with the apparatus DSC 204 F1 material. For a recent manufactured parchment, this Phoenix – produced by NETZSCH GERATEBAU GMBH temperature is about 600C (±1.50C), while for de – Germany. The analyses were performed in the degraded parchment this is lower than 560C. The following two conditions: DSC analysis of the samples degradation degree increases with the decrease of immersed in water, and DSC analyses of the direct shrinkage temperature. extracted samples, in high purity nitrogen flow. Figure 2 shows the DSC thermogram obtained in nitrogen flow for an old parchment sample; similar DSC thermograms were also obtained for leather samples. RESULTS OF AND DISCUSSIONS At the progressive heating of sample of parchment or leather, in the temperature range of 250C...2550C, By the used analyses there were obtained two successive endothermic processes occur, namely specific thermograms. It was pointed out that the dehydration and the melting of the crystalline zone obtained thermograms are “fingerprints” useful for of material. The crystalline zone of material stability identification and certifying of the analyzed materials. is characterized by the value of melting temperature, The characteristic parameters determined by DSC which corresponds to the minimum of the second technique could be correlated with the degradation endothermic peak. degree of the investigated parchments and leathers. Figure 1 shows the DSC thermogram obtained for an old parchment immersed in water for 24 h; similar DSC thermograms were also obtained for leather samples.

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Results disimination DSC /(mW/mg) Flow /(ml/min) e x o [1.1] GR 220-1-pergament-10-20-280-20-60-cr. fara capac-N2-22.06.2011.sd3 DSC Flow (purge1) Conference at Art Faculty – University of Sofia: Flow (protective) 3 0 0 “The use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) - 1 3 . 2 9 J / g 0 . 0 [1.1] for authentication and conservation state determina-

2 5 0 tion of historical and/or cultural objects manufactured from parchment and leather”. - 0 . 2

2 2 4 . 6 ° C 2 0 0 CONCLUSIONS

- 0 . 4 Some samples of parchments and leathers extracted

1 5 0 from Byzantine and post-Byzantine manuscripts during the vist performed at “Ivan Duichev Center for Slavo- - 0 . 6 Byzantine Studies, Sofia, Bulgaria” were analyzed by 1 0 0 DSC method. - 0 . 8 [1.1] The obtained results will be correlated with those

5 0 obtained by other physical-chemical techniques, used by the project Bulgarian partner. - 1 . 0 [1.1]

0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 REFERENCES Temperature /°C 1. G. de Simone, B. Naviglio, M. Tomaselli, L. Bianchi, D. Sannino, P. Chiambelli, Study of tanning Fig. 2. DSC thermogram of a parchment sample mechanism of utilizing natural tannins, XXIII IULTCS extracted from a Byzantine manuscript (XI century), Congress, Friedrichshafen, 1995, Paper 21. performed in nitrogen flow 2. W. K. Loke, E. Khor, Validation of shrinkage temperature of animal tissue for bioprosthetic heart The DSC analyses in the above mentioned conditions valve application, Biomaterials, 16 (1995) 251-258. were performed for 18 sorts of parchment and 3 sorts 3. P. Budrugeac, L. Miu, C. Popescu, F. J. Wortmann, of leathers extracted from Byzantine and post-Byzan- Identification of collagen-based materials that are tine manuscripts. supports of cultural and historical objects, J. Therm. The obtained results will be correlated with those Anal. Calorim., 79 (2004) 975. obtained by other physical-chemical techniques, used by the project Bulgarian partner. The complex characterization of the investigated parchments and leathers will be the object of some papers submitted for publication to scientific ISI journals or will be communicated in some Conferences and Symposia. These works will be elaborated together with the Bulgarian colleagues. On the basis of these results, some projects will be The research was financed by the Bilateral Project elaborated. Romania - Bulgaria, contract 459/2011 (7078 / 2011).

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Environmental effects on the patrimonial objects on collagen basis

INTRODUCTION The inspection of Fig. 1 shows that at the progressive The main objectives of INCDIE ICPE-CA were: heating of leather, the following successive processes a. Characterization by thermal analysis methods of occur in the temperature range 20 – 7000C: the leather support naturally aged; - an initial endothermic process, noted by I, that b. Changes of information and technical data occurs with mass loss, in the temperature range 20 concerning actual stage in the achievement of project – 1500C. This process consists in dehydration of the objectives. Visiting of „National Engineering Laboratory for analyzed sort of leather; Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture” (NELCTLM), - two successive exothermic processes, noted by II Sichuan University - China and establishing the research and III, with formation of volatile compounds, which strategy in the future stages of the project. consist in thermo-oxidation of the dry leather. It was pointed out that the characteristic parameter Research staff of the project for deterioration of leather is the rate of the process Dr. Chem. Budrugeac Petru – project responsible II, at a given temperature, chosen by comparing Dr. Chem. Cucoş Andrei the thermograms obtained for several leathers (the

Eng. Chiose Ileana Laura average value of Tmin(DTG)). In the case of STA 409PC apparatus, this temperature is 3100C. EXPERIMENTAL Materials DSC analysis of leather samples immersed in water The following sorts of leathers were analyzed: recent A typical thermogram for a sort of leather is shown manufactured leathers produced by INCDTP – Bucha- in Fig. 2. rest – Romania; and naturally aged leathers extracted from patrimonial objects.

Methods of thermal analysis 0.0

- simultaneous TG/DTG+DSC or DTA analysis, performed with STA 409 PC Luxx apparatus produced by -0.1 Netzsch – Germany, in the following conditions: static -1 0 W.g air atmosphere, temperature range 25 – 700 C; heat- F/ -0.2 ing rate 10 K.min-1; sample mass in the range 5 – 12 mg; EXO - DSC analyses, performed with DSC 204 F1 -0.3 Phoenix apparatus produced by Netzsch – Germany. The analyses were performed in the following two -0.4 conditions: DSC analysis of the samples immersed 75 80 85 90 T =T in water and DSC analyses of the direct extracted onset s T/0C samples, in high purity nitrogen flow. Fig. 2. DSC curve for a sample of leather immersed RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS in water Simultaneous TG/DTG+DSC or DTA analysis A typical thermogram for a sort of leather is shown The extrapolated onset temperature of the denatur- in Fig. 1. ation in water is practically equal with the shrinkage

%∆m temperature (Ts), and is a characteristic of cross-linking 100 80 I II of a collagen based material. 60 40 TG III 20 0 DSC analysis of leather samples in nitrogen flow 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 2 (d%∆m/dt)/min-1 T/0C A typical thermogram for a sort of leather is shown 0 II -2 in Fig. 3. I III -4 DTG The inspection this figure shows that at the pro- -6 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 gressive heating of leather, the following successive II 0 4 Φ/unit. arbitr III T/ C 3 processes occur: 2 EXO 0 0 1 dehydration (between 50 C and 120 C), which is an I DSC 0 -1 endothermic process; 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 T/0C melting of crystalline zone from the collagen that is the main component of leather. This endothermic Fig. 1. TG, DTG and DSC curves corresponding to a process occurs in the temperature range 219 – 2500C recent manufactured sort of leather and is characterized by a minimum temperature Tm.

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by the project partners. The complex characterization of the investigated leathers will be the object of some 0.0 papers submitted for publication to scientific ISI jour- II nals or will be communicated in some Conferences and Symposia. These works will be elaborated togeth- -0.2 er with the Chinese colleagues. On the basis of these

-1 results, some projects will be elaborated. W.g

F/ -0.4 Results disimination

Conference at Sichuan University: “The use of dif- I ferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for authentication -0.6 and conservation state determination of historical and/ EXO or cultural objects manufactured from parchment and 40 80 120 160 200 240 leather”. T/ 0C CONCLUSIONS Fig. 3. DSC curve for a sample of leather, analyzed The thermal analysis methods (TG, DTG, DSC) were use dfor characterization of some samples of in N2 flow recent leathers manufactured by INCDTP Bucharest Determination of the degradation degree of leathers and samples of leathers extracted from patrimonial Table 1 synthetically presents the criteria for objects. determination by thermal analysis methods of the The thermo-oxidative, hydrothermal and crystalline degradation degree of leathers. zone stabilities were determined. The obtained results will be correlated with those Table 1. Criteria for determination by thermal analysis obtained by other physical-chemical techniques, used methods of the degradation degree of leathers by the project partners.

Deter- Measu- REFERENCES Stability mina- Method red DR DM C type tion 1. G. de Simone, B. Naviglio, M. Tomaselli, L. Bianchi, quantity criterion D. Sannino, P. Chiambelli, Study of tanning mechanism Oxida- Thermo- Oxida- <3,86 3,86 4,34 şi of utilizing natural tannins, XXIII IULTCS Congress, TG/ ti-on oxidative tion sau şi 4,70 DTG rate Friedrichshafen, 1995, Paper 21. stability rate >4,71 4,34 min-1 2. W. K. Loke, E. Khor, Validation of shrinkage Hydro- DSC 57,5 Shrink- T ther-mal – in s <57,5 si >63,7 temperature of animal tissue for bioprosthetic heart age 0C stability water 63,7 valve application, Biomaterials, 16 (1995) 251-258.

3. P. Budrugeac, L. Miu, C. Popescu, F. J. Wortmann, Crystal- DSC – 227 T line zone in N Melting m <227,5 si >234,0 Identification of collagen-based materials that are 2 0C stability flow 234 supports of cultural and historical objects, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 79 (2004) 975. DR – high degradation degree; DM – low degradation degree; C – good conservation state The obtained results will be correlated with those The research was financed by the Bilateral Project obtained by other physical-chemical techniques, used Romania - China, contract 500/2011 (7079 / 2011).

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Joint study regarding an electro-generator system powered by water turbine for cross-border ecological electrical transport system

PROJECT ABSTRACT The project contributes to knowledge on energy efficiency and on using renewable energy from Giurgiu – Rousse cross-border region. It helps in finding ways to generate electric energy without polluting the environment and with minimal investment. The project comes also in the context of the liberalization of cross-border person transport between Romania and Bulgaria due to both country adherences to the European Union. An ecological mean of transport is designed based on the electricity produced by the Danube water flow. One derived but very important objective is the collaboration between Romania and Bulgaria in scientific and technical projects. The idea is to create an easy to access mean of transport, cost efficient and as ecological as possible. Fig. 1. Border area’s geographical features

Research staff of the project The study concerning the cross-border transportation Dr. eng. Sergiu Nicolaie – IDT I – project manager between Bulgaria and Romania has been structured in Dr. eng. Constantin Bălă – CS I three main sections. The cross-border traffic in Giurgiu Dr. eng. Mihai Mihăiescu– CS I – Rousse area has been presented in the historical, Dr. eng. Ionel Chiriţă – IDT II geographical, political and economic context. The Dr. eng. Carmen Lingvay – IDT I traffic has been analyzed in terms of means of PhDs. eng. Ilie Cristinel – IDT I transportation, purpose and nationality of the persons Ec. Mariana Cîrstea - economist crossing the border. Ec. Gabriela Elena Richter - economist The results were then focused on designing the Ec. Daniela Sandu – economist mechanical and electrical subassembly converter Dr. eng. Lucian Pîslaru – Dănescu - IDT II with driven electrical generator, through a multiplier Dr. eng. Dorian Marin– CS III gearbox, by the hydraulic turbine shaft. Dr. eng. Eros Pătroi– CS II Dr. eng. Gabriela Oprina – CS III Dr. eng. Florentina Bunea – CS III Dr. eng. Carmen Mateescu – CS III Dr. eng. Corina Alice Babuţanu – CS Eng. Andreea Mituleţ – ACS Eng. Nicolae Tănase – ACS Biolog Nicoleta Nicula - ACS

RESULTS OF THE PROJECT

The team has developed a traffic study regarding both the historical terms and the current possibilities of cross-border people transport in Giurgiu – Rousse region. Fig. 2. Motoreductor drive

The design of a power electronic subassembly com- prising a power rectifier, an inverter which generates alternative voltage at the industrial grid parameters, safety and network interconnection equipment and a number of battery chargers powered at the industrial voltage, was also developed.

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So far, a technical project of a power generating sys- The research was financed by the Cross Border tem including the overall dimensioning of the system Cooperation Programme Romania-Bulgaria 2007-2013, capable to supply power for the electrical ecological contract 54113/15.07.2011 (7082/2010) transport system was also attained with details regarding the electrical power, capacity for electric energy storage, the necessary performances of the turbo-generator and the cable setup.

Fig. 3. Power Electronic Unit

REACT - Integrated system for dynamic monitoring and warning for technological risks in Romania-Bulgaria cross-border area

PROJECT ABSTRACT Eng. Ion Ivan, IDTI To increase the institutional capacity of the local PhDs. Eng. Voina Andreea, IDT III public administration and business community in order PhDs. Chem. Mateescu Carmen, CS III to prevent and react in the case of industrial pollution Chem. Mirea Vasilescu Radu, IDT III To develop the planning capacity of the joint inter- Eng. Lipcinki Daniel, IDT II vention based on the assessments of the risks gener- Eng. Onica Ciprian, CS ated by industrial pollution Eng. Popa Marius, CS III Development of the local public administration ca- Eng. Bălan Ionuţ pacity of prevention and reaction in case of industrial Eng. Popovici Iuliu, IDT I pollution Eng. Morari Cristian, CS Increase of the awareness of population, local pub- Dr. Chem. Caramitu Alina, ITD I lic administration and businesses regarding the risks of Dr. Eng. Tsakiris Violeta, CS II industrial pollution Eng. Stancu Nicolae, IDT I Eng. Tanase Ştefania Research staff of the project Dr. Phys. Pintea Jana, IDT I Dr. Eng. Alecu Georgeta, CSI – project manager Eng. Obreja Gabriela Eng. Mitrea Sorina, IDT I Techn. Dragomir Ion Ec. Şişu Ionica Techn. Ghelbere Ion

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 120 International projects

RESULTS OF THE PROJECT http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ General results bulgaria/social.htm Promotion of co-operation between Romanian Kalin Iliev, Nikolay Savov, Transposition And Im- and Bulgarian researchers, local administrations plementation of the IPPC, LCP, Seveso II, VOC Direc- and emergency intervention agencies in view tives – Experience and Lessons Learnt , Ministry of of prudent exploitation and effective protection Environment and Water, Bulgaria, http: // web.rec.org of the environment in cross-border area / documents / ECENA / network_meetings / second / Project of Integrated Dynamic Monitoring bulgaria_lessons_learned.ppt System for air/water pollution and to alert and Harmonization of National Environmental Legislation react in case of accidental pollution with Acquis, http:// www.moew.government.bg /eu- Plan of interventions and community removal rope/sectors/air_e.html in case of industrial pollution Balevska E. K., Rapport de la Cour suprême de cassation de Bulgarie sur le droit pénal de l’environnement Intermediary results (version anglaise), http://www.ahjucaf.org/_Emanuela- In this year the project activities were aimed in two Konstantinova-Balevska_.html main directions: www.enlabg.bgcatalog.com/CHAPTER%20IX.doc A. Establish the area to study function of the impact European Environment Agency, www.eea.europa.eu/ produced by the industrial activities on water-air http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/bg/soer- environmental factors in the cross-border Danube area topic_view?topic=air%20pollution 1. General presentation of cross border area http://www.moew.government.bg/index_e.html Romania-Bulgaria (counties presentation) Harmonization of National Environmental Legislation 2. Transposition of European legislation at national with Acquis, level http://www.moew.government.bg/europe/sectors/ 3. Industrial and technological risks - definitions, air_e.html national legislation, argumentations on the Danube Iliev K., N. Savov, Transposition And Implementation area and Danube tributaries according to the analyzed of the IPPC, LCP, Seveso II, VOC Directives – Experi- region ence and Lessons Learnt , Ministry of Environment and 4. Romanian and Bulgarian entities with Water, Bulgaria, http://web.rec.org/documents/ECENA/ environmental concerns network_meetings/second/bulgaria_lessons_learned.ppt B. Technical analysis of the present situation for Natural resource aspects of sustainable develop- industrial process that can generate environmental ment in Bulgaria, risks for Danube River (water-air) on the Romania- http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ Bulgaria cross-border area. Identification of the bulgaria/social.htm existing or potential environmental risks (“hot Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and points”) Sustainable Use of the Danube River (Danube River 1. Environmental Diagnosis Protection Convention), retrieved on www.icpdr.org on 2. Identification of economic agents from analyzed September 14, 2011 areas, who perform activities with risk of pollution Danube River Basin District Management Plan, 3. Preliminary SWOT analyze (environmental) from International Commission for the Protection of the Environmental Agency reports of the analyzed area Danube River, December 14, 2009, Vienna, Austria Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament REFERENCES and of the Council establishing a framework for the Plan Local de Actiune pentru Protectia Mediului- Community Action in the field of water policy, October AGENŢIA PENTRU PROTECŢIA MEDIULUI MEHEDINŢI, 23, 2000, OJ L 327 Drobeta Turnu Severin Flood Action Programme – Action Programme for Portalul de Admistratie Publica a judetului Mehedinti: Sustainable Flood Protection in the Danube River Ba- http://www.sejmh.ro/ sin, International Commission for the Protection of the Raport anual privind starea mediului in judetul Danube River, December 14, 2004, Vienna Austria Mehedinti pe anul 2009 Legea 14/1995 pentru ratificarea Conventiei pri- http://www.apmmh.anpm.ro vind cooperarea pentru protectia si utilizarea durabila a Planul Local de Acţiune pentru Protecţia Mediului fluviului Dunarea (Conventia pentru protectia fluviului – PLAM - AGENŢIA PENTRU PROTECŢIA MEDIULUI Dunarea), semnata la Sofia la 29 iunie 1994, M.Of. 41 Teleorman, Turnu Magurele. din 27 februarie 1995 European Environment Agency Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/bg/soer- concerning urban waste-water treatment, OJ L 135, topic_view?topic=air%20pollution 30.05.1991 http://www.moew.government.bg/index_e.html Commission Directive 98/15/EC of 27 February Borrowed Nature Association, www.enlabg.bgcata- 1998 amending Council Directive 91/271/EEC, OJ L log.com/CHAPTER%20IX.doc 67, 07.03.1998 Natural resource aspects of sustainable develop- Council Directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June 1986 on ment in Bulgaria, the protection of the environment, and in particular of

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the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture, OJ www.anspcp.ro/helpdesk L 181, 04.07.1986 Madame Emanuela Konstantinova Balevska, Rap- Directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and port de la Cour suprême de cassation de Bulgarie sur of the Council of 15 January 2008 concerning integrated le droit pénal de l’environnement (version anglaise) pollution prevention and control, OJ L 24, 29.01.2008 http://www.ahjucaf.org/_Emanuela-Konstantinova- Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December Balevska_.html 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pol- Report on State of Environment in 2010, Regional lution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources, OJ Inspectorate of Environment and Waters - Ruse, 2010 L 375, 31.12.1991 Balevska E. K., Rapport de la Cour suprême de cas- Council Directive 76/464/EEC of 4 May 1976 on sation de Bulgarie sur le droit pénal de l’environnement pollution caused by certain dangerous substances dis- (version anglaise), http://www.ahjucaf.org/_Emanuela- charged into the aquatic environment of the Commu- Konstantinova-Balevska_.html nity, OJ L 129, 18.05.1976 Report on State of Environment in 2010, Regional Directive 2006/11/EC of the European Parliament Inspectorate of Environment and Waters - Ruse, 2010 and of the Council of 15 February 2006 on pollution http://eea.government.bg/bul/NSMOS/index.html caused by certain dangerous substances discharged Danube River Basin District Management Plan, ICP- into the aquatic environment of the Community , OJ L DR/International Commission for the Protection of the 64, 04.03.2006 Danube River, 14 December 2009 Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Planul Naţional de Management Aferent Porţiunii Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 Naţionale a Bazinului Hidrografic Internaţional al Flu- concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation viului Dunărea. Sinteza Planurilor de Management la and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing Nivel de Bazine/Spaţii Hidrografice a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive Inventar al Situatiei Curente Privind Sistemul de Moni- 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) torizare a Calitatii Aerului si Informare a Publicului in Roma- No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No nia, Proiect Cooperare si Dialog in Bazinul Inferior al Duna- 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC rii, Finantat de Ministerul Mediului din Olanda (VROM). and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, Identificarea unor factori de risc ecologic în Dobrogea 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC, OJ L 396, 30.12.2006 maritimă şi Terestră, Comandor. dr. Romeo Boşneagu Directive 2006/118/EC of the European Parliament http://mmediu.ro/legislatie/calitate_aer.htm and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the Reteaua Nationala de Monitorizare a Calitatii Aerului protection of groundwater against pollution and - www.calitateaer.ro deterioration, OJ L 372, 27.12.2006 http://apmcl.anpm.ro/Mediu/calitatea_aerului_ambiental-9 ] Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 Flood Action Programme - Lower Danube Corridor, concerning the placing of plant protection products on Flood protection Expert Group the market, OJ L 230, 19.08.1991 Sub-Basin Level Flood Action Programme - Bulgar- Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and ian Tributaries, Republic of Bulgaria, Ministry of Envi- of the Council of 16 February 1998 concerning the ronment and Water, Danube River Basin Directorate, placing of biocidal products on the market, OJ L 123, October, 2009 24.04.1998 Inventory Report on Transboundary Air Quality Man- Council Directive 80/778/EEC of 15 July 1980 agement System and Public Participation Provisions in relating to the quality of water intended for human Bulgaria, project Lower Danube cross-border dialogue consumption, OJ L 229, 30.08.1980 and cooperation, funded by VROM Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on Part Iii. National Reporting Guidelines for Csd-14/15 the quality of water intended for human consumption, Thematic Areas. Atmosphere / Air Pollution OJ L 330, 05.12.1998 Inventory of POPs pesticides in Bulgaria, Ministry of Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the Environment and Water, Sofia, July, 2006 conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and http://sokolovskisenvironment.com/img/promo_fi- flora, OJ L 206, 22.07.1992 les_promo_infoitem_36_81.pdf Legea 107 din 15 Septembrie 1997 actualizata - Report regarding the activity of the Olt County Legea apelor, actualizata si completata prin OUG 3 din Environment Agency – year 2010 5 Februarie 2010 Report regarding the activity of the Olt County Com- Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament missariat – year 2010 and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the Analiza socio-economica si de mediu a Municipiului assessment and management of flood risks, OJ L 288, Calarasi 06.11.2007 http://www.economia-online.ro www.echa.europa.eu http://www.investnorthwest.info www.iuclid.eu http://enterprise-europe-network.ruse.bg/en/ http://ecb.jrc.it/reach/ RegionProfile.pdf www.eur-lex.europa.eu/ro/index.htm/ http://www.investbg.government.bg/upfs/58/ http://www.cefic.be/ Ivanovo%20Industrial%20Zone.pdf www.anspcp.ro/reach http://www.investbulgaria.com/VelikoTarnovo.php

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http://www.nest-agency.com/mp_VTarnovo.htm Strategia de dezvoltare a judetului Teleorman 2007-2013 Programul de Cooperare Transfrontaliera Romania - National Strategy For Integrated Development Of Bulgaria, 2007-2013 The Infrastructure Of The Republic Of Bulgaria And Stadiul actual de dezvoltare al judetului Giurgiu, Ro- Action Plan For The Period 2006 – 2015, Republic Of mania, Consiliul Judetean Giurgiu Bulgaria, Council Of Ministers Analiza socio-economica si de mediu a Municipiului Operational Programme “Environment 2007 -2013”, Calarasi SOFIA, 2007 http://www.economia-online.ro http://www.eeagrants.bg/docs/CBC_Romania- The research was financed by the Romania-Bulgaria Bulgaria_2007-2013,1.pdf Cross-Border Cooperation Program 2007-2013 contract Strategia de dezvoltare a judetului Mehedinti 2007-2013 MIS ETC CODE 144/2011/ (4273/2011).

Nanotechnology in Romania: prospective studies – Stage II

ABSTRACT PROJECT The prospective study was commissioned by 20 18 National Authority for Scientific Research for: 16 14 1 - Assessment of research directions addressed to 12 10 nanotechnology; 8 Nr grupuri active 6 2 - Analysis of participating entities / industrial in 4 2

0 nanotechnology field; . i i i r i i I . T R A ) d si A a si i" ie . a e i ie e A o a st e e L re . a i A . te a a C r a n . r ci st r r st r ca S l r e ti t O ca ra .. .A r st IM S a r I - la I o im ia a a re ra la e a i le a r a in zi a la S a e - it A T E u i- r e r R m 1 a i ti F i i C it S Z l "- P l P ch e iso m cu su i a 0 ri iso cu d A F so cu a iso P M T a IF e ch u o t r a P cu si 0 u a -S R i e n I C cu IC C tr tr a im a u u in 2 te im B R o ie m l lya fi im e R . i – sa e M F B M si B d - a T n A i o o l T r A b la E ie A e T se o A si a C im T M B e a 3 - Perspectives of nanotechnology use in industry. U a ca I g "P P si a şi F le a i M R A i h V e V i D e t C ica i ice o B IC C N E la si s- ca Q (L l n lo h a si ri ă n xt g r A I e - I C a e i cl - e h C o r u sa n IC fe e N ca - N io L e li b n u M B r e N t rg a ie n ci h e lo e d O zi e sm E i ce h N u I a o l ct e i - e T io l i i H a B d F i a e i O P A T P e im u d d T - N a R F m E l n le l - p B lit r R U ." h cu h r n e ica D B e n T - i T P i a tu to . o ta . ca si le st o M t si e l io C D h I , e ti u R U C U zi G o C o . u C t ta t E C L r r a it A zo , P ce . i ie T - n C U ca IN in e a L C . O lo a p st , I " . r This study was conducted to develop the new RDI S F g m D a e ce i ti n IN P ri in S n e ii n U e - o U o C ri a n S M r E st l I t g a C l cr N e ro - te O In . se p ro o p D io a IN e t rm t - n T U a e sa l i e C d a a D I L sci n o R d N .B M l ca D C l P i A n I it u M -F e C N u O rd va h la ie r N I tr ca D A e ca st t si co M I n C zi te C T lu sa In im n e i - e S i n N si - a r h e i m D F I I R National Plan. C C m i C - ri le D " cu - i h C u e ti C N D ta ta C ie S d a ch I C n N l o D ce e I im - s. a r IN r G ct C e m h N In e N C a C A s l I . d n A E st n i R Jo - n u ri e D I F ta d C T a IN C rce re C e a C n e u d D . The research staff of the project . st U In

Dr. Eng. Mariana Lucaci – Head of Advanced Fig. 1. Active groups in nanotechnologies in Materials Department (MAv), project manager Romania Dr. Eng. Mircea Ignat – Head of Micro-Nano- Electrotechnologies Department (MNE) From the total of 20 business units that answered the Dr. Phys. Jenica Neamţu –MNE Dept. questionnaire, the great majority of companies active in Dr. Eng. Mirela Maria Codescu – MAv Dept. this area are located in Bucharest and Ilfov Agricultural PhDs. Phys. Iulian Iordache – Deputy Head of MAv Sector, the rest of companies being dispersed in the Dept. country especially in the following counties: Harghita, Ec. Mariana Cârstea – economic responsible of the Arges, Alba, Dolj, Constanta and Giurgiu (fig. 2). project Arealul Nano in Romania 20 repondenti EXPERIMENTAL 9 The prospective studies were realized using proper 8 7 and fast tools such as: questionnaire, interviews and 6 direct partners consulting methods. 5

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3 In Romania have been identified 147 active groups 2 1 in nanotechnology, (Fig. 1) that approached 223 na- 0 H Ilf B A A D C G o u rg a lb o o iu v cu e rg a lj n r s h st g re i a iu st ta n tional projects and 76 international projects, the most t i a important issues being addressed in the following areas: applied research, nano objects, nanoelectronics Fig. 2. The nano-field in the industrial Romanian sector and photonics, bio-nano-systems, chemistry, nuclear Fields of activity in which the economic / industrial technology, energy, manufacturing, transport, environ- drivers are active covers the whole range of nanoareas mental toxicology, safety and security. field.

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The most well represented areas are the chemical Pondere pe domenii si importanta industry and environment, followed by electronics and 35

30 1 photonics, bio-nano-systems, manufacturing industry, 2 5 5 5 25 energy, transport, toxicology and safety, security, 5 3 4 5 5 5 2 2 3 5 3 nuclear industry and the restoration and conservation 20 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 5 3 domain. (Fig. 3). 3 15 4 4 3 5 3 5 5 5 3 2 3 3 5 4 3 3 3 2 5 3 10 4 3 3 3 1 5 2 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 1 3 5 Domenii de activitate nano 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 5 3 3 1 5 4 2 2 3 3 1 3 5 1 3 1 5 4 2 6 1 3 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0

5 medicamente destinate fotonicii destinate securitatii domeniul energiei domeniul medicinii aeronautice si terestre domeniul agriculturii domeniul cosmeticii destinate transporturilor domeniul metalurgiei Altele (rugam specificati) domeniul fabricarii de destinate nanoelectronicii domeniul stomatologiei Produse/tehnologii/servicii Produse/tehnologii/servicii Produse/tehnologii/servicii Produse/tehnologii/servicii Produse/tehnologii/servicii

4 destinate industriei chimice Produse/tehnologii/servicii domeniul industriei alimentare Produse/tehnologii/servicii din Produse/tehnologii/servicii din Produse/tehnologii/servicii din Produse/tehnologii/servicii din Produse/tehnologii/servicii din Produse/tehnologii/servicii din Produse/tehnologii/servicii din Produse/tehnologii/servicii din destinate industriei de aparare Produse/tehnologii/servicii din Produse/tehnologii/servicii din domeniul materialelor ceramice domeniul materialelor polimerice

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 3 Nr. entitati Fig. 5. Areas of nationa importance 2 2. Formation of “open”nanotechnology / 1 microtechnology experimental centers, for industrial 0

e a e e ri u e a ca ca r i r u i ie r t companies access; i m i a rg a rt d g n n e m e e cr o e lo rva ra to st i cl n u M u o si ch u E l sp co se g f o N re n xi n si n d . p a i si a In d r o co si n n d T T ica o I In si te 3. National research and development programs n i e a o B ir it r u r ct it cu le st e E n S co e must include specific calls of those fields that are R Domeniu developed by the national industry; Fig. 3. Nano fields in which companies are active 4. Real support national investments in applied in Romania research; 5. Sustaining INCD-Universities - Industrial Reported to the area of distribution, the companies Companies partnerships; said activity in nanotechnologies with an median 6. Promote and support the Romanian products; average are located in Bucharest and Agricultural 7. Assigning of 1% of the turnover of firms, for Sector Ilfov, with two exceptions: Arges and Harghita research in their own interest, ordered to the research counties, the remaining firms being located in other and development institutes and universities; counties (Dolj, Alba, Giurgiu, Constanta, Harghita), fig. 8. Provision of benefits firms which allocate 1% 4. for own research such as exemption from taxes on the value allocated for research in their own interest;

Pondere nanotehnologii in activitatea firmelor 9. Bringing of the international culture of innovation

5 and business size in the curriculum for education so Ilfov Bucuresti Harghita that education to be able to support and encourage Dolj 4 Alba initiative, competition of ideas and responsibility in Constanta Arges Giurgiu defining research careers of young peoples; 3 10. Implementing a strategy for specific education-

Nr de entitati training. 2

1 REFERENCES

0 1. Susanne Giesecke, Austrian Research Centers 1 nesemni-ficativa 2. mica 3 medie 4 mare 5 f mare Pondere GmbH – ARC, systems research, Vienna, Austria, Patrick Crehan, CKA – Crehan, Kusano & Associates, Fig. 4. The share of nanotechnologies in the Brussels, Belgium, Stephan Elkins, Social Scientific activity of Romanian companies Translation and Editing Services, Marburg, Germany Directorate - General for Research Cooperation, EU An evaluation of the areas according to their 2395, The European Foresight Monitoring Network importance highlighted in Romania the following Collection of EFMN Briefs - Part 1, p 7-448, 2008 development of nanotechnologies (Fig.5). 2. *** EU GENNESYS Initiative, part 1- 12, 2009 Suggestions for future funding nano field are: 1. Finalization of research areas to be funded as a function of the Romanian large industrial companies needs; The research was funded by the PNCDI II Programme - 2010 Capacities, Contract 210/2010 (7077/2010).

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Investigations on alloyed intermetallic compounds NiAl, Ni3Al and NiTi by means of neutron diffraction technique

PROJECT ABSTRACT Bilateral cooperation between INCDIE ICPE-CA - From the Rietvelt analysis were extracted the Romania and JINR - Dubna – Russia has as main percentages of phases presented by the analyzed objective investigation of alloyed intermetallic samples (Tab.1) compounds based on Ni using neutron diffraction technique. The Romanian part had to do the Table 1. The phase’s percentage for the sample manufacturing of the materials and the Russian obtained by mechanical milling taken from Rietvelt partner had to do the neutron investigation. It was refinements obtained crystalline intermetallic compounds in the system of Ti-Ni-X (X = Cu), at micro/nano-level, by a method combining mechanical alloying with self- propagation high temperature synthesis.

The research team of the project Dr. Eng. Mariana Lucaci – Head of Advanced Materials Department (MAv), project manager Dr. Eng. Violeta Tsakiris – MAv department PhDs. Beatrice Gabriela Sbarcea – Laboratory for electrotechnique materials and products testing and characterization PhDs. Lucia Leonat – Mav The thermal scans presented in Fig. 2 prove of the PhDs. Cirstea Diana - MAv martensitic transformation in the prepared specimens (S10, S15 and S20). In the case of samples mechanical PROJECT RESULTS milled for 10 and 15 h, S10 and S15, two peaks are Phase transformation behavior of Ti50Ni30Cu20 observed. They may be attributed to two independent shape memory alloys prepared by powder metallurgy transformations or to a two-step transformation. is analyzed with respect to the duration of mechanical By increasing the milling time the first transformation alloying. The processed blends were studied by peak (by cooling) is diminishing so that for alloy S20 differential scanning calorimetry and room temperature only one transformation, proved by one sharp peak, is X-ray diffraction. The martensitic transformations evidenced. evidenced by thermal scans are discussed in correlation The thermal hysteresis, i.e. the difference with the relative phase content. between austenite finish (Af) and martensite start X-ray diffraction profiles, shown in Fig. 1, reveal a multi- (Ms) temperatures is no higher than 12 K; such a phase structure for all the three samples. Besides the narrow thermal hysteresis is characteristic for copper peaks belonging to the austenite B2 structure, there are substituted NiTi alloys and is generally associated with evidenced the reflections corresponding to the both type martensitic transformation toward orthorhombic type of martensite, namely orthorhombic (B19) and monoclinic structure.

(B19’) and to a cubic phase attributed to Ti2(NiCu).

Fig. 2. DSC curves of Ti50Ni30Cu20 alloys mechanical milled 10 (S10), 15 (S15) and 20 (S20) hours The range of martensitic transformation (Af–Mf) is Fig. 1. Room temperature X-ray diffraction patterns rather wide (>30 K) like in the cubic to monoclinic of Ti50Ni30Cu20 alloys prepared after different transformation. milling time

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Besides a uniform dispersion of precipitates with sizes of 10–40 nm exhibited by the both investigated samples, a higher density of dislocations is evidenced on sample S20 comparatively to S10 (Fig. 3). Sample S20 presents also a higher density of nanotwin bands (noted by NT).

The research was funded by PNCDI II - Capacities Programme, Bilateral cooperation Romania - Russia, contract no. 14/2009

Fig. 3. TEM observations on S10 and S20 samples

Evaluation of the ageing state and durability of CERN cable insulation materials

PROJECT ABSTRACT between the OIT and the material degradation This project continued the Grant 10EU/2009, aiming kinetics. to set-up a method and to elaborate an adequate The aim of the common project was to check the procedure for evaluation of the residual life-time applicability of the general monitoring methodology of (durability) of the CERN cable insulating materials. the ageing state of CERN cables by installation of cable These cables are usually exposed to a wide range of witness and subsequent assessment of their ageing thermal and radiation stress conditions. state. ICPE-CA, was charged to check the applicability This project aims the application of the procedures of both the degradation model and the measuring settled-up, based on oxidation induction time (OIT) procedures, jointly elaborated, in the case of some and other investigation techniques, to assess the CERN exposed cable witness. CERN supplied ageing state of CERN aged materials and to evaluate cable insulation materials aged in different service their residual life-time (and/or other related durability conditions in different points in CERN. The radiation- parameters, such as the residual supportable dose) in induced ageing of the polymeric materials is the main order to base the cables refurbishment or replacement limiting factor of CERN cables lifetime under service decisions. conditions. The assessment method, based on OIT measurement is sensitive to the radiation-induced degradation Research staff of the project processes and make possible to establish a correlation Prof. dr. Radu Setnescu - Project Manager

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Prof. dr. Tanta Setnescu - Partner, CS I Eng. Madalina Dumitru - Partner, IT II Drd. Eduard-Marius Lungulescu - Partner, CS Drd. Virgil Marinescu - Partner, CS Dr. Cristina Stancu - Partner, CSIII Dr. Traian Zaharescu - Partner, CSI Drd. Ilona Plesa - Partner, ACS

RESULTS OF THE PROJECT The electro-insulation materials supplied by CERN have different polymeric basis, namely polyethylene (PE), ethylene-propylene (EPR), compound EPR- polypropylene (EPR/PP) or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer based materials were studied. In the case of the insulation material based on EPR copolymer Fig. 1. DSC curves in isothermal conditions of the (Fig. 1), was observed a high stability to thermal insulation material of the cable EPR (No.2) before and oxidation at elevated temperatures as well as a good after exposure for 1 year in LSS-2. The gray curve radiation strength, that resulted in relative high values is the original DSC signal, while the blue one is the of the durability. Thus, tx were more than 20 years same curve after smoothing treatment. Conditions: T for SPS exposure and more than 8 years in LSS-2 = 200 oC; air flow 100 mL/min. conditions), while the maximal supportable dose (Dx) and radiation index (RI) as estimated by OIT presented In the case of the EVA copolymer based materials, also remarkably high values. The RI values are similar it was generally observed a good durability in service to that already mentioned in previous CERN reports conditions, in concordance to the literature existing based on mechanical properties for similar materials. data as well as to those of experiments in controlled In the case of the jacketing material made in conditions. The estimated RI value, of around 6.0, compound EPR/PP, the estimated lifetime values were is typical for this material used also in radiation considerably lower due to more intense interaction, resistant cables. In the case of the EVA jacketing with radiation and oxygen, of this material located in material, the OIT values were evaluated from non- the external region of the cable. On the other hand, the isothermal measurements, through OOT, using an thermal stability of this material was lower as compared original procedure settled-up in the frame of the joint to both the insulation material and similar materials cooperation CERN/ICPE-CA. from different batches. Such remarks, corroborated to other similar made along the project implementation in the case of other materials, justify the necessity of a quality control test of cables both at reception and before installation (in the case of long storage periods). Such a test can consist in determination of both the OIT and specific physico-chemical transitions of the base polymer through DSC measurements. In the case of the polyethylene based materials, as for example those of TFA-3 cable insulation (Fig. 2) were obtained relatively low values of the durability, especially for the insulation material of the central conductor. These low durability values are related to the low level of the initial stabilization of the base polymer as well as by rapid depletion of the antioxidant in service conditions. The Fig. 2. DSC curves in isothermal conditions of the durability and RI values are concordant with previous insulation material of the cable TFA-3 (No.39): (a) - CERN experience as well as to the conclusions of the initial, unaged; (b) - aged in SPS-P5 (D = 26 kGy); earlier experiments in controlled conditions. (c) - aged in SPS-P4 (D = 105 kGy). Conditions: T = 190 oC; air flow 100 mL/min. The main results of the project: a) The validity of the kinetic model was proven on the materials irradiated in service conditions. The lifetime values calculated according to the procedures were concordant to both the direct measurements and the literature data. b) The results jointly obtained demonstrated the usefulness of OIT as rapid quality test of the received cables in CERN, enabling the evaluation of the stability and hence the compositional reproducibility of the

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received products. The same technique and method proceedings of international (IEEE) conferences and 4 can be applied to evaluate the ageing state of the communication papers were presented at national or materials in service conditions or in storage as well as international scientific conferences. for evaluation the residual durability in different ageing conditions. The research has been financially supported in the c) Were published 2 papers, another one being frame of Capacities Programme, Module III, CERN, in submission procedure. 2 were published in contract 10EU/2011 (4261).

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SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME (FP7)

Developing RTD Potential of INCDIE ICPE-CA in the Field of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies

PROJECT ABSTRACT Eng. Lucia Leonat – CS – Member in project’s team The ICPE-HyFC project’s aim is to unlock and develop (Young Researcher under 35) the capacity and research potential at INCDIE ICPE-CA, Eng. Eugen Manta – CS – Member in project’s team in the field of renewable energy, mainly Hydrogen and (Young Researcher under 35) Fuel Cells Technologies (thematic priority in the EC FP7), by developing a high quality and promising research RESULTS OF THE PROJECT centre for hydrogen and fuel cells (HyFCLab) at INCDIE WP 1. The upgrading and renewal of the S&T equip- ICPE-CA, as reference research entity both in Romania ments and EU’s convergence region. The applied strategy for Objectives of WP1: HyFCLab development is based on an Action Plan, de- Upgrading and renewal of S&T equipments rived from the SWOT analysis and the present involved Strengthening the Romanian RTD capacity and the projects along INCDIE ICPE-CA, related to the field of quality of research hydrogen and fuel cell technology. The strategic plan Results - milestones and deliverables in WP1 demonstrates the total capability for unlocking and de- Milestone M1.1 (Offers evaluation and selection of veloping the research potential at INCDIE ICPE-CA, in the the equipments). addressed topic, by the support activities in the present Report regarding public auction result for equipment project. INCDIE ICPE-CA, by its HyFCLab is going to acquisition. Results: Best offer quality (characteristics, have an important participation in the European research service and training)/price. cooperation and by its expertised contribution will par- Milestone M1.2 (Equipments installed in the 12th ticipate to the improvement of the regional economic month) was delayed to the 24th month. level and reinforcement of the the competitiveness in Deliverable D1 (Increased RTD capacity and potential the European Research Area. In this idea, a major in- comparable with the EU level) will be presented in the fusion of specialized equipments will be done, in cor- 2nd report to EC (36th month). relation with activities for improvement of RDI human resources quality and expertise. The project has a spe- WP2. Improvement of RDI human resources quality cial focus on the experienced research staff recruitment and expertise and specialists training by exchange of know-how and Objectives of WP2: experience activities at trans-national level. Facilitating Improvement of RDI human resources quality and the knowledge transfer, at national, regional and inter- expertise national level, by organizing specialised workshops and Developing a dynamic and competitive regional conferences, is also under rigorous attention. Increasing society the international visibility of INCDIE ICPE-CA and HyF- Bringing a clear added value to renewable energy CLab respectively is another issue of the project. This technologies will be realised by focused dissemination activities of the obtained scientific results, short presentations of the Results - milestones and deliverables in WP2 project and its results toward public bodies, innovative Milestone M2.1 (Scientific agreements for SMEs and social environment, as well as publications in collaboration and training). scientific journals. 5 Agreements on Scientific And Technological Col- laboration have been signed Research staff of the project Specific returning mechanisms after the end of Dr. Eng. Gimi Rimbu – CS II – Project Manager training has been established. Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Kappel – General Manager Deliverable D3 ( Improvement of RDI human resources Eng. Phys. Iulian Iordache – IDT II – Member in quality and expertise). project’s team 4 people involved in the staff exchange program, Eng. Chem. Alexandru Teisanu – CS III - Member in from which 2 young researcher under 35 project’s team 8 people involved in the hosting program, from Dr. Eng. Adela Bara – CS III - Member in project’s England, Ukraine, Slovak Republic, Belgium and team Germany Eng. Chem. Radu Vasilescu-Mirea – IDT III – Mem- 1 recruited incoming experienced scientist ber in project’s team (Young Researcher under 35) Dr. Eng. Mihai Iordoc – CS – Member in project’s WP.3 Knowledge transfer at national and international team (Young Researcher under 35) level

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Objectives WP4. Enhancing scientific visibility level of INCDIE Knowledge transfer at national and international ICPE-CA and HyFCLab level Objectives Offering a valuable source for knowledge, know- Enhancing scientific visibility level of INCDIE ICPE- how and experience exchange CA and HyFCLab Opening new opportunities for developing interdis- Increasing the national and international visibility of ciplinary research INCDIE ICPE-CA and HyFCLab Increasing public awareness for renewable energy Milestones and deliverables in WP3 technologies Milestone M3.1 (Conferences and workshops organized by INCDIE ICPE-CA). Results - milestones and deliverables in WP4 The Workshop “Innovation and Evolution by R&D Milestone M4.1 (Promotional activities). - SMEs Strategic Partnership”, Bucharest, 10/09 – 7 promotional activities done and reported 12/09/2009. Deliverable D7 (Increased visibility and linkage Workshop – Renewable Energy (including Hydrogen of INCDIE ICPE-CA with industry, universities, local and Fuel Cells – Systems, Applications, storage, energy authorities, economic and social environment). harvesting and materials for energy, in the frame of 12 attendings to national and international the 7th International Workshop on Electromagnetic conferences and workshops Compatibility CEM 2010, 2-4 September 2010. 5 attendings to national and international Deliverable D4 ( Increased networking and knowledge exhibitions transfer between HyFCLab and other European 7 promotional activities realised Research Centres). 2 international events organised by INCDIE ICPE- CA. Total participants: 179, from which 16 foreign experts. 4 specialists participating short-term trainings The research was financed by the European Program activities. FP7-REGPOT-2008-1, Grant Agreement 229906/2009

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 130 2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 131 Sectoral Operational Programme "Increase of Economic Competitiveness"

Advanced research for obtaining carbo - graphite heat resistant materials, exposed to irradiation, with high life time, for seal rings

PROJECT ABSTRACT Eng. Cristina Stancu The technical objective of the project consists in Phys. Lucia Leonat obtaining of some carbo- graphite based heat resistant Eng. Violeta Tsakiris materials,exposed to irradiation, with high life time for Dr. Eng. Magdalena Lungu seal rings. Techn. Carmen Hajdu The importance of the materials used for nuclear plant’s equipments is done both by the special functio- PROJECT RESULTS nal conditions and required reliability. Have been performed, analyzes and tests on powde- The seal rings obtained during the project, are de- red raw materials (colloidal graphite, electro graphite signed for use in nuclear power plants where are re- , carbon black, crushed pitch) or Solid (cross-linked quired specific operational conditions (temperature and phenolic resin, cross-linked epoxy resin, cross-linked radiation) polyester resin) both before and after integrated irra- During 20111 Year, the objectives of INCDIE ICPE– diation doses of 5 and 10 mrad and also on carbonic CA were the follow: mixtures (powder) on intermediate products pressed or - identifing the thermal and irradiation conditions; heat treated (baked). - identifing the functional characteristics of the car- The investigation included: bo-graphitic materials used for seal rings with special - Determination of adsorption of gases (H2, He) at conditions in the field of temperature and irradiation; low pressure (35 bar) and high pressure (100 bar); - identifing the physico-chemical characteristics to - Qualitative analysis phase by X-ray diffraction [1, 2]; be investigate during each stage of the technological - Determination of thermal behavior by means of process to obtain carbo-graphitic materials used for simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) [3]; seal rings with special conditions in the field of tempe- - Determination of thermal, photochemical and rature and irradiation; radiochemical stability by chemiluminescence me- - establish the methods for critical investigation of thod [4]; the carbo-graphitic materials used for seal rings with - Morpho-structural analysis by optical microscopy; special conditions in the field of temperature and irra- - Morpho-structural analysis by electron microscopy; diation; - Determination of mechanical properties. - conducting investigations on raw materials before Tests performed on raw materials , carbonic mix- and after irradiation; tures (powder) and intermediate products pressed or - conducting investigations on carbonic mixtures heat treated (baked), both before and after integrated before and after irradiation; irradiation doses of 5 and 10 Mrad, have showed the - conducting investigations on the intermediate pro- follow: duct after baking treatment, in normal conditions. - raw materials like black carbon, colloidal graphite and electro graphite are not influenced by irradiation; Project Staff - phenolic resins type Resital B don’t show any in- Prof. dr. Wilhelm Kappel – Project manager crease or decrease relationship according to the dose Eng. Sorina Adriana Mitrea of irradiation, which means that, under irradiation, ta- Dr. Elena Enescu kes place mainly two competing processes: crosslin- Phys. Ana Maria Bondar king and scission of macromolecules; Eng. Radu Bujor Mirea - epoxy resins type P 401: under irradiation, this Eng. Iulian Iordache resin suffers important major structural transformation Dr. Petru Budrugeac (crosslinking and scission of macromolecules); Dr. Chem. Cucos Andrei - polyesteric resins type Nestrapol: under irradia- Dr. Chem. Alina Caramitu tion, polimeric chains don’t suffer important transfor- Eng. Ileana Laura Chiose mation; Eng. Phys. Delia Patroi - intermediate products pressed: composite mate- Dr. Traian Zaharescu rial is homogenous, without inclusions or phases / ele- Eng.Phys. Virgil Marinescu ments; there is some porosity on the material surface;

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 132 Sectoral Operational Programme

presence of structures with rounded edges and lack of which will continue by critical investigating of impre- graphitic planes is due to the conditions for conduc- gnation process which will involve assessing the relating heat treatment in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, tionship between impregnation and physical conditions which led to the accumulation on the surface of resi- and characterization of impregnated heat resistant ma- dues from coking process; terials subjected to irradiation, with long life time. - intermediate products heat treated (baked): the material structure is composed mostly of electro graphi- REFERENCES te (outlined planes of graphite), has a good electrical [1] Cullity, B.D. si Stock, S.R., Elements of X-Ray conductivity to the surface, is homogenous (without Diffraction, Third Edition, Addison-Wesley, p. 664, elemental inclusions different from basic composition). 2001 Presence of small and very small particles (less than 1 [2] International Center of Diffraction Data (ICDD), micron) could be coke resulting from heat treatment baza de date pe support electronic, up-grade 2011 processes. [3] P. Budrugeac, E. Segal, The application of the thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and of the differen- CONCLUSIONS tial thermal analysis (DTA) for rapid thermal endurance Following the studies, undertaken visits to the be- testing of electrical insulating materials, J. Thermal. neficiary (SC ROSEAL Odorheiu Secuiesc) and after Anal., 53 (1998) 801. discussions with representatives of end user products [4] T. Zaharescu, P. Budrugeac, Thermal effect of (CNE Cernavoda), have highlighted the functional cha- low dose irradiation, Polym. Bull., 49 (2002) 297. racteristics of seal-rings made from carbo-graphitic materials. These characteristics must be met after the implementation of the project results (e.g density: The research was financed by the POS CCE Pro- around 1, 8 g/cm3; compression strength: min. 100 gramme, Prioritary Axis 2 – O2.1.1 - contract 4942/4.1 MPa; bending strength: min. 50 MPa). (7081/2011). Due to the need to adapt existing technology to new requirements regarding the carbo-graphitic materials heat resistant, subjected to irradiation, with high lifetime, were been identified those physicochemical characteristics of the material to be investigated during the project. The final destination of the carbo-graphitic material developed during the project, imposes a complete characterization and testing of raw, intermediate and final materials, using the most appropiate technics. These investigations have a critical role in the safe operation of seals for pumps that operate nuclear power plants. For each group of materials (raw, intermediate and final), were been identified the most appropiate research techniques and were established critical irradiation conditions covering the whole range of values of irradiation even accidental irradiation conditions in order to reproduce the real operating conditions of nuclear power plants. Were been performed tests on raw materials before and after irradiation as well on un-pressed mixtures (powder) on pressed intermediate products or heat treated. Results are base of the industrial research activities

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 133 Scientific events, scientific papers Scientific events, scientific papers Scientific events organized or co-organized by incdie icpe-ca

“Green Energy” Romania & China Workshop Bucharest, AGIR and Avrig, Sibiu county, June 28 – 29, 2011

The Workshop with international participation “GREEN ENERGY Romania & China Workshop“ took place in June 28 – 29, 2011 in Bucharest (first days of the workshop) and Avrig (in the third day of workshop), work being carried on AGIR – Bucharest and Avrig City Hall respectively. This scientific event had as financing sources: budget funding – Ministry of Education, Re- search, Youth and Sports, 5999.40 lei; own financing sources – INCDIE ICPE-CA Bucharest, about 12421.72 lei. At work scientific event was attended over 70 representatives of different companies, domestic and foreign, businessmen, policy makers, professors, researchers and specialists from universities, research and industrial companies, representatives of CAST – China Association for Science and Technology. Chinese delegation was composed of the following experts: prof. dr. Lv Fang, prof. dr. Yang Jinshen, prof. dr. Chen Tianbao, The main topics of the workshop focused: prof. dr. Sun Mengxin, prof. dr. Hou Bo, prof. dr. Zhang Lijuan. Integration of green energy in technological In the first part of the workshop was organized a and political challenges; delegation of the Chinese Embassy, Liu Zenwengt – am- Politics and instruments to promote the re- bassador, Wang Jianzu – counsellor and He Jiangang, newable energies as the energy consumed in secretary and was signed the Agreement of Coopera- Europe and China; tion between the Chinese, represented by CAST and the Requirements and limitations of banks in struc- Romanian, represented by INCDIE ICPE-CA (by General tural financing of renewable energy projects; Director, prof. dr. W. Kappel), Avrig City Hall (by Mayor Competitiveness, public information, education of Avrig, Arnold Klingeis), AGIR (by AGIR President, dr. in green energy. Eng. Mihai Mihaita). In the second day of the “GREEN ENERGY & Romania &

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 136 Scientific events organized or co-organized by incdie icpe-ca

China Workshop” took place at the Avrig City Hall a wide Arnold G. Klingeis, Mayor of Avrig, who made known overview of achievements in the field of renewable energy to the participants the desire of the Avrig city to be the in this town, “Local Energy Program - the local contribution first region in Romania who wants to assure their energy for tackling climate change”, presentation made by Mr. independence using renewable energy.

The 3rd Joint Seminar JINR - Romania on Neutron physics for investigations of nuclei, condensed matter and life sciences, Târgoviste, July 24-30, 2011

Our institute was the co-organizer of the 3rd Romania and partial funding from the JINR - Dubna edition of Joint Seminar JINR - Romania on Neutron – Russia. physics for investigations of nuclei, condensed matter This seminar was held in Targoviste – Valahia and life sciences with Joint Institute for Nuclear University and has caused great interest from Research, Dubna, Russia, VALAHIA University of many personalities, representatives of research Targoviste, Romania with financial support of Ministry and university education, and young students from of Education, Research, Youth and Sports, Bucharest, Romania, Hungary and Russia.

“RES-2011” Workshop with international participation “The Future of Renewable Energy Sector”, October 27-28, 2011, Mircea cel Bătrân Naval Academy, Constanţa, Romania

This workshop with international participation organi- Commission of Ruse, Bulgaria, was held under the Ro- zed by “Mircea cel Batran” Naval Academy of Constanta, mania - Bulgaria Cross Border Cooperation Programme with our institute INCDIE ICPE-CA Bucharest, Romania, 2007-2013, project co-financed by the European Union Anghel Kanchev University of Ruse, Bulgaria and Energy through the European Regional Development Fund.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 137 Scientific events organized or co-organized by incdie icpe-ca

Seminar of the History of Romanian Electrical Engineering, the 5th edition, June 17, 2011, Bucharest

The 5th edition of seminar “History of Romanian Electrical Engineering”, was held in the new Constantin Budeanu conference room from INCDIE ICPE-CA on June 17, 2011, being organized by INCDIE ICPE-CA with Romanian Committee of Electrical Engineering and UPB – Faculty of Electrical Engineering. This edition has a great resonance among the electrical engineering community members, both in participation, but also by personalities, success comparable with the 4th edition, held in the King Ferdinand Museum halls of Polytechnics University of Bucharest. At this seminar was attended: professors from Faculty of Electrical Engineering of UPB, researchers from ICPE Sa, CER, ICPE-Electrical Machines, INCDIE ICPE-CA, young engineers and junior researchers.

MEMS and NEMS Symposium of Junior Researchers, 2nd edition, May 26-27, 2011, INCDIE ICPE-CA, Bucharest, Romania

Between 26 to 27 May 2011 was held, organized by the Department of Micro and Nanoelectrotechnologies of the INCDIE ICPE-CA, “MEMS and NEMS Symposium of Junior Researcher“ having as main objective the initiation and involvement of young researchers, under 35 years, in areas of Microelectromechanichal Systems and Nanoelectromechanical Systems. Scientific event initiated by the Department of Micro and Nanoelectrotechnologies of the INCDIE ICPE-CA, held in the “Alexandru Nicolau” conference room, can be synthesized as an expression of Romanian research trends in the last 5-6 years, the possibilities of approaching the young researchers, taking into account the facilities from companies.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 138 Scientific events organized or co-organized by incdie icpe-ca

“INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGIC TRANSFER in INCDIE ICPE-CA” WORKSHOP, October 7, 2011, Bucharest

On October 7, 2011, took place, organized by INCDIE ICPE-CA, the “Innovation and Technologic Transfer in INCDIE ICPE-CA” workshop, taking place with celebrating the 10th anniversary of the INCDIE ICPE-CA. The main objectives of the organizers were presenting important achievements of innovative products developed by INCDIE ICPE-CA, who received awards by AGIR and receiving great attention at national and international fairs and exhibitions, and also, the presentation of INCDIE ICPE-CA partners on partnership with ICPE-CA and the positive results that this cooperation has been in development and implementation of new competitive products.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 139 National and international trade fairs and exhibitions at which INCDIE ICPE-CA attended and results

International trade fairs and exhibitions

International fair / No. Results of INCDIE ICPE-CA exhibition

International Fair LAAD - Defence 1. and Security, Rio de Janeiro, Brasilia (April 12 – 15, 2011)

Products: - Ceramic material with thermal shock strength; - Piezoelectric ceramic; - Carbon material with high thermo-mechanical shock resistance; - ALNICO Permanent magnets; - High magnetic stability NdFeB sintered magnets; - NdFeB and SmCo bonded permanent magnets; - Flexibile thin materials for protection at electromagnetic radiations; - Heavy alloys; - Testing equipment for Diesel engines.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 140 National and international trade fairs and exhibitions at which INCDIE ICPE-CA attended and results

International fair / No. Results of INCDIE ICPE-CA exhibition

International Industrial Fair “HANNOVER 2. MESSE 2011”, Hanover, Germany, April 4 – 8, 2011

Products: - Microporous calcium phosphate granules for medical applications; - Nanocrystalline ribbon for action device; - Extruded bars and pipes based on light aluminium composite materials; - Colloidal silver solutions and textile materials with antimicrobial and self-cleaning properties; - Flexible thin materials for protection at electromagnetic radiations; - Insulating coating with „microspheres ceramic material”; - Magnetical systems for dental field; - Carbon fiber composite material impregnated with epoxy resin reinforced with carbon nanotubes; - Ceramic biomaterials based on calcium phosphate; - Non-oxide ceramic composites resistant to mechanical shock; - Electronic equipment for scanning geometric profiles; - Harvesting systems (Piezoelectric microgenerator type harvesting and Linear induction microgenerator type harvesting); - Capacitive water desalination module; - Superconducting electrical motor; - Sextupole magnet; - Micro hydro electric generator; - Synchronous electric generator with permanent magnets (3kW), for applications of hydraulic and wind conversion; - Submersible Generator for SHP; - Microcomponents for microgenerators; - High speed machine; - Household biogas unit for rural areas; - Self-protector aerial electric conductor at the deposits of frost and ice for high voltage lines.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 141 National and international trade fairs and exhibitions at which INCDIE ICPE-CA attended and results

International fair / No. Results of INCDIE ICPE-CA exhibition

- Aerial electrical conductor with self-protection to frost / ice The 39th International Authors: Palii Liviu-Sorin1, Kappel Wilhelm1, Codescu Mirela-Maria1, Patroi Eros-Alexandru1, Iorga Exhibition of Inventions, Alexandru1, Ionescu Ion2, Racovitan Irina2 3. Geneva - Switzerland, 1 INCDIE ICPE-CA, April 6 – 10, 2011 2 ICEMENERG - Hosehold biogas unit for rural areas Authors: Carmen Mateescu, Ionel Chirita, Nicolae Stancu, Corina Alice Babutanu

Poster: Electrical transformer which is based on a magnetic nanofluid coolant Authors:Pîslaru-Dănescu Lucian, Macamete Elena, Telipan Gabriela, Pintea Jana, Nouraş Florica, International Exhibition for Păduraru Nicolae, Vekaş Ladislau, Stoian Floriana Daniela, Borbat Istvan, Borbat Tunde, Morega Ideas – New Inventions Alexandru, Morega Mihaela / INCDIE ICPE-CA / ICMET CRAIOVA / ACADEMIA ROMANA / SC 4. – Products, iENA 2011, ROSEAL SA / UPB October 27 – 30, 2011, Nuremberg, Germany Micro-wires for electromagnetic shielding fabrics Authors: Pătroi Eros Alexandru, Erdei Remus, Codescu Mirela-Maria, Manta Eugen, Pătroi Delia, Iorga Alexandru, Morari Cristian, Loghin Carmen

Product: Electric overhead conductor with self-protection at the deposits of frost/ice for high voltage lines Autori: Palii Liviu-Sorin1, Kappel Wilhelm1, Codescu Mirela-Maria1, Patroi Eros-Alexandru1, Iorga Alexandru1, Ionescu Ion2, Racovitan Irina2 1 INCDIE ICPE-CA EU Progress Through 2 ICEMENERG Romanian Inventions, organized by PETRU LUHAN, EPP MEP and 5. ROMANIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, 23 - 26 May 2011, Brussels

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 142 National and international trade fairs and exhibitions at which INCDIE ICPE-CA attended and results

National trade fairs and exhibitions

No. National fair / exhibition Results of INCDIE ICPE-CA

1. Electrical transformer based on a magnetic nanofluid coolant Authors: Pîslaru-Dănescu Lucian, Macamete Elena, Telipan Gabriela, Pintea Jana, Nouraş Florica, Păduraru Nicolae, Vekaş Ladislau, Stoian Floriana Daniela, Borbat Istvan, Borbat Tunde, Morega Alexandru, Morega Mihaela CBI 2010-00776 The XVth edition of International Exhibition 2. Capacitive desalination module of Inventions, Authors: Hristea Gabriela, Ignat Mircea 1. Scientific Research CBI 2010-00688 and New Technologies „INVENTIKA 2011”, 3. Process for manufacturing of shape memory materials of alloyed NiTi October 6 – 9, 2011 intermetallic compound type Authors: Lucaci Mariana, Enescu Elena, Tsakiris Violeta CBI 2009-00638

4. Process for manufacturing of hydrogen storage materials Authors: Lucaci Mariana, Enescu Elena, Lungu Dodu Paula CBI 2009-00637

5. Metallic micro-wire for electromagnetic shielding fabrics Authors: Pătroi Eros Alexandru, Erdei Remus, Codescu Mirela-Maria, Manta Eugen, Pătroi Delia, Iorga Alexandru, Morari Cristian, Loghin Carmen CBI 2010-01262

6. Bioreactor for energy production from renewable sources Authors: Assmann Allo, Rottmayr Sepp, Klingeis Arnold, Kappel Wilhelm, Mateescu Carmen, Sinca Maria, Tănăsescu Florin Teodor, Nate Silviu CBI 2011-00226

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 143 National and international trade fairs and exhibitions at which INCDIE ICPE-CA attended and results

No. National fair / exhibition Results of INCDIE ICPE-CA

- PLANTINHIB (Natural product made from plant extracts, designed against corrosion and the crust formation) - Microporous calcium phosphate granules for medical applications - Nanocrystalline ribbon for action device - Extruded bars and pipes based on light aluminium composite materials Exhibition of Romanian - Colloidal silver solutions and textile materials with antimicrobial and self-cleaning properties Research Results – 2. - Flexible thin materials for protection at electromagnetic radiations RESEARCH SHOW - 2011 - Insulating coating with „microspheres ceramic material” October 5 – 8, 2011 - Magnetical systems for dental field - Carbon fiber composite material impregnated with epoxy resin reinforced with carbon nanotubes - Ceramic biomaterials based on calcium phosphate - Non-oxide ceramic composites resistant to mechanical shock - Aerial electrical conductor with self-protection to frost / ice - CO2 adsorbent cartridges renewable electric - Accelerometer 1d (for vibrations) - Securing element with ferromagnetic microwires - Piezoelectric microgenerator of type harvesting - Capacitive water desalination module - Household biogas unit for rural areas - Microcomponents for microgenerators - Superconducting electric motor - High speed machine - Double excited generator - Submersible generator - Micro-bubbles generator with improved efficiency - Electromagnet steerer for FAIR project - Faraday unipolar machine with permanent magnet

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 144 National and international trade fairs and exhibitions at which INCDIE ICPE-CA attended and results

No. National fair / exhibition Results of INCDIE ICPE-CA

4th edition of Regional Models “Hosehold biogas unit for rural areas” Research Show, Roll-up: 3. Alexandria – Teleorman, Presentation of CTT ICPE-CA August 27 – 31, 2011 Presentation of ITA ECOMAT – Sf. Gheorghe

Roll-up: Products of INCDIE ICPE-CA for conversion of renewable energy Regional Product sheet: Research Show, 4. Stack fuel cell with proton exchange membrane Brasov, Composite materials for hydrogen storage November 10 – 12, 2011 5 kW fuel cell based co-generation system Hosehold biogas unit for rural areas

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 145 International Awards

No. Prize Authority who granted Authors Palii L. Gold Medal at International Inventions Kappel W. Show - Geneva 2011, for invention International Inventions Show at 1. Codescu M. Aerial electrical conductor with self- Geneva – international jury Patroi E. protection to frost / ice Iorga A. Mateescu C. Bronze Medal at International Inventions International Inventions Show at Chirita I. 2. Show - Geneva 2011, for invention Geneva – international jury Stancu N. Household biogas unit for rural areas Babutanu C. Palii L.S. Special Prize at International Inventions International Inventions Show Kappel W. Show – Bucharest 2011, for invention at Bucharest – President of the 3. Codescu M.M. Aerial electrical conductor with self- Association of Polish Inventors and Patroi E.A. protection to frost / ice Rationalizers Iorga A. Gold Medal at International Inventions International Inventions Show Show - Bucharest 2011, for inventions at Bucharest – President of the Kappel W. 4. Bioreactor for generating energy from National Authority for Scientific Mateescu C. alternative sources Research International Inventions Show Gold Medal at International Inventions at Bucharest – President of the Hristea G. 5. Show - Bucharest 2011, for inventions National Authority for Scientific Ignat M. capacitive water desalination module Research Silver Medal at International Inventions International Inventions Show Lucaci M. Show – Bucharest 2011, for inventions at Bucharest – President of the 6. Enescu E. Obtaining method of materials for National Authority for Scientific Lungu D.P. hydrogen storage Research Silver Medal at International Inventions International Inventions Show Show – Bucharest 2011, for inventions Lucaci M. at Bucharest – President of the 7. Obtaining method of shape memory Enescu E. National Authority for Scientific materials of Ni-Ti alloy intermetallic Tsakiris V. Research compound type

Silver Medal at International Inventions International Inventions Show Pislaru-Danescu L. Show – Bucharest 2011, for inventions at Bucharest – President of the 8. Macamete E. Electrical transformer with cooling National Authority for Scientific Telipan G. magnetic nanofluide Research Pintea J. Patroi E.A. Silver Medal at International Inventions International Inventions Show Erdei R. Codescu M.M. Show – Bucharest 2011, for inventions at Bucharest – President of the 9. Manta E. Metallic microwires for electromagnetic National Authority for Scientific Patroi D. shielding Research Iorga A. Morari C. Palii L. Gold Medal at International Inventions Kappel W. Show - Warsaw 2011, for inventions International Inventions Show - 10. Codescu M. Aerial electrical conductor with self- ARCA – Zagreb - Jury President Patroi E. protection to frost / ice Iorga A.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 146 International Awards

No. Prize Authority who granted Authors Palii L. Gold Medal at International Inventions International Inventions Show at Kappel W. Show – ARCA - Zagreb 2011, for Warsaw 11 . Codescu M. inventions Aerial electrical conductor Association of Polish Inventors Patroi E. with self-protection to frost / ice Jury President Iorga A. Palii L. Gold Medal at International Inventions International Inventions Show Kappel W. Show – Bucharest 2011, for inventions at Bucharest – President of the 12. Codescu M. Aerial electrical conductor with self- National Authority for Scientific Patroi E. protection to frost / ice Research Iorga A.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 147 National Awards

No. Prize Authority who granted Authors

Diploma of Excellence, for participation Ministry of Education, Research, 1. at the 2011 International Hanover Fair, Youth and Sport, National INCDIE ICPE-CA awarded to INCDIE ICPE-CA Bucharest Authority for Scientific Research

Diploma of Excellence, to celebrate the Ministry of Education, Research, 2. 10 th anniversary of INCDIE ICPE-CA Youth and Sport, National INCDIE ICPE-CA Bucharest Authority for Scientific Research

Prize AGIR 2010 in „engineering materials” for “Highly stable polymeric materials to manufacture sealing General Association of Engineers in 3. INCDIE ICPE-CA products used in nuclear electrical Romania power” awarded to INCDIE ICPE-CA Bucharest

Prize AGIR 2010 in „environmental engineering” for “Household biogas General Association of Engineers in 4. INCDIE ICPE-CA unit for rural areas”, awarded to INCDIE Romania ICPE-CA Bucharest

Diploma of Excellence, for participation Ministry of Education, Research, 5. at the 2011 Research Show, awarded to Youth and Sport, National INCDIE ICPE-CA INCDIE ICPE-CA Bucharest Authority for Scientific Research

Diploma of Excellence, for participation Ministry of Education, Research, 6. at the 2011 Research Show, awarded to Youth and Sport, National CTT ICPE-CA CTT ICPE-CA Authority for Scientific Research

Diploma of Excellence, for participation Ministry of Education, Research, ITA ECOMAT 7. at the 2011 Research Show, awarded to Youth and Sport, National ICPE-CA ITA ECOMAT ICPE-CA Sf.Gheorghe Authority for Scientific Research Sf.Gheorghe

Diploma of Excellence is given to INCDIE ICPE-CA for participation at Brasov Chamber of Commerce and 8. INCDIE ICPE-CA Brasov Regional Exhibition of Scientific Industry Research

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 148 National Awards

No. Prize Authority who granted Authors

Diploma of Excellence is given to National R&D Institute for Textiles 9. INCDIE ICPE-CA on the occasion of INCDIE ICPE-CA and Leather - Bucharest celebrating 60 years of its activity

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 149 Patents

Patents submitted at State Office for Inventions and Trademarks (OSIM) – to be evaluated -

No. Title of submitted patent / registration number of submitted patent Inventors / Applicants Bioreactor for energy production from renewable sources Kappel W. 1. Registration no. 00226/2011 Mateescu C. Grigore F. Procedure for obtaining a resorbable material from beta- Velciu G. 2. tricalcium phosphate Lungu M.V. Registration no. 00374/2011 Tsakiris V. Ignat M. Electromagnetic pulse generation system, in the controlled Pîslaru-Danescu L. Puflea I. 3. explosion, with the current loop Teisanu A. Registration no. 00551/2011 Iordache I. Badic M. Velciu G. Procedure for obtaining a microspheres ceramic cavernous type Seitan C.

4. alpha - Al2O3 Tardei C. Registration no. 00710/2011 Grigore F. Marinescu V. Tsakiris V. Enescu E. Process for obtaining Al based composite material with alumina Lucaci M. 5. nanoparticles Alecu G. Registration no. 00711/2011 Albu F. Lungu M.V. Grigore F. Procedure for obtaining ferromagnetic semiconductor oxide Malaeru T. 6. nanoparticles Neamtu J. Registration no. 00749/2011 Georgescu G. Measurement cell and supraconducting coil ansamble 7. Dobin I. Registration no. 00750/2011 Kappel W. A/00785/04.08.2001 Microwind power plant with extended Nicolaie S. 8. limit of wind speed Mihaiescu G.M. Marin D. Registration no. 00785/2011 Nedelcu A. Miu M. Process for producing of microporous calcium phosphate-based Tardei C. 9. ceramic granules Albu F. Registration no. 00786/2011 Velciu G. A/00787/04.08.2011 Carbon materials for capacitive Hristea G. 10. deionization of water and process for obtaining Leonat L. Registration no. 00787/2011

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 150 Patents

Albu F. Procedure for obtaining ceramic tile based on Si N /SiC 3 4 Tsakiris V. 11 . composite materials Tardei C. Registration no. 00801/2011 Seitan C. Catanescu A.L. Ignat M. Electrostatic micromotor with rotating field Puflea I. 12. Registration no. 00809/2011 Ilie C. Popa M. Tinca I. Catanescu A.L. Inertial electromagnetic microgenerator Ignat M. 13. Registration no. 00810/2011 Puflea I. Tinca I. Banciu C. Porous carbon materials with carbon fibers and process for Bara A. 14. obtaining their Patroi D. Registration no. 00898/2011 Leonat L. Ilie C. Popa M. Method for making a miniature gear with cycloid profiles teeth 15. Chirita I. Registration no. 00899/2011 Tanase N. Prioteasa P. Environmentally friendly inhibitor for corrosion and scale Ligvay I. 16. simultaneous control and the obtaining process Lingvay C. Registration no. 00900/2011 Patroi D. Magnetic materials as thin layers based on AlNiCo alloys 17. Patroi E.A. Registration no. 00978/2011 Codescu M.M. Patroi D. Methods for obtaining thin magnetic layers such as AlNiCo 18. Patroi E.A. Registration no. 00979/2011 Codescu M.M. Chirita I. Injection permanent dipole magnet Erdei R. 19. Registration no. 01157/2011 Kappel W. Patroi E.A. Material type perovskit cathode for solid electrolyte fuel cell Velciu G. 20. with medium temperature Rimbu G.A. Registration no. 01158/2011 Dumitru A. Dobrin I. Nedelcu A. Superconducting quadrupolar magnet assembly 21 Chirita I. Registration no. 01270/2011 Pîslaru-Danescu L. Stoica V. Tinca I. Sensor for mechanical shock and vibration Catanescu A.L. 22. Registration no. 01271/2011 Ovezea D. Ignat M. Equipment for active protection of superconducting coil from Pîslaru-Danescu L. 23. superconducting motors Dobrin I. Registration no. 01272/2011 Stoica V.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 151 Patents

Patents granted in 2011 to INCDIE ICPE-CA

No. Title granted patents / patent no. Applicants Polyphase multipole wind electrical generator with permanent Bala C. 1. magnets in inductor Kappel W. Patent no.125352 Composites based on petroleum pitch and carbon nanotubes Bara A. 2. and process for obtaining Banciu C. Patent no. 125532 Bondar A M. Kappel W. Gavrila H. Double excited electric machine Mihaiescu G.M. 3. Patent no. 125881 Nicolaie S. Ionita V. Marin D. Advanced nanocomposite ceramic for bone repair and process Grigore F. 4. of obtaining Gavriliu S. Patent no. 125507 Lungu M. V.

Procedure for obtaining a composite powder from cooper coated Bara A. 5. graphite Lungu-Dodu P. Patent no. 123398

Laboratory equipment to determine the hydrodynamic Bunea F. 6. characteristics of bubble diffusers Oprina G. Patent no. 125997 Baran Ghe.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 152 2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 153 Scientific / technical papers published in 2011

Scientific / technical papers published in specialized ISI quoted journals

No. Title Journal Authors Setnescu R. Marinescu V. Oxidation of Lyophilized Collagen in Revista de Chimie 62(7) Setnescu T. 1. Various Conditions 732-735 (2011) Jipa S. Albu M. Dragan G. Vasilescu E. Interaction of some new scaffolds Revista de Chimie, 62(2), Calderon Moreno J. M. 2. with simulated body fluids 212- 215, ISSN: 0034-7752 Vasilescu C. Grigore F. Tsakiris V. Kappel W. Characterization of Al matrix Journal of Optoelectronics Enescu E. composites reinforced with alumina and Advanced Materials, Vol. Alecu G. 3. nanoparticles obtained by PM 13, No. 9, p. 1172 – 1175, Albu Fl. method September 2011 Grigore Fl. Marinescu V. Lungu M. Journal of Optoelectronics Tsakiris V. Solid state diffusion welding of Cu- and Advanced Materials, Vol. 4. Kappel W. Fe/Al/Ag and Al-Ni dissimilar metals 13, No. 9, p. 1176 - 1180, Alecu G. September 2011

Optoelectronics and Patroi D. Advanced Materials – Rapid Structural and magnetic behavior of Codescu M.M. 5. Communications, Vol. 5, No. DC sputtered Alnico type thin films Patroi E.A. 10, October 2011, p. 1130 Marinescu V. - 1133 Critical considerations on the Augis Journal of Non-Crystalline and Bennett method for evaluating 6. Solids, 357 (3), pp. 1101- Budrugeac P. the crystallization activation energy 1105, 2011 by means of non-isothermal data Valeanu M. Lucaci M. Martensitic transformation of Journal of Alloys and Crisan A.D. 7. Ti50Ni30Cu20 alloy prepared by Compounds, 509 (13), pp. Sofronie M. powder metallurgy 4495-4498, 2011 Leonat L. Kuncser V. Ilie S. Setnescu R. Investigations of a mechanically Lungulescu E.M. Polymer Testing, 30 (2), pp. 8. failed cable insulation used in indoor Marinescu V. 173-182, 2011 conditions Ilie D. Setnescu T. Mares G.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 154 Scientific / technical papers published in specialized ISI quoted journals

No. Title Journal Authors Gaidau C. Journal of the American Ag and Ag/TiO2 nano-dispersed Petica A. Leather Chemists 9. systems for treatment of leathers Dragomir T. Association, 106 (3), pp. with strong antifungal properties Iovu H. 102-109, 2011 Andronescu C. Kappel W. Bara A. Optoelectronics and Composites materials with Banciu C. Advanced Materials-Rapid 10. applications în electromagnetic Codescu M.M. Communications, 4 (12), protection Morari C. pp. 2097-2102, 2010 Patroi E.A. Manta E. Cucos A. Dynamic mechanical analysis Budrugeac P. (DMA) of new and historical Thermochimica Acta, 516 11 . Miu L. parchments and leathers: (1-2), pp. 19-28, 2011 Mitrea S. Correlations with DSC and XRD Sbarcea G. The use of thermal analysis methods for authentication Journal of Thermal Budrugeac P. and conservation state 12. Analysis and Calorimetry, Cucos A. determination of historical 104 (2), pp. 439-450, 2011 Miu L. and/or cultural objects manufactured from leather Characterization and evaluation Journal of Thermal Badea E. of the environmental impact on 13. Analysis and Calorimetry, Della Gatta G. historical parchments by differential 104 (2), pp. 495-506, 2011 Budrugeac P. scanning calorimetry Optoelectronics and Zaharescu T. Radiation stability of polyamide Advanced Materials-Rapid 14. Silvaa Lgae composites containing rice husk ash Communications, 5 (3-4), Jipa S. pp. 309-313, 2011 Craciunescu O. Central European Journal of Magnesium substitution effect on Tardei C. 15. Biology, 6 (3), pp. 301-311, porous scaffolds for bone repair Moldovan L. 2 011 Zarnescu O. Dumitru R. Nonisothermal decomposition Journal of Thermal Analysis Carp O. 16. kinetics of [CoC2O4 center dot and Calorimetry, 103 (2), pp. Budrugeac P. 2.5H(2)O](n) 591-596, 2011 Niculescu M. Segal E. Optoelectronics and Parvu R. Stability evaluation of polyurethane Advanced Materials-Rapid Podina C. 17. coatings by gamma irradiation Communications, 4 (11), pp. Zaharescu T. 1815-1818, 2010 Jipa S. Optoelectronics and Craciun E. Qualification of epoxy resin by Advanced Materials-Rapid Jitaru I. 18. radiochemical ageing Communications, 4 (11), Zaharescu T. pp. 1819-1822, 2010 Jipa S.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 155 Scientific / technical papers published in specialized ISI quoted journals

No. Title Journal Authors Alexandru M. Cazacu M. On the morphology and potential Doroftei F. Express Polymer Letters, 5 19. application of polydimethylsiloxane- Ignat M. (2), pp. 188-196, 2011 silica-titania composites Timpu D. Grigoras C.V. Simionescu B.C. Zamfirova G. Microindentation study of electron Chemicke Listy, 104, pp. Gaydarov V. 20. beam irradiated polyamide samples S283-S286, 2010 Zaharescu T. Silva Lgae Sava V. Optoelectronics and Ilie C. Optimization of processing with Advanced Materials-Rapid Popa M. 21 excimer laser mask technique Communications, 5 (1-2), Stanescu S. pp. 99-102, 2011 Rusu M.I. Udrea M. Andronie A. Antohe S. Iordache S. Study of the conduction Cucu A. Journal of Optoelectronics mechanisms în poly-perfluoro- Stamatin S. and Advanced Materials, 22. sulfonated membranes impregnated Ciocanea A. 12 (11), pp. 2288-2295, with intrinsic semiconducting Emandi A. 2010 polymers Nan G. Berlic C. Rimbu G.A. Stamatin I. Jipa S. Gorghiu L.M. Radiation Thermo luminescence Revista de Chimie, 62 (3), 23. Dumitrescu C. Dosimetry by Sand pp. 357-358, 2011 Zaharescu T. Mantsch A. Prioteasa P. Golgovici F. Electrodeposition, Structure and Sbircea G. Revista de Chimie, 61 (11), 24. Corrosion Behaviors of Ni-Mo Alloys Anicai L. pp. 1046-1053, 2010 from Citrate Aqueous Electrolyte Visan T.

Craciun E. Ioncea A. Nano Oxides UV Protectors for Revista de Chimie, 62 (1), 25. Jitaru I. Transparent Organic Coatings pp. 21-26, 2011 Covaliu C. Zaharescu T. Prioteasa P. Electrochemical Deposition of Petica A. Revista de Chimie, 62 (5), 26. Nickel for Micro-mechanical Popa M. pp. 543-548, 2011 Systems Ilie C. Visan T.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 156 Scientific / technical papers published in specialized ISI quoted journals

No. Title Journal Authors Piyadin S.M. Gurchin Y.V. Kurilkin P.K. Terekhin A.A. Glagolev V.V. Isupov A.Y. Itoh K. Janek M. Karachuk J.T. Kawabata T. Khrenov A.N. Kiselev A.S. Kizka V.A. Krasnov V.A. Kurilkin A.K. Ladygin V.P. Experiments on the study of International Journal of Ladygina N.B. 27. deuteron-proton interaction at Modern Physics A, 26 Livanov A.N. internal target at Nuclotron (3-4), pp. 683-685, 2011 Maeda Y. Malakhov A.I. Martinska G. Plekhanov E.B. Reznikov S.G. Sakaguchi S. Sakai H. Sasamoto Y. Sekiguchi K. Semenov A.K. Shikhalev M.A. Suda K. Tumanov A.E. Uesaka T. Vasiliev T.A. Witala H. Jipa S. Gorghiu L.M. Radiation Thermo luminescence Revista de Chimie, 62 (3), Dumitrescu C. 28. Dosimetry by Sand pp. 357-358, 2011 Zaharescu T. Mantsch A.

Journal of Optoelectronics Ignat M. Piezoelectric microgenerators for 29. and Advanced Materials, 13, Zărnescu G. body energy harvesting 7-8,1026-1029, 2011 Cătănescu A.-L. Optoelectronics and Telipan G. Advanced Materials-Rapid Pislaru-Danescu L. Gas sensing properties of 1-D ZnO 30. Communications, ISSN Marinescu V. obtained by hydrothermal process 1842 – 6573, Volume 5, Prioteasa P. Issue: 5-6, p.643-647, 2011 Zarnescu G. Journal of Optoelectronics Ignat M. and Advanced Materials, 31. Electrothermic carbon microactuator Hristea G. Volume: 13, Issue: 7-8, Budrugeac P. Pages: 992-997, 2011

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 157 Scientific / technical papers published in specialized ISI quoted journals

No. Title Journal Authors An iterative model-free method to Thermochimica Acta, determine the activation energy 32. Volume: 523, Issue: 1-2, Budrugeac P. of heterogeneous processes under Pages: 84-89, 2011 arbitrary temperature programs Annual Report Conference Stancu C. Dielectric Response Function for on Electrical Insulation and 33. Notingher P.V. Nonhomogeneous Insulations Dielectric Phenomena, pp. Badicu L.V. 97-100, 2011 Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, The influence of synthetic and Lingvay I. ISSN Printed: 1582-9596, environment friendly scale Văireanu D.-I. 34. ISSN Online: 1843-3707, and corrosion inhibitors on the Öllerer K. 2011 Journal Citation biodegradation of pollutants Lingvay C. Reports ® (Thomson Reuters); vol.11 Investigation of Aspergillus Niger Romanian Biotechnological Mateescu C. 35. growth and activity în a static Letters, vol. 16, nr. 4, pag. Buruntea N. magnetic flux density 6361-6365, 2011 Stancu N.

Vasilescu C. Moreno J.M.C. Cimpean A. Digest Journal of Synthesis, mechanical and structural Cojocaru D. Nanomaterials and 36. properties and biological activity of Cinca I. Biostructures, 6 (2), pp. some nanostructured bone scaffolds Andronescu E. 523-534, 2011 Grigore F. Galateanu B. Drob S.I.

Covaliu I.C. Synthesis and characterization of Digest Journal of Neamtu J. ferrites (Fe3O4/CuFe2O4) - calcium Nanomaterials and Georgescu G. 37. alginate hybrids for magnetic Biostructures, 6 (1), pp. Malaeru T. resonance imaging 245-252, 2011 Cristea C. Jitaru I. Revista Romana de Materiale The characterisation of some - Romanian Journal of Spataru M. 38. alumina-zircon aqueous suspensions Materials, 40 (4), pp. 341- Dumitrescu O. 348, 2010 Craciun E. Gamma radiation effects on the Zaharescu T. Materiale Plastice, 48 (1), 39. stability of epoxy resin modified with Jipa S. pp. 50-53, 2011 titania nanoparticles Mantsch A. Jitaru I. Notingher P.V. Electrical conductivity of wood- Materiale Plastice, vol. 48, 40. Stancu C. polymer composites no. 2, pp. 170-175, 2011 Enescu I. Synthesis and characterization of Revista Romana de Materiale Velciu G. the CuO/CeO2 mixture resulted from - Romanian Journal of Melinescu A. 41. chemical precipitation în view of Materials, 2011, 41 (2), pp. Storch P. using it as an anode for SOFC-IT 162-168 Marinescu V.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 158 Scientific / technical papers published in specialized ISI quoted journals

No. Title Journal Authors Baconsca I. Poly(amide imide)s containing Reactive & Functional Hamciuc E. 42. functional nitrile groups for high Polymers, 71 (2011), pp. Bruma M. performance materials 905-915 Ignat M. Digest Journal of Magnetic nanoparticles for magneto- Nanomaterials and Neamtu J. 43. resonance imaging and targeted drug Biostructures, vol. 6, no. 3, Verga N. delivery 2011, pp. 969-978 Caramitu A.R. New composites based on Avadanei L. polypropylene reinforced with Materiale plastice, 48, no.3, 44. Mitrea S. biodegradable fibres for automotive 2011, pp. 255-258 Sbarcea G. applications Budrugeac P.

Scientific / technical papers published in other specialized journals, non-quoted ISI

No. Title of scientific papers Journal, non-quoted ISI Authors

Automatic equipment of smoke for dried raw Automatizari si Pislaru-Danescu L. 1. meat products (Instalatie automatizata de Instrumentatie nr.2, 2011, p. Stoica V. afumare a produselor din carne crud uscate) 14-15, ISSN 1582-3334 Neculae F.

U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series C, New modeling for protection against frost 2. Vol. 73, Iss. 1, 2011, ISSN Marin D. on the overhead power lines 1454-2331

Cekic B. Ivanovski V. Mossbauer spectroscopic analysis of Solid State Phenomena, vol. Codescu M. 3. Nd2Fe14B//alpha-Fe hard magnetic 170 (2011), pp. 154-159, Umicevic A. nanocomposites ISSN 1012-0394 Barudzija T. Patroi E.

Patroi D. Buletinul Institutului Bojin D. Structural and magnetic properties of 4. Politehnic din Iasi, tomul LVII Patroi E.A. Alnico-type thin films (LXI), fasc. 4, 2011 Codescu M.M. Constantinescu C.

Tin electrodeposition from choline chloride Prioteasa P. based ionic liquids (Electrodepunerea Petica A. 5. CPA nr. 3/2011, pp. 37-48 staniului din lichide ionice pe baza de clorura Anicai L. de colina) Florea A. Lingvay C. Degradations of Reinforced Concrete U.P.B. Sci. Bull., ISSN 1454- Cojocaru A. 6. Structures due to D.C. and A.C. Stray 2331, Series B, Vol. 73, Iss. Vişan T. Currents 4, 2011, pp. 143-152. (BDI) Lingvay I.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 159 Scientific / technical papers published in other specialized journals, non-quoted ISI

Studies Regarding the Evolution of EEA - ELECTROTEHNICA, Stancu C. Polyethylene Insulation Parameters of Power ELECTRONICA, Cucoş A. Cables due to Thermal Stresses (Studii 7. AUTOMATICA, ISSN 1582- LingvaY C. privind evoluţia parametrilor izolaţiei din 5175 (B+), vol. 59, Nr.3, Budrugeac P. polietilenă a cablurilor de energie, datorate 2011. pp. 37-40 (BDI) Lingvay I. solicitărilor termice) Journal of Sustainable Lingvay I. Degradation of power cables polyethilene Energy, ISSN 2067-5534, Stancu C. 8. insulation due to thermal cycling Vol. II, No. 3, 2011, pp.6-11 Cucoş A. (BDI) Lingvay C. Journal of Sustainable The interferences produced by anthropic Lingvay I. Energy, ISSN 2067-5534, 9. electromagnetic fields on the natural Lingvay C. Vol. II, No. 2, 2011, pp.6-15 electochemical systems Szatmari I. (BDI)

The Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields EEA - ELECTROTEHNICA, Csuzi I. Generated by the Supply System of Trams ELECTRONICA, Lingvay I. 10. (Câmpurile electromagnetice de joasa AUTOMATICA, ISSN 1582- Felea I. frecventa generate de sistemul de alimentare 5175 (BDI), vol. 59, Nr.1, Silaghi S.-E. al tramvaielor) 2011. pp. 37-40

Maior I. Cojocaru A. Agrimonia Eupatoria Extract as a Green Corrosion and Anticorrosive Văireanu D.I. 11 . Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acid Protection, ISSN 1842-0346, Lingvay I. Solutions vol. VI, nr. 1, 2011, pp. 18-25 Lingvay C. Căprărescu S. Oprina G. Bunea F. Laboratory research on life fish transport Hidrotehnica, nr. 4-5/2011, 12. Băran Gh. containters pp. 14-22, ISSN 0439-0962 Ilie C. Popa M. 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment CIEM2011, Bucharest, Romania, 3-4 November Ciocan G.D. Measurement technique for air-water 2011, acceptata spre Bunea F. 13. disperse system study publicare in University Houde S. Politehnica of Bucharest Deschenes C. Scientific Bulletin, Ed. Politehnica Press, serie D, ISSN 1454-2358, BDI

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 160 Scientific / technical papers presented at international conferences

Scientific papers presented at international conferences

No. Title of scientific papers International conference Authors

The 7th International Symposium on ADVANCED Mihaiescu M. Ghe. Synchronous electric machine with double TOPICS IN ELECTRICAL Dorian M. 1. excitation. Prototype ENGINEERING, May 12- 14, Stoica V. 2011, p. R21, ISSN 1843- Nicolaie S. 5912 Cucos A. The 20th Annual Symposium Budrugeac P. Evidences of a distinct crystalline fraction of 2. of scientific communications, Miu L. collagen in parchments and leathers Feb. 2011 Mitrea S. Sbarcea G. Conference of Energy Engineering CIE 2011 “Clean and Available Energy”, Lingvay I. Baile Felix, June 2-4, 2011, Degradation of power cables polyethylene Stancu C. 3. Section 1 - Reliability and insulation due to thermal cycling Cucos A. System Energy Quality Lingvay C. Services, Proceedings CD, ISBN 978-606-10-0151-4, paper 5

Conference of Energy Engineering CIE 2011 “Clean and Available Energy”, The interferences produced by anthropic Baile Felix, June 2-4, 2011, Lingvay I. 4. electromagnetic fields on the natural Section 1 - Reliability and Lingvay C. electrochemical systems System Energy Quality Szatmary I. Services, Proceedings CD, ISBN 978-606-10-0151-4, paper 4

ATEE 2011, The 7th Lingvay I. International Symposium on Stancu C. Studies concerning the fast ageing by Advanced Topics in Electrical 5. Budrugeac P. thermal cycling of power cables Engineering, May 12 - 14, Cucos A. 2011, Bucharest, Romania, Lingvay C. pp. P1-14

ATEE 2011, The 7th International Symposium on Thermal and magnetic design of a dipolar Advanced Topics in Electrical Morega A.M. 6. superferric magnet for high uniformity Engineering, May 12 - 14, Dobrin I. magnetic field 2011, Bucharest, Romania, Morega M. pp. 341-344, ISSN 2068- 7966

Stancu C. assessment of water treed cable insulation 8th International Conference Plopeanu M. G. 7. condition by microscopy and space charge on Insulated Power Cables, Notingher P. jr. measurements pp. 557-560, 2011 Notingher P. V.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 161 Scientific / technical papers presented at international conferences

No. Title of scientific papers International conference Authors

Grigorescu S. D. 8th International Conference Equipment for fast water trees resistance Plopeanu M. 8. on Insulated Power Cables, measurement of power cable insulations Notingher P. V. pp. 543-546, 2011 Stancu C.

Plopeanu M. Electrical ageing of polyethylene power Proc. of Advanced Topics in Notingher P.V. 9. cables insulation subjected to an electric Electrical Engineering, pp. Grigorescu S. field in the presence of water 201-204, 2011 Stancu C.

Materials Science Forum vol. Cirstea D.C. 672 (2011), pp. 195-199, The thermomechanical modeling for shape Lucaci M. 10. Trans Tech Publications, memory alloys Raducanu D. Switzerland, ISSN 0255- Tsakiris V. 5476

Lucaci M. Materials Science Forum Valeanu M. vol. 672 (2011), pp. 99-104, Shape memory NiTi alloys obtained by Orban R.L. 11 . Trans Tech Publications, powder metallurgy route Tsakiris V. Switzerland, ISSN 0255- Cirstea D.C. 5476 Leonat L. Kappel W. Materials Science Forum vol. Codescu M.M. New composite materials obtained from 672 (2011), pp. 245-250, Manta E. 12. ashes wastes, with potential applications for Trans Tech Publications, Patroi E.A. electromagnetic shielding Switzerland, ISSN 0255- Morari C. 5476 Erdei R. Stoian E.V. Proceedings of the 3th Gheorghe I. International Conference on 13. Polymeric composite armed with powder Rizescu C.Z. Nanotechnology, ISBN 978- Pintea J. 960-474-276-9, 2011 Ungureanu D.N.

Proceedings of the 7th A novel Magnetostrictive Injection Actuator Symposium Advanced Topics Pislaru-Danescu L. 14. based on new Giant Magnetostrictive in Electrical Engineering, Morega A.M. Materials Bucharest, May 2011, ISSN Morega M. 2068-7966, p. 331-336

Renewable Energies Transfer 15. Biomass to biogas in rural places System (RETS) Seminar, Mateescu C. Bucharest, June 15, 2011

Allo Assmann Mateescu C. International Conference Kappel W. “Education and Integrated solution for green energy Klingeis A.G. 16. Governance for Sustainable generation based on biodegradable wastes Tanasescu F.T. Development” - EGSD 2011, Rotmayr Sepp Constanta, Romania Sinca M. Nate S.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 162 Scientific / technical papers presented at international conferences

No. Title of scientific papers International conference Authors

ATEE 2011, The 7th Modeling of the Magnetization Process International Symposium on Dan D. 17. Based on the Landau - Lifshitz - Gilbert Advanced Topics in Electrical Mălureanu S. E. Equation Engineering, May 12 - 14, 2011, Bucharest, Romania

Proceedings of the 17th Cojocaru A. International Conference Maior I. on Chemistry and Chemical A Comparative Study on the Corrosion Văireanu D.-I. Engineering, Sinaia, 18. Inhibition Properties of Fagus Sylvatica as Lingvay I. Romania, September 7-10, Influenced by Extraction Solvent Lingvay C. 2011, Ed. Politehnica Press, Căprărescu S. ISSN: 2247-5389, pp. Badea G. S.3.35-S.3.44

Proceedings of The 17th Maior I. International Conference On Cojocaru A. Chemistry And Chemical Electrodeposition Of Mineral Scales: Lingvay I. Engineering, Sinaia, 19. Influence Of Natural Extracts Composition Lingvay C. Romania, September 7-10, On Antiscalent Properties Văireanu D.-I. 2011, Ed. Politehnica Press, Badea G. E. ISSN: 2247-5389, pp. Căprărescu S. S.3.7-S.3.18

Oprina G. 5th European Conference H2- Nedelcu A. Fuel-Millenium-Convergence Nicolaie S. Development of an innovative type of 20. 2011, September 20- Miu M. oscillating water column turbine 21, Bucharest, Romania, Ilie C. secţiunea 1 Mihăiescu M. Marin D. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Nedelcu A. Numerical simulation of an innovative Management of Technological Oprina G. 21. pneumatic turbine used to capture and Changes, Sept. 1-3, Samoilescu Gh. convert wave energy Alexandroupolis, Greece, Chiriţă I. ISBN (vol.1) 978-960-99486- Nicolaie S. 2-3, pp. 581-584. Samoilescu Gh. Anniversary Scientific Alexe N. Steel structure calculation of a micro-hydro- Conference with Nicolaie S. 22. pneumatic power station driven by Black International Participation Marin D. Sea waves ”130 years Naval Academy”, Oprina G. Varna, 18-19 May 2011 Nedelcu A. Radu S.

5th International Conference Bunea F. The influence of the velocity induced by an on Energy and Environment Oprina G. 23. aeration grid upon oxygen transfer CIEM, Bucureşti, 3-4 Nicoale B. noiembrie, CD file S6_05 Băran Gh.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 163 Books, chapters published

No. Title of scientific papers International conference Authors

5th International Conference Mândrea L. on Energy and Environment Chihaia R. The Modernization of the Secondary Intakes CIEM2011, Bucharest, Bunea F. 24. Draxin and Cascoe Romania, 3-4 November Oprina G. 2011,Conference CD file Voicu G. S6_05 Ivan C. 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Tanase N. Numerical simulation of the flow in the draft 25. CIEM2011, Bucharest, Bunea F. tube of the Kaplan turbine Romania, 3-4 November Ciocan G.D. 2011, Conference CD

Annual Report Conference Stancu C. Dielectric Response Function for Non- on Electrical Insulation and 26. Notingher P.V. homogeneous Insulations Dielectric Phenomena, pp. Badicu L.V. 97-100, 2011

Books, chapters published

No. Title of book/chapter Publishing House, ISBN, year of publication Authors

Popa R.D. Permanent magnets used in “Henri Coanda” Air Force Academy Publisher, 1. Codescu M.M. aeronautics ISBN 978-973-8415-89-8, 2011 Circiu I. Macro-engineering Seawater in Unique Environments SPRINGER Publisher, ISBN 199-212, DOI: Cazacu M.D. 2. / Chapter: Environmental 10.1007/978-3-642-14779-1_9, 2011 Nicolaie S. Science and Engineering

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 164 2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 165 ICPE-CA Press releases

ICPE-CA Press releases in 2011

Media activity of the institute, and thus the most representative achievements, took shape during 2011 by approaching several directions. On the one hand, weekly press releases were sent. Press releases were from projects of recent years or still ongoing, their state and achievements. Press releases were found in the pages of the biggest news agencies. Agerpres, Mediafax, Promptmedia, Amos News, Hotnews, Moldpres, Rador, Deca News, Romanian Global News, Good News Agency presented news having the content of over 40 ICPE-CA press releases. The submitted information was about the projects such as Transylvania BisNet - Business Innovation Support Network for SMES in Transylvania, superconducting electric motor, innovative solution to produce electricity and heat from renewable sources, the contribution of the Institute in the development of polymeric material resistant in time, bullet indicator of product quality, capacitive water desalination module, the institute prizes given by AGIR for “Highly stable polymeric materials to manufacture sealing products used in nuclear electrical power” and “Household biogas unit for rural areas”, the institute prizes awarded to INVENTIKA 2011, cross-border projects “Romanian - Bulgarian joint cooperation for a long-term and sustainable development of the young human resources in the field of the renewable energy technologies, in order to overcome the socio-cultural barrier and to open common opportunities for getting a job and their employment along the cross - border area” and “REACT - Integrated system for dynamic monitoring and warning for technological risks in Romania-Bulgaria cross-border area”, the institute results in 2011. Meanwhile, in the pages of magazines have emerged articles on topics such as developing of an integrated system for particle accelerators, technology transfer of wind turbines, the synchronous electric generators with permanent magnets, 1.5 kW wind turbine, agricultural treatment plant for obtaining biogas, equipment for measurement and control of shafts dynamic balancing, brake pneumatic equipment, automatic non-destructive testing system of railway ball races during the repair process of railway carriage, stand for computerized testing and diagnosis of dampers for railway vehicles, computerized stand used in railway equipment, computerized stand for testing the electric motors and generators or industrial transfers made by the Institute through the Technology Transfer Centre ICPE-CA, unconventional microgenerators, pure water at low voltage, attending at the International Fair of Hanover 2011, attending at the 39th edition of the International Exhibition of inventions - Geneva – Switzerland, the cable that does not lay down frost / ice, about ICPE-CA innovative solution to produce the electricity and heat from renewable sources, the Institute’s attending at the European Parliament Exhibition “EU Progress by Romanian inventions”, Romanian-Chinese cooperation in the field of energy, the ingenious plant which uses animal wastes and produces biogas, superconducting electrical motor, aerial electrical conductor with self-protection to frost / ice, drinking water from sea water, ceramic microspheres for protection of the equipment in the field of aeronautics, energy, electronics, the scientific news that were presented at the 2011 Research Show, research inventions that have marked the year 2011 - interview with Mr. President of the NASR, new ways of biomass exploitation and about the bioreactor which will be built in Avrig city. At the same time, in order to increase the impact of press releases, these have been posted on well-known press releases sites or news. We mention: ecomunicate.ro, comunicatedepresa.ro, comunicatemedia.ro, comunicate- de-presa.ro, webpr, stiriro.com, fabricadebani.ro, ecomagazin.ro, niuzer.ro, recolta.eu, panoramamedia.ro, bioproduct.ro, stiinta.info, asiiromani.com, monitorulsb.ro, stiriazi.ro, rsshunt.ro, roportal.ro, ziare-pe-net.ro, ziare.realitatea.net, ziare.ro, ziarulstiintelor.eu, stiintaazi.ro, asinfo.ro, roportal.ro, agentiadecarte.ro, ziareaz.ro, stiam.ro, cluj-am.ro, ccib.ro, ultimelestiri.com, stiri-financiare.ro, ziarero.antena3.ro, napocanews.ro, e-stireazilei. ro, atitudinea.ro, confluente.ro, discard.ro, newsring.ro, scienceline.ro, braila247.com, stirinoi.com, napocanews, asinfo.ro, paris.mae.ro, igadget.ro, scientia.ro, saptamana.com, antena3.ro, viatavalcii.ro, ancs.ro, asinfo.ro, stiri-din-romania.com, ghidelectric.com, promoafaceri.com, ultima-ora.ro, administratie.ro, newsbucovina. ro, afacerilaminut.ro, suceava1.ro, capitalul.ro, agora.ro, stiri.rol.ro, sursadestiri.ro, indexstiri.ro, stirilemedia. ro, ziaregratis.ro, infoziare.ro, paginadestiri.ro, pescurt.ro, 1stiri.ro, bucharestherald.ro, evz.ro, ro-afaceri.ro, scoalaedu.ro, dezvaluiri.ro, ziarebusiness.com, banknews.ro, stirideromania.ro, revistapresei.businessline.ro. In the newspapers pages, in particular those oriented towards science subjects, were found topics approached by the Institute. Univers Ingineresc, Bursa, Economistul, bursafinanciara.ro, Business Point, Business Adviser, Romanian Times, Adevarul, cotidianul.ro, evz.ro, ecomagazin.ro, financiarul.ro, Scoala Edu, Curierul Zilei, Cultura Valceana are just a few examples of these.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 166 ICPE-CA Press releases

Also, have been developed articles for magazines such as Tratamente Termice si Ingineria Suprafetelor, Tehnica si Tehnologie, Inobarometru, Market Watch, Together For Your Business, Afacerea, Bulletin Electronique Roumanie. On the other hand, have been granted more than 20 live interviews on Radio Bucharest, Hot News, Radio Romania Actualitati, and most of them were broadcast on the Radio Romania Cultural on air emission “Science in appropriate words”, “World explorers of tomorrow” and “Science at her home”. The General Manager of ICPE-CA has granted an interview to the newspaper Univers Ingineresc, titled “To achieve the highest standards, means and actions”. Definitely have not been omitted any TV performances. Thus, on TVR 2 - in the “News Hour” -, Antena 3, “Clubul Camerelor de Comert” and Kanal D the Institute was represented by researchers who have pointed out important and innovative aspects of activity, or issues of general interest. Last but not least, to increase the visibility of the research results, the Institute has organized a few scientific events. We mention “MEMS and NEMS Symposium of Junior Researchers”, “Seminar of Romanian Electrotechnical History”, Conference “Network of Automotive Excellence – NoAE”. Like co-organizer, the Institute participated in the final debate nationwide “Nanotechnologies in Romania: prospective study” NANOPROSPECT. To highlight the results of scientific research but also its own image, the Institute has participated with products and inventions at national and international fairs and exhibitions. We exemplify here the International Exhibition of Inventions, Scientific Research and New Technologies - INVENTIKA 2011, 2011 RESEARCH SHOW, 4th Edition of Regional Research Expo, Alexandria - Teleorman Expo, Regional Research Expo, Brasov, the International Subcontracting Industries Fair “HANNOVER MESSE 2011”, 39th edition of International Inventions Exhibition – Geneva - Switzerland, International Fair LAAD - Defense and Security - Rio de Janeiro, Brasilia, “EU Progress through Romanian Inventions”, Brussels, International Exhibition for Ideas – New Inventions – Products, iENA 2011, Germany, where has received special attention from the participants and journalists, too.

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 167 Partners INCDIE ICPE-CA

PARTNERSHIP and PROJECTS

Romanian Committee General Association of Avrig Town Hall, Sibiu county Romanian Association of Electrical the Engineers in Romania of Electronics and Engineering AGIR Software – Bucharest CER - ARIES

Romanian Society of Professional Association Romanian Association for National Network Magnetic Materials of New Energy Sources Technology Transfer and for Innovation and SRMM SUNE Innovation Technology Transfer

National Institute for R&D in Mine Safety National Institute for National Institute for R&D in and Protection to R&D in Chemistry and SC IPA CIFATT Microtechnologies Explosion Petrochemistry Craiova IMT Bucharest INCD INSEMEX ICECHIM Petrosani

National Institute of Research, Development R&D for Machines and Energy Research and Testing National Mechanical Engineering and Installations Designed and Modernizing Institute for Electrical Research Institute to Agriculture and Institute Engineering SC ICTCM SA Food Industry ICEMENERG ICMET Craiova INMA

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 168 Partners

National Council of Academy of Technical The Romanian Chamber of Commerce and Scientific Research Sciences of Romania Academy Industry of Romania in Higher Education ASTR CNCSIS

National Institute National Institute for Laser, of R&D in National R&D Institute Plasma and Radiation Mechatronics and SC INTERPLAST SA for Textiles and Leather Physics Measurement INCDTP Bucuresti INFLPR Technique INCDMTM

“Ilie G. Murgulescu” Institute of Physical SC HOFIGAL EXPORT- SC ROSEAL SA SC ROFEP SA Urziceni Chemistry of IMPORT SA the Romanian Academy

University TRANSILVANIA VALAHIA University POLITEHNICA of University of Bucharest University of Brasov of Targoviste Bucharest

West University of “Vasile Goldis” Western North University of University of Craiova Timisoara University of Arad Baia Mare

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 169 Partners

Babes Bolyai Petroleum-Gas Politehnica University of “Stefan cel Mare” University University of Cluj University of Timisoara of Suceava Napoca Ploiesti

“Lucian Blaga” Lower Danube Ovidius University of Technical University University of Sibiu University of Galati Constanta of Cluj Napoca

“Alexandru Ioan “Gheorghe Asachi” University of Cuza” University of Technical University of University of Oradea Petrosani Iasi Iasi

Romanian State Office for World Energy Acreditation Inventions and ROMEXPO SA Council - Romanian Association Trademarks National Committee RENAR OSIM

Executive Unit for Executive Unit for Financing Higher Financing Higher National Authority Education and Education, Research, National Research Council for Scientific Scientific Research Development and CNCS Research University Innovation ANCS UEFISCSU UEFISCDI

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 170 Partners

National Centre Technical University China Association for for Programme Romanian EMC Association of Civil Engineering Science &Technology Management Bucharest

National Institute for Institute of Atomic R&D in Electrochemistry Electrical Research Institute SC ICPE-ACTEL Physics and Condensed Matter ICPE SA SA IFA Magurele INCEMC Timisoara

Electric Products Research Institute for National Institute Certification Independent ICPE SAERP SA Electrical Machines for Earth Physics Body ICPE-ME SA INCDFP Bucharest OICPE

National Institute for R&D of Isotopic Romanian R&D Institute National Institute of “Victor Babes” and Molecular for Gas Turbines Materials Physics National R&D Technologies COMOTI INCDFM Bucharest Institute INCD TIM Cluj Napoca

National Institute National R&D Institute for Romanian The Leather and for Chemical Cryogenic and Isotope Academy Footwear Institute Pharmaceutical R&D Technologies Institute of Biology ICPI ICCF Bucharest ICIT Ramnicu Valcea Bucharest

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 171 Partners

“Mircea cel Batran” Chamber of Commerce SC MEDAPTECH SRL S.C. MECRO Naval Academy of and Industry of Bacau SYSTEM SRL Constanta Bucharest

The Special SC Hydro Engineering SA Automobile DACIA SC Q SRL Iasi Telecommunications Resita SA Service

SC TEHNOFAVORIT SC ELECTROVALCEA REMARUL 16 Februarie SA SA UTI Bucuresti SRL Cluj Napoca Bontida, Jud. Cluj

Romanian Institute National Power Grid “Horia Hulubei” National for Economic and University of Company Institute of Physics and Social Research and Coventry CN TRANSELECTRICA Nuclear Engineering Surveys U.K. SA IFIN HH IRECSON

Association of China Iron and University of Ruse Kyiv National University of Danube River Steel Research “Angel Kanchev” Technology and Design Municipalities Institute Group Bulgaria Ukraine Bulgaria CISRI, China

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 172 Partners

Facility for European Joint Institute for Antiproton and Ion Organization for Research Center Jülich Nuclear Research Research în Europe Nuclear Research Germany JINR, Russia GmbH CERN, Switzerland FAIR, Germany

VEKOR Ltd. for China Association European Corrosion Protection Universita degli Studi di for Science and Commission and Analysis Perugia, Italy Technology Hungary

2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 173 EDITORIAL NOTES

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2011 | SCIENTIFIC REPORT | PAGE 174