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Advanced Urban Analysis 2020 SYSTEMIC WELLBEING IN URBAN STRUCTURE FOCUS IN SHRINKING AREAS AND VULNERABLE GROUPS Advanced Urban Analysis 2020

SYSTEMIC WELLBEING IN URBAN STRUCTURE FOCUS IN SHRINKING AREAS AND VULNERABLE GROUPS

Tampere University School of Architecture in collaboration with HYMY and PLANCITY CONTENT

Tampere University School of Architecture PREFACE 6 Advanced Urban Analysis, Spring 2020 ESIPUHE 8 Systemic Wellbeing in Urban Structure – Focus in Shrinking Areas and Vulnerable Groups – Places Qualities and Production of Experiental Wellbeing 11 Texts Damiano Cerrone, Markus Laine, Panu Lehtovuori, Thamires Rocha, Maiju Ratala, Simo Saari, Samppa Saarivirta, Mikko Toivanen Abstract / tiivistelmä 12 Editing Damiano Cerrone, Anna Koskinen, Markus Laine, Panu Lehtovuori Introduction 13 Lay-out Anna Koskinen Case areas 16 Publisher Tampere University Addressing Population Changes in Rural Areas 19 Place Standard Tool in Assessing Spatial Qualities 22 Cover image Samppa Saarivirta & Thamires Rocha Conclusion and Discussion 27 ISBN 978-952-03-2015-7 (print) Sources 29 ISBN 978-952-03-2016-4 (online) HUHTASUO – An Analysis of Urban Renewal Needs of a Local Suburban Center 33 The publication is part of a collaboration between HYMY, PLANCITY and Tampere University. The HYMY project Astract / tiivistelmä 34 receives a government grant from the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health from the health promotion budget. Introduction 36 Case Study 39 About HYMY project: mal-verkosto.fi/hankkeet/hymy-hyvinvointiympariston-tietopohjan-mallintaminen-ja-hyvinvointijohtamisen- Conclusion 50 kehittaminen-verkostohanke/ Sources 52 PREFACE

Advanced Urban Analysis, a new course at Tam- The Place Standard tool piloted in Kuopio proved The amount of answers can be considered quite pere University, is an example of a collaboration to be a very effective tool to assess wellbeing factors good, even though there were significantly more between different faculties and disciplines that related to a place or area. In accordance with the women than men among the respondents. One share a common major theme – green transition wishes of the ’s representatives, the survey was recognised strenghts of Huhtasuo was its close- and supporting sustainable urban structure. In directed to three very different types of , ness to nature, and many of the routes drawn by the Fall 2020 the theme was looked through spa- , Kurkimäki and Petonen-Pyörö. A the residents in the survey passed through na- tial boundary conditions of a wider spectrum of total of 140 people responded to the survey. Rural ture areas. Respondents to the survey considered wellbeing. The course was carried out in a col- areas were suffering, as expected, from weak pub- Huhtakeskus’ services to be reasonably good, but laboration with HYMY, a project coordinated by lic transport and a lack of services and jobs. The the center is in poor condition and would require Tampere City . The Finnish Institute for larger suburban center Petonen-Pyörö received a urgent renovation. The overal look of the whole Health and Welfare and the of Jyväskylä, better rating from the respondents. Surprisingly, area was seen quite deteriorated. However, resi- Kuopio, Lahti and Tampere were also involved. in the vast majority of themes, different types of dents wanted more diverse services and a resident The HYMY project provided the students some areas appeared to be similar to each other. Nature, structure, more diverse housing options and bet- valuable background information about how to identity and a sense of security got good grades ter public transport to the city center. To increase perceive wellbeing and measure its components. everywhere. Petonen-Pyörö’s poor reputation was the number of inhabitants, one option could be to not reflected in the results of this survey, but the condense and diversify the Huhtakeskus environ- Four different methods of analysis were applied area seemed to be well-liked. An interesting result ment when the mall is renovated. The Huhtasuo to the course, and they were applied in different was that respondents felt that their ability to influ- School and Kindergarten Center is a promising cities and in different contexts. This publication ence on things in their own area is quite poor in start to this work. showcases two studies with two different research all three places. Hence, there might be a need to methods. First study that was conducted as an consider different participation and involvement Warm thanks to Heli Suuronen and Satu Kank- Interner survey using Place Standard tool devel- methods. konen from the HYMY project, Ilona Mansikka oped in Scotland, looks at three different areas in from -Uusimaa Region and the cities of Kuopio. The second one is a a map-based Map- Huhtasuo in Jyväskylä is a very typical Finnish for- Jyväskylä, Kuopio and Lahti, who were involved in tionnaire survey of Huhtasuo in Jyväskylä. est suburb completed in the 1970’s that consists various stages by a large number of designers and Interviews with people at risk of marginalization, of , Sulu and Kaakkolammi. In 2019, other officials. which were planned to be carried out as part of the population of the area was 9323. The look of Huhtasuo’s research, were eventually prevented the area was renewed in 2015, when the Huhtasuo by Coronavirus restrictions. One student group school and kindergarten center was complet- In Tampere, the 21th of May 2021 performed spatial data analyzes of factors affect- ed next to Huhtakeskus, the commercial core of ing wellbeing, e.g. parks and services. These anal- the area. The Maptionare survey, conducted in Course’s teachers Damiano Cerrone, Markus yses will be published separately later. the spring 2020, was answered by 441 people. Laine & Panu Lehtovuori

6 7 ESIPUHE

Yhdyskuntasuunnittelun analyysit on uusi kurs- Kuopiossa pilotoitu Place Standard -työkalu osoit- lyyn vastasi 441 ihmistä, jota voidaan pitää varsin si Tampereen yliopiston tarjonnassa. Kurssi on tautui varsin toimivaksi paikkaan tai alueeseen hyvänä, vaikka naisia oli vastaajien joukossa huo- esimerkki tiedekuntien ja tieteenalojen välisestä liittyvien hyvinvointitekijöiden arviontivälineek- mattavasti miehiä enemmän. Huhtasuon vah- yhteistyöstä yhteisen suuren teeman – vihreän si. Kaupungin edustajien toiveiden mukaisesti vuutena nähdään luonnonläheinen ympäristö, ja siirtymän ja sitä tukevan kestävän kaupunkira- kysely suunnattiin kolmeen hyvin erityyppiseen monet asukkaiden kyselyyn piirtämistä reiteistä kenteen – ympärillä. Syksyllä 2020 tähän kysy- kaupunginosaan, Vehmersalmelle, Kurkimäkeen kulkevat luontoalueilla. Kyselyyn vastaajat pitivät mykseen otettiin tulokulmaksi laajasti ymmärre- ja Petonen-Pyöröön. Kyselyyn vastasi yhteensä Huhtakeskuksen palveluita kohtuullisen hyvinä, tyn hyvinvoinnin tilalliset reunaehdot. Kurssi teki 140 ihmistä. Maaseutumaiset alueet kärsivät odo- mutta keskus on huonossa kunnossa ja vaatisi yhteistyötä Tampereen kaupunkiseudun koordi- tetulla tavalla julkisen liikenteen heikkoudesta pikaista uudistamista. Myös koko alueen ilme on noiman HYMY-hankeen kanssa. Hankkeessa on sekä palveluiden ja työpaikkojen niukkuudesta. monin paikoin rapistunut. Asukkaat toivoivat kui- mukana Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos sekä Suurehko lähiökeskus Petonen-Pyörö sai näissä tenkin monipuolisempia palveluja, asukasraken- Jyväskylän, Kuopion, Lahden ja Tampereen kau- teemoissa vastaajilta paremman arvion. Yllät- netta, monipuolisempia asumisen vaihtoehtoja pungit. HYMY-hankkeesta saimme opiskelijoille tävää on se, että valtaosassa teemoja eri tyyppi- ja parempia joukkoliikenneyhteyksiä keskustaan. paljon taustatietoa hyvinvoinnin hahmottamises- set alueet vaikuttavat keskenään samanlaisilta. Yksi vaihtoehto olisi lisätä asukasmäärää tiivis- ta ja sen osatekijöiden mittaamisesta. Luonto, identiteetti ja turvallisuuden tunne saa- tämällä, ja monipuolistamalla Huhtakeskuksen vat hyvät arvosanat kaikkialla. Petonen-Pyörön ympäristöä, kun ostoskeskus uudistetaan. Huh- Kurssin oppisisällöksi valikoitui neljä erilaista huonohko maine ei näy tämän kyselyn tuloksissa, tasuon koulu- ja päiväkotikeskus on tälle työlle analyysin menetelmää, joita sovellettiin eri kau- vaan alue vaikuttaa hyvinkin pidetyltä. Kiinnos- lupaava alku. pungeissa ja eri konteksteissa. Tässä julkaisussa tava tulos on se, että vastaajat kokevat mahdolli- tuodaan yhteen Kuopion kolmelle alueelle tehty suutensa vaikuttaa oman alueen asioihin melko Lämpimät kiitokset HYMY-hankkeen Heli Suuro- tutkimus, joka tehtiin Internet-kyselynä sovittaen huonoksi kaikissa kolmessa paikassa. Tämä saat- selle ja Satu Kankkoselle, Uudenmaan liiton Ilona Skotlannissa kehitettyä Place Standard -työkalua taa antaa aihetta pohtia osallistumisen ja osallis- Mansikalle sekä Jyväskylän, Kuopion ja Lahden ja Jyväskylän Huhtasuon kaupunginosaan tehty tamisen menettelyjä. kaupungeille, joista oli eri vaiheissa mukana iso tutkimus, jonka aineistona on karttapohjainen joukko suunnittelijoita ja muita virkahenkilöitä. Maptionnaire-kysely. Koronaviruksen aiheutta- Jyväskylän Huhtasuo on varsin tyypillinen mat rajoitukset estivät lopulta marginalisoitumis- 1970-luvulla valmistunut Suomalainen metsä- riskissä olevien ihmisten haastattelujen tekemi- lähiö, joka koostuu Kangaslammesta, Sulusta ja Tampereella 21.5.2021 sen, joita kaavailtiin osaksi Huhtasuon tutkimusta. Kaakkolammista. Vuonna 2019 alueen väestö Yksi opiskelijaryhmä teki paikkatietoanalyysejä oli 9323. Alueen ilme uudistui vuonna 2015, kun Kurssin opettajat Damiano Cerrone, Markus hyvinvointiin vaikuttavien tekijöiden, mm. puis- alueen kaupallisen ytimen, Huhtakeskuksen, vie- Laine & Panu Lehtovuori tojen ja palveluiden, saavutettavuudesta. Nämä reen valmistui Huhtasuon koulu- ja päiväkotikes- analyysit julkaistaan myöhemmin erikseen. kus. Keväällä 2020 toteutettuun Maptionare kyse-

8 9 KUOPIO

PLACE’S QUALITIES AND THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING

Maiju Ratala, Simo Saari & Mikko Toivanen ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ INTRODUCTION

The physical structure and the environmental quali- Alueen fyysinen rakenne ja ympäristön laatu vaikut- The built environment and our everyday life are the attributes of a place as a social and physical ties of an area have an impact on the wellbeing of its tavat eittämättä alueen asukkaiden hyvinvointiin. Vai- inevitably in a constant interaction with each oth- location (Scannell & Gifford 2010). residents. While people can feel well in areas that dif- kuttaa siltä, että vaikka ihmiset voivat tuntea olonsa er. The decisions that are made in a planning pro- fer considerably in spatial qualities, there seems to be hyväksi alueellisilta ominaisuuksiltaan huomattavasti cess will define widely the environment that peo- The bond between a place and a person that is some common aspects that improve the experiential erilaisillakin alueilla, on olemassa joitakin ominai- ple are experiencing. When aiming to increase related to the characteristics of the person itself wellbeing of residents in general. The spatial qualities suuksia, jotka parantavat asukkaiden yleistä kokemuk- residents’ wellbeing in a specific location, it is im- occurs both in personal and in group levels. In relate to the social aspects of an area, which can fur- sellista hyvinvointia. Nämä puolestaan liittyvät alueen portant to understand and study the interactions personal level, meaningful tie to the place could ther affect the residents’ wellbeing. Focusing on three sosiaalisiin ominaisuuksiin, mikä edelleen myötävai- be formed through previous experiences, person- of Kuopio, a medium-sized city in kuttaa asukkaiden hyvinvointiin. Tässä artikkelissa py- of people and their built surroundings. Eastern , this paper aims to clarify what kind ritään selvittämään, millaiset rakennetun ympäristön al memories or realizations. In group level, tie to of aspects in the built environment contribute to the ominaisuudet vaikuttavat kokemukselliseen hyvin- First of all, wellbeing is a combination of different the place could be formed through symbolic and experiential wellbeing and how those aspects could be vointiin ja miten näitä ominaisuuksia voitaisiin kehit- physical, social and psychological elements. One cultural meanings that place has to the group of further developed by the means of urban planning. tää edelleen kaupunkisuunnittelun avulla. Selvitystyö of the most credited wellbeing-theorists, Erik Al- people. At psychological level, the person-place on tehty katsomalla tarkemmin Kuopion, keskisuuren lardt (1976), divides individual wellbeing in three bonding involves emotional connection to a The spatial qualities of three areas (the former munic- itäsuomalaisen kaupungin, kolmea kaupunginosaa. different factors. In his theory, the physical side place. Also, the place itself could be provoking ipality of Vehmersalmi, of Kurkimäki and Kolmen alueen (entinen Vehmersalmen kunta, Kurki- of wellbeing is related to health, material wealth specific behavioral patterns in specific locations. the suburban housing estate of Petonen-Pyörö) were mäen maaseutu ja Petonen-Pyörön esikaupunkialue) and education. In other terms, physical side of (Scannell & Gifford 2010.) assessed using a modified version of the Place Stan- alueelliset ominaisuudet arvioitiin käyttämällä muo- wellbeing is something to have or possess. Social dard tool in the form of an internet questionnaire. The kattua versiota Place Standard -työkalusta. Verkkokyse- wellbeing is related to social capital, belonging to The third element, the place as a physical and results show that even though the areas differ greatly lyn kautta saadut tulokset osoittavat, että vaikka alueet social entity, includes built environment in the in their physical configuration, their residents seem eroavat fyysisiltä rakenteiltaan, niiden asukkaat näyt- a community and quality and quantity of social to appreciate similar qualities in them. Methodolog- relations. Physical wellbeing is related to self-ex- process. However, the built environment includes tävät arvostavan alueiden samanlaisia ominaisuuksia.​​ also the people that are using the place and form- ically Place Standard Tool was useful in studying the Metodologisesti Place Standard -työkalu on hyödyl- pression, identity and dignity. In Allardt’s theory, interaction between places and its residents, and all linen tutkittaessa paikkojen ja sen asukkaiden välistä all of these different sides of wellbeing are simpli- ing the base of social connections (Scannell & the different aspects of wellbeing were covered in the vuorovaikutusta, ja kaikki hyvinvoinnin eri osatekijät fied in three different descriptive words – having, Gifford 2010). Therefore, it should be pointed out questionnaire. Overall, the tool can be used in spatially on käsitelty kyselylomakkeessa. Kaiken kaikkiaan työ- loving, being – while complete wellbeing is a com- that the built environment is not only physical – it localizing the issues connected to experiential wellbe- kalua voidaan käyttää kokemukselliseen hyvinvointiin bination of all of these factors. Wellbeing is a ho- is also an intersection of different people that al- ing. Therefore, it can be seen as a worthy instrument liittyvien kysymysten tilallisessa paikantamisessa. Siksi listic integrity that cannot be explained with only lows social interaction. in providing background information for planning and sitä voidaankin pitää arvokkaana suunnittelua ja kau- health-related factors. policy. punkipolitiikkaa tukevien taustatietojen tuottamisväli- When these three elements are well presented in a neenä. The same division is relevant to spatial locations place and a solid and meaningful bond between a and places. When interaction between person person and a place is present, place attachment is and place is formed, the process could be analyz- formed (Hidalgo & Hernandez 2001; Relph 1976). ed through 1) the person itself, 2) the psycholog- In many studies, strong place attachment is sig- ical process that the person is undergoing and 3) nificantly connected to the increase subjective

12 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 13 wellbeing. (Rollero & De Piccoli 2010; Scannell & needed to achieve a higher state of wellbeing. If question ”If every different aspect of life is consid- Gifford 2017.) When analyzing relations between the physical factor, (in Allardt’s theory, having) is ered, how happy you are?” got the result of 7,72 in places and wellbeing all the factors that increase inadequate, overall wellbeing could be rather high average for men and 8,14 in average for women. place attachment – social, physical and psycho- if the social and psychological factors are still sol- logical –, should be covered in the analysis. In oth- id enough to contribute to the overall subjective This observation indicates that the state of well- er words, the built environment itself does not an- wellbeing. In the Kuopio area, this has been the being is something more than only health-related swer to the promotion of wellbeing but combined situation according to national health and wellbe- aspects. Wellbeing should be analysed through with the actions, behavior and emotions of actual ing statistics. In the statistics on population health social, physical and psychological connections people that are using the space covers the topic by region and population group (THL 2014-2016), that people are having within the interaction with much more fundamentally. Kuopio is very close to the bottom ten percent of the built surroundings and physical and social the unhealthiest in Finland. When places. In other words, residents themselves, en- However, many studies in environmental psy- looking at the bottom ten unhealthiest municipal- vironment and social connections are contribut- chology suggest that specific environments have ities, four of them are next to the city of Kuopio. ing to the overall subjective wellbeing of the res- positive effects on health. Green environment, When looking at the mental health statistics, Kuo- idents. like forests, have been associated with increasing pio is ranked at bottom 16th and out of the bottom psychological wellbeing and reduced stress lev- 20 municipalities, seven are located in 70 km radi- els compared to the urban environment. (Takay- us from Kuopio. ama & al. 2014; Tyrvänen & al. 2014; Bornioli & al. 2018.) Also, urban blue environment, like lakes However, these health issues do not seem to cor- and seaside, are associated with increasing well- relate to the subjective wellbeing in Kuopio. In being (Völker & Kistemann 2013). Furthermore, EuroHIS-8 survey (2015), the percentage of Kuo- spatial openness, visual order and good mainte- pio residents who rate their quality of life good, nance of buildings and public spaces are associat- was 57 %. Compared to the average result in the ed with ‘likeability’ of the built environment, with whole , Kuopio’s result is three percent effects to behaviour and wellbeing (Nasar 1998). above the average. Also, in the National School Overall, health promoting environments have Health Survey for Schools (THL 2017 & 2019), characters like easy access to greenery, walkabil- Kuopio ranked above the Finnish average result ity, perceived safety and perceived pleasantness when asking about if students are very satisfied (Abraham, 2010). with life in general.

HEALTH AND WELLBEING CORRELATION IN City of Kuopio has carried out a survey about KUOPIO AREA the experienced well-being of its citizens inde- pendently (Nieminen 2019). Even though the Health and wellbeing are two different states and answers of the survey are not comparable on the they are not necessarily correlating to each oth- national level, the results are in line with the pre- er. In Allardt’s theory (1976), health is something vious national subjective wellbeing survey results. that is a part of wellbeing, but not fundamentally In the survey, in the scale of 1-10, answers to the

14 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 15 In 2005, the was annexed to Kuopio. Concerning the amount of services, the area was CASE AREAS Its population was mildly decreasing already supposed act as the regional centre for the whole before the annexation and has continued to de- southern of the city of Kuopio (Purdy crease. In 2013, the population was 1275, reaching 2010, 56). The case areas of this study were selected based VEHMERSALMI 1187 in 2018. The age distribution is pronounced on suggestions by the Kuopio city planning au- in the ages over 50. Between 2013 and 2018, the In 1984, an open ideas competition was arranged ARKthorities-00048 Advanced and thereforeurban analyses present different Maiju kind Ratala, of Simo SaariThe & Mikko former Toivanen municipal centre of Vehmersalmi population has decreased or remained the same to design the Pyörä centre. One goal of the com- qualities and issues to be assessed. The former is located approximately 50 km southeast from in most of the age groups. The unemployment rate petition was to find new alternatives for the ge- neric suburban housing estate typologies of the themunicipality national level, theof Vehmersalmiresults are in line withpresents the previous case national of ru- subjectiveKuopio wellbeing city survey centre. In general, the area of the for- in the area in 2017 was 12,6%. (Tilastokeskus.) results.ral shrinkage In the survey, with in the issues scale of of 1 -ageing10, answers and to thedeclining question ”If everymerly different rural aspect municipality of is mostly comprised of 1960s and 1970s. The competition resulted with lifepopulation is considered, and how partial happy you depletion are?” got ofthe localresult ofservices. 7,72 in average forforest men andand 8,14 agricultural in land. The municipal cen- PETONEN-PYÖRÖ two second prizes awarded to proposals by archi- averagePetonen-Pyörö for women. in turn serves as a case of a Finnish tre is built sparsely with mostly residential small tects Reino Helminen and Olli Elo. Neither one of This observation indicates that the state of wellbeing is something more than only suburban housing estate. Although being younger houses with some larger commercial units and Petonen-Pyörö is suburban housing estate, or the proposals was realized as such, but ideas from health-related aspects. Wellbeing should be analysed through social, physical and a so-called “new ”, located approximately psychologicalthan most ofconnections the suburban that people housing are having estates within in Fin the- interactionpublic with facilities,the built and only two multi-storey apart- both were used in the planning. (Purdy 2010, 56.) surroundingsland, it has and many physical of and the social qualities places. In that other are words, usually residents themselves,ment environment buildings. Some cultural heritage exists in 10 km from the city centre. The core of the area The construction of the area started in 1986 and and social connections are contributing to the overall subjective wellbeing of the residents. associated to these kinds of environments. The ru- the centrer (e.g. old parsonage, school building, (Pyörö) comprises of mostly multi-storey apart- continued to the late 1990s (Kosonen 2007, 18). ment buildings built around a curved central es- The recession of the early 1990s had a significant Caseral areas of Kurkimäki has been included in the church), the oldest buildings being from the mid- study with a comparative purpose and in contrast 19th century (Pohjois-Savon liitto 2006, 92-94). planade (Pyörönkaari). Widespread single-family impact on the realization of the area. Some of the Theto caseVehmersalmi areas of this study represents were selected a well-doingbased on suggestions small by the KuopioHowever, city planning the majority of the building stock in the housing surrounds the core. The general planning planning principles (especially concerning the authorities and therefore present different kind of qualities and issues to be assessed. The near-city rural village with a stable population ARKcentre-00048 was Advanced built urban during analyses the years 1970-1990. Maiju The Ratala, Simo Saari & Mikko Toivanen ARKof the-00048 whole Advanced area urban started analyses in the beginning ofMaiju 1980s. Ratala, Simo Saaricommercial & Mikko Toivanen services) had to be compromised former municipality of Vehmersalmi presents case of rural shrinkage with issues of ageing and The area was envisioned as a “softened compact decliningand comparably population and high partial level depletion of employmentof local services. evenPetonen -Pyöröcentre in turn servcontainses as a basic services, including a health and the amount of rental housing became high- caseon theof a Finnishnational suburban level. housing estate. Although being younger than mostcare of centre,theIn 2005suburban, athe library, municipality an elementary was annexed toschool Kuopio and. Its population a was mildly decreasing city”:The extensive population single-family statistics of Petonen housing-Pyörö with (zip irregu code -area Litmanen)er than show whats awasn originally planned. The area still housing estates in Finland, it has many of the qualities that are usually associatedalready to before these kinds the annexation and has continued to decrease. In 2013, the population was 1275, incrementlar street in alignment,the population connected (a total of 12 by 551 parks in 201 and3 and nat 13 -572 in 2018), with the age of environments. The rural village of Kurkimäki has been included ingrocery the study store. with aThe public transport (bus) operates distribution being somewhat similar to the rest of the city. The population hasreceived increased ain prizemost of excellence from the Finnish As- reaching 1187 in 2018. The age distribution is pronounced in the ages over 50. Between 2013 ural areas, was planned around the more orthog- sociation of Architects (SAFA) in 1991. (Kosonen comparative purpose and in contrast to Vehmersalmi represents a well-doingandthree 2018small times, nearthe population- citya day on has weekdays, decreased orthe remained travel thetime same to in most of the age groups. The of the age groups. Litmanen is the area with the highest number of foreignARK residents-00048 in Advanced Kuopio urban analyses Maiju Ratala, Simo Saari & Mikko Toivanen (397onal, or centre. 3% of the (Kosonen area population 2007, in 18;2017) Purdy. The unemployment 2010, 58). rate in 2017 was 13,7%. rural village with a stable population and comparably high level of employmentuncityemployment centre even on being ratethe in onethe area hour. in 2017 was 12,6%. (Tilastokeskus.) 2007, 18; Purdy 2010, 59-60.) national level. (Tilastokeskus.)

71480 Kurkimäki 71310 Vehmersalmi Kuopio in total 70820 Litmanen 160 10000 140 1400 140 120 1200 120 8000 100 1000 100 6000 80 800 80 4000 60 600 60 40 400 40 2000 20 200 20 0 0 0 0 0-2 3-6 0-2 3-6 0-2 3-6 +85 +85 0-2 3-6 +85 7-12 +85 7-12 7-12 7-12 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 13-15 16-17 18-19 13-15 16-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 13-15 16-17 18-19 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 13-15 16-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59

2013 2018 2013 2018 2013 2018 2013 2018

Diagram 1. Kuopio’s population according to age. Diagram 2. Vehmersalmi’s population according to age. Diagram 3. Litmanen’s population according to age. Diagram 4. Kurkiamäki’s population according to age. Vehmersalmi Petonen-Pyörö Kurkimäki Addressing Population Changes in Rural Areas The former municipal centre of Vehmersalmi is located approximately 50 km southeast from Petonen-Pyörö is suburban housing estate, or a so-called “new town”, located approximately Kurkimäki is a small rural village and a subdistrict of Kuopio located approximatelyFinland is one 25 of km the least urbanised in Europe with 95% of the country’s area being Kuopio16 city centre. In general, the area of the formerly is mostly comprised 17 KUOPIO – PLACE’S 10QUALITIES km from AND the PRODUCTIONcity centre. The OF core EXPERIENTIAL of the area WELLBEING(Pyörö) comprises of mostly multi-storey southwest from the city centre. It was one of the most significant residentialclassified as rural of the and 31% of the population living in these areas (Rural Policy in Finland). In of forest and agricultural land. The municipal centre is built sparsely with mostly residential former rural municipality of Kuopio (Kuopion maalaiskunta) (Pohjois-Savon liitto 2006, 82). small houses with some larger commercial units and public facilities, and onlyapartment two multi buildings-storey built around a curved central esplanade (Pyörönkaari). Widespread single- the Finnish urban-rural -classification, rural areas are divided into four classes: local centers in family housing surrounds the core. The general planning of the whole area started in the A railroad passes the village on the east side, with an old historically significanrural areas,t station rural area areas close to urban areas, rural heartland areas and sparsely populated rural apartment buildings. Some cultural heritage exists in the centrer (e.g. old parsonage, school located approximately 50 meters west from it. The passenger traffic has been discontinued, and beginning of 1980s. The area was envisioned as a “softened compact city”: extensive single- areas (Helminen et al. 2014). The two study areas of this paper represent two different classes: building, church), the oldest buildings being from the mid-19th century (Pohjois-Savon liitto the railyard is now used for loading timber. The central part of the village is mostly built with family housing with irregular street alignment, connected by parks and natural areas, was 2006, 92-94). However, the majority of the building stock in the centre was built during the residential small houses of various ages arranged close to the passing road.the It has former an elementary municipality of Vehmersalmi located at the sparsely populated rural area and the years 1970-1990. The centre contains basic services, including a health careplanned centre around, a library, the more orthogonal centre. (Kosonen 2007, 18; Purdy 2010, 58). Concerning school (classes 1-6), a library and some private small businesses but lacks villageother basic of Kurkimäki services. being a rural area close to an urban area. an elementary school and a grocery store. The public transport (bus) operatesthe threeamount times of aservices, day the area was supposed act as the regional centre for the whole southern The public transport connections are infrequent, with only one bus line operating The twice different a day types of areas present different issues to be assessed. Many rural areas in on weekdays, the travel time to city centre being one hour. urban area of the city of Kuopio (Purdy 2010, 56). in weekdays to the city centre, and once in the opposite direction, the travelFinland time beingas well 30 -as40 in the rest of Europe are declining in population, and many of them are In 1984, an open ideas competition was arranged to design the Pyörä centre. One goal minutes. shrinking (ESPON 2020, 2). However, not all of the areas that are declining in population are of the competition was to find new alternatives for the generic suburban housing estate The population of Kurkimäki has remained more or less the same withfacing a slight the phenomenon increase of rural shrinkage, and if the population balance is distorted, the area typologies of the 1960s and 1970s. The competition resulted with two second prizes awarded in recent years (1098 in 2013 and 1148 in 2018). The age distribution is cansomewhat experi similarence shrinkage to even if the population in total is not declining. Moreover, rural areas 3 to proposals by architects Reino Helminen and Olli Elo. Neither one of the proposals was Petonen, pronouncing more to the younger age groups. Between 2013 and differ2018, tandhe population some of them seem to be statistically quite well-off, as in case of Kurkimäki. realized as such, but ideas from both were used in the planning. (Purdy 2010, 56.) The has grown especially in the older age groups, as well as in the ages between 16 Whileand 19. depopulation The is usually used as a primary indicator of rural shrinkage, it is construction of the area started in 1986 and continued to the late 1990s (Kosonen 2007, 18). unemployment rate in 2017 was 5,9% (Tilastokeskus). considered more as a “symptom rather than the cause”. The actual phenomenon of rural The recession of the early 1990s had a significant impact on the realization of the area. Some shrinkage is a result of interrelated socio-economic factors. With the restructuring of of the planning principles (especially concerning the commercial services) had to be agriculture and job and study opportunities concentrating on urban centres, some areas are compromised and the amount of rental housing became higher than what was originally facing out-migration of especially younger residents, which leads to lack of investments and planned. The area still received a prize of excellence from the Finnish Association of Architects disadvantageous population balance. This creates a cycle that is “intensifying the inherent (SAFA) in 1991. (Kosonen 2007, 18; Purdy 2010, 59-60.) disadvantages of rural areas”. (ESPON 2020, 3.) The central area of Pyörö has many services, including three supermarkets and a Traditional top-down planning culture has long been based on the assumption of swimming hall, and frequent public transport connections to the city centre. A campus of the growth, both of the economy and of the population. Therefore, the traditional ways of planning National Emergency Services Academy is also located in the area. In 2012, a large shopping are not necessarily the best in responding to the changes in areas that are either declining in mall Matkus was built in Matkus 4 km southwest from the area. The central neighborhood has population or shrinking. As an alternative to the traditional planning culture, Hermans et al. a bad reputation, which in some sources is said to be mostly exaggerated (see e.g., Seppänen (2018) have presented what they describe as the culture of degrowth. They argue that 2015; Jauhiainen 2018). It is nevertheless represented in the crime statistics as one of the more understanding the dynamics of shrinkage requires a paradigm shift: the perspective of growth restless and violent subdistricts of the city. (Kuopion kaupungin turvallisuussuunitelma 2012- has to be contested, and an alternative approach to understand shrinkage as an individual 2015, 18). phenomenon has to5 be adopted. (Hermans et al. 2018, 18.) Hospers & Reverda (2015) have explained the differences between the approach to planning in the situation of growth vis-à-vis the situation of shrinkage. The traditional growth- 4 based planning is focused on the production of mere physical building volume. This is rooted in the scarcity of space, which occurs in the situation of a growing population: too large population exists in too little space, and thus more space has to be built. However, in shrinkage

6 The central area of Pyörö has many services, in- for loading timber. The central part of the village is cluding three supermarkets and a swimming hall, mostly built with residential small houses of vari- ADDRESSING POPULATION CHANGES IN RURAL AREAS and frequent public transport connections to the ous ages arranged close to the passing road. It has city centre. A campus of the National Emergency an elementary school (classes 1-6), a library and Services Academy is also located in the area. In some private small businesses but lacks other ba- Finland is one of the least urbanised countries in younger residents, which leads to lack of invest- 2012, a large shopping mall Matkus was built in sic services. The public transport connections are Europe with 95% of the country’s area being clas- ments and disadvantageous population balance. Matkus 4 km southwest from the area. The cen- infrequent, with only one bus line operating twice sified as rural and 31% of the population living in This creates a cycle that is “intensifying the inher- tral neighborhood has a bad reputation, which in a day in weekdays to the city centre, and once in these areas (Rural Policy in Finland). In the Finn- ent disadvantages of rural areas”. (ESPON 2020, 3.) some sources is said to be mostly exaggerated (see the opposite direction, the travel time being 30-40 ish urban-rural -classification, rural areas are di- e.g., Seppänen 2015; Jauhiainen 2018). It is never- minutes. vided into four classes: local centers in rural areas, Traditional top-down planning culture has long theless represented in the crime statistics as one rural areas close to urban areas, rural heartland been based on the assumption of growth, both of of the more restless and violent subdistricts of the The population of Kurkimäki has remained more areas and sparsely populated rural areas (Helm- the economy and of the population. Therefore, the city. (Kuopion kaupungin turvallisuussuunitelma or less the same with a slight increase in recent inen et al. 2014). The two study areas of this paper traditional ways of planning are not necessarily 2012-2015, 18). years (1098 in 2013 and 1148 in 2018). The age represent two different classes: the former mu- the best in responding to the changes in areas that distribution is somewhat similar to Petonen, pro- nicipality of Vehmersalmi located at the sparsely are either declining in population or shrinking. The population statistics of Petonen-Pyörö (zip nouncing more to the younger age groups. Be- populated rural area and the village of Kurkimäki As an alternative to the traditional planning cul- code area Litmanen) shows an increment in the tween 2013 and 2018, the population has grown being a rural area close to an urban area. ture, Hermans et al. (2018) have presented what population (a total of 12 551 in 2013 and 13 572 in especially in the older age groups, as well as in the they describe as the culture of degrowth. They ar- 2018), with the age distribution being somewhat ages between 16 and 19. The unemployment rate The different types of areas present different- is gue that understanding the dynamics of shrink- similar to the rest of the city. The population has in 2017 was 5,9% (Tilastokeskus). sues to be assessed. Many rural areas in Finland as age requires a paradigm shift: the perspective of increased in most of the age groups. Litmanen is well as in the rest of Europe are declining in pop- growth has to be contested, and an alternative ap- the area with the highest number of foreign res- ulation, and many of them are shrinking (ESPON proach to understand shrinkage as an individual idents in Kuopio (397, or 3% of the area popula- 2020, 2). However, not all of the areas that are de- phenomenon has to be adopted. (Hermans et al. tion in 2017). The unemployment rate in 2017 was clining in population are facing the phenomenon 2018, 18.) 13,7%. (Tilastokeskus.) of rural shrinkage, and if the population balance is distorted, the area can experience shrinkage even Hospers & Reverda (2015) have explained the KURKIMÄKI if the population in total is not declining. Moreo- differences between the approach to planning in ver, rural areas differ and some of them seem to be the situation of growth vis-à-vis the situation of Kurkimäki is a small rural village and a subdistrict statistically quite well-off, as in case of Kurkimäki. shrinkage. The traditional growth-based planning of Kuopio located approximately 25 km south- is focused on the production of mere physical west from the city centre. It was one of the most While depopulation is usually used as a prima- building volume. This is rooted in the scarcity of significant residential villages of the former rural ry indicator of rural shrinkage, it is considered space, which occurs in the situation of a growing municipality of Kuopio (Kuopion maalaiskunta) more as a “symptom rather than the cause”. The population: too large population exists in too little (Pohjois-Savon liitto 2006, 82). A railroad passes actual phenomenon of rural shrinkage is a result space, and thus more space has to be built. How- the village on the east side, with an old historical- of interrelated socio-economic factors. With the ever, in shrinkage a surplus of spatial resources ly significant station area located approximately restructuring of agriculture and job and study exists and too few people are using them. Shrink- 50 meters west from it. The passenger traffic has opportunities concentrating on urban centres, ing areas thus need to “narrow down”, which in been discontinued, and the railyard is now used some areas are facing out-migration of especially turn needs assessment of the services and ameni-

18 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 19 ties that the people of the area can and cannot do SPATIAL AND SOCIAL QUALITIES OF SUB- door spaces, poorly constructed and often bleak without. (Hermans et al., 2018, 20; see also Verma URBAN HOUSING ESTATES IN FINLAND physical environment and lack of meeting places & Taegen 2018, 10.) To maintain the quality and for the youth complement the different social is- meaning of life of the residents, the focus of the Suburban housing estates (“lähiö” in Finnish) are sues. (Kemppainen 2017, 39.) planning has to be put on to the qualitative as- a type of urban environments that were mostly pects of the environment (Hermans et al., 2018, built during the 1960s and the 1970s. They were However, in spite of the issues, the residents of 20), leading in good cases to “smart shrinkage” or usually designed away from the city centres and these areas can still perceive them as preferable “smart decline” that adds societal value in a re- comprised mostly of prefabricated concrete mul- places to live in (Van Aerschot & Salminen 2018, source-efficient wayHollander ( & Németh 2011; ti-storey apartment buildings. (see e.g., Kemp- 249). Generally, residents seem to value the good Popper & Popper 2002). painen 2017, 31.) Even though most of the sub- accessibility and the availability of local servic- urban housing estates were planned and realized es and the greenness and openness of the areas. Important is the active role of citizens. Reverda during the 1960s and 1970s, some areas that can The reputation of the areas does not always relate (2011) has noted, that shrinking areas tend to nat- be described as such were built also later on, for to the residents’ experience of places, especially urally turn inwards and away from “modern net- example, the central area of Petonen-Pyörö in among the middle-class inhabitants. (Vilkama & works”. Therefore, it is important to encourage the Kuopio. Many of these areas have gained poor Vaattovaara 2015, 217.) Moreover, the suburban residents in developing their area. Kerstin Faber reputation and have been associated to different housing estates in Finland differ greatly. Their and Philip Oswalt (2013) describe the active res- structural and socio-economic problems, such as development is mostly dependent of the develop- idents in shrinking as “co-owners and social segregation, housing decline and high lev- ment of the wider urban area, and some of them co-producers” of space. The interaction of people els of unemployment. (e.g., Van Aerschot & Salm- are even considered doing rather well (Stjern- can be seen to form social capital which is espe- inen 2018; Kemppainen 2017; Stjernberg 2015.) berg 2015, see also Kemppainen 2017, 33). As in cially important for shrinking regions. (Hermans The problems increased remarkably after the re- shrinking rural areas, the social capital formed in et al. 2018, 23-24.) cession of early 1990s and, in many cases, have the interaction of the residents can be seen as cru- since continued to grow (Stjernberg 2015). cial for the quality of life (Saarinen et al. 2013; Van In connecting the social and qualitative aspects Aerschot & Salminen 2018). to the actual planning practice, Verma & Taegen The suburban housing estates have been a much (2018, 11) have noted that the “actions related to discussed and recurring subject in both general planning and service development should con- and academic discussion. The academic discus- tribute to social cohesion within the community”. sion on the subject has concentrated mostly on Since the number of elderly residents in shrink- the problems (Kemppainen 2017, 38). However, ing regions is growing, it is important to keep their several studies have indicated that the problems needs in mind in the development of services and are rooted not only in the social conditions and aim to include them in social activities. However, often relatively high percentage of social housing in order for the area to be attractive in the future, in the areas, but also in their physical and spatial it has to provide services also for other age groups. properties. The typical fragmented structure of the (Verma & Taegen 2018, 10.) housing estates with often vaguely defined out-

20 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 21 age structure to the age structure of the popula- completed degree. The educational background PLACE STANDARD TOOL IN ASSESSING SPATIAL QUALITIES tion in Kuopio, age groups in the middle of the for 13 of the respondents were comprehensive age spectrum are over-represented whereas the school. Upper secondary level degree (general up- ages under 25 and over 74 are largely under-rep- per secondary education or vocational education verbally. We did our best to retain the meaning of resented. There are no distinctive differences in and training) was highest for 54 of the respond- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY the questions in the translation, but it is important respondents’ age structure when comparing them ents. 69 had finished higher education at a univer- We used a modified version of the Place Stand- to notice that some words had a slight difference by gender. sity or a university of applied sciences. Postgrad- ard tool to study residents’ opinions on their in meaning when translated into Finnish. For ex- uate degrees (i.e. licentiate and doctoral degree) 60 respondents answered from Vehmersalmi, 19 and formed online questionnaire ample, amenities and facilities turned into “palve- was highest degree for 5 of the respondents and from Kurkimäki, 31 from Petonen-Pyörö and indi- based on the original tool. The Place standard tool lut” in Finnish which is closer to the meaning of 2 respondents had completed none of the pre- vidual answers came from , Nilsiä, Kart- is a method for assessing places and it is devel- services and play and recreation was translated to vious. The majority of the respondents lived in a “virkistys ja vapaa-aika”, which means recreation tula, Muuruvesi, Palonurmi, Pitkälähti, Palonur- oped as collaboration between the Scottish Gov- ARKsingle-family-00048 Advanced urbanhouse analyses or a terraced houseMaiju and Ratala, had Simo a Saari & Mikko Toivanen mi, city centre, Rönö, Kelloniemi, Pihlajalaakso, ernment, NHS Health Scotland (National Health and free time in English. Also moving around was car in use. 116 respondents lived in a single-family , Särkilahti, Saaristokaupunki, , Services) and Architecture and Design Scotland. translated differently in Finnish (“kävely ja pyöräi- house or a terraced house, 22 lived in a block of , Rypysuo, , Riistavesi, Jynk- Age structure of the population in Kuopio The tool evaluates the nature of a chosen place ly”, meaning walking and cycling). At the end of flats and 6 chose the option “something else”. 121 the questionnaire there were five open questions kä and . Also, the postal code area was using 14 themes that are moving around, public respondentsOver 75 had a car in use and 23 did not. that concerned the facilities and amenities used asked in the survey. 50 respondents told that their transport, traffic and parking, streets and spac- 65-74 in the residential area and outside of it, the tar- postal code area was 71310 (Vehmersalmi), the THE PLACE STANDARD RATINGS es, natural space, play and recreation, facilities 55-64 gets for development, the redeeming features of postal code area for 30 respondents were 70820 and amenities, work and local economy, hous- 45-54 the area and general comments. The survey was (Litmanen) and 17 respondents told that their Moving around (namely walking and cycling) was ing and community, social contact, identity and 35-44 carried out online and passed on to the respond- postal code area was 71480 (Kurkimäki). There scored remarkably higher in the Petonen-Pyörö belonging, feeling safe, care and maintenance, 25-34 were also individual answers outside these postal area compared to the other two areas. The open influence and sense of control. Each theme has ents via regional Facebook-groups and residents’ Under 25 code areas. answers from Petonen-Pyörö showed content- associations. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 its own question that is assessed from 1 to 7. The ARK-00048 Advanced urban analyses Maiju Ratala, Simo Saari & Mikkoment Toivanen to the facilities of walking and cycling, Place Standard Tool examines physical elements The respondents were asked about their highest whereas the respondentsWomen ofMen Vehmersalmi and and social aspects of place that can also have an RESULTS AND ANALYSIS effect on health and wellbeing of the people. Its Age structure of the population in Kuopio Age structure of respondents of the survey There were 144 respondents to the online survey. aim is to help identify the targets of development Over 75 Over 75 107 of them were female, 35 were male and one and strengths of the place. (Place Standard.) 65-74 65-74 respondent did not want to answer or was other 55-64 55-64 than female or male. The women’s share is em- Our online survey consisted of background ques- 45-54 45-54 phasized in the survey compared to the distri- tions and multiple-choice questions about the 35-44 35-44 bution by gender. 11 respondents were under 25 quality of the respondent’s neighbourhood. These 25-34 25-34 years old, 24 respondents were 25-34 years old, questions were translated to Finnish from the Under 25 Under 25 31 were 35-44 years old, 33 were 45-54 years old, Place Standard Tool and covered 14 themes con- 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 26 were 55-64 years old and 19 respondents were cerning the living environment. Respondents as- Women Men Women Men sessed the place with rating from 1 to 7 and had 65-74 years old. None of the respondents were the possibility to give one’s reasons for the rating over 75 years old. Comparing the respondents’ Age structure of respondents of the survey There were 144 respondents to the online survey. 107 of them were female, 35 were male and Diagram 5. Kuopio’s population’s age structure oDiagramne respondent 5. Survey’s did not want respondents’ to answer or age was structure other than female or male. The women’s share Over 75 is emphasized in the survey compared to the distribution by gender. 11 respondents were under 65-74 25 years old, 24 respondents were 25-34 years old, 31 were 35-44 years old, 33 were 45-54 years old, 26 were 55-64 years old and 19 respondents were 65-74 years old. None of the 22 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 55-64 23 respondents were over 75 years old. Comparing the respondents’ age structure to the age 45-54 structure of the population in Kuopio, age groups in the middle of the age spectrum are over- 35-44 represented whereas the ages under 25 and over 74 are largely under-represented. There are no distinctive differences in respondents’ age structure when comparing them by gender. 25-34 60 respondents answered from Vehmersalmi, 19 from Kurkimäki, 31 from Petonen- Under 25 Pyörö and individual answers came from Maaninka, Nilsiä, , Muuruvesi, Palonurmi, Pitkälähti, Palonurmi, city centre, Rönö, Kelloniemi, Pihlajalaakso, Pirtti, Särkilahti, 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Saaristokaupunki, Haapaniemi, Julkula, Rypysuo, Hiltulanlahti, Riistavesi, Jynkkä and Women Men Juankoski. Also, the postal code area was asked in the survey. 50 respondents told that their postal code area was 71310 (Vehmersalmi), the postal code area for 30 respondents were 70820 (Litmanen) and 17 respondents told that their postal code area was 71480 (Kurkimäki). There There were 144 respondents to the online survey. 107 of them were female, 35 werewere male also andindividual answers outside these postal code areas. one respondent did not want to answer or was other than female or male. The women’s share is emphasized in the survey compared to the distribution by gender. 11 respondents were under 25 years old, 24 respondents were 25-34 years old, 31 were 35-44 years old, 33 were 45-54 years old, 26 were 55-64 years old and 19 respondents were 65-74 years old. None of the 9 respondents were over 75 years old. Comparing the respondents’ age structure to the age structure of the population in Kuopio, age groups in the middle of the age spectrum are over- represented whereas the ages under 25 and over 74 are largely under-represented. There are no distinctive differences in respondents’ age structure when comparing them by gender. 60 respondents answered from Vehmersalmi, 19 from Kurkimäki, 31 from Petonen- Pyörö and individual answers came from Maaninka, Nilsiä, Karttula, Muuruvesi, Palonurmi, Pitkälähti, Palonurmi, city centre, Rönö, Kelloniemi, Pihlajalaakso, Pirtti, Särkilahti, Saaristokaupunki, Haapaniemi, Julkula, Rypysuo, Hiltulanlahti, Riistavesi, Jynkkä and Juankoski. Also, the postal code area was asked in the survey. 50 respondents told that their postal code area was 71310 (Vehmersalmi), the postal code area for 30 respondents were 70820 (Litmanen) and 17 respondents told that their postal code area was 71480 (Kurkimäki). There were also individual answers outside these postal code areas.

9 Kurkimäki hoped for more biking and walking but also the open answers from Petonen-Pyörö respectively. Identity and belonging was rated The overall average forfeeling safe was 6,06. In ad- paths. A wish for a biking path from Kurkimä- and Kurkimäki were generally positive about the evenly across the areas, the rating being 5,3 on av- dition to natural space this was the other theme in ki to the city centre of Kuopio was brought up in natural space and closeness of it. erage. Several open answers from Petonen-Pyörö which the average was over 6. The ratings showed several answers. Public transport was the theme mentioned the bad reputation of the area but the only slight differences, and in general, the re- that had the most distinct differences when in- Play and recreation was scored slightly higher in respondents disagreed with that in the numeral spondents felt safe regardless of the area. Care specting the results regionally. For example, in the Petonen-Pyörö (5,68) than in the other two ar- ratings. A wish for spaces for people to socialize and maintenance and influence and sense of con- the Petonen-Pyörö area the average was 6,23 and eas (4,69 in Vehmersalmi and 4,83 in Kurkimäki), and spend time was brought up especially in Peto- trol also scored evenly across the areas, the over- in Kurkimäki 1,63. This can also be noticed from and so was the facilities and amenities. The lat- nen. The current restaurant selection was said to all average for the former being 4,52, and for the the open answers where respondents could give ter was especially poorly rated in Kurkimäki comprise mostly of bars and pubs, and a wish for latter 4,24. In the open answers Petonen was con- their reasons for the rating. The open answers for where the average was 3,00. Vehmersalmi scored a local café was made. In the rural areas the open sidered safe despite of its reputation. The ability to Petonen-Pyörö were mainly positive about public slightly better, the rating for it being 4,07, and answers showed a wish for common spaces of affect to the decisions made by the city authorities transportation but the respondents of Vehmersal- Petonen-Pyörö exceeded with the rating of 5,65. gathering, but nevertheless emphasized the good concerning the rural areas was considered very mi and Kurkimäki criticised the public transport Again, the results can be seen to somewhat reflect belonging to the place. The practice of social con- weak, but the local governance in these areas was timetable. the different rate of urbanity and the density of tact in these areas was reported to be mainly up to seen to be working rather well. the areas. The respondents of Kurkimäki hoped one’s individual activity and everyday encounters. The differences in these two categories can be for a grocery store in their open answers but Peto- obviously seen to result from the denser and nen-Pyörö and Vehmersalmi seemed to have the the more urban physical structure of the Peto- basic services that the respondents expect. The Kurkimäki Petonen-Pyörö Vehmersalmi All nen-Pyörö area, its nearness from the city centre lack of a grocery store probably affected the poor and its role as a suburban housing estate vis-á-vis ratings in Kurkimäki. Moving around 4.61 6.16 4.53 4.92 the more rural and peripheral character and the Public Transport 1.63 6.23 2.17 3.25 low density of the built structure in the two other The overall average forwork and local economy Traffic and Parking 5.06 5.67 4.79 4.96 areas. As mentioned already in the area descrip- was 3,3. This was notably low compared to other Streets ands Spaces 5.21 5.45 4.55 4.87 ratings, and in addition to public transport was tions, the service level of the public transport is Natural Space 6.74 6.45 6.53 6.54 weak in Vehmersalmi and Kurkimäki, which is the only category rated under 4 in general. In the Play and Recreation 4.83 5.68 4.69 4.93 clearly represented in the questionnaire. Traffic open answers the respondents of Vehmersalmi and parking and streets and spaces, in turn, were and Kurkimäki brought up that in the areas them- Facilities and Amenities 3.00 5.65 4.07 4.39 scored somewhat similarly across the three case selves there are not a lot of job opportunities and Work and Local Econonmy 2.67 4.13 3.00 3.30 areas, the former being 4,96 and the latter 4,87 on therefore people mainly commute to the city cen- Housing and Community 5.17 5.55 4.74 4.94 tre. Housing and community, in turn, was rated average. Social Contact 3.58 4.81 4.26 4.25 somewhat similarly across the areas, the overall Thenatural space was rated superbly regardless of average being 4,94. Here, the respondents of Ve- Identity and Belonging 5.63 5.19 5.24 5.30 the region (6,54 on average). Taking into consid- hmersalmi seemed to be concerned with the re- Feeling Safe 6.32 5.52 6.16 6.06 eration the different character of the study areas, maining of the existing services in the area. Care and Maintenance 4.47 5.06 4.16 4.52 it was surprising that they did not show a distinct Influence and Sense of Control 4.76 4.23 4.14 4.24 difference of rating in this category. In the open Social contact displayed the best ratings in Peto- answers the respondents of Vehmersalmi brought nen-Pyörö (4,81). Vehmersalmi was second with Averages of survey results in different study areas and average of all the answers. up the fact that they lived in the middle of nature, the rating of 4,26, and Kurkimäki was rated 3,58 Kurkimäki N = 19, Petonen-Pyörö N = 31, Vehmersalmi N = 60. Under average results underlined, over average results bolded.

24 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 25 ARK-00048 Advanced urban analyses Maiju Ratala, Simo Saari & Mikko Toivanen In general, compared to the overall averages of connections and a local café were brought up. the whole survey, Kurkimäki got under average CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION The 114respondents respondents were asked had about answered their highest completedto the question degree. The educational results in moving around, public transport, playbackground for 13 of the respondents were comprehensive school. Upper secondary level and recreation, facilities and amenities, work anddegree (general“What upper is secondary particularly education good or vocational and practicaleducation and in training) our was highest local economy, social contact and care and mainfor- 54 of theneighbourhood?” respondents. 69 had finished Nature higher was education mentioned at a university in orall a university of In general, the rating and responses reflect the in- sion-making, regional interests are not widely applied sciences.the studiedPostgraduate areas. degrees In (i.e. Petonen-Pyörö licentiate and doctoral respondents degree) was highest degree herent qualities of the studied places and their ty- recognised. This was also underlined in the open tenance. Petonen-Pyörö got under average resultsfor 5 of the respondents and 2 respondents had completed none of the previous. The majority in natural space, identity and belonging, feelingof the respondentswere livedalso in especially a single-family satisfied house or a terracedwith the house diverse and had ser a -car in use. 116 pologies. The rural areas are generally seen to lack answers, and neighbourhood democracy was not safe and influenceand sense of control. Vehmerrespondent- svices lived in anda single public-family housetransportation or a terraced house, of their22 lived neigh in a block- of flats and viable transport options, local services, work op- seen as a truly effective way to influence the de- 6 chose the option “something else”. 121 respondents had a car in use and 23 did not. salmi got under average results in moving around, bourhood. In Kurkimäki also the feeling of spa- portunities and certain amenities, while the sub- cisions that are made by city officials. However, ciousness, community spirit as well as outdoor urban housing estate of Petonen-Pyörö exceeds all of the study areas have some kind of organised public transport, traffic and parking, streets Theand Place Standard Ratings spaces, play and recreation, facilities and amen- and free-time activities were mentioned. In Veh- in these categories in comparison. What was sur- regional association or they are part of the Kuopio ities, work and local economy, housing and com- mersalmi respondentsKurkimäki werePetonen-Pyörö satisfied Vehmersalmialso of the All prising, however, was the similarity of rating that city rural council. In terms of decision-making, Moving aroundspecific services in addition4.61 to nature.6.16 4.53 4.92 munity, identity and belonging, care and maintePublic- Transport 1.63 6.23 2.17 3.25 the areas displayed in many other fields. these actors have a key role in promoting the in- nance and influence and sense of control. Traffic and Parking 5.06 5.67 4.79 4.96 terests of residents of the areas. In the survey, this Streets ands InSpaces the end of the survey,5.21 the respondents5.45 had4.55 the 4.87 The high rating ofnatural spaces was somewhat could be seen as rather high results in the theme Natural Space OPEN QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS possibility to give other6.74 comments6.45 and remarks6.53 6.54 anticipated for the rural areas, and in the case of identity and belonging, when regional and organ- Play and Recreationor tell what city planners4.83 should know.5.68 Many4.69 re- 4.93 Facilities and Amenities 3.00 5.65 4.07 4.39 Petonen, can be seen to reflect the successful re- ised operations strengthen the group identity of 135 respondents had answered to the question spondents from Petonen-Pyörö hoped that nature Work and Local Econonmy 2.67 4.13 3.00 3.30 alisation of the original planning priorities. How- the specific area. “What facilities and amenities/services you areHousing andand Community forests would be preserved5.17 if5.55 the built area4.74 4.94 ever, whether these answers reflect the true qual- using the most in the target area?” The main Socialdif- Contactwould be expanded in3.58 the future.4.81 The respond4.26 - 4.25 ity of natural spaces or the general importance of One part of the health and wellbeing promotion Identity and Belonging 5.63 5.19 5.24 5.30 ference between the areas was, that the respondFeeling- Safe ents of Vehmersalmi brought6.32 up5.52 their concern6.16 6.06 them to the residents, is open to interpretation. work in the city is collecting sufficient data about ents of Kurkimäki do not have a grocery store Careto and Maintenancefor the remaining of the4.47 existing 5.06services in 4.16the 4.52 Still, the importance of natural space should be the trends in health and wellbeing. However, ac- use, so it was not mentioned in the answers. 132Influence andneighbourhood. Sense of Control 4.76 4.23 4.14 4.24 kept in mind in planning, a point which was also cording to the results of this study, characteris- respondents had answered to the question “WhatAverages of survey results in different study areas and average of all the answers. made in the open answers. The ratings inidenti - tics of different locations should be emphasized Kurkimäki N = 19, Petonen-Pyörö N = 31, Vehmersalmi N = 60. Under average results underlined, over average results bolded. facilities and amenities/services you are using the ty and belonging confront the poor reputation of in the data acquisition and spatial information is most elsewhere?” The main similarity between Kurkimäki Petonen-Pyörö Vehmersalmi Petonen-Pyörö but conform to the presumption necessary to keep in the dataset. If the data is col- the answers were that shopping centres, super- of unity in small rural communities. This goes also lected from the whole population of the city area, Moving around markets and specialized shops were mentioned. Influence and Sense of for the high ratings in feeling safe across all of the it is hard to recognise and locate the places that Public Transport Control areas. are facing lower states of wellbeing. From the per- 106 respondents answered to the question “Is Care and Maintenance Traffic and Parking spective of city officials, it should be asked what there something missing in your neighbourhood? The overall low ratings in care and maintenance is the scale of the collected data so that it would What would be the most important targets for Feeling Safe Streets ands Spaces display that actions concerning it should be taken support health and wellbeing promotion work as development to you?” The respondents of Veh- up in all areas. However, a remark has been made well as possible and what kind of data is impor- mersalmi hoped for another grocery store, more Identity and Belonging Natural Space in the HYMY project that improvements in infra- tant when analysing the everyday life of residents distractions, restaurant and remaining of the ex- structure are not connected to improvements in in specific locations in terms of wellbeing promo- isting services. In Petonen-Pyörö, the respondents Social Contact Play and Recreation wellbeing. Another category scoring poorly over- tion. Also, the collected data should lead to con- wished for a more diverse supply of restaurants. Housing and Community Facilities and Amenities all was the influence and sense of control,which crete actions that are visible to the residents and In Kurkimäki, a wish for a grocery store, local train Work and Local Econonmy indicates that in the scale of the whole city deci-

26 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 27 10 health and wellbeing promotion work should be assimilated part of the city’s strategic manage- SOURCES ment and planning.

Methodologically Place Standard Tool offers a Abraham, Andrea; Sommerhalder, Kathrin & Abel, Thomas. 2010. “Landscape and well-being: A scoping useful tool-set to research interaction between study on the health-promoting impact of outdoor environments”. International Journal of Public Health, places and its residents. All of the different aspects 55(1), 59-69. of wellbeing – social, psychological and physical – are covered by the Place Standard Tool question- Allardt, Erik. 1976. “Dimensions of Welfare in a Comparative Scandinavian Study”, Acta Sociologica, 19: naire. Overall, the Place Standard Tool represents 227–39. the holistic view of wellbeing, localized the issues Bornioli, Anna; Parkhurst, Graham & Morgan, Phillip. 2018. “Psychological wellbeing benefits of spatially. Open answers are also very useful when simulated exposure to five urban settings: An experimental study from the pedestrian’s perspective”. aiming to collect more detailed data from specific Journal of Transport & Health, 9, 105-116. locations. ESPON 2020: Policy brief: Shrinking rural regions in Europe – Towards smart and innovative approaches However, the connection between actual city to regional development challenges in depopulating rural regions. ESPON EGTC. Luxembourg. (https:// planning and the regionally collected database re- www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/ESPON%20Policy%20Brief%20on%20Shrinking%20 mains blurry. Even though wide data collection is Rural%20Regions.pdf) (Accessed 23.4.2020) made about the topics of wellbeing in different ar- eas it is not evident that the data is used as part of Helminen, Ville; Nurmio, Kimmo; Rehunen, Antti; Ristimäki, Mika; Oinonen, Kari; Tiitu, Maija; the planning process. A large database, especially Kotavaara, Ossi; Antikainen, Harri & Rusanen, Jarmo. 2014. Kaupunki-maaseutu-alueluokitus. Suomen qualitative data, needs resources to process and ympäristökeskus. Suomen ympäristökeskuksen raportteja 25/2014. planning processes are usually tightly scheduled and time for advanced research is hardly granted. Hermans, Maurice; Maurer, Nicole & Reverda, Nol. 2018. “Towards a culture of degrowth”. In Gert Jan- Place Standard Tool offers a quite fast and effi- Hospers & Josefina Syssner (edit.):Dealing with Urban and Rural Shrinkage: Formal and Informal cient way to visually present data, thus making it Strategies. Zürich: Lit Verlag. pp. 17-30. accessible for decision-making and city planning. Hidalgo, Carmen & Hernandez, Bernardo. 2001. “Place attachment: conceptual and empirical questions”. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 273–281. Hollander, J. B., & Németh, J. 2011. The bounds of smart decline: A foundational theory for planning shrinking cities. Housing Policy Debate, 21(3), 349–367. Popper, D. E. & Popper, F. J. 2002. Small can be beautiful: Coming to terms with decline. Planning, 68(7): 20–3. http://www.terveytemme.fi/sairastavuusindeksi/ (Accessed 20.5.2020) https://www.sotkanet.fi/ (Accessed 20.5.2020)

28 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 29 Jauhiainen, Jutta 2018. “Mainettaan parempi Petonen”. Kuopion Kaupunkilehti. 10.8.2018. (https://www. Scannell, Leila & Gifford, Robert. 2017. “Place Attachment Enhances Psychological Need Satisfaction”. kaupunkilehti.fi/mainettaan-parempi-petonen/) (Accessed 7.4.2020) Environment and Behavior, 49 (4), 359–389. Kemppainen, Teemu. 2017. Disorder and insecurity in a residential context: A study focusing on Finnish Scannell, Leila, & Gifford, Robert. 2010. “Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework”. suburban housing estates built in the 1960s and 1970s. City of Helsinki, Executive Office, Urban Research Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30 (1), 1-10. and Statistics. Seppänen, Arttu. 2015. “Haulikoita ja puukkoja: Tällainen Kuopion hurjin kaupunginosa on oikeasti”. Kosonen, Leo. 2007: Kuopio 2015. Jalankulku-, joukkoliikenne- ja autokaupunki. Suomen ympäristö Savon Sanomat. 12.6.2015. (https://www.savonsanomat.fi/kotimaa/Haulikoita-ja-puukkoja-katso- 36/2007. Helsinki: Ympäristöministeriö. videolta-millainen-Petonen-on-oikeasti/541293) (Accessed 7.4.2020) Kuopio 2020: Tilastotietoa. (https://www.kuopio.fi/tilastotietoa) (Accessed 1.4.2020) Stjernberg, Mats. 2015. “Suomalaisten 1960- ja 1970-lukujen lähiöiden sosioekonominen kehitys ja alueellinen eriytyminen”. Yhteiskuntapolitiikka, 80 (6), pp. 547-561. Kuopion kaupungin turvallisuussunnitelma 2012-2015. (http://www.turvallisuussuunnittelu.fi/material/ attachments/turvallisuussuunnittelu/turvallisuussuunnittelu/turvallisuussuunnitelmia/pohjois- Takayama, Norimasa; Korpela, Kalevi; Lee, Juyong; Morikawa, Takeshi; Tsunetsugu, Yuko; Park, Bum-Jin savo/68FBZqqUI/Kuopion_turvallisuussuunnitelma_2012-2015.pdf) (Accessed 7.4.2020) & al. 2014. “Emotional, restorative and vitalizing effects of forest and urban environments at four sites in japan”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11 (7), 7207-7230. Nasar, Jack L. 1998. The Evaluative Image of the City. Sage, London. Tilastokeskus. Paavo – postinumeroalueittainen avoin tieto. (https://www.stat.fi/tup/paavo/index.html) Nieminen, Heidi. 2019. Kokemuksellinen hyvinvointikysely 2019. City of Kuopio. (Accessed 23.4.2020) Place Standard – How Good is Our Place? https://www.placestandard.scot/place-standard.pdf Tyrväinen, Liisa; Ojala, Ann; Korpela, Kalevi; Lanki, Timo; Tsunetsugu, Yuko & Kagawa, Takahide. 2014. Pohjois-Savon liitto 2006: Kuopion seudun kulttuuriympäristö seutukunnan vahvuudeksi: “The influence of urban green environments on stress relief measures: A field experiment”. Journal of kulttuuriympäristöselvitys Kuopion seudun maakuntakaavaa varten. (https://www.pohjois-savo. Environmental Psychology, 38, 1-9. fi/media/liitetiedostot/aluesuunnittelu/kaavat/kaavaselvitykset/ksmk/ksmk-kuopion-seudun- Van Aerschot, Lina & Salminen, Jarkko. 2018. “Hyvä, paha lähiö: nuoret ja asuinalueella syntyvä kulttuuriymparisto-seutukunnan-vahvuudeksi.pdf) (Accessed 26.4.2020) sosiaalinen pääoma”. Sosiologia, 55 (3), pp. 248-262. Purdy, Sirpa 2010. Suomalainen moderni puuasuntorakentaminen 1990-ja 2000-lukujen vaihteessa. Verma, Ira & Taegen, Jonna 2018. “Access to Services in Rural Areas from the Point of View of Older Tapausesimerkkinä Niiralan Kulma Oy:n modernit puuvuokratalot Kuopiossa. Master’s Thesis. Population – A Case Study in Finland”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Jyväskylän yliopisto, Jyväskylä. Health. 16 (23). 4854. Relph, Edward 1976. Place and Placelessness. Pion, London. Vilkama, Katja & Vaattovaara, Mari 2015: “Keskiluokka kuin kotonaan? Kokemuksia sosioekonomisesti Rollero, Chiara & De Piccoli, Norma. 2010. “Does place attachment affect social well-being?”.Revue heikoimmilla alueilla asumisesta pääkaupunkiseudulla”. Yhteiskuntapolitiikka. 80 (3), pp. 207-220. européenne de psychologieappliquée, 60, 233-238. Völker, S., & Kistemann, T. 2013. “”I’m always entirely happy when I’m here!” urban blue enhancing Rural Policy in Finland (https://www.ruralpolicy.fi/) (Accessed 23.4.2020) human health and well-being in cologne and düsseldorf, Germany”. Social Science & Medicine, 78, 113- 124. Saarinen, Arttu; Airio, Ilpo; Kaikkonen, Risto & Luoma, Minna-Liisa 2013: “Onnellisuus erityyppisillä asuinalueilla” Yhteiskuntapolitiikka. 78 (5), pp. 520-532.

30 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 31 HUHTASUO

AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER

Samppa Saarivirta, Thamires Rocha & Markus Laine ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ

Finland has a long history of suburbs (Hankonen Keywords: Neighborhood Unit; Finnish Suburbs; Suomessa on pitkä historia lähiöiden (Hankonen Kyselytulosten pohjalta tehttiin analyysi joka 1994) and neighborhood planning (Jalkanen et Local Center 1994) ja asuialuesuunnittelun parissa (Asuinal- valottaa Huhtakeskuksen vaikutusta asuinseu- al. 1997). From 1960s on new suburbs emerged uesuunittelu 1997). Kuusikymmentäluvulta läh- tuun, alueen koettuihin vahvuuksiin ja vikoihin around bigger Finnish cities. Now many of those tien uusia lähiöitä alkoi ilmestyä lähelle suurim- ja asukkaiden suhdetta elinympäristöönsä. Pai- suburbs are in an urgent need of renovation. This pia suomalaiskaupunkeja. Nykyään moni näistä kallisia kommentteja apuna käyttäen ehdotamme provides an opportunity to analyze the original lähiöistä on kiireellisen korjaamisen ja kunno- konkreettisia mahdollisia ratkaisuja tämän lähiön idea of a Finnish suburb, and reconsider the idea stamisen tarpeessa. On siis ajankohtaista tut- ongelmiin. from residents’ perspective, who were ignored in kia suomalaisen lähiön historiaa ja alkuperäisiä in the initial planning phase. We will do this by fo- suunnitteluideoita sekä katsoa niitä paikallisten cusing one Finnish suburb, Huhtasuo in Jyväsky- näkökulmasta joita ei alunperin suunnitteluvai- Avainsanat: Asumalähiö, Suomalaiset lähiöt, Pai- lä. heessa ole kuultu. Me keskitymme yhteen suoma- kalliskeskus laiseen lähiöön joka on Huhtasuo Jyväskylässä. The aim of this article is to support Jyväskylä au- thorities to understand and analyze the quotidi- Artikkelin tavoitteena on auttaa Jyväskylän vi- an of the residents of five local communities: Pu- ranomaisia ymmärtämään ja analysoimaan asuk- puhuhta, Kangaslampi, Sulku, Kaakkolampi and kaiden päivittäistä elämää viidellä eri asuialueel- Huhtakeskus, with the intention of perceiving la; Pupuhuhdassa, Kangaslammella, Sulussa, how Huhtakeskus, a commercial center located in Kaakkolammella ja Huhtakeskuksessa. Tutkimme between the communities, has an impact on their kuinka Huhtakeskuksen palvelukeskittymä vai- daily lives. kuttaa sen ympärille rakentuneiden aluiden ark- ielämään. This paper traces the origins of the Huhtasuo neighborhood with the ambition of understand- Artikkelissa käydään läpi Huhtasuon syntyyn vai- ing its history and design, tracing back the theo- kuttaneita tekijöitä kaupunkisuunnittelun teori- ries that inspired its urbanization processes and an näkökulmasta, tavoitteena ymmärtää alueen the impact, after many years since its implanta- historiaa ja suunnitteluperiaatteita. Tämän pai- tion, of it on the local population daily lives. kalliskeskuksen syntyyn vaikuttaneita teorioita ja vaikutuksia pakalliseen sosiaaliseen elämään Furthermore, through the analysis of a ques- tulkitaan nykyhetkessä, monta vuotta alueen to- tionnaire’s answers it’s sketched the impact of teuttamisen jälkeen ja verraten alueen nykyisi- Huhtakeskus on the neighborhood, the area’s in olosuhteisiin ja asukkaiden tyytyväisyyteen qualities and flaws and the relationship between ympäristöstään. the local community and the space they inhabit.

34 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 35 This approach has some apparent problems and ern form, after many decades, because of crises INTRODUCTION has been criticized for many reasons, for example of World War I, Finnish civil war and economic its assumed significance of local proximity for or- recessions. ganic social life. Other city planners continued to The concept of “neighborhood unit” was in- by the writing of Charles Cooley1 , who “believed develop the concept into suburban form, affect- Otto I. Meurmann instilled the ideas of neighbor- troduced, internationally, by Clarence A. Perry the individual was shaped by society and that so- ing American city planning and, in many cases, hood unit and neighborhood plan (asumakunta (1872-1944) in 1929 on as a part of the Regional ciety was subsequently a product of the good or defined continuous suburban sprawl. in Finnish) to Finnish academic discussion with Plan of New York and Its Environments, and since bad actions of individuals” (Lawhon, 2009), the his publishing of “Asemakaavaoppi” in 1947. then has influenced urban planning and design. Community Center and Settlement House Move- FINNISH SUBURBS The neighborhood unit is a concept originated ments and the Garden Cities concept, developed from Clarence Perry work in the late 1920s. This According to Lawhon (2009) it is a “physically de- by Ebenezer Howard, in England, which it’s possi- In Finland, urban planning contexts suburb (lähiö concept was meant to be a design tool for secure fined unit, with school, churches, and recreation ble to identify many resemblances with. in Finnish) is a main theoretical term and idea that housing area in the new age of the automobile in areas at its center”, breaking with the traditional has defined the housing project of late 20th centu- a metropolitan context of New York. This theory grid system. The layout [Picture 1] was developed The garden cities movement originally present- ry. The decade after the II World War was a record introduced road hierarchy and locating the most with the intention to encourage interaction and ed in To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Form of population growth in Finland. From 1950s on- necessary daily services inside, or at the edges, increase safety for pedestrians inside the neigh- (1898), stimulated Perry’s aim to have a charm- ward, the change of economic structure lead to of a cell (of 5000 to 6000 habitants) surrounded borhood, so traffic system incorporates an -im ing, garden-like environment, a characteristic not rural exodus and the problem of re-inhabiting the by motor ways. One unit was designed to popu- portant aspect of the units: the arterial roads (fast commonly found in urban centers like New York. people that were moving to search for jobs and late enough people to establish one elementary roads) are located on the borders of the neighbor- better standards of living. New modernistic sub- school. hood, defining and distinguishing the neighbor- urban neighborhoods were the main solution. By hood, meanwhile inside the streets (local roads) the 70s, when Huhtasuo areas was established, Meurmann got these concepts trough British have a sinuous design increasing safety, discour- economic efficiency, company led neighborhood sources, namely “ of London Plan” of 1943. aging unwanted traffic. Other important char- development and construction was the promi- His illustration is surprisingly like “County of Lon- acteristics are the size of the neighborhood that nent approach in Finland. This was supported by don Plan”, only texts had been translated into should be calculated by the sufficient amount of a concept of compact city, which was popular in Finnish (see Picture 3). In Anglo-Saxon discourse people to support an elementary school and at urban design theory in Finland at the time (see the ideas of Garden City by Howard were wildly least ten percent of the land area should be set Hankonen 1994). influential and the networking of bigger neigh- aside for parks and open spaces serving as leisure borhood units (6000 to 10 000 habitants) via high areas for the residents. Already in 1918, the concept of decentralized den- speed traffic connections was a key concept in the sification hajakeskitysperiaate( in Finnish) was mentioned plan. All of those characteristics, cited above, are physi- present in the Pro Helsingfors - design of Saarinen Picture 1. and Jung which was based on independent living This spatial division of units separated by open cal, but all of them have a social impact and moti- Clarence Perry’s vation. For instance, Perry was largely influenced neighborhood suburbs with their own centers and surrounded spaces or natural areas is evident also in the his- unit diagram by green areas. This early version of Finnish sub- tory of Finnish suburbs. Among the first of the Figure 1. Clarence Perrys Neigborhood unit Figure 2. Source: Jalkanen et al. (2017 Kaupunkisuunnittelu ja asumin- urban network was based on detached houses modern suburban developments is Tapiola in Es- en. Page 12. with their own gardens like in the model of How- poo, built in the 1950s, which set a model for new ard’s Garden City. This vision and the concept of neighborhood unit. 1 Charles Horton Cooley was a sociologist and sociology professor of the University of Michigan, known for developing a sociopsychological approach to the understanding of society, named the “looking glass self” shortly explained in this text. “garden city” would only be executed, in its mod-

36 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 37

7 The winning proposal of Tapiola’s City Center De- sign Competition, “Don Hertzenin kylä”, held in CASE STUDY 1954, set many of the principles that are seen in the ideals of Finnish suburban centers. Some of those principles can be identified in Huhtasuo, HUHTASUO, JYVÄSKYLÄ “compact city” can be seen on its rational rectan- Jyväskylä, such as the presence of one versa- gular street system. However, the deeper idea of tile and relatively dense, but just one story high Jyväskylä is a city in the heart of Southern Fin- social connectivity is hard to identify in the area shopping mall serving the locals, an open space land and located in the north shores of Lake Päi- because it remains separated from city center and for open air market or plantings in the middle of jänne. The city was officially founded in 1837 and its neighborhoods are not especially connected to the mall and working spaces and utilities closely has been and is known for its education; the first each other. Thus, it’s perceived that the composi- connected to the shopping center. Meanwhile, three Finnish-speaking schools were founded in tion of this neighborhood unit lends it towards a other principles were not done at Huhtasuo like Jyväskylä and with one university and two uni- physically segregated from the city center, which the higher office building connected to the mall, versities of applies sciences the city continues to called for the development of a local commer- Picture 2. be a strong center of education. Jyväskylä is also cial area, Huhtakeskus. This shopping mall and serving as a focal point, the cultural services for Otto I. Meurman’s neighborhood unit diagram. evening time use, the fast connection to the city known for its modern architecture and there are service center was constructed in modular man- center, and the open space around the mall for fu- Many Finnish suburbs have lost their original many buildings designed by the Finnish architect ner with close attention paid to accessibility by ture expansions. appeal as a modern, clean and high-quality liv- Alvar Aalto. private car: located next to four-lane motor way ing condition and are in severe need of redevel- and surrounded by parking lots on two sides. Al- At many Finnish suburbs the ideals of early mod- Huhtasuo is a district in Jyväskylä, located in opment. In some special cases like Tapiola the though Huhtakeskus has rather good basic servic- ernism are seen, in Huhtasuo’s neighborhood unit, the northeast of the city, composed by Kangas- contemporary problem is to how to maintain the es and is a decent sized suburban shopping center for example, a main aspect is the connectivity to na- lampi, Sulku and Kaakkolampi neighborhoods values and good properties of the original design. in a Finnish scale, it is an urgent need of renova- ture and the separated location from central urban and is limited on south by Pupuhuhta neighbor- Mostly the Finnish suburbs resemble cases like tion. The neighborhoods around Huhtakeskus structure. Without a quality implementation of the hood. The majority of those neighborhoods were Huhtasuo which lacks a holistic quality of early are around same age, excluding the new school earlier aspects (that would provide a more mani- planned on the 70s, with still much influences modernism or ideal compact city. The realization center and new apartment buildings around that. fold suburban environment) the close to nature from the garden cities and neighborhood unit of a coherent and pleasant suburb is a long-last- qualities of these Finnish forest suburbs (In Finn- concepts, leading to what got known in Finland Through questionnaires the main objective of this ing project. ish: metsälähiö) can also turn to negative aspects as “forest suburbs” – low density neighborhoods research is to understand and evaluate the rele- of lack of services and lack of active social realm. Without a proper care and investment, a neigh- with a great presence of forest areas, separated vance of Huhtakeskus on the cited neighborhoods borhood unit can end up as a cheaply build mix of from the central area of the city and a curvilinear population’s everyday lives. In addition, the aim Neighborhood unit is also a frame that is used different ideas, as is the case in Huhtasuo. To revi- or organic design, as a consequence of the eco- was to ask about the possible renovation hopes of in conversation in multiple levels (Broby, 2013): talize these neighborhoods the municipalities, de- nomical constraints the space produced during Huhtakeskus and neighboring areas. Therefore, municipalities define their detail plans borders velopers, construction companies and locals need that time are a dullness of prefabricated concrete the use of a mechanism able to apprehend not thinking of these units, media publishes news to consider the physical, social and economic facades sparsely and rigidly placed in flush green only hard data, but also soft data aiming to gath- discussing a phenomenon in a unit and citizens shortcomings of the whole area. Most effective way environments. In 2019, the population of the dis- er information that goes beyond numbers and consider the reputation of certain neighborhood. to develop the units is to focus on the local center trict was 9323 (https://www.jyvaskyla.fi/jyvasky- shows the relationship between locals and the Because of the multifunctional use of the term, it that serves them and links them to each other. la/tilastot/aluekohtaista-tietoa-jyvaskylasta). neighborhoods (urban space), which explains the is a vastly interesting question what should be our use of soft-GIS, an internet-based survey. ideal for a future neighborhood unit. At Kangaslampi neighborhood the influence of

38 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 39 As the final aim of the authorities is to purpose GEOLOCALIZATION STUDYa renewal for CASEHuhtakeskus it’s crucial to under- PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS stand what urban renewals are needed for a local The survey was answered by 441 people, totaliz- suburban center. Nowadays, the services of Hu- ing 890 answers, an amount that was considered HUHTASUO HUHTASUO,htakeskus include JYVÄSKYLÄ restaurants, dentist, healthcare good, mainly when compared to similar experi- center, private medical services, library, food aid

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Created by Cho Nix from the Noun Project and located in the north shores of Lake Päijänne. On an attempt to better understand the profile of 5,2 km Created by irene hoffman distance from the Noun Project 8 58 TheMETHODOLOGY city was officially founded in 1837 and has been the respondents,JYVÄSKYLÄ the closed questions were ana- minutes minutes and is known for its education; the first three Fin- lyzed. It was possible to detect that the age group Soft-GISnish-speaking surveys schools is methodology were founded used in inJyväskylä partic- with theHELSINKI bigger amount of answers was of people and with one university and two universities of app- ipatory techniques that combine quantitative who are between 35 and 44 years old, and thePicture age 5. CITY CENTER lies sciences the city continues to be a strong center and qualitative data, in other words, it associates group with fewer answersDiagram were of Jyväskylä’sof those localizationwho are of“hard” education. registered-based Jyväskylä is GISalso data known with for “soft” its modern expe- architecture and there are many buildings designed developmentover 75 years old.of a local commercial area, Huhta- Picture 6.Picture 3. riential data. The objective of this approach is to Distance between Jyväskylä city center and Huhtasuo area by the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto. keskus. This shopping mall and service center was Distance between Jyväskylä’s city center and Huhtasuo area On online surveys, it’s predictable and expected Huhtasuoconsider localis a Jyväskylä’s experiences district, and recognizelocated in the norim- constructed in modular manner with close attention theastportance of the of local’scity, composed points of by view Kangaslampi, in planning Sulku the thatpaid theto accessibility older age groupsby private are car: less located present next once to andfuture Kaakkolampi development neighborhoods of a local suburban and is limitedcenter. on mostfour lane of themmotor areway not and familiarsurrounded with by online parking plat lots- south by Pupuhuhta neighborhood. The majority of forms.on two Thus,sides. Otherthe authorities than around planned Huhtakeskus, to do some the thoseAccording neighborhoods to Kahila & (, Kyttäas previously (2009) through mentioned,) soft- interviewsenvironment in doesn’t person, feel but very plans urban. had to change due GIS it’s possible to build a “bridge between plan- were planned on the 70s, with still much influences toThrough the COVID-19 questionnaires or “Coronavirus” the main objective world of pan this- 3 formners, theresidents garden citiesand researchers”,and neighborhood this providesunit con- demic.research Comparing is to understand the age and group evaluate of thethe responrelevan- cepts,enormous leading possibilities to what got because known init combinesFinland as “fonot- dentsce of Huhtakeskusand Jyväskylä’s on the population cited neighborhoods it’s visible thatpo- rest-neighborhoods”only the technique, provided– low density by the neighborhoods planners and thepulation’s age group everyday of people lives. In who addition, are under the aim 25 wasis not to withresearches, a great presencebut the specific of forest areas,knowledge, separated provided from wellask about represented, the possible as well renovation as those hopeswho are of over Huhta 75- the central area of the city and a curvilinear (or or- keskus and neighboring areas. Therefore, the use by locals. years old. On the other hand, the group who are ganic) design, as a consequence of the economical of a mechanism able to apprehend not only hard between 35 and 44 years old were beyond a doubt 5 constraintsThe platform the chosenspace produced by Jyväskyl duringä’s authorities that time was are data, but also soft data aiming to gather information 2 represented on the questionnaire. aMaptionnaire, dullness of prefabricated which gather concrete map-based, facades openspar- that goes beyond numbers and shows the relation- sely and rigidly placed in flush green environments. ship between locals and the neighborhoods (urban (dissertations) and closed (multiple choice) ques- 4 At Kangaslampi neighborhood the influence of Whenspace), itwhich comes explains to language, the use mostof soft-GIS, of the anrespon inter- tions. The questionnaire created consisted on a 1 “compact city” can be seen on its rational rectangu- dentsnet-based are survey.Finnish speakers along with the city’s larseries street of 3system. map-based However, questions, the deeper 2 open idea questions of social population.As the final aimFinally, of the most authorities of the isrespondents to purpose aare re- 1.PUPUHUHTA connectivityand 19 closed is hard questions, to identify based in the on area, the becauseinforma it- women.newal for ConsideringHuhtakeskus it’sall crucialthe points to understand cited above what it 2.HUHTAKESKUS remainstion gathered separated analyses from city were center developed and its neighborrelating/- wasare the possible urban torenewal identify needed the groups for a localthat weresuburban well 3.KANGASLAMPI hoodsconnecting are not the especially answers connected on an attempt to each to other. better center. Nowadays, the services of Huhtakeskus in- represented and those who were not - Finnish 4.KAAKKOLAMPI Thus,understand it’s perceived the reality that of thethe neighborhoods.composition of this clude restaurants, dentist, healthcare center, priva- women who are between 35 and 44 years old, are 5.SULKU neighborhood unit lends it towards a physically se- te medical services, library, food aid and a grocery the ones who answered the survey the most. This Picture 4. gregated from the city center, which called for the store. Picture 7. The fivefive neighborhoodsstudied neighborhoods. that are being studied

4010 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCALHUHTASUO SUBURBAN – AN ANALYSIS CENTRE OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 4111 METHODOLOGY On online surveys, it’s predictable and expected that METHODOLOGY groupOn online is mainlysurveys, characterizedit’s predictable andfor workingexpected andthat Thethe older spots age were groups marked are asless Figure present 10 illustrates.once most It’sof them are not familiar with online platforms. Thus, havingSoft-GISthe older kids, surveys age which groups is methodology is perceivedare less present usedin the in onceanswers participato most - asof- evident that Huhtakeskus is an area of the neigh- the authorities planned to do some interviews in Soft-GIS surveys is methodology used in participato- rythem techniques are not thatfamiliar combine with quantitativeonline platforms. and qualita Thus,- it will be shown later. Being attentive to the profile borhoodperson, but that plans is enjoyed had to changeby the dueresidents, to the beingworld ry techniques that combine quantitative and qualita- tivethe data,authorities in other planned words, toit associatesdo some “hard”interviews regis in- of the respondents makes it easier to understand Kangaslampi’spandemic, caused lake, by also,SARS-COV-2, a highlight a virus - the that park caus on- tive data, in other words, it associates “hard” regis- tered-basedperson, but plansGIS data had with to change “soft” experientialdue to the worlddata. and analyze the answers received. thates COVID-19, area cited popularly many times known as one as “Coronavirus”. of the best in the MAPTIONNAIRE’S RESPONDENTS VS. JYVÄSKYLÄ’S POPULATION tered-based GIS data with “soft” experiential data. Thepandemic, objective caused of this by SARS-COV-2,approach is to a virusconsider that causlocal- city.Comparing Many ofthe the age dots group are ofspread the respondentsMAPTIONNAIRE’S across the andfor- RESPONDENTS VS. JYVÄSKYLÄ’S POPULATION The objective of this approach is to consider local experienceses COVID-19, and popularly recognize known the importanceas “Coronavirus”. of local’s WOMEN’S AND MEN’S PERCEPTIONS Jyväskylä’s population it’s visible that the age group experiences and recognize the importance of local’s pointsComparing of view the in ageplanning group the of future the respondents development and of est area, mainly because they show routes of hik- of people who are under 25 is not finely represent- points of view in planning the future development of aJyväskylä’s local suburban population center. it’s visible that the age group ing and places that people gather around to play The analyses, then, proceeded to the map ques- ed, as well as those who are over 75 years old. On a local suburban center. Accordingof people whoto Kahila are under & Kyttä 25 (2009) is not throughfinely represent soft-GIS- sports, such as frisbee, one of the favorites on the tions, starting with the spaces considered by the the other hand, the group who are between 35 and According to Kahila & Kyttä (2009) through soft-GIS it’sed, possibleas well as to those build who a “bridge are over between 75 years planners, old. On area. respondents as pleasant. To analyze this topic, the 44 years old were beyond a doubt represented on it’s possible to build a “bridge between planners, residentsthe other andhand, researchers”, the group who this areprovides between enormous 35 and answers were divided between male and female the questionnaire. residents and researchers”, this provides enormous possibilities44 years old because were beyond it combines a doubt not represented only the teon- USE OF SERVICES When it comes to language, most of the respon- possibilities because it combines not only the te- respondents,chnique,the questionnaire. provided on an by attempt the planners to understand and researches, the fa- dents are Finnish speakers along with the city’s pop- chnique, provided by the planners and researches, voritebutWhen the placesit specific comes of eachtoknowledge, language, gender, provided whichmost ofwould bythe locals. responexpose- When asked about the most used services on the ulation. Finally, most of the respondents are women. but the specific knowledge, provided by locals. aThedents part platform areof their Finnish chosen routine. speakers by Jyväskylä’s along with authorities the city’s pop was- neighborhood the respondents answered that Considering all the points cited above it was possi- The platform chosen by Jyväskylä’s authorities was Maptionnaire,ulation. Finally, which most ofgather the respondents map-based, are open women. (dis- weekly it’s the grocery shop, while monthly it’s the ble to identify the groups that were well represent- Maptionnaire, which gather map-based, open (dis- Itsertations)Considering was possible and all closedtothe recognize points (multiple cited that choice) above nature/parks questions.it was possi and- ATM. The provision of services in Huhtakeskus is ed and those who were not - Finnish women who sertations) and closed (multiple choice) questions. sportsTheble toquestionnaire identifyare among the thecreatedgroups favorite thatconsisted placeswere well onfor abothrepresent series men of- consideredare between useful 35 and on 44 the years daily old, routine are the of ones the resiwho- The questionnaire created consisted on a series of and3ed map-based and women those (being questions,who were related 2not opento - 37%Finnish questions and women 43% and of who the 19 dents,answered although the survey renovating the most. the This existing group buildings is mainly 3 map-based questions, 2 open questions and 19 answers,closedare between questions, respectively). 35 and based 44 yearsServices on the old, informationplay are athe big ones hole gathe who on- wouldcharacterized be very for welcome working by and locals. having kids, which is closed questions, based on the information gathe- redanswered analyses the weresurvey developed the most. Thisrelating/connecting group is mainly women’s graph (24%) but not so much on male’s perceived in the answers - as it will be shown later red analyses were developed relating/connecting thecharacterized answers on for an working attempt and to better having understand kids, which the is and the opposite is true for playgrounds (being re- Theon. Being provision attentive of services to the profile is considered of the respondents by most as the answers on an attempt to better understand the realityperceived of the in neighborhoods.the answers - as it will be shown later lated to 16% of male’s answers). Recalling the age satisfactory,makes it easier the to architecture understand ofand the analyze area seems the an to- reality of the neighborhoods. on. Being attentive to the profile of the respondents groupsmakes ithelps easier to toclarify understand the reasons and behindanalyze it.the an- beswers one received. of the biggest problems once it was con- PROFILEswers received. OF THE RESPONDENTS sidered very unsatisfactory and unsatisfactory, by PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS most of the respondents. The survey was answered by 441 people, totalizing CAR USERS AND WALKERS The survey was answered by 441 people, totalizing 890 answers, an amount that was considered good, mainly when compared to similar experiences on the 890 answers, an amount that was considered good, Combining the closed question answers with the mainly when compared to similar experiences on the area. map questions it was possible to further analyze area. On an attempt to better understand the profile of On an attempt to better understand the profile of the respondents, the closed questions were ana- some characteristics of the resident’s daily rou- the respondents, the closed questions were ana- lyzed. It was possible to detect that the age group tines. To inspect the relation between pleasant lyzed. It was possible to detect that the age group with the bigger amount of answers was of people places and places in need of development one of Picture 9. groups of people well represented Picture 6. with the bigger amount of answers was of people who are between 35 and 44 years old, and the age the characteristics analyzedPicture was 9. the family’s own- Comparison between between Maptionnaire’s Maptionnaire’s respondents respondents (left) and (left) Jyväskylä’s and Jyväskylä’s population population (right). (right) groups of people well represented who are between 35 and 44 years old, and the age group with fewer answers were of those who are ership of a private car. Comparison between Maptionnaire’s respondents (left) and Jyväskylä’s population (right). group with fewer answers were of those who are over 75 years old. Picture 8. Picture 8. MostDiagram of of the groups respondents of people well represented had a car, on the they survey marked Source - Jyväskylä data: https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/fi/demografia/dati-sintesi/jyvaskyla/20504703/4 over 75 years old. Picture 5. Diagram of groups of people well represented on the survey Source - Jyväskylä data: https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/fi/demografia/dati-sintesi/jyvaskyla/20504703/4 Diagram of well-presented groups in the survey. 280 spots (57%) as pleasant places and 215 spots Source: Jyväskylä data, https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/fi/demografia/dati-sintesi/jyvaskyla/20504703/4 12 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE 13 12 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE 13 42 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 43 USE OF SERVICESIN HUHTAKESKUS WOMEN’S AND MEN’S PERCEPTIONS USE OF SERVICESIN HUHTAKESKUS

The analyses, then, proceeded to the map ques- (43%) as spaces in needUSE of development,OF SERVICESIN onHUHTAKESKUS the WOMEN’S AND MEN’S PERCEPTIONS The analyses, then, proceeded to the map ques- tions, starting with the spaces considered by the same question those who don’t own a private car WOMEN’S AND MEN’S PERCEPTIONS tions, starting with the spaces considered by the USE OF SERVICESIN HUHTAKESKUS WOMEN’S AND MEN’S PERCEPTIONS respondents as pleasant. To analyze this topic, the marked 97 spots (58%) USEas pleasant OF SERVICESIN and 70 HUHTAKESKUS spots The analyses, then, proceeded to the map ques- respondents as pleasant. To analyze this topic, the answers were divided between male and female re- tions, starting with the spaces considered by the answers were divided between male and female re- (42%) as places in need of development. The analyses, then, proceeded to the map ques- spondents, on an attempt to understand the favorite respondents as pleasant. To analyze this topic, the spondents, on an attempt to understand the favorite tions, starting with the spaces considered by the places of each gender, which would expose a part of What was interesting to observe is the range of dis- answers were divided between male and female re- places of each gender, which would expose a part of respondents as pleasant. To analyze this topic, the their routine. spondents, on an attempt to understand the favorite their routine. tance that those who have cars reach, even so the answers were divided between male and female re- It was possible to recognize that nature/parks and places of each gender, which would expose a part of It was possible to recognize that nature/parks and concentration of the pleasant spaces and places spondents, on an attempt to understand the favorite sports are among the favorite places for both men 160 their routine. sports are among the favorite places for both men in need of development on both cases are similar.answers160 places of each gender, which would expose a part of and women (being realted to 37% and 43% of the answers Ittheir was routine. possible to recognize that nature/parks and and women (being realted to 37% and 43% of the their routine. answers, respectively). Services play a big hole160 on LOCALS AND VISITORS sportsIt was arepossible among to therecognize favorite that places nature/parks for both menand answers, respectively). Services play a big holeanswers on 62% 70% It was possible to recognize that nature/parks and women’s graph (24%) but not so much on male’s and 62% of70% the and women (being realted to 37% and 43% of the women’s graph (24%) but not so much on male’s160 and of the sports are among the favorite places for both men the opposite is true for playgrounds (being relatedanswers160 of the answersof the answers, respectively). Services play a big hole on the opposite is true for playgrounds (being relatedanswers The image of a neighborhood is highly influen- answers answers and women (being realted to 37% and 43% of the 62% answers70% women’sand women graph (being (24%) realted but not to so 37% much and on 43% male’s of andthe to 16% of male’s answers). Recalling the age groups ciated by media and Huhtasuo area has for long answers, respectively). Services play a big hole on to 16% of male’s answers). Recalling the age groups of the PictureUSE 11. 9. OF SERVICESof theIN HUHTAKESKUS answers, respectively). Services play a big hole on helps to clarify the reasons behind it. 62% PictureUSE 11. OF SERVICES answers70%IN HUHTAKESKUS thewomen’s opposite graph is (24%)true for but playgrounds not so much (being on male’s related and helps to clarify the reasons behind it. suffered with a bad image. Thus, it’s interesting in answers62% Satisfaction with with the provided provided services services in70% HuhtakeskusHuhtakeskus and and the the condition condition of the of buildings the buildings on the in area. the area. women’s graph (24%) but not so much on male’s and The spots were marked as Figure 10 illustrates, it- of the Satisfaction with the provided services inof Huhtakeskusthe and the condition of the buildings on the area. tothe 16% opposite of male’s is true answers). for playgrounds Recalling the (being age groupsrelated The spots were marked as Figure 10 illustrates, it- this case to compare the image that locals have of of the answers the opposite is true for playgrounds (being related where it’s evident that Huhtakeskus is an area of the PictureUSE 11. OF SERVICES answersanswersIN HUHTAKESKUS answers helpsto 16% to of clarify male’s the answers). reasons Recallingbehind it. the age groups where it’s evident that Huhtakeskus is an area of the their neighborhood and Satisfactionnon-residents. with the provided services in Huhtakeskus and the condition of the buildings on the area. to 16% of male’s answers). Recalling the age groups neighborhood that is enjoyed by the residents, be- Picture 11. How satisfied are you with the service provision in Thehelps spots to clarify were the marked reasons as behindFigure it.10 illustrates, it- neighborhood that is enjoyed by the residents, be- PictureUSE 11. OF SERVICESIN HUHTAKESKUS How satisfied are you with the service provision in helps to clarify the reasons behind it. ing Kangaslampi’s lake, also, a highlight - the park Satisfaction with the provided services in Huhtakeskus and the condition of the buildings on the area. Huhtakeskus? whereThe spots it’s evident were marked that Huhtakeskus as Figure 10is an illustrates, area of the it- ing Kangaslampi’s lake, also, a highlight - the park When comparing those impressions,Satisfaction with it’sthe providedclear that services in Huhtakeskus and the condition of the buildings on the area. Huhtakeskus? neighborhoodThe spots were that marked is enjoyed as Figure by the 10 residents,illustrates, be it- on that area cited many times as one of the best in most used where it’s evident that Huhtakeskus is an area of the on that area cited many times as one of the best in visitors have worse impression of the space32 than How satisfied aremost you usedwith the service provision in where it’s evident that Huhtakeskus is an area of the the city. Many of the dots are spread across the for- answers32 ing Kangaslampi’s lake, also, a highlight - the park the city. Many of the dots are spread across the for- the locals. Among pleasant spaces, the keywordsanswers weekly neutral neighborhood that is enjoyed by the residents, be- est area, mainly because they show routes of hiking How satisfied are youweeklyHuhtakeskus? with the service provisionneutral in oning thatKangaslampi’s area cited manylake, also,times a as highlight one of the- the best park in est area, mainly because they show routes of hiking Picturecited 10.by both groups have a deep relation with most used ing Kangaslampi’s lake, also, a highlight - the park and places that people gather around to play sports,32 Picture 10. Huhtakeskus? 62% the city. Many of the dots are spread across the for- and places that people gather around to playanswers sports, Comparison between women’s (top) and men’s (bottom) map Huhtakeskus? 62% on that area cited many times as one of the best in such as frisbee, one of the favorites on the area. Comparisonnature areas between and women’s parks, (top) while and men’s the (bottom)places mapin need mostweekly used neutral very unsatisfied est area, mainly because they show routes of hiking such as frisbee, one of the favorites on the area.32 answers to pleasant spaces - represented by the dots. very unsatisfied of the the city. Many of the dots are spread across the for- Picture 10. answers32 answers to pleasant spaces - represented by the dots. of the the city. Many of the dots are spread across the for- answers of development are mainly related with the feel- weekly neutral 62% andest area, places mainly that people because gather they aroundshow routes to play of sports, hiking Comparison between women’s (top) and men’s (bottom) map weekly neutral answers est area, mainly because they show routes of hiking Picture 10. ing of insecurity and the overall condition of the very unsatisfied unsatisfied answers suchand places as frisbee, that peopleone of thegather favorites around on to the play area. sports, answersPictureUSEPictures OF 10. to 7 pleasant&SERVICES 8. spaces - represented by the dots. unsatisfied of62% the and places that people gather around to play sports, USEComparison OF SERVICES between between women’s women’s (top) (top) and andmen’s men’s (bottom) (bottom) map map buildings. such as frisbee, one of the favorites on the area. Comparison between women’s (top) and men’s (bottom) map very unsatisfied such as frisbee, one of the favorites on the area. answers to to pleasant pleasant spaces spaces - represented (represented by the by dots.dots.) satisfied answersof the unsatisfied satisfied USE OF SERVICES When asked about the most used services on the veryThat unsatisfactory could also andbe because unsatisfactory, the substance by most of users the When asked about the most used services on the very unsatisfactory and unsatisfactory, by most of the unsatisfied answers neighborhood the respondents answered that week- respondents.are concentrated on Huhtakeskus area, the area unsatisfied most used USE OF SERVICES neighborhood the respondents answered that week- respondents. satisfied most used very satisfied USE OF SERVICES ly it’s the grocery shop, while monthly it’s the ATM. very satisfied When asked about the most used services on the veryly it’s unsatisfactory the grocery shop, and unsatisfactory,while monthly byit’s most the ATM. of the that is aimed for non-locals, once it’s where the monthly The provision of services in Huhtakeskus is consid- satisfied monthly 0 50 100 150 200 250 neighborhood the respondents answered that week- respondents.The provision of services in Huhtakeskus is consid- services are, almost all, concentrated. most used 0 50 100 150 200 250 When asked about the most used services on the veryered unsatisfactoryuseful on the anddaily unsatisfactory, routine of the by residents, most of the al- very satisfied lyneighborhood it’s the grocery the shop, respondents while monthly answered it’s thethat ATM. week- ered useful on the daily routine of the residents, al- mostmonthly used neighborhood the respondents answered that week- respondents.though renovating the existing buildings would be HUHTAKESKUS most used very satisfied Thely it’s provision the grocery of servicesshop, while in Huhtakeskus monthly it’s theis consid ATM. - though renovating the existing buildings would be very satisfied 0 50 100 150 200 250 eredly it’s usefulthe grocery on the shop, daily whileroutine monthly of the it’sresidents, the ATM. al- very welcome by locals. monthly The provision of services in Huhtakeskus is consid- very welcome by locals. 0 Picture50 12. 100 150 200 250 The provision of services in Huhtakeskus is consid- The provision of services is considered by most as most used most used 0 Picture50 12. 100 150 200 250 though renovating the existing buildings would be The provision of services is considered by most as Analyzingmost the used pleasant places andmost placesused in need Chart highlighting the ered useful on the daily routine of the residents, al- satisfactory, the architecture of the area seem to be weekly monthly Chart highlighting the very welcome by locals. satisfactory, the architecture of the area seem to be of developmentweekly per age group, monthlyit was possible to most used services in though renovating the existing buildings would be Picture 12. Huhtakeskus,most used services weekly in Thethough provision renovating of services the existing is considered buildings by would most beas one of themost biggest used problems oncemost it wasused considered identify some places as the preferred amidst the How satisfied are you with the architecture and very welcome by locals. one of the biggest problems once it was considered Chart highlighting the andHuhtakeskus, monthly weekly How satisfied are you with the architecture and very welcome by locals. weekly monthly Picture 12. and monthly satisfactory,The provision the of architecture services is consideredof the area seemby most to beas most used most used respondents, such as Kangaslampi’s lake and park, mostPicture used 12. services in condition of the buildings in Huhtakeskus? The provision of services is considered by most as most used most used Picture 10. Chart highlighting the condition of the buildings in Huhtakeskus? onesatisfactory, of the biggest the architecture problems ofonce the it area was seemconsidered to be weekly monthly considered one of the best in the city, and the new Huhtakeskus,Chart highlighting weekly the How satisfied are you with the architecture and satisfactory, the architecture of the area seem to be weekly monthly Chart highlighting the most used servicesandmost in monthly used Huhtakeskus, services in weekly and monthly. one of the biggest problems once it was considered 14 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE Huhtakeskus, weekly Howcondition satisfied of are the you buildings with15 the in Huhtakeskus?architectureneutral and 14 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE and monthly How satisfied are you with15 the architectureneutral and 70% and monthly condition of the buildings in Huhtakeskus? 70% condition of the buildings in Huhtakeskus? of the 14 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE 44 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 15 neutral 45 very unsatisfied of the very unsatisfied 70% answers 14 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE 15 neutral answers neutral of70% the very unsatisfied unsatisfied unsatisfied answersof the very unsatisfied of the very unsatisfied answers unsatisfied satisfied answers satisfied unsatisfied satisfied very satisfied very satisfied satisfied 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 very satisfied 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 very satisfied very satisfied 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 CAR USERS AND WALKERS CAR USERS AND WALKERS school area in close proximity to Huhtakeskus, LOCALS AND LOCALS AND and spaces where improvement is needed, that VISITORS VISITORS Combining the closed question answers with the Combining the closed question answers with the dominate the center of the neighborhoods, Hu- map questions it was possible to further analyze map questions it was possible to further analyze htakeskus area. some characteristics of the resident’s daily routines. some characteristics of the resident’s daily routines. To inspect the relation between pleasant places and To inspect the relation between pleasant places and To better understand the relationship between places in need of development one of the charac- places in need of development one of the charac- the respondents and Huhtakeskus, a question was teristics analyzed was the family’s ownership of a teristics analyzed was the family’s ownership of a made “What else would you like to say about Hu- private car. private car. htakeskus?”. Most of the respondents had a car, they marked 280 Most of the respondents had a car, they marked 280 spots (57%) as pleasant places and 215 spots (43%) spots (57%) as pleasant places and 215 spots (43%) Observing the answers, it’s evident that overall as spaces in need of development, on the same as spaces in need of development, on the same safety and comfort of Huhtakeskus’ area needs question those who don’t own a private car marked question those who don’t own a private car marked improvement, the substance users are often relat- 97 spots (58%) as pleasant and 70 spots (42%) as 97 spots (58%) as pleasant and 70 spots (42%) as ed by the respondents as a source of the feeling of places in need of development. places in need of development. unsafety, and better lightning was cited, by many, What was interesting to observe is the range of dis- What was interesting to observe is the range of dis- 280 215 as a resolution for280 this problem.215 tance that those who have cars reach, even so the tance that thosepleasant who spaces have carsspaces reach, in need even so the pleasant spaces spaces in need Pleasant places of development of development concentration of the pleasant spaces and places in concentration of the pleasant spaces and places in The services of the area are useful on the dai- need of development on both cases are similar. need of development on both cases are similar. Spaces in need ly routine of most, and many would like to have of development more versatile services in the future, for example LOCALS AND VISITORS LOCALS AND VISITORS hobby places for the youth. The general opinion was that overall “grey” aesthetics of the area needs The image of a neighborhood is highly influenciated The image of a neighborhood is highly influenciated renovating. by media and Huhtasuo area has for long suffered by media and Huhtasuo area has for long suffered with a bad image. Thus, it’s interesting in this case to with a bad image. Thus, it’s interesting in this case to Comparing the main answers by age group, it’s compare the image that locals have of their neigh- compare the image that locals have of their neigh- clear that it’s a consent with all that the neighbor- borhood and non-residents. borhood and non-residents. hood needs some renovating, but major develop- When comparing those impressions, it’s clear that When comparing those impressions, it’s clear that ing and improving safety are also main concerns visitors have a worst impression of the space than visitors have a worst impression of the space than of the respondents. the locals. the locals. Among pleasant spaces, the keywords cited by both Among pleasant spaces, the keywords cited by both HOUSING POSSIBILITIES FOR THE AREA groups have a deep relation with nature areas and groups have a deep relation with nature areas and parks, while the places in need of development are parks, while the places in need of development are The respondents were also asked about the de- mainly related with the feeling of insecurity and the mainly related with the feeling of insecurity and the velopment of the housing in the area: “With what 97 70 97 70 overall condition of the buildings. overall conditionpleasant of spaces the buildings.spaces in need kind of housingpleasant possibilities spaces shouldspaces in need Huhtasuo and pleasant spaces pleasant spaces of development of development That could also be because the substance users are That could also be because the substance users are Huhtakeskus be developed? What kind of housing spaces in need of development spaces in need of development concentrated on Huhtakeskus area, the area that is concentrated on Huhtakeskus area, the area that is could be brought to Huhtakeskus, for example?”. Picture 14. PicturePictures 14. 13 & 14. aimed for non-locals, once it’s where the services aimedPicturePicture 13. 11for & non-locals,12. once it’s where the services PictureTo that 13. 178 answers were received, and many re- Impressions of locals ImpressionsLocals’ of(top) locals and are, almost all, concentrated. are,ImpressionsCar owners’almost of (top)all,car ownersconcentrated. and walkers’ (top) and (bottom)walkers (bottom) impressions of the neigh of the- Impressions of car owners (top) and walkers (bottom) of the neigh- (top) and visitors (top)visitors’ and visitors (bottom) borhood.neighborhood. borhood.spondents appreciate the openness of the neigh- (bottom) (bottom)impressions.

16 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE1646 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCALHUHTASUO SUBURBAN – AN ANALYSISCENTRE OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 17 1747 HUHTAKESKUS hoods and don’t see a need for new housing. WHAT ELSE WOULD YOU LIKE TO SAY ABOUT HUHTAKESKUS? neighborhood has On the other hand, assisted living or apartments good aspects Analyzing the pleasant places and places in need of suited for elderly people are also seen as fitting for development per age group, it was possible to iden- the area, also the wish for family housing, such as detached houses and row houses, is popular in be- neighborhood needs- neighborhood needs tify some places as the preferred amidst the respon- more leisure spaces some renovating dents, such as Kangaslampi’s lake and park, consid- tween many, and some suggest more owner-occu- and activities ered one of the best in the city, and the new school pied housing to balance the number of rental apart- area, and spaces where improvement is needed, ments in the area. that dominate the center of the neighborhoods, Contrasting the answers per age group, it becam Huhtakeskus area. clear that renovation is a priority for all age groups, as well as affordable housing. To better understand the relationship between the neighborhood needs neighborhood needs respondents and Huhtakeskus, a question was made major developing more security “What else would you like to say about Huhtake- WALKING ROUTES skus?”. 1 2 3 neighborhood has Observing the answers, it’s evident that overall safe- bad aspects To understand the connections between the neigh- ty and comfort of Huhtakeskus’ area needs improve- yourger then 25 25-44 45-54 65 and older ment, the substance users are often related by the borhoods, the respondents were asked about their renovation developing safety 11 answers 131 answers 43 answers 21 answers respondents as a source of the feeling of unsafety, most common walking routes. The answers rein- the need of more lighting was often and better lightning was cited, by many, as a resolu- forced, once again, the importance of Kangaslam- mentioned when talking about safety pi’s lake on the routine of the neighborhoods. It Picture 16. tion for this problem. Impressions of respondents of Huhtakeskus. The services of the area are useful on the daily rou- also, showed how much the connections between tine of most, and many would like to have more Huhtakeskus area and Kaakkolampi and Sulku neigh- WITH WHAT KIND OF HOUSING POSSIBILITIES SHOULD HUHTASUO AND HUHTAKESKUS BE DEVELOPED? versatile services in the future, for example hobby borhoods is also strong. Kangasvuorentie, Sulintie owner occupied places for the youth. The overall aesthetics of the and Kangasvuori nature path are clear links between area needs renovating. neighborhoods, to understand this it’s important to recall the high relevance of sports on the daily rou- Comparing the main answers by age group, it’s clear family housing (apart- ments and houses) that it’s a consent with all that the neighborhood tine of the respondents. affordable housing needs some renovating, but major developing and borhoods and don’t see a need for new housing. hoods and don’t see a need for new housing. WHAT ELSE WOULD YOU LIKE TO SAY ABOUT HUHTAKESKUS? HUHTAKESKUSimproving safety are also main concerns of the re- On the other hand, assisted living or apartments neighborhood has Onspondents. the other hand, assisted living or apartments good aspects Analyzing the pleasant places and places in need of suited for elderly people are also seen as fitting for suited for elderly people are also seen as fitting the area, also the wish for family housing, such as houses (row, apartment development per age group, it was possible to iden- detached and buildings HOUSING POSSIBILITIES FOR THE AREA semi-detached) for the area, also the wish for family housing, such detached houses and row houses, is popular in be- neighborhood needs- neighborhood needs tify some places as the preferred amidst the respon- more leisure spaces some renovating as detached houses and row houses, is popular tween many, and some suggest more owner-occu- and activities dents,The respondents such as Kangaslampi’s were also lakeasked and about park, theconsid de- pied housing to balance the number of rental apart- ineredvelopment between one of of themany, the best housing and in the some incity, the suggest and area: the more“Withnew school ownwhat- ments in the area. er-occupied housing to balance the social hous- 1 senior apartments area,kind ofand housing spaces possibilities where improvement should Huhtasuo is needed, and 2 renovation Contrasting the answers per age group, it becam renovation affordable housing and assisted living ingthatHuhtakeskus in dominate the area. be the developed? center of What the neighborhoods,kind of housing was the most is also on top of clear that renovation is a priority for all age groups, repeated answer the respondents yourger then 25 25-44 45-54 65 and older Huhtakeskuscould be brought area. to Huhtakeskus, for example?”. To priorities 11 answers 131 answers 43 answers 21 answers Contrasting the answers per age group, it be- as well as affordable housing. Tothat better 178 answers understand were the received, relationship and many between respon the- neighborhood needs neighborhood needs major developing more security comesrespondentsdents appreciateclear andthat Huhtakeskus, therenovation openness ais question aof prioritythe wasneighbor for made all- Picture 15. 15. Picture 17. ager“What groups, else would as well you as affordablelike to say abouthousing. Huhtake - MostWALKING commoncommon walking ROUTESwalking routes routes. Desires of the respondents with housing possibilities for the future. skus?”. 1 2 3 neighborhood has WALKINGObserving the ROUTES answers, it’s evident that overall safe- bad aspects 18 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRETo understand the connections between the neigh- 19 ty and comfort of Huhtakeskus’ area needs improve- yourger then 25 25-44 45-54 65 and older Toment, understand the substance the usersconnections are often relatedbetween by the borhoods, the respondents were asked about their renovation developing safety 11 answers 131 answers 43 answers 21 answers neighborhoods,respondents as a sourcethe respondents of the feeling were of unsafety, asked most common walking routes. The answers rein- the need of more lighting was often aboutand better their lightning most common was cited, walking by many, routes. as a resolu The- forced, once again, the importance of Kangaslam- mentioned when talking about safety pi’s lake on the routine of the neighborhoods. It Picture 16. answerstion for this reinforced, problem. once again, the importance also, showed how much the connections between Impressions of respondents of Huhtakeskus. ofThe Kangaslampi’s services of the lake area on are the useful routine on theof the daily neigh rou-- tine of most, and many would like to have more Huhtakeskus area and Kaakkolampi and Sulku neigh- borhoods. It also showed that the connections WITH WHAT KIND OF HOUSING POSSIBILITIES SHOULD HUHTASUO AND HUHTAKESKUS BE DEVELOPED? versatile services in the future, for example hobby borhoods is also strong. Kangasvuorentie, Sulintie between Huhtakeskus area and Kaakkolampi and owner occupied places for the youth. The overall aesthetics of the and Kangasvuori nature path are clear links between Sulku neighborhoods are strong. Kangasvuoren- area needs renovating. neighborhoods, to understand this it’s important to recall the high relevance of sports on the daily rou- tie,Comparing Sulintie theand main Kangasvuori answers by nature age group, path are it’s clearclear family housing (apart- ments and houses) linksthat it’sbetween a consent neighborhoods, with all that tothe understand neighborhood this tine of the respondents. affordable housing it’sneeds important some renovating, to recall the but high major relevance developing of sports and onimproving the daily safety routine are ofalso the main respondents. concerns of the re- spondents.

houses (row, apartment detached and buildings HOUSING POSSIBILITIES FOR THE AREA semi-detached)

The respondents were also asked about the de- velopment of the housing in the area: “With what 1 kind of housing possibilities should Huhtasuo and 2 senior apartments renovation renovation affordable housing and assisted living Huhtakeskus be developed? What kind of housing was the most is also on top of repeated answer the respondents yourger then 25 25-44 45-54 65 and older could be brought to Huhtakeskus, for example?”. To priorities 11 answers 131 answers 43 answers 21 answers that 178 answers were received, and many respon- dents appreciate the openness of the neighbor- Picture 15. Picture 17. Most common walking routes Desires of the respondents with housing possibilities for the future.

4818 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCALHUHTASUO SUBURBAN – AN ANALYSIS CENTRE OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 4919 neighborhoods are close from the downtown A last factor to be examined is the wish expressed CONCLUSION area, only 5 kilometers of distance, nevertheless a by the respondents of more versatile services, better access to the city center was also an aspect generating more jobs and a more versatile neigh- mentioned by the residents, once the bus connec- borhood overall. This is an interesting aspect to be Based on Huhtasuo analysis, it is clear that the has its perks, such as the privacy and in this case tion is not entirely efficient, making it difficult for weighted because it could, also, attract more peo- lähiö concept was, in one hand, necessary to solve the forest in and around the neighborhood is one those who don’t own a private car to access it, and ple into the area, which could approximate resi- the main problems caused by the population of the local’s favorite aspect of the suburb; the side also, public transports should be a main way of dents with non-residents enhancing the overall growth in Finland, on the other, the outcomes that that seems to be the most damaged is the feeling getting around, avoiding traffic and reducing the image of the neighborhood, avoiding stereotyping this choice has, 50 years later of its implantation, of safety, once this is an aspect highly cited by the emissions of air pollutants. and enhance the feeling of safety. Following the are not all positive. Huhtasuo has suffered about respondents. same line, densification could be also a positive prejudice, e.g., Pupuhuhta was known for a long The idea of having a commercial area on the cen- aspect. period as “the worst Finnish neighborhood”. Considering these aspects, it is possible to point ter of the neighborhoods was Perry’s original idea out some solutions and next steps. First of all, to decrease the need of going out of the neigh- All in all, seems like Huhtakeskus is a place with Some of the elements that could have led to this to actually know if the neighborhood is unsafe borhood to shop. Yet, on Huhtasuo’s case, even basic services, those needed on a daily and week- assumption can be understood by its isolation further analysis should be considered, once the though, Huhtakeskus is indeed an important ly basis, in an outdated environment. In relation from the rest of the city. This topic is hard to be feeling of unsafety is not always related with real commercial area on residents’ daily lives, the ser- to international examples Finnish version of a understood as it has many facets: when it comes unsafety, as Teresa Caldeira (2001) points out in vices remain important, mostly, for groups that do neighborhood unit or “metsälähiö” seem to have to economics, it is easily understandable that her book, “City of Walls – Crime, Segregation and not own a private car. Those who have the choice strengths, the most obvious one is the forest in spreading the city is not the wisest choice, as pre- Citizenship in São Paulo. to visit other commercial centers are not attract- and around the area. Another strength is afforda- principles can be identified in Huhtasuo, Jyväsky- properties of the original design. Mostly the Finnish viously discussed, as it is a very expensive way of lä, such as the presence of one versatile and dense suburbs resample cases like Huhtasuo which lacks a ed by Huhtakeskus. Once again, the importance ble housing. Obvious weaknesses are outdated shopping mall serving the locals, an open space for holistic quality of early modernism or ideal compact The feeling of unsafety makes it challenging for open air market or plantings in the middle of the city. The realization of a coherent and pleasant sub- expanding cities; for the residents the isolation of the public transportation is reinforced: to keep and unilateral housing that is not attractive to res- mall and working spaces and utilities closely con- urb is a long-lasting project. Huhtakeskus to work as healthy social center for nected to the shopping center. Without a proper care and investment, a neighbor- Huhtasuo lively it is important to ensure good idents who have a possibility to choose, limited hood unit can end up as a cheaply build mix of dif- the people of Huhtasuo. Analysis of the question- ferent ideas, as is the case in Huhtasuo. To revitalize connections to city center by public transporta- services due to too small population and lack of IMPLEMENTATION AT FINLAND these neighborhoods the municipalities, builders and locals need to consider the physical, social and naire answers helped to determinate the need of Some of the principles, however, were not realized economic shortcomings of the whole area. Most ef- tion so that residents will have the opportunity to density in central areas of the district. There is a at Huhtasuo like the higher office building connect- fective way to develop the units is to focus on the improvements and technical repairs that can en- ed to the mall, serving as a focal point, the cultural local center that serves them and links them to each easily benefit from central services. vital need of investment, better quality and more services for evening time use, the fast connection to other. sure better future for Huhtakeskus. Enhancing the the city center, and the open space around the mall versatile housing and commercial centre and bet- for future expansions. As is the case in many Finnish suburbs the ideals feeling of safety and creating better places for the Aesthetical appearance and overall comfortabil- of early modernism are seen in Huhtasuos neigh- ter public transportation. The new school facility borhood unit as the connectivity to nature and the people to meet and spend time is fundamental to ity of Huhtakeskus needs urgent development to separated location from central urban structure. and housing near Huhtakeskus are a promising Without a quality implementation of the earlier as- improve the social quality of Huhtakeskus and to ensure a better public image and attractiveness pects (that would provide a more manifold suburban start. environment) the close to nature qualities of these Finnish forest cities (in Finnish metsäkaupunki) can maintain and increase its status as local center. to customers and possible new businesses. An also turn to negative aspects of lack of services and lack of active social realm. Improving the lightning of the area is cheap and overall renovation, rethinking the connections Neighborhood unit is a framing term that is used in conversation in multiple levels (Brody, 2013): mu- should have a major positive affect on feeling of and spaces to gather should be a go to for future nicipalities define their detail plans borders think- ing of these units, media publishes news discussing safety in nighttime. Hiring a security service that, a phenomenon in a unit and citizens consider the planners of the area. In case of a future demolition reputation of certain neighborhood. Because of the multifunctional use of the term, it is a vastly interest- is seen in the actual place, can also help to affirm or re-building of the area, the new design must ing question what should be our ideal for a future neighborhood unit. the feeling of safety in the public. assure that all the good qualities of the space are Many Finnish suburbs have lost their original ap- peal as a modern, clean and high-quality living con- dition and are in severe need of redeveloping. In maintained, once most of the respondents seems some special cases like Tapiola the contemporary Picture 3. A better integration of the area with the city cen- problem is to how to maintain the values and good a bit skeptical due to previous urban development Eastern Tapiola’s city plan, mid 1960’s PicturePicture 4. 18. Eastern suburb was the first part of Tapiola to be realised. Collage with some of Huhtasuo’s landmarks ter is also an aspect to be considered, once the Collage with some of Huhtasuo’s landmarks. experiences.

8 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE 9

50 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 51 SOURCES

TEXTS IMAGES Caldeira, Teresa 2001. City of Walls – Crime, Segregation and Citizenship in São Paulo. University of Picture 1. Diagram of Perry’s Neighborhood Unit, source: Lloyd Lawhon, L. (2009). The neighborhood California Press; Berkeley, CA. unit: physical design or physical determinism?. Journal of planning history. Page 115. Forshaw, J. H., and Patrick Abercrombie 1943. County of London Plan. First Edition. St Martin’s Street, Picture 2. Otto I. Meurman’s neighborhood unit diagram, source: Meurman, Otto-Iivari (1947) London: Macmillan. Asemakaavaoppi. Otava, Helsinki. Hankonen, Johanna 1994. Lähiöt ja tehokkuuden yhteiskunta. Otatieto Oy & Gaudeamus, Tampere. Pictures 3-5; 7-8; 11-15. Map source: earth.google.com Tyvela, Hanna 2016. 1970-luvun lahiokeskusta rakennettuna kulttuuriymparistonä, Kompaktikaupunki Pictures 5-6; 9-10; 16-17. Self-made diagrams. Jyvaskylan Huhtasuolla. Picture 18. Self-made collage. Lloyd Lawhon, L. 2009. The neighborhood unit: physical design or physical determinism?.Journal of planning history, 8(2), 111-132. Jalkanen, R., Kajaste, T., Kauppinen, T., Pakkala, P., & Rosengren, C. 1997. Asuinaluesuunnittelu. Helsinki: Rakennustieto Oy. Kahila, M., & Kytta, M. 2009. SoftGIS as a bridge-builder in collaborative urban planning. In Planning support systems best practice and new methods, pp. 389-411. Springer, Dordrecht. Meurman, Otto-Iivari (1947) Asemakaavaoppi. Otava, Helsinki. Yhdyskuntasuunnittelun seura, Tapiolan keskustasuunnitelma 1954. Blogpost by Juhana Lahti https:// www.yss.fi/journal/tapiolan-keskustasuunnitel- ma-1954/

52 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 53 ISBN 978-952-03-2015-7 ISBN 978-952-03-2016-4