Diversity of Pollinator Communities in Eastern Fennoscandia and Eastern Baltics Results from Pilot Monitoring with Yellow Traps in 1997 - 1998

O4 . . . traps in . . and ment . Yellow . . ron with INSTITUTE of / . . 1998 AND

Baltics 44 - Envi RESOURCES Söderman communities 1997 NATURE morntorrng Guy in ENVIRONMENT Fennoscandia NATURAL Ö 4 Diversity nnish . pilot

Eastern 1 . Ei . FINNISH from . . pollinator Eastern The . -- Results . . •--1 1

The Finnish Environment 355

Diversity of pollinator communities in Eastern Fennoscandia and Eastern Baltics Results from pilot monitoring with Yellow traps in 1997 - 1998

HELSINKI 1999

...... FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE ISBN952-I 1-0579-8 ISSN1238-73 12

Coverphota: ReimaLeinonen(Bombus Iucorum) Maps: Estonian Envimnment lnformationCentre Makeup:Pikseri]ulkaisupalvelut

OyEditaAb Helsinki1999 0 The FinnishEnvironment355 Contents

1 Introduction ...... 5 2 i1ethods and t.,Iaterial . 7

3 Groups, Ecology and Behaviour ofPollinators 9

4 Threatened Species 11

5 Results frorn Conparative Tests 12

6 Species Composition, Distribution and Abundance 16 6.1 Social Bees (Apidae) 16 6.2 Solitary Bees (Apoidea, other families) 28 6.3 Social Wasps (Vespfdae) 30 6.4 Solitary Wasps (Eumenidae) 32 6.5 Hoverfties (Syrphfdae) 33 6.6 Other Groups 37

7 Relation between Captures and Natural Fauna 39 7.1 Within-Species Relations 39 7.2 Between-Spedes Relatfons 39

8 Diversity andAssociated Features of the Fauna 42 8.1 Quantitative Aspects of Pollfnator Diversfty 42 8.2 Qualftative Aspects of Pollinator Diversity 45 8.3 1ff ects of Land Use 47

9 Discussion and Conclusions 49 9.1 Yellow-trapping as a Monitoring Technfque 49 9.2 Changes in the fauna and Species Abundancy 50

10Acknoi.vledgeiiients 5 1

11Literature 52

Ilnnexes 55

TheFinnshEnvironment355 0 0 . The FinnishEnvimnment355 1ntroduction

Insects that visit flowers belong to different orders and famiies of which the eco nomicaliy most important, and the most important ones for maintaining biodiver sity of ecosystems, are the bees, wasps and hoverffies. These groups may iocally constitute up to more than 90% of ali ftower visiting species, in particular in the boreal latitudes. The distribution and ecoiogy of bees and wasps are quite weil-known in East em Fennoscandia [Finland, northwestem part of Russia including the autonomous Republic of Karelia and northem part of the Leningrad oblastJ (Eifving 1960, 1968; Pekkarinen et al.1981, Pekkarinen 1982a, 1988, Pekkarinen & Hulde’n 1991, 1995) but in Eastern Baitics [Estonia, Latvia, Liffiuania, southern part of Leningrad ob last, Pskov oblast, Novgorod obiast and Kaliningrad obiastJ only the bees of Lithua nia have been ffiorougffly surveyed (Monsevicius 1995).The ecoiogy of hoverfties is also quite well-known, but data on distribufion of species within the area is incompiete. In the area of the European Union there are 264 different crop species of which 84% are dependent on bee pollination. The commercial value of the pollfriation has been estimated to 5 billion EURO/year (Williams 1996). Jn Finland the corre sponding value has been calculated to 300 miliion FIM (Yläoutinen 1994, unpub iished manuscript). Whereas the pollination of commercial crops can be regulated mainly with domesfic bees, the poilinafion of natural ftowers can not, because domestic bees are short-tongued and can not pollinate fiowers with deep corollas (O’Toole 1993). This report marks the final step in the development of a monitoring system for poliinators. As wiid pollinators represent a key-group of organisms in many ecosystems (La Salle & Gauld 1993), especially flower-rich herb meadows, they were chosen as objects for biodiversity monitoring. The objective of the monitoring is to follow-up iong-term changes, both quan titative and qualitative, in the pollinator communities of grasslands (and forests) in northem Europe, because grasslands (and forests) have undergone considera ble changes over the lasI 50 years (see e.g. Alanen 1997) and may stili change for the worse regarding natural resources needed by pollinators. As ftower plants and pollinators are key-stone mutualists, viz. parfrler species whose fates are iinked (La Salie & Gauld 1993), foliow-up of their changes is very important from a na ture conservation point of view. The deveiopment of the monitoring system started with a feasibiiity analysis of possible logistics and costs. It was deduced ffiat passive trap-sampllng was much more cost-effecfive than netting in the field (and anaiyses of ftowering vascuiar plants). Pollinators aiso react, due to their (predominantly) annual generations faster than plants to adverse changes of natural and anthropogenic type. A pilot study to test the yeliow-trap method was made in Finland in 1996 (Söderman et al.1997). This was followed by a pilot monitoring programme, covering the two years 1997—98in the above mentioned geographic area. The aims of the pilot mon itoring were:

The FinnishEnvimnment355 0 O to test the logistics of the monitoring design and make necessary conec tions, II required; O to collect data ftom the monitoring network, in order to analyse variations from year to year and to produce a base-ime for future operative monitor ing; O to use the collected data for developing different relevant parameters to lie followed-up in possible future, operative long-term monitoring.

In addition, a numlier of addffional quesfions were set, for which answers were to be sought through additional studies in connection wiffi the pilot monitoring:

1) is the yellow-trapping tecbnique efficient enough, or should other tech niques lie implemented parallel to this? 2) what is the species composition in dffferent regions as reftected by the yel low-trap sampies? 3) do populations of the same species react in the same way to the traps in dif ferent latitudes? 4) do trap sampies reftect the populations of different species in nature?

The main target group of this report comprises nature conservation, agriculture and forestry authorities in the countries concemed, as well as, researchers inter ested in the faunistics of the pollinator species groups.

0 The FinnishEnvimnment 355 ...... Metbods and Material

The majority of the material was collected with yellow-traps (Fig.1; Söderman et al. 1997). The traps were installed in clusters of three in several places within the study area (Fig.2; Annex 1). A total of 124 places were investigated (86 in 1997, 116 m 1998). The sampling network in Finland is rather dense and geographically fairly balanced. About 40% of the sites has some degree of protection (many included in the national NATURA-2000 network). The sampiing network in Russia is less bal anced and many sites had to he established in culturally inftuenced piaces to pre vent loss of traps. li the Baitic counfries the network of sites is rather sparse and in Latvia not geographically well-balanced (only western part covered). In Estonia and Latvia about 40% of the sites are located h nature protection areas, in Lithua nia as much as 67%, but in Russia only about 20% of ali sites are protected. The yeiiow-traps were hung 1-2 metres above the ground (which was regard ed optimai for bumbiebees) and 3-5 metres apart along a forest margin. South facing habitats were reconimended. DDVP-strips were used to kiil the insects that entered the traps. The sampies were coilected once (or twice) a week during the period of expected pollinator flight. The collected sampies were then intermittent ly stored in cold before sending them for identification.

Fig.1A yellow-trapused for collectingofpolhnators (photo ReimaLeinonen,1996).

The FinnishEnvironment355 0 at of 355 1. taxo were 1980, Teräs Lom Stack (bulbs insects 2875D) (Eume & traps flowers, probiemat Annex major Dathe Environment 1980 in blue University ftying yellow few bait-traps The BioQuip families), Finnish a light-traps and given lbtOtfl the with Pekkarinen In few 0 20 (Chrysididae), to ote (Apidae), a Richards . (modei white 106 1984, Resenre. 100 1984 some 1997 -. from 1961, species. visit paraliel - 0 1 to 1973, to from Antti Pekkarmen, yeilow-traps L Nature (Apidae:selected tizi chorocteristics •••-1 154 31 21o Morgan 100 Mr - 72 the 2 50 Scheuchl material .99 Malaise-tent / Löken 22 J Bhithgen O94 prefer site a of & instalied 1936 by 12 materiai - 200- and 48O ‘. The . 101 23 129 individuais 79 Cepkeliai . 25 sites O2 were: 17 I5 73 I993 were might effect . . 27 given . 3928 47 127 the O . the 60 211 (Pompilidae). 32I7 220.216 2 Syrphidae), 1g5 . 118 44 1$4 design 1I8 that 249 ali of 12 (Vespidae), 29 210 99 1997—98. addition, 12 been 46 Noskiewicz . 43 1972 in capture In r one . Schmid-Egger 134 126 . . 42 1973 has 216 O plastic 1 68O91 I7 At 213 species the Monsevicius, 1992, 8 identification heaven-blue O34 -- (Diptera, Wolf *203 33 1997. 1996, 62\ lieip 115,16 1I2 152 determined in and white 33! monitoring 1994 in the 1995, has Warnke examine Virgilijus Pekkarinen pilot with white to evaluating used Torp comparsion. Finland Mr the (Sphecidae), 1977, for in in for author UV) or identification order Scheuchi 1971, works 1984 painted (Apinae), Sites In The used sites general. cases 1977 traps two Fig.2. ic Helsinki emitting collected was Lomhoidt elberg in nomic nidae), hoidt

0 The Groups, EcoIoy and Eehaviour ...... of Pollinators

Ali polien coilecting species can he divided into two groups, polylec%c and oligo lectic. Poiylectic species collect pollen from many types of flowers, oligoiectic spe cies only from ftowers of certain piant famiiies or groups. A special case of the iatter are monoiectic species ffiat oniy collect poiien of one species. When using yeilow-traps the probability is higher for capturing poiylectic species as well as oligolectic species confined to piants with yeiiow ftower. There are 44 eusocial bees, viz. bumble bees (inciuding cuckoo bees) and the honey bee, in Norffiem Europe. Some species of the genera Halictus and Lasiogios sum that are eusociai in cenfral Europe (Westrich 1990) may also he eusociai at higher iatitudes, but strict evidence of this is stiil missing. The species richness of Apidae is highest in the hemiboreai, southem and middie boreal regions. There are equaily many species (32) in Lithuania as in the forested areas of Finland. The species number only drops about 50% in the northernmost parts of the investigat ed area, viz. the northem boreal and orohemiarctic regions, which indicates ffiat bumbie bees are weli adapted to cool ciimates. Ali bumble bee species, except the monolectic Bombus consobrinus, coliecting pollen practically only from Aconitum, are polylectic due to the seasonal lengffi of their coionies that exceeds ffiat of any poilen piant. There are more than 300 species of soiitary bees in the area and the species number increases towards south (e.g. 183 species have been found in Finland, 290 species in Lithuania). The proportion of oiigolectic bee species is about 30% in the hemiboreai, southem and middie boreal regions, corresponding to ffiat of central Europe, but drops to beiow 20% in the northernmost parts (Pekkarinen 1998).Quite a number of oiigoiectic bee species have speciaiised on yeiiow ftowers iike Satix, Lysimachia, Tanacetum,Ranunculus etc. At ieast 150 species according to iiterature visit yeiiow flowers (Elftring 1968,Monsevicius 1995, Mueiler et at. 1997). Social wasps (Vespidae) and solitary wasps (Eumenidae) do not coilect pol len and nectar for their iarvae and oniy visit flowers for their own nutrition. There fore, ffieir roie as poiiinators has been considered smaii. A totai of 14 sociai wasp species have been recorded in Northem Europe in addition to some 40 soiitary wasp species. Hoverflies visit ftowers only for their nutrifion. The majority of the ftower visiting species belong to the subfamily Syrphinae, the iarvae of which are aphido phagous. There are hvo other groups, mostiy belonging to Eristalinae, which have different bionomy. One of ffiese groups include species with larvae living in ma nure or dirty waters, the other group comprises species which larvae iive in de caying wood. In the first group the aduits visit ftowers, but according to iiterature (Torp 1994)prefer white-coloured ones. Aduit hoverifies of the second group rare ly visit flowers and usuaiiy forage on aphid dew on leaf surfaces. A total of some 350 hoverfly species is known from the study area and there is a decline in species richness going northwards. At least 190 species are known to visit yeiiow ftowers (Torp 1994). As may he deduced from the facts mentioned above, the pollinators, inciud ing their sexes and castes, behave differentiy in visiting ftowers, boffi with respect to regions, biotopes, various days and times of the day, ail depending on the de The FinnishEnvironment355 0 velopment of the nutritional source (Teräs 1985, Prys-Jones & Corbet 1991).There fore estimations of ffieir abundance and size of colonies by mere field studies is difficult and laborous. The technique of using yellow-traps can be regarded as implanted, artifical flowers and ffiey probably react in a siinilar manner to them irrespective of the biotope and its fiower composition. ff this is the case, then wiffi in-species comparisons can be made on abundancy of pollinators, and perhaps, between-species variabiity on resource compefition. One should however be aware of possible errors in such a hypoffiesis. For instance, in places where nutritional sources are limited in time and space ffiese yellow-traps might aftract more mdi viduals than in areas with pientiful flower resources.

0 The FinnishEnimnment 355 Threatened Species

Influence of man upon the disfribution and populations of bees and other pollina tors have in Finland been dealt with by Pekkarinen et at. 1987, Teräs & Pekkarinen 1992, Söderman et at. 1997, Pekkarinen & Teräs 1998. In central Europe many p01- linators, in particularly bees, are regarded as a higffly threatened group, e.g. in Baden-Wurttemberg 190 bee species have been classffied as threatened (Westrich 1990), in England 96 species (Falk 1991) and in Poland 51 species (Banaszak 1995). The number of threatened species in norffiem Europe is much less (table 1A- E), but this might also he due to incomplete knowledge, use of different assess ment methods, rather than befter preserved natural condi%ons. Bumblebees have been protected in Estonia, but the protection clausule is inefficient as no direct measures have been taken to reduce the most severe threats to them, like adverse change in land management.

TableIA-IE. Numberof threatenedpollinatorspeciesin differentpartsofnorthernEurope(sources:Finland:Komitea- mietintö1991,Lithuania:Balevicius1992,Sweden:Ehnströmet a 1993,Denmark:Torp1994, EstoniaUIIelehted.1998).

Country Extinct Endangered VulnerableInneed ofsurveillance

A. Bumble bees and cuckoo bees

Finland - - 1 3

Sweden - - - -

Estonia - - - 9

Lithuania - - 1 2

B.Solitary bees

Finland - - - 12

Sweden 18 - 7 13

Estonia 1 1 - 9

Lithuania 1 1 5 1

C. Social wasps

Finland - 1 - -

Sweden 1 - 1 -

Estonia . - 3

Lithuania -

D. Solitary wasps

Finland - - - 8

Sweden - 3 7

Estonia 2 - - 4

Lithuania - - - -

E. Hoverflies

Finland - - 4 9

Sweden 6 2 5 8

Denmark 6 3 2 36 The FinnishEnvimnment 355 0 in 355 the the ffiis yel and and Hy Ma 1997. pop mdi Of on in partic species the workers the down well and test captured 2). be Finland, maximum in Envimnment (Bombus and paint) was and not Malaise-frap, harm Sipoo, The it (table cooled in Platycheirus Finnish the bees not saproxylic may away to low. The common Coleoptera of Queens enamel were more common 1.70 fty and 0.10 0.10 0.03 84.9 7.10 2.80 0.01 0.20 2.90 species specimens) does (0.01) (6.33) (0.13) (0.01) (0.12) genera Malaise-trap to very Malaise-trap they 1997. of social a more low capture-recapture is orders the most itself in yellow-traps iii (=9414 number fty compared a of to and for This 100 which much traps sites. released insect and (quick-drying traps but not. (Sipoo) proportionally insects species after the were or populations species were yellow attracted site are of net of little flowers a species, they (like test the yellow hand, yellow-trapping monitoring paint-spot hoverfty natural marked duster of lickers). the very with Comparative that a cluster 5) the that of 10.8 1.40 1.40 same 9.70 2.10 0.00 49.7 0.00 3.10 21.9 the in trap other specimens) (0.00) (1.74) (6.35) (0.3 (9.72) frequently of and wasps green many ftowers being on Individuals the a After pollinating the if YelIow some at (=288 bees more collected showed individuals effec%vity on May—June for honey-dew 100 be wind yellow because test from to insect social the vicinity in applying sampling cluster of analysed selectively. in The during capture esthnated 4..<6% individuals. (%) trap visiting 3). appear were Hoverfties, the the before groups probably of was was quite living of bees wasps interested bag that (table predominantly bees wasps Proportion effectiveness collected order/group effect yellow-trap 2. cold Solitary Syrphidae Social Solitary Social Results NEUROPIERA cated recapture LENDOPTERA DIPTERA HYMENOPTERA a dorsum specimens COLEOPTERA value ulations lnsect HETEROPTERA HOMOPIERA TOTAL although ORTHOPTERA TRICHOPTERA The Psithyrus) were Trap laise-trap, IHYSANOPTERA menoptera Table Tests pollinator low-traps. ularly The Metanostoma being ......

Ø Table3.Resultsofcapture-recaptureexperimentinSipoo,southernFinlandin 1997.QM= total numberof nettedand marked queens,WM= totalnumberofnettedandmarkedworkers,QCY= totalnumberofqueens capturedbyyel

Iow-traps,WCYtotalnumberofworkerscapturedbyyellow-traps,QMR numberofmarked queensrecapturedby yellow-traps,WMR= numberofmarkedworkersrecapturedbyyellow-traps,QP= percentageofrecapturedmarked queens,WP= percentageofrecapturedmarkedworkers.

Species QM WM QCY WCY QMR WMR QP WP

B.Iucowm 30 50 0 0 0 0 <3% <2%

B.pascuorum 50 50 2 0 2 0 4% <2%

B.hypnorum 25 50 0 0 0 0 <4% <2%

8.soroeensis 15 25 0 0 0 0 <6% <4%

8.Iapidarius 25 25 8 0 1 0 4% <4%

8.ruderarius 25 15 2 0 0 0 <4% <4%

B.veteranus 30 50 3 1 0 1 <3% 2%

B.hortorum 25 15 3 0 0 0 <4% <6%

P.bohemicus 15 - 0 - 0 - <6% -

Total 240 280 18 1 3 1 1.25% 0.36%

Colour preference The test using differently coloured traps revealed that the yellow colour is several times more effecfive in coilecting individuais ffian white or biue (Fig.3). Ali the species collected in the offier coloured traps were also sampied with yellow ones (although not necessariiy at the test sites). The material did hnpiy ffiat solitary wasps (Eumenidae) might have a smaii preference for biue-coioured traps, but their numbers were too low to be stafisticaiiy significant. The material coilected from iight-traps (see annexes 2—5)indicates ffiat ffiere are some pollinator species which are more common in these traps than in yellow-traps. Most of the recorded sociai bees and social wasps in light-trap sampies probabiy entered them in eariy morning or iate evening when the bulbs were lighted. They were thus aftracted by the UV-iight emission. On the offier hand, hoverfties are known only to fty in the daytime, so they are apparently attracted by the white piastic colour of the trap design itself. The following hoverfly genera were found more common in iight traps (attracted to white coiour): Sericomyia,Rhingia, Helophilus and Eristatis. Although the colour tesis failed to show any distinct preference of any spe cies to white and blue coioured traps, the colour preference of different species (and different castes of social bees) do play an important role in the captures (see chapter 6).

The FinnishEnvironment355 ______

Preference of colour of social bees/Nuuksio 1997

MEL SYL u,PRA O ONb IDNw SJR.

VET

RUD 0 50 100 150 200 individuals

Colour preferences of social beeslMelalahti 1997

MEL FLA SYL

PRA HYP

PAS VETO: DIS

0 100 200 300 400 500 individuals

0 The Finnish En’ronment 355 Colour preferences of other pollinators/Nuuksio 1997

SYR

D 0 0 SOLW

saB

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Individunis

Colour preferences of other pollinators/Melalahti 1997

SYR

SQ-w 0. 0 0

0 20 40 60 80 100 Indlvidusis

Fig.3. Eusocialbees and other pollinatorscaptured bydifferentlycolouredtraps at two sites in finland in 1997. Abbreviations:mel Apis mellifera,fia = Psithyrusfiavidus,syl = Psithyrus sylvestris,boh = Psithyrus bohemicus, pra = Bombus pratorum, hyp Bombus hypno rum,jon = Bombus jonellus, spo = Bombus sporadicus, luc Bombus Iucorum,sor = Bombus soroeensis, pas = Bombus pascuorum, vet = Bombusveteranus, dis = Bombus distinguendus,hor = Bombus hortorum, Iap = Bombus lapidarius, rud= Bombus ruderar ius,syr = Syrphidae,solw= solitarywasps,socw = socialwasps,solb solitarybees;Mb blue, Mw white,Myyellow.

The FinnishEnvironment 355 0 is in in of of 355 by are the like and and also spe pos ffius sites 1998 quite study mate warm places condi values drastic Bombus and Most the weather norffier can recorded 1998 and the the normal declme normal bees remafriing many the sites affected in (Liffiuania) B.pomorum, of short Environment others, of species, B.hypnorum, most of not as recorded of and (alpine) hoverflies Twenty-seven 1997 to the by years exposed less weaffier results. autumn arinual 2. social above changes. Finnish in rnsolation The parts like between parts common: some 50% general except in are and but 1997 season two were of by The to species sunny of The the bees (eastem), relation very some The The early bees Annex annual dffferent in The in he spells, number only species pronounced interrupted B.wuiy7enii in composition somewhat monitoring colonies social sunny. high. require Psithyrus conditions. quite very Apparently too despite material wIIK to influenced everywhere bumblebees southernmost the normal. solitary warm locally and listed possible pilot spring was species is ffiey cool had not 1997—98. the met summed ffiat species and genus B.patagiatus benefitted of as insolation and larger are dry the in than may in cool captured short continental not like hand, weaffier. withered the a 1998, (southem),

Abundance the dropped the affected of whole even years. by few of summer on a cool better indicating and were appears, affects relation warm, with of the species other and pollinators change 1998 two recorded conditions for (Lapland) climates stenothermic Flowers on and the precipitation of concems also end the 1997 very Fennoscandia captures the based species

and is to numbers The B.consobrinus, wMch It started slightly cool The iri were the used B.ruderatus On although normal are 1998, was interrupted 3.pascuorum, recorded different at weaffier years, in Finland. Seven 1997 overcast the weather were of P.quadricolor) (Apidae) been rainy. here and captures year between The in extreme of Bombus normal difference ranges, individual spring individual Lithuania. year enduring and

Composition, northernmost and weather. the of adaptabiity also in of B.ruderarius. 1998 number same changing of The Fig.4. quite B.confusus, mainly Bees 300% the cool and Norffiem summer (steppes). genus cool to competition monitoring in a the B.magnus (orohemiarctic), as ffiefr presented conditions and 140% the abundance average has Species active and most the restricted season to Fig.5. overcast (Rvestalis to poor two both species in he of almost with in The but source 1998 The areas. In Lapland due ac%ve. Social very and to sensifive The The was yearly distribu%on can remains of depicted weather analyses Baltics regarded be

Distribution 6.! summed cies B.cryptarum, stUi area are species sibly decline

Specics conditions. cool spells, the the B.cullumanus, most shown B.sporadicus absolute to started year the rial The B.maculidorsis onlytwo The fions. large hyperboreus much. very nectar have he

0 Fig.4. DistributionofBombus and Psithytus individualsin the sampies of 1997 and 1998. Thegreen circlesstand for recordsin 1997 and the unflhledcirclesfor recordsin 1998.

The FinnishEnvironment355 0 The

E 10

0 0 0. 0 0 5 10 15 20 Species number 1998

Fig.5. Comparisonbetween captured speciesnumber of bumblebees and cuckoobees in 1997 and 1998.Onlythose sites, wheretraps were operated both years have been included.

Because the social bees are the most important pollmators in the study area, the species are shortiy treated hereafter: B.lucortim (Linnaeus,1761) is perhaps the best known bumble bee in the area being one of the first to emerge from hibernation in early sprmg and therefore often acknowiedged by the layman as a “sign of the start of spring”. The species has recently been divided into three, ali of which occur in northern Europe (Pami lo et al. 1984, 1997). Ihis particular species was recorded ali over the area, except for the northermost part of Finland (hiari Lapiand), and it is definiteiy the most common of the three species. It appears to avoid dense human habitation and is a tvpical country-side species. II buiids its nest underground, but have been found to use arious holes above the grottnd in man-made environments. The coIonies are usually large (Löken 1973). The ratio of captured queens, workers and males (QWM) is changing going from south to nForth. lii the southern regions queens dominate in the catches, but in the north workers predominate — also the propor tion of males slightiy increases northwards (table 4). Despite that no preference for difference castes and sexes could be found in the colour tests, these regionai differ ences can only be explained either as a difference in brood size (which is highly uniikely) or a difference in ftower colour fidelity between the workers of the same species iii different regions. The phenomenon with more workers captured iii the north is also evident in other species, such as B.hypnorum, B.sporadicits,B.jonellus and 3.pratoruiiz. The numbers of captured bumNe bee queens are shown m Fig 6.

Finnish Environment 355 Iable4.Proportionofcapturedqueens,workersandmalesofB.Iucommin differentregionsol theinvestigatedareain 199?.

Region Female-queens(%) Female-workers(%) Males(%)

tapiand 2 65 33

NorthernOstrobotnia 26 64 10

Kainuu 1 1 69 20

MiddleOstrobotnia 49 31 20

SouthernOstrobotnia 81 9 9

(entralFinland 46 39 15

NorthernSavonia 68 15 1?

NorthernKarelia 42 20 38

RussianKarelia 3? 44 19

Tavastia 69 16 15

SouthernSavonia 42 58 0

Southwest-Finland 90 ? 3

SouthernFinland 88 10 2

Southeast-Finland 6? 18 15

teningradOblast 31 34 35

[stonia 9? 3 0

atvia 92 4 4

PskowOblast 98 2 0

tithuania 99 1 0

3.crvptarum (fabricius,1775) has quite recently been separated from the former (Rasmont 1984) and is much rarer. It appears to prefer barren biotopes and land scapes. Pamilo et al. (1997) state that it would he more comrnon than lttcontnt in the north and in the “boreal” environments of the southwestern archipelago of Finland. In central Europe ciijptarzint is more comrnon in higher alhftides (von Hagen 1993). The monitoring sampies indicate that the species is rare in Eastern Baltics and the southwestern part of Finland and most abundant in the areas cov ered with coniferous wood iii central and northern Finland, where it locally may be more common than lttcoriim. The QWM-ratio in 1998 in Finland was 80:13:7. B.magiitts Voigt,1901 has also been separated from Iucorttnt and is the rarest one of the three. It has been found in many of the same sites as the former species, btit it does not appear to go as much to the north as cri/ptarurn. The northermost sites of recording were Kokkola, Viiksimo and Kostamuksa. In the Balfic countries magnusis very scarce and was recorded only in Lithuania. The most abundant sites of this species were Lauhanvuori (>100 individuals), Seitseminen, Kontiolah ti and Kivatsu, most of which are supra-aquatic areas with relafively old forests. The QWM-ratio in 1998 in Finland was 98:1:1. B.terrestris (Linnaeus,1758). Only two specimens belonging to this species has been recorded from Finland (Pekkarinen & Kaarnama 1994). The species is quite common in Sweden north to 6OoN and it appears to be not uncommon in Eastem Baltics. Oider information (Löken 1973) sethng its northern distribution limit in southern Litliuania is definitely disputed by the monitoring results. The species was recorded north to the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland in single speci mens in 1997 and it is fairly ahundarit in Lithuania and along the coast of Latvia. The statement that this species prefer built or ruderal areas (Löken 1973, Pekkarin en 1979) is not supported by the present findings.

The Finnish Environment 355 0 355 stand circles Environment green Finnish The The . 1998. and 1998. 1997 in of records samples for the in circles queens unfihled the and ofBombus 1997 in Distribution 6. records Fig. for

0 B.sporadicus Nylander,1848 is ari element of the Siberian fauna and confined to the vast taiga. It is considerably more abundant in northem ffian southem Fen noscandia. The southernmost records in 1997were from Lammi, Luopioinen, Tam pere and Hirvivuolle and the northernmost records are from the line Kolari—So dankylä. It has not been met with in the Baltic countries. The colonies are large and workers have been captured iri much higher proportions than by other spe cies (QWM-ratio of 1997 was 10:84:6). B.soroeensis(Fabricius,1776) was recorded north to its limit, the northermost records were from Tornio and Rovaniemi (see Pekkarmen et at.1981). The abun dance varies much within its range in 1997—98.The species was abnormally abun dant in three sites: Pyhtää (Hirvivuolle) in south-eastem Finland, Mäijamaa (Jala se) in westem Estonia and Utena (Rugsteliskes) in northwestem Lithuania. These three sites diifer much from each other and so far there is no explanation to why these high-density areas exist. Offierwise the abundance is quite low. It prefers dry and open landscapes and has a preference for flowers of Campanuta rotundfo lia (Pekkarinen 1984) and Calluna (Pekkarinen & Teräs 1986). The species nests underground. The colonies are generally quite small. It is said to be rare in Germa ny (von Hagen 1993). Within its area the bee is polymorphic and the nominate form prevails almost everywhere. The other red-backed colour morph, usually named ssp.proteus Gers tacker,1869, has ari stronghold in westem Estonia ffiat is fairly isolated from the central European one (where tMs morph prevails). The rare ssp.proteus has previously only been recorded occasionally and scattered in Liffiu anja, Latvia and Estonia. Jntraspecific forms between the nominate form and this one are also found in westem Estonia. The species also has a strong ten dency for melanism (Pekkarinen & Teräs 1986, Pekkarinen et at. 1994, Pekkarinen & Teräs 1995). Melanic individuals were recorded over a much larger area than hitherto known (table 5). The proportion of melanism is highest along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, but melanic individuals were also captured far inland. Some of ffiese inland sites locate close to large lakes or large bog landscapes, which would support the theory of melanism developing in areas with urifavourable microcli mate in early spring (Pekkarinen 1979). But there are several records of melanism in inland populations as well, the explanation to which is not yet known. The QWM-ratio in 1997 in Finland was 68:31:1.

The FinnishEnvironment355 Table5.Percentageot melanicand red-backedmorphsofB.soroeensisin themonitoringnetworkinyears1997—1998.

Valuesin bracketsate onlyindicativebecauseoftooIowtotalnumberofindividuals.Theinfluenceofmicrodimateon

thelocalityis givenwhenassumedto be ofimportance.

Sitenumber Sitename N 1997-98 % nelanic % proteus lnfluence

116 Virga 23 69.6 - coastal

115 GrobinaVitini 20 50.0 - coastal

113 PapeKoni 23 43.5 - coastal

198 Siitere 100 35.0 - coastal

139 Täktom 35 34.3 - coastal 104 Jalase 132 31.8 68.2

129 Rugsteliskes 306 31.0 -

131 Dubrava 27 25.9 -

127 Ukmerge 23 21.8 -

39 Konnevesi 35 17.1 - largelake

217 Jääskelä 12 16.7 - largelake

107 Nuuksio 22 13.6 -

214 Bromarv 47 10.6 - coastal

132 Lekeciai 22 9.1

70 Joutseno 45 8.9 -

134 Tenhola 46 8.7 - coastal

155 Vuoksa 117 6.8 -

41 Korpilahti 348 3.2 - largelake

26 Suonenjoki 71 2.8 - largelake

221 Eno 60 1.7 -

14 Seitseminen 85 1.2 -

213 tauhanvuori 99 1.0 -

18 Hirvivuolle 609 0.3 - largebog

120 Viidumäe 16 0.0 43.8 coastal

118 Riga 1 (100) - coastal

201 Klaipeda 4 (75) - coastal

105 Endia 3 (67) - largebog

104 Puka 3 (67) (33)

197 Rudbarzi 9 (56) -

65 lulliniemi 2 (50) - coastal

94 Keikino 2 (50) - coastal

119 Carnikava 6 (33) - coastal

128 Plateliai 7 (29) -

149 Inkoo 10 (20) -

121 SebezOsyno 6 (17) (66) largelake

122 Kurgolovo 9 (II) - coastal

109 Kloogaranna 1 - (100) coastal

B.pratorum (Linnaeus,1761) is common and prefers forest margins and brushwood. It can build nests in a vanety of microhabitats (e.g. free holes, holes underground, in thurfs of vegetation) and the colomes are rapidly developing and small (von Hagen 1993). Jn years of warm early summers a partial second generation may develop (Prys-Jones & Corbet 1991). The species is less common in the southern parts of the investigated area and it may locally be prevailing in the subarctic birch zone. The QWM-ratio in 1997 in Finland was 51:44:5. B.pascuorum (Scopoli,1793) has an areal colour variation. It is the most com monest bumble bee species in the Baltic countries where the ssp.paflidofaciesVogt, 1911 occurs. Tbis form grades through a narrow intergrading zone wiffi 0 The FinnishEnvironment355 ssp.sparreanus Löken, 1973 prevailing in the boreal region. The intergrading zone runs ftom the SW-archipelago of Finland in ESE direction and quite closely foi iows the limit between the souffiem boreal and the hemiboreal zones. The ssp.sparreanus was recorded norffi to the line Kolari—Sodankylä. In the Caledonian mountain chain, in nortwestermost Finland ssp.smithianus White,l85lwas captured (see Löken 1973, Pekkarinen 1979). The species is common almost everywhere, preferring pastures and legumen fields (Pekkarinen & Teräs 1977), and its highest abundancy was found in the same sites previously mentioned under soroeensis.It is said to avoid large uniform forest areas and also to he a very ffiorough pollina tor having high economic relevance (Löken 1973). The nests are built either on the ground or underground (von Hagen 1993) and the colonies are relatively large but slowly developing (Prys-Jones & Corbet 1991). The QWM-ratio in 1997 in Finland was 74:21:5. B.hypnorum (Linnaeus,1758) is originally an eastem boreal forest species ffiat has adapted fairly well to man-made habitats and as a consequence been ahle to spread west- and southwards. It prefers to build nests in holes above the ground, very often in bird cages and other cavities and holes made by man. It, perhaps, reached the Åland islands as late as iri the 1970’s (Pekkarinen et at. 1981). Jn the Baltic countries it seems to he widely spread but not very abimdant. The abundan cy is highest in the middle boreal region. The QWM-ratio in 1997 in Finland was 24:62:14. B.cingulatus Wahlberg,1855, is a rare species of the norffiem boreal region, preferring aider forests and brushwood. It may locally he common (Pekkarinen & Teräs 1977) but is also missing in several places. The record from Kouvola in Fin land (1997), representing a proximal moist wood of the Salpausselkä end forma tion, is one of the souffiermost known (some old sites in Karelia lie more to the souffi). The northemmost records of the monitoring are from Sarmijärvi. Very lit tie is known about the bionomy of the species — it is clearly less anthropochorous than B.hypnorum and avoids extensive cuitural areas. B.tapidarius (Linnaeus,1758) has adapted well to anthropogenic environments and is often observed (and recor ded in this scheme) in city parks and around human habitations. It becomes scarce in the middle boreal region and was record ed north to the line Vasa—Ilomantsi. The abundance is high along barren coastal strips (it was the only bumblebee species recorded on islands in the archipelagoes) and in gravelly terrain (especially along the Salpausselkä ridges in southem Fin land. Males are less frequent in the trap samples because ffiey fty higher ffian the standard sampling height (Bringer 1973). The bumblebee is said to prefer shallow aggregated ftowers of the family Asteraceae (Prys-Jones & Corbet 1991).The colo nies are large and the nests are established underground, often in coarse stony ground (Löken 1973). The QWM-ratio in 1997 in Finland was 82:17:1. B.ruderarius (Mueller,1776) prefers ruderate communities close to human hab itation. It has previously been relatively common in Finland (Forsius 1935), but regarded as scarce by Pekkarinen &Teräs (1977).It was not found in southwestem Finland and appears to be absent many places inland in Finland. It is however stil quite common in some eastem parts of the area, like Pskov region, the Leningrad region, south-eastem Finland and in most of Estonia. The northermost record was from Tohmajärvi in norffiem Karelia. It builds its nest on the ground which is often destroyed by agricultural activity such as grass-buming and pioughing (von Hagen 1993). The colonies are raffier small (Löken 1973). In Russia the colour morph rossicus was relatively abundant in the Pskov region. The QWM-ratio in 1997 in Finland was 87:4:9. B.veteranus (Fabricius,1793) is the most common of ali the species building nests on the ground. The bum blebee has a continental distribution and is found only in the southemmost parts of Scandinavia (Löken 1973). In the study area its The FinnishEnvironment355 0 abundance is high east of the Ime Osyrto-Puka-Kingisepp-Joutseno-Maaninka Kiuruvesi—Liminka. It was not recorded on any islands. In fennoscandia veteranus is expanding northwards because it was recorded north to Tornio and Rovaniemi lying much more northern ffian its formerly known northern limit. Melanism is a quite recent phenomenon in ffiis species and melanic individuals have so far been found (also in the monitoring sampies) only from the souffiwestern coast of Fin land in Hanko peninsula (Pekkarinen & Teräs 1986). The QWM-ratio in 1997 in Finland was 80:14:6. B.schrencki(Morawitz,1881) is a southeastern species that was regarded to he extinct in Poland unifi re-discovered in the begmning of the 1990’s(Banaszak 1995). It was very soon after that also recorded from Lithuania and then from Latvia. The oldest records from Estonia date back to the middle of 1980’s.The expansion to wards north evidently continues because the yeilow-trap sampies iridicate that schrenckihas aiready reached the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland and north of 62oN in Russian Karelia (largest captures were from Kivatsu in 1997—98).The species is said to prefer moist forests and forest margins (Monsevicius 1995). Its expansion must have benefitted from accelerated afforestation of open fields in the Baltic countries.The QWM-ratio in Lithuania is 88:8:4 and in Russian Karelia 31:54:15 (1997). B.sytvarum (Linnaeus,1761) is a continental species too, wnlch is expanding westwards (recorded new to Finland in the 1930s). The abundancy is highest in areas around the inner parts of the Gulf of Finland where it was recorded fairly comrnon in 1997 (but absent in 1998). Another strong core area appears to he situ ated in SW-Latvia. In 1998 it was recorded close to its westernrnost and norffiern most occurrence in Finland (from Mietoinen and Tohmajänri), but it appears to have declined from the middle parts of the Finnish south coast. The species nests on the ground and the colomes are raffier small. The QWM-rafio in Russia is 47:33:20 (1997). B.distinguendus Morawitz,1869, is a local species with low abundancy. It ap pears to have become somewhat rarer in the iast decades. The highest number was recorded in Liminka, Finland in 1997, but it disappeared from ffiere in 1998. In the same year it was however recorded quite far north iii Tornio and Liikasen vaara. It was not recorded from Estonia at ali, and very unfrequently from Latvia (2 sites), Lithuania (3 sites) and Russia (2 sites) in the piiot monitoring period. It nests on the ground and prefers traditional agricultural landscapes wiffi pastures and florishing meadows. The QWM-ratio in Finland was 83:13:4for 1997. B.muscorum (Linnaeus,1758) is a very iocal species preferring wet coastal (up heavai) meadows. It was only found in two coastal sites (Dragsfjärd Örö and Hailuoto) in 1997 in Finland. Meianism is known in this species as well (ssp.liepetterseni Löken 1973). It builds its nest on the ground and the colonies are small (von Hagen 1993). B.humitis Illiger,1806, is the species ffiat have declined most in the area over the last decades. It has eariier been distributed over large areas, but has been re corded only in southwestern Finland since 1975. The monitoring showed it to be present in a few sites in Lithuania (Rugskeiistes, Dubrava) and Lahria (Pape, Gro bina Vitini). Half of the specimens belong to the capucine-brown coioured morph, the other half to the dark form tristis. The species nest on the ground in grass tussocks and underneath moss-polsters and the colomes are smail (Löken 1973, Pekkarinen & Teräs 1987). B.hortorum (Linnaeus,1761) has a long proboscis and is a very important spe cies in maintaining biodiversity because it prefers deep-corolla ftowers. It is wide ly distributed throughout the area, but the colonies are usualiy small everywhere. The highest abundancy was recorded in Luopioinen, Ylistaro, Korpilahti, Maaninka,

0 The Finnish Environment 355 Haapajärvi and Melalahti. It has adapted weii to human environments and is fre quentiy found in omamental gardens and piantations. The species is meianic in Scandinavia. The QWM-ratio in Finland was 79:16:5in 1997. B.subterraneus (Linnaeus,1758). is a iocai species building nests undergound. It prefers fieids of red clover (Pekkarinen et at. 1981). It was recorded very iocally in Eastem Baitics (3 sites in Lithuania, 1 site in Pskov, 1 site in Novgorod) and in the southeast of Finland (2sites) in 1997.In 1998it was not recorded at ali. Meianic individuals have been met with around the metropoiitan area of Heisinki where the species is dimorphic (Pekkarinen & Teräs 1993, Pekkarinen et al.1994). B.jonetlus (Kirby,1802), largely represented by ssp.subborealis Richards, 1933, prefers barren landscapes and is particuiarly common in the north. It becomes rarer towards south where it is found in larger forest refuges and in the archipela go. It avoids culturai iandscapes and is important in pollinating forest berries. It is very rare in the Eastem Baltic (where it is represented by its nominal form) and confined to bogiands and heathlands. In 1998it was not found in traps from Lithua nia or the Pskov region. It buiids its nest in subterranean hoilows and has raffier small colomes. It might have a partial second generation in warm summers (Prys Jones & Corbet 1991). The species has heavily declined in central Europe where it is regarded as a glacial relict (von Hagen 1993, Kosior 1995). The QWM-ratio in 1997 in Finland was 36:60:4. B.semenovietlus Skorikov,1909 is a rare and locai species. It has a continental distribution and is most frequent in the southeastem parts of the range where it was recorded from Rugskelistes (1997—98),Ukmerge (1997—98)and Sakiai (1998) in Lithuania, Osyno (1997), Knjazevo (1998),Valdai (1997—98)and Keildno (1998) in Russia, and Elva (1997) in Estoma. It has only once, one maie in 1964, been reporded from Finland (Eiftring 1965),but the monitoring in 1998 proved colonies to be present in Parikkala (3.6.1998), Joutseno (24.5.1998),Ylistaro (6.7.1998) and Paitamo Meiaiahti (4.7.1998). Three of ffiese sites lie close to the eastem border of Finland, one however quite far away from it. The species might have been over looked before, but there are so far no other specimens in Finnish collections beside the one previously mentioned. Bdapponicus (Fabricius,1793) is a circumpoiar species and particuiariy com mon in the subarctic birch-zone. It was not found south of the Arctic Circle in the monitoring, but elder data impiy occurrences south of this as well (Pekkarinen et al. 1981). It was most common in Kiipisjärvi, Sarmijärvi and Sodankyiä. B.monticola(Smith,1849) is a boreoalpine species and very simiiar to the former species, but appears to be more common in mountains in the north (cf. Svensson 1979, Pekkarinen 1982b). It was recorded only as one worker in Kevo. B.atpinus (Linnaeus,1758) is an arctoalpine species confined in Finland to mountain areas in the north. One specimen was recorded in Kevo in 1998. B.polaris (Kirby,l802) is also a circumpolar species and confined in Finland to mountain areas in the north. One worker was recorded in Kilpisjärvi in 1998. B.balteatus Dahlbom,1832, is a circumpolar species prefering in Finland slope meadows in mountain areas. It was recorded only in three sites: Paliastunturi (1997), Kevo (1997) and Kilpisjärvi (1997—98).Melanic individuals are common in Scandi navia and westem Lapland (Löken 1973).No meianic individuai were recorded in the monitoring. The cuckoo bee species are inquiines and only forage on flower nectar for nutrition of ffieir own. The abundancy of cuckoo bees is said to indicate the stabil ity and abundancy of the host colomes (Ortiz-Sanchez 1995). Therefore the ratio between the host and the inquiline is of interest in the monitoring. Psithyrus bohemicus (Seidl,1837) is the most common cuckoo bee of the area investigated and is an inquffine of Bducorum (and probably other species of the tucorum-complex). The femaie-maie ratio (FM) in Finland was 69:3lfor 1997. The The FinnishEnvironment 355 0 The ______

ratio between bohemicusand lucorum is locally between 1:10 and 1:3 (Fig.7), but ffiere are places where it is higher (Konnevesi; >1:1) and places where the inquiline is almost missing or missing (Siitere Nature Reserve and Inkoo, boffi lying close to the coast). This might be due to migrated specimens of the host species (cf. Mikko la 1978, 1984). The inquiline does not extend as far north as is host and was record ed norffi to the Kolari—Sodankylä line. It was most abundant in Tornio Kalkkimaa where> 100 specimens were captured in 1998.

70 0 60 E . o4O _0s.II..220 O 0 II 0 100 200 300 400 Bombus Iucorum

Fig.7.Ratiobetween Psithyrus bohemicus and Bombus Iucorum queens in the samplesof ‘997.

P. sylvestris Lepeltier,1832, is an inquiline of B.pratorum. The FM-ratio in Finland was 71:29 for 1997. The ratio between sylvestris and pratorum is usually higher than ffiat of bohemicus/lucorum,often being 1:8...1:2 (Fig.8). There are however col onies of the host with little inquffines (Pyhtää Hirvivuolle). The species is distrib uted quite far to northwest (Tormo—Kolari) but appears to be absent in the south eastem parts of the area (Pskov, Novgorod) .60 70. 50 40 • 30 -. 0. 0 100 200 300 400 500 Bombus pratorum

Fig.8.Ratiobetween Psithyrus sylvestris and Bombus pratorum queens in the samplesof 1997.

FinnishEnvimnment355 P cainpesti’is (Panzer,1$01) is a presumed mquiline of B.pascuoriiiit (and possibly other species of the suhgenus Tltoracoboiiibtis)that was recorded mostly in Eastern Baltics, and even here scarcely (Kurgolovo, Jalase, Puka, Virga, Lekeciai, Dubrava and Rugskelistes). The only records from Finland were from Etelä-Kuivasto in SW-Finland (1997) and Petkeljärvi in Northern Karelia (1998). lis distribution is far from that of the presumed host species and other hosts have been suggested such as B.Izuinilis.As this species is even less common than P.cainpestristhis seems very unlikely. II rnight be requiring fast developing colonies of B.pasctiorum, which could explain why it is more common in the area where ssp.pallidofaciesoccurs and why very few of the large, but slowly developing colonies of ssp.sparreahitts in the horeal region were not parasitized at ali. The species has evidently declined in the last 20 years, which is confirmed by records jo museum collections. Pflapidus (Eversmann,1852) is aii inquihne of B.jrniellusonly occuring m north ern fennoscandia. Pflaidus was recorded fairly common south to the line Kan nus—Kajaani north of which its host is ahundant. Two records from southem Fin land in 1997 (Espoo Nuuksio and Pyhtää Hirvivuolle) may indicate B.soroee,isisas a secondary host. P.;iorvc-jci,s Sparre Schneider,191$ is an inquihne of 3.Itiip;ioritiiiand is very scarce in relation to its host species. It was only recorded in Eiciai in Lithuania (1997). Apparently the inquiline have become rarer, but there are quite recent and abundant findings aiong the Oulujoki river in the north (sampies in the Zooiogicai Museum of the Oulu University). Pro pestris (fabricius,1793) is an inquiline of B.lapidaritts that aiso has become rarer in the last two decades. It was only recorded jo a few sites: Ruissalo Turku in Finland (1997), Maianiemi Vuoksa in Russia (199$), Vilsandi Saarenmaa in Esto nia (199$), Utena Rugsteliskes (1997), Piunge Plateliai (199$), Eiciai Lekeciai (1998) in Lithuania. P.barbiitellits (Kirhy,1802) is an inquiline of B.hortortmt that has become very scarce in the region and has already been red listed in Finland and Estonia. Only two southern records came out of the pilot monitoring (Kaunas Duhrava in Lithua nia,1997 and Nisha Knjazevo in Pskov oblast, 199$). Apis iitc’11if’raLinnaeus,175$, the honey hee, has heen introduced to the area a long time ago. Two races are reared, the nominal race which is hardier in the north eru climates but more aggressive and with slowly growing colonies, and the var.Iigustica, which is less agressive and developing faster. The iatter is less hard ened to northern climates and therefore mainly reared in the south of the area. The honey bee can not compete with the bumblebees iii pollinating nature flowers (often because of too short prohoscis), but it is ao important component in polli nating oil seed flowers (Free 1993). The species was recorded north to the line Oulu—Kajaani (64oN) in the frap sampies, but was rather scarce in most places. It was most frequently found in early spring and late autumn samples and oniy workers were recorded (males have been captured only in light-traps in Sebez Osyno). The workers have obvjously also a clear colour fidelity, other than yellow, in the south.

The hnnsh Envwonment355 The

6.2 Solitary Bees (Apoidea, other families) The number of trapped species were low in the whole area (Fig.9) and the maxi mum number of species of any site was 20 in 1997 and 25 h 1998 (ca 7% of ali known species). The species richness in 1997—98was highest close to the coast of the Baltic Sea and very few individuals were trapped north of the Arcfic Circle in Finland. Totally 110 solitary bee species were recorded which is only ca 1/3 of the known fauna. Of these 83 species were recorded in 1997 and 82 species in 1998.

Fig.9.Distributionof sampledsolitarybee speciesin 1997 and 1998.Thegreen circlesstand for recordsin 1997 and the unfihledcirclesfor recordsin 1998. 0 FinnishEnvironment 355 Common for boffi years were onlyS4 species, which indicates the local occurrence of many species and that the number of species wiIl stifi increase wiffi continuous monitoring. With the exception of Lithuania, ali other counfries showed a decline in average individuals/site in 1998as a resuit of the poor summer weather of ffiat yeat In 1997—98twenty-seven oligolectic species out of about 70 known (cf. Mon sevicius 1995,Pekkarinen 1998)were recorded. Most of ffiese (18)visit yellow flow ers and only3 species visit red. The oligolectic bee species were (colour preference in bracket as Y=yellow, W=white, B=blue and R=red): Coltetes daviesanus (Y), C.similis (W), C.succinctus (R), C.cunicu?arius (Y), Panurgus ca?caratus(Y), Andrena denticulata (Y),A.hattorfiana (R),A.?apponica(R),A.gelriae(Y),A.witkella(Y),A.ctarketla (Y), A.vaga (Y), A.praecox (Y), A.ruficrus (Y), A.curvungula (3), Heriades truncorum (Y),Dasypoda attercator (Y),Megachlle ericetorum (Y),M.nigriventris (Y),M.?apponica (R), Anthophorafurcata (Y),Me?itta haemorrhoidalis(3), Macropisfutvipes (Y), Chelos toma campanularum (B), C.rapunculi (B), C.ftorisomne(Y),Hylaeus nigritus (W). Of the species prefering red flowers only single male specimens were recorded. In 1997—98nineteen inquiline species were recorded (host in parenffiesis, if known) from the yellow-traps: $telis minima (Che?ostoma campanularum), Nomada striata (Andrena ge?riae), N.goodeniana (Andrena cineraria), N.bfida (Andrena haemorrhoa),N.atboguttata (Ari drena barbi?abris), N.panzeri (Andrena fucata), Nfulvicornis (Andrena carbonaria, A.tibialis, A.bimaculata), Ndathburiana (Andrena vaga),N.?eucophtha?ma(Andrena clar kella), N.fabriciana (Andrena bicotor),N.flavoguttata (Andrena subgenus Taeniandrena sp.), N.obscura (Andrena ruficrus), Epeolus cruciger (Coltetesdaviesanus), Sphecodes ephippius (Lasiogiossum teucozonium), S.crassus (Lasiogiossumsubgenus Evylaeus), S.pet?ucidus(Lasiogiossumsubgenus Evy?aeusand Andrena barbilabris),S.gibbus(Halic tus spp.), S.moniticornis (LasiogiossumincLsubgenus Evylaeus) and S.geoftellus(Lasi ogiossum ?eucopum). The host species of N.futvicornis was not captured by trapping. In general, the host and its inquiline were recorded at the same site, but there were also records of inquilines in trappmg sites where the host was not recorded. In 1997—98sixty-seven polylectic species were recorded. In some common species one of the sexes were predominating in the captures. Such were Andrena praecox, A.ctarkefla (males) and species of the family Halictidae (females). Of the last mentioned family, males are more seidom met wiffi as mating usually takes places within the nest, and the fact that only females hibemate (and are frequently captured in spring and late autumn) may explain these sex-ratios of the captures. Some rare species are here commented upon:

Anthophora ptumipes (Pallas, 1772). Four males were captured in Latvia, Pape Koni 21—28.4.1998.The species fties very early and is therefore seidom otherwise re corded. It nests in steep clay or sand siopes and prefers Primuta veriswhen visiting ftowers. Osmia aurulenta (Panzer,1799). One female was captured in Latvia, Pape Koni 13.5.98. The species nests in empty shells of Cepaea.Earlier known only from Ka liningrad in the region (Monsevicius 1995). Osmia piUcornisF.Smith,1846. One male was captured in Finland, Korpiiahfi 11.5.1998.The species prefers herb-rich forests and forages mainly on Pulmonaria. Andrena hattorfiana (Fabricius,1775). One male was captured in Lithuania, Piateliai 30.6.1997. The species is an oiigoiect on Knautia arvensis. Andrena bico?orFabricius, 1775 and Nomada fabriciana (Linnaeus,1767). The host, prefering Viola-ftowers, was captured in Piateliai (Liffiuarda), Grobina, Kuidi ga, Taisi (Latvia), Jalase (Estonia) and Vaidai (Russia) between 30.4—2.6.1997.Its inquiline was recorded only in Lithuania (Piateliai 5.5.1997,Lekeciai 5.7.1997)with out records of the host. The FinnishEnvironment355 0 Andrena ventralis Tmhoff,1832. One female was captured in Lahria, Carnikava 7.5.1997 Andrena curvungula Thomson,1870. One male was captured in Liffiuania, Dubrava 11.5.1997.This oligoledic species confined to Campanula-flowers has been defined as vulnerable in Lithuania (Balevicius 1992). Halictus sexcinctus (Fabricius,1775). Two females were captured in Lahria, Pape Koni 10.6.1998 Lasiogtossum costulaturn (Kriechbaumer,1873). One female was captured in Liffiuania, Dubrava 19.7.1997 Hylaeus nigritus (fabricius,1798) was captured in Estonia, Jalase 29.6.1997and Kloogaranna 19.7.1998. The species is very local and collects pollen only from Umbeffiferae. Hylaeus dfformis (Eversmarin,1852)was captured inLithuania, Eiciai 16.8.1998 and Rugsteliskes 28.6.1998, and in Pskov region, Knjazevo 13.7.1997 & 16.6.1998. The species is rare and local in the souffiem part of the investigated region. Hytaeus sinuatus (Schenck,1853) was captured in Latvia, Camikava 12-28.7.1997 and 12—20.7.1998,and Kuidiga 5.7.1997.The species ts rare and local south of the fennoscandian area.

6.3 Social Wasps (Vespidae) Social wasps are common throughout the area (Fig.10), although only one species (Dolichovespula norvegica) was met with in the northernmost and most elevated places. High number of individuals were recorded m some places (Pori, Nuuksio, Riga and Kuldiga), where usually one species clearly dominated the catches. In Liffiuania and Kaliningrad the number of wasps was quite low durmg the moni toring period. The high number of social wasps in the sampies cannot simply be explained as visits to ftowers for nufrition. They must have been attracted by the amount of killed ffies that acted as attractants to the wasps. Three species of inter est are specially treated hereunder: Vespacrabro Lrnnaeus,1758. The Hornet occurs in the investigated area in two forms, the nominate form occu ring in the eastem and northem part and the col our morph gennana in the westem parts of the Baltics. The species nests in decay ing wood and is therefore dependent on old forest stands. It was raffier common in the 1930’sbut declined wiffi a reduction in the distribution in the 1960...1990s. The decline has been related to lower summer temperatures (Pekkarinen 1989). The monitoring results indicate that the species is local but not uncommon irt parts of Liffiuania, Latvia and Russia. The northemmost find is from Russian Karelia (1997), wbich would indicate that it is re-expanding nortwards as a result of the warmer summers in the 1990’s. One queen was also recorded Rantasalmi (62o02— 28o10) in Finland in a bait frap in 1997 (leg.P.Sundell) and another one in a bait trap at Ruotsinpyhtää (60o30’—26o30’)in 1998(leg.Harry Lonka). Records of queens and males have also been made in southwestem and southeastem Finland (Kuu berg, Kaitila, pers.comm.). Small colonies evidently still exist in the Saimaa Lake region and in the Virolahti area in southeastem Finland. Vespula germanica (Fabricius,1776). Pekkarinen & Hulde’n (1995) inform ffiat it is resident iii the Åland islands (latest record in 1970’s), which was also con firmed by the momtoring. The monitoring results clearly shows that the species is widespread mainly along the Baltic coast east to the Kurgolovo peninsula in the Leningrad region. This means that the Finnish populafion is not isolated from the main distribu%on. The species is however local, but the colonies are quite large.

0 The FinnishEnvironment355 Fig.10.Distributionofsampled socialwasp individualsin 1997 and 1998.The green circles stand for recordsin 1997 and the unfihledcircles forrecordsin 1998.

Polistes doinintitiis (Christ,1791) was the oniy paper wasp recorded. One male of this species was taken in Riga in Latvia (2.8.1998). The species has been known to have a much more southern distribution hut another recent recording in Lithua nia would support the possihility of fast spread to the north of this synanthropic species (Pekkarinen & Gustafsson, in print). The record from Riga is the northern most in wild in Europe.

The FinnishEnvironment 355 355 fre

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0 20—25years (Pekkarinen & Huide’n 1991). Three species nesting in the soil (Etto di,;iertis cjttadrifasciatus,Gi,in nocertts laevipes,Odinerus spinipes) vere recorded. Ali these three species have Iittle nest site ftexi hility. Records of two species are worth mentioning: Aiicistrocerzisa;ztilope(Panzer, 1798) nests in holes of old trees and wood build ings. It has become rare since the 1970s and is considered “near threatened” (Pekka rinen & Hulde’n 1981, Komiteamietintö 1991). The species was recorded from five sites in Fastem Fennoscandia: Finström Husö (13.8.1997), Paltamo Melalahti (9.7.1997), Espoo Nuuksio (10.7.1998), Kuo pio Pieni Neulamäki (7.8.1998) and Petroskoi Kiwach (25.7.1998). Previous to this, there were no recordings of the species in northern Finland in this century. Sipizmorpltitsmurarius (Linnaeus, 175$) nests in holes in sun-exposed walls or iii reed stems. It has declined over much of Europe this century (Witt 199$). It is considered near threatened in Finland and Estonia. The species was trapped only in Valdai iii Russia in 3 specimens (10.—17.7.199$).

6.5 Hoverfiies (Syrphidae) The total species number per site must he regarded as low (Fig. 12) as the maxi mum number of one site in 1997 was only 25 and in 199$ only 31 (about 7% of the fauna of the whole area). On the other hand, a total of 153 species (1997—98)were captured in yellow-traps, which is almost 50% of ali known species from the area. Hoverflies are thus attracted by the colour, but the efficiency of the traps in sam pling them is low. Many individuals have been seen hovering in front of, and sitting on, the yellow collar of the traps without entering the traps themselves. The most commonly trapped species are those that have a migratory tendency and that can locally deveiop considerably large second (“native”) generations (see subchapter 6.5.3). Some species groups of different habitat preference are treated in short here after.

Species of old natural forests (saproxylic species)

Despite the general conception that adult hoverilies of saproxylic species do not visit flowers, a number of these were nevertheless captured. Tn 1997—98the fol lowing species were recorded: Sphecoinyia vespiforinis, Temnostoma apfornte, T.vespifonne, T.boinbitans, Xit ota tarda, X.segnis, X.coertileivcntris,X.silvarttm, Chat— cosyrphusnemorum,C.valgtts, Brachtipalpoideslentus, Miiatttropafiorea which is not a true saproxylic species, but requires water-filled tree hollows for breeding, Braclt i/opadorsata, B.testacea,B.conicaand Ferdinandea cuprea. Of the mentioned species, seven have according to literature been observed to visit yellow ftowers occasionally. Of the above mentioned species a few like Teinnostoma,Spheconnia and Brachpa1poides are regarded as good indicators of nat ural forests in need of conservation in Europe as they require decaying or dead wood (Speight 1989). Most of the recorded specimens were from naftire conserva tion sites, hut some were also found in economically martaged forests. Data on five obiigatory saproxylics are given hereunder: S.vespzfornteGorski, 1852 was caught in yellow-traps in Melalahti in Kainuu (4.9.1997), in Kuopio in northern Savonia (25.8.1998), in Nuuksio in Espoo, south ern Finland (22.8.1998), in Jyväskylä in central Finland (14.9.1998) and in Kiwach in Russian Karelia (14.9.1998). The species was also recorded in the field in Pyhtää Vanhakylä in July, 1997 (leg.G.Söderman). These findings are qtlite conspicuous as the latest known record of the species in Finland is from 1963. S.vespiforniis The FinnishEnvironment355 0 is for as its he 355 with may stand along it species Sweden forests Environment so the circles iii folded of Finnish only, green mixed The wings The sight . old the by and 1998. re-discovered requirement wet and been in keeping 1998. habitat 1997 in in distinguish in to made 0 recently exact records been species has for The hehaviour difficult N its have circles hoverfly in species before. hence is pled (and The unflhled findmgs sam notice and 1998). the of al. most and alders. et wasps or escaped but appearance 1997 in in Distribution has social (Bartsch it aspens 12. Fig. records tali that mimics well unknown, body)

0 Lapforme (Fabricius, 1794)was caught at five sites: Pori Ahlainen (1.7.1997), Pallas Mustavaara (18.7.1997), Sarmijärvi man (29.7.1998), Valdai in Novgorod (29.6.1997)and Elva in Estonia (29.6.1998).The species is said to require old decay ing small-leaved deciduous forests as a habitat. The Mustavaara and Sarmijärvi findings are in subarctic birch forest areas, the offier ones close to humid alder birch mixed stands. T.vespforme (Linnaeus,1758) was captured in Utena Rugsteliskes in Lithua nia (22.6.1997),Jyväskylä Jääskelä in Finland (24.8.1998) and Kiwach Petroskoi in Russia (13.7.1998).It requires decaying broad-leaved deciduous wood for its sun rounding. Tbombylans (Fabricius,1805) was captured in Liepaja Grobina in Latvia (10.6.1998)and Tosno in the Leningrad oblast (14.6.1998).It requires decaying small leaved deciduous wood for its habitat. Bdentus (Meigen,1822) was captured in Lekeciai (15.6.1997) and Cepkeliai (14.6.1998)in Lithuania. It requires decaying broad-leaved deciduous wood for its surrounding.

Species of traditional landscapes (pasture species)

Very few species can be regarded as good indicators of traditional landscapes (grazed grasslands, pastures etc.).Tothese belong spedes which larva are copropha gous like Rhingia campestris, R.rostrata and R.austriaca. Of these the records of R.rostrata are worth mentioning (Kaliningrad 25.7.1997 in light-trap and Liepaja Virga 17.7.1998 in yellow-trap) as the species has become extinct in large parts of westem Europe (Torp 1994). Species like Eristalinus sepulchratis, Eristatis intricari um, E.antophorinum, E.interruptum, E.abusivum, and E.horticotum are also quite good indicators as ffieir larva live in manure water. The captured number of these were quite small that might indicate a change in their environment since the time of more extensive cattle breeding. Stiil two other species might be mentioned, Xan thogrammafestivum and X.pedissequum that require the company of ant societies on dry pastures. Both were very rare iri the monitoning samples.

Species with known mfgratory tendencies Migrating hoverflies may he set in three categories:

(1) obiigatory mignants, where fertilized female migrate in early summer to es tablish new colonies upon their arrival. Their nafive generations tend to mi grate furffier, but the species can not survive the winter in the region. To these belong Episyrphus balteatus and Eupeodes corottae.The phenology of the firstmentioned is depicted in Fig.13. The first fertilized females arrive in small numbers in June and the native generation compnising boffi males and females developes in July. Individuals of this genenation migrates fur ther north and some appanently sthrive back to south (Mikkola 1986). Boffi mentioned species are pnotandrous. The migration pattem reminds of ffiat of some butterfties and moths (e.g. Fieris rapae, Vanessa cardui, Autographa gamma). (2) facultative migrants, where boffi males and females arrive in autumn, often at the hirn of August—Septemben.These species, e.g. Scaeva pyrastri, S.setenitica, Metiscaeva auricottis, Eristalis tenax, E.pertinax, E.pratorum, can not survive the winter in the region eithen (an excep%on might be E.tenax that might produce a “native” population in southern Lithuania (925 speci mens of which 483 females between 25.8..11.10.1998in Cepkeliai). These The FinnishEnvimnment355 0 The

species might he numerous in years of suitable migration weather pattems, like in year 1998, but he almost lacking in other years, like in 1997 wiffi very stable high pressure periods over Eastem Fennoscandia. (3) occasional migrants, that can hibemate in the area but wiffi a reduction of the population, and which during suitahle migration weather patterns re ceive strengthening of their populations through migrating individuals mixing with the “native” populations. Such species are Melanostoma melli num, Syrphus torvus, S.vitripennis, S.ribesii, Lapposyrphus lapponicus, Meliscae va cinctetla and Sphaerophoria scripta.

Notahle is ffiat most of the captured hoverfty individuals in boffi 1997 and 1998 belong to species of some of these categories. The intensity and frequency of mi grafions from south ffierefore highiy affect the captures from year to year whereby the quantitative calculations of diversity is subsequently affected by the migra tions and do not give a reliable picture of the local biodiversity.

Episyrphus balteatus

450 400 350 ! 300 CD 250 : 200 .E 150 100 50

0 1 1 I-1••II 0) — C) 50 F-. 0) 50 0) — C) 50 — CM CM CM CM CM C) C.) C) weeks

Fig.13.Sexdistribution(mmales, ffemoles) of Episyrphus balteatus weeklyrecordsin Finlondin 1997.

Species living in forest canopies Species of a few genera mainly spend ffieir time both as larvae and adults in tree canopies. As a result of ffiis ffiey are rarely captured by netting. The yellow-traps however captured several species of ffiese genera: Parasyrphus (7 species), Das ysyrphus (6 species) and Epistrophe (3 species). Most of the species of the genera Parasyrphus and Dasysyrphus were recorded over large areas, and almost ali com mon Parasyrphus-species developed partial second generations both in 1997 and 1998. Notable are the records of Parasyrphus punctinalis from two sites (Sipoo and Kouvola) in Finland. This species has not officially been recorded before, but the species has probably been mixed wiffi the slightly larger, Pmacutaris in the earlier collections.

FinnishEnvironment355 Wetland specfes Very few typical wetland species were recorded: Sericomyiasilentis, $.lappona, Ne oascia meticulo sa, N.podagrica, N.tenur, Helophilus pendutus, H.affinis, H.hybridus, H.trivittatus, Parhetophitus frutetorum and Pconsimitis. One reason for this is that the sampling sites often located far away from wetland habitats, another that most of the species have a preference for white-coloured ftowers.

6.6 Other Groups A small number of offier families of Hymenoptera and Diptera were also surveyed in the yellow-trap materiais. To these belong the mby tails (Chrysididae) that are inquilines of other Hymenoptera (mostly solitary bees and Eumenidae), digger wasps (Sphecidae), that prey on other insects, with some species that nest in old wood, spider wasps (Pompilidae), that prey on spiders, and soidier-ifies (Stratio myidae), of which some species live on pastures, some only in clear, running wa ters.

Ruby tails (Chrysfdidae)

Seven species were recorded in 1997—98:C?eptessemiauratus (Estonia, Lithuania), Chrysis sybarita (Latvia), C.ignita (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Russia), Hedychridium zelleri (Latvia), H.cupreum (Russia), Osmatus viotaceus(Finland), O.auratus (Finland, Russia), Trichrysia cyanea (Russia). Of these C.ignita was most common.

Digger wasps (Sphecidae)

Quite many species were recorded in the yellow-traps: Trypoxytonfigulus, Lmedius, Tattenuatus, Crabro cribrarius, C.pettarius, Ectemnius continuus, E.tapidarius, E.fossorius, E.cephalotes,Lindenius albitabris, Mimumesa dahibomi, Crossocerus nigri tus, C.pusittus, C.barbipes, C.cinxius, C.heydeni, C.megacephalus, C.annutatus, C.assimitis,C.cetratus, C.ovalis,Pemphredoninornatus, Rlugubris, Rmontanus, P.batticus, Spitomena vagans, Psenulus paltidus, Pconcolor, P.fuscicornis, Passaloecus insignis, Reremitus, P.clypearis, Diodontus medius, Rhopatum coarctatum, R.ctavipes, Oxybelus unigtumis, Diodonthus tristis, Astata boops,A.pinguis, Ammophitasabulosa,A.pubescens, Podaloniahirsuta, Mellinus arvensis,Cercerisarenaria, C.quadrtfasciata,C.quinquefasciata, Nysson interruptus, Phitanthus ruspatrix. Most of the species are very common and wideiy distributed (Lomholdt 1984). The most common species was M.arvensis (>100 individuals), nesting in aggregates in sandy locaiities and preying on fties. Males were more numerous and ffiey are known to he honeydew lickers. Also C.cribrarius (>20 individuais) nests in aggregates in sandy localities and prey on fties. Aiso in this species males were more common in the sampies. For other spe cies usually single or a few specimens were captured.

Spi der wasps (Pompilidae)

As can he expected, very few individuais were captured by the yeiiow-traps. They belonged to the following species: Anoptius infuscatus, A.nigerrimus, A.viaticus,Pri ocnemis exattata, Dipogon va riegatum, D.hircanum, Aupiopus carbonarius, Evagetes dubius, Episyron rufipes, Homonotus sanguinotentus and Cahcurgus hyatinatus. Ali of these are common within the area (Wolf 1967).

The FinnishEnvwonment355 0 4

Soldierflies (Stratiomyidae) Only six species were captured: Microchrysa polita (Finland, Latvia, Russia), Sargus iridatus (Finland), Chtoromyiaformosa (Estonia, Latvia, Liffiuania), Beris morrisii, B.chalybeata(Finland) and Odontomyia argentata (Huiftinen, Finland). The two first mentioned species are common and widespread on meadows, the third is con fined to dry grasslands (and not found in Finland), the fourth and fffth are raffier common in northem Fennoscandia and the lastmenfloned is very scarce (previ ously known from only one site in Finland) along flower-banked small rivulets (Rozkosny 1973).

0 The FinnishEnvironment355 Relation between Captures and ...... Natural Fauna

7.! Within-species Relations The above mentioned species distribution and abundance pattems indicate that the yellow-trap sampies correspond well wiffi previous information on distribu tion and aburidancy of the species, i.e. species common in the north are also more abundant in the north and species common in the south are more abundant in the south. This means that different populations of the same species react in a similar manner to the yellow-trap clusters.

Representabflity of sites

It is difficult to estimate the effective capture area of a yellow-trap cluster because of insufficient informaifon on foraging ranges iii literature. Prys-Jones & Corbet (1991) state that the range of foraging for bumble bee queens may he even up to several kilometres, while Teräs (1979)informs “at least 600 m’s” and Pekkarinen & Teräs (1977) give “usually not very much beyond 1000 metres from the nest”. If 1000 metres is taken as feasible radius, then the sampies would represent an area of a little more ffian 3 km2 which means that the results must he interpreted as local rather ffian regional. If the value and the average capktre effectivity of 0.8% (average of queens & workers, see tahle 3) is taken as a basis, the highest capture of bumble bees at Pyhtää (1903 specimens in 1997) would give a density of ca 80 000 individuals/km2. This value is not particularly high as Duhayon (1992,1993) gives densities in France for one species between 1 000—10000 individuals/hec tare. As the captures in the investigation area normally ranged between 100—400 individuals per site, this equals to only 42—167individuals/ha. Zapetal (1961) informs that an average density of 700 bumblebees is needed to pollinate one hectare of red clover. As B.pascuorum, being the best pollinator, produces some 80—100workers per colony, 7—9colonies of this species would he enough for economic pollination. Using a capture effectivity of 1.25% for the queens (see tahle 3), there would need to he 26—33queens/year/capture to fulifi this crite rion. This treshold is exceeded in many places in Eastem Baltics, as well as in southem and middle fennoscandia.

7.2 Between-species Relations There is no direct way to analyse the true between-species variation of the sam pies with that in nature. Jndirectly, comparisons between the sample statistics and statistics of species in collections can he made if the latter have been analysed. Tabies 6 and 7 make comparisons between species proportions in collections of social bee (Bombus and Psithyrus) and queens of social wasp species with those of Finnish yellow-trap sampies. As can he seen, common species are relatively more common in the monitoring sampies than in collecfions and rare species are less common in the monitoring sampies than in collections. Which of these reftect nat ural conditions beifer? A known fact is that collections are biased, because rare The FinnishEnvronment 355 0 The

species are stored in relatively larger numbers than common ones. So in this case, the percentage of rare species are probably too high in the collection material. Wheter ffieir natural proportions (see Figs. 4 and 6) correspond to the monitodng sampies can not be deduced. Anoffier fact, making this kind of comparsion dfffi cult, ts ffiat (Eastem Fennoscandian) collections have piled up during a century’s time and do not therefore relate to the present time only. Alffiough the variation in percentages between the two monitoring years for some species exceeds the variation between the percentages iii the museum col lections and the monitoring material, a comparison between the mean percentag es in the monitoring material with those of the collections may stili indicate larger trends. Tnsuch a comparison differences in bumble bees is to be seen, e.g. concem mg Bombus pratorum (fricreased), 3.sporadicus (increased) and 3.hypnorum (in creased), and in many rarer Bombus-and Psithyrus-species (decreased). This would

Table6.Comparisonbetweenbumblebeeandcuckoobeespeciespercentagesin Finnishcollections((tomPekkarinen et al.1981)andthe Finnishyellow-trapmaterial.

Species Percentageincollections Percentagein capture199? Percentageincapture1998

B.Iucorum 17.16 21.63 13.83 B.jonellus 11.14 6.61 7.93 B.pascuorum 10.35 11.61 22.25 B.pratorum 6.72 8.92 15.99

B.Iapponicus 6.54 0.29 1.47 B.hypnowm 6.02 6.48 9.38 Biapidarius 6.02 1.59 2.00 P.bohemicus 3.9? 2.93 3.62

8.hortorum 3.89 2.56 1.91 B.soroeensis 2.56 6.70 7.67 B.veteranus 2.48 1.52 1.28 &cingulatus 2.21 0.04 0.19 B.ruderarius 2.12 0.18 0.05 P.flavidus 2.0? 0.07 0.44 B.bafteatus 1.95 0.02 0.15 B.distinguendus 1.95 0.13 0.07 P.sylvestris 1.90 2.71 2.50 B.sporadicus 1.77 5.83 4.12 P.rupestris .34 0.01 0.01 B.humilis 1.15 0.00 0.00 Bsubterraneus 1.15 0.02 0.00 P.campestris 0.74 0.01 0.01 B.sylvarum 0.71 0.05 0.07 P.noriegkus 0.38 0.00 0.00 B.muscorum 0.35 0.01 0.00 P.barbuteius 0.23 0.00 0.00 B.cryptarum (incl.in Iucorum) 0.04 4.00 B.magnus (incl.inIucorum) 0.02 1.02 B.monticola <0.001 0.01 0.00 B.alpinus 0.002 0.00 0.01 B.semenoviellus <0.001 0.00 0.02

B.polaris 0.003 0.00 0.01

Total 100(38,170 individuals) 100(18,051 individuals)100(=16,788individuals)

Finnish Enironment 355 indicate that stenotopic grasslard species (see Teräs 1985) have decliiied, whereas eurytopic species preferring woodlands have remained rather strong despite the many anthropogenically induced changes of many habitats. For social wasps the bias of collections might be smaller as the species are not easily distinguished in the field. The comparison would mdicate that the two most common species, Vespula vii igaris aid Dalichovespula ltorwegica would either he better attracted to yellow-traps than other species, or that their abundancy have grown with respect to the other species. The former explanation is the most plau sible, because comparisons between different species in captures with different methodology clearly indicate that these species have a preference for yellow-traps. Material from bait-traps in Finland and Russia indicate that species like Doliclzo vespitia niedia and Vespacrabro are more common in bait-fraps than the mentioned two comrnon species. Dolichovespulasaxonicais also in relafion to D.norwegicamtich more common iii light-traps (ratio 40:60, which is close to that of collections).

Iable7.Comparisonbetweensocialwaspqueenpercentagesin Finnishcollections (fromPekkarinen&Hulde’n1995) andtheFinnishyellow-trapmaterial.

Species Percentagein collections Percentagein capture1997 Percentageincapture1998

0.norvegica 22.56 66.28 50.30

Vvuigaris 19.48 6.04 14.15 D.saxonica 7.95 13.84 6.33 Yrufa 16.22 9.75 19.88 D.media 6.12 3.51 4.52 D.sylvestris 5.81 0.39 0.00 Vaustriaca 4.03 0.00 0.00 2.43 0.00 V.germarnca 0.00 0.00 Vcrabro 2.08 0.00 0.60 D.adulterina 1.76 0.00 0.oon’egicoides 0.68 0.19 4.22 0.omissa 0.85 0.00 0.00 P.nimpha 0.00 0.00 0.00 lotal 100 queens) IlO 513queens) 100 (73?l ( ( 332queens)

The FinnishEnvironment 355 0 The

Diversity and Associated ...... Features of the Fauna

8.! Quantitative Aspects of Pollinator Diversity Species number The simplest expression on diversity, viz. species richness, hehaves differently within the groups. For social bees and wasps, the species richness does not in crease much to the south and it drops very gently in the northernmost parts. For solitary species the increase from north to south is more pronounced. Studying the species richness for social bees (Bonibus & Psithi,rus) one can note that there is very little difference lietween the numher of species recorded of the sites. Iii most places there appear to lie 9—11bumblebee species and 1—3cuck oo-bee species (Fig.14). The low number of bumblebee species are related to sites very close to the open sea. In such sites strong winds keep the traps in swaying motion prohibiting the landing of pollinators on the traps.

Species number of Bombus and Psithyrus

14 12 10 0 8 bom 6 —-— p s 1 4 2 0 LD L (0 C (0 Lf) (0 C) — 0) 0) ‘- (0 - C’.J C) t (0 t— 0) 0 - C’J C’.J C’) (0 0) site number

Fig.14.Species richness (5) of bumblebees (bom)and cuckoobees (p51)in the monitoringsites in 1997

Alpha-diversity

Alpha-diversity (in) values (cf. Taylor et al. 1976) for the sites ranged lietween 2— 32, the values being low because of rather few species and high individual num bers. Of the driving variabies for alpha-diversity, the species number (S) is very dependent upon the number of hoverfly species. On the other hand, the individu al number (N) is very much confrolled by hoverfly migrants in the south and bum ble bee workers in the north. Thus alpha-diversity does not teil so much about pollinator diversity as different factors affect the calculated values in different parts of the study area. 0 FinnishEnvironment355 Resource partitioning There are many studies on the number of bumble bee species ffiat can coexist and compete for food resources at the same site. A number of 4 dominating species (one short-tongued, one medium-tongued, one long-tongued and one robber spe cies) have been set forward (Jnouye 1977) on the basis of pollination functionality, but several other figures have been presented as well, like 7 by Pyke (1982), 6—11 by Ranta &Vepsäläinen (1981),7by Pekkarinen (1984),Teräs (1985)and 7by Hanski (1982)based on the core-satellite species hypothesis. In most of the last mentioned articles the lower limit of 3% abundance has been used as a criterion. The material from 1997 was used to analyse how many species coexist if the 3% abundancy criterion is used on the trap captures (Fig.15).

25 20(n 15 ElO z 5

0 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 coexisting species

Fig.15 Distributionof number of coexistingbumblebee species (>3%ofcapture) in 1997.

The results show that a coexistence between 5—8species is common, with a peak for 7. The maximum number is 9, which is less ffian 11 presented by Ranta & Vepsäläinen. There are some places wiffi low coexistence values, many of ffiese caused by the fact that the number of recorded species was very low, e.g. in subar ctic areas of Lapland, in the south-westem archipelago of Finland, in the north westem archipelago of Estonia and the spit and dune areas in Lithuania and Latvia. Also urban areas and areas close to large bog complexes showed small coexistence values affected by low number of recorded species. Despite this, one would expect the curve to be more evenly distributed. The values given by Ranta &Vepsäläinen can be regarded as extremes in an even distri bution, viz. the lower value 5 represents arbitrary biotopes with only common eurytopic species and the higher value 11luxurious grassland biotopes wiffi enough large population also of stenotopic species. The monitoring sampies would thus indicate loss of competition of stenotopic species in the best foraging biotopes and a shift to decline of more common species even in arbitrary biotopes, as may lie based on the negative skewness of the curve. The loss of resource partitioning is strong in some areas of investigation, i.e. in southwestem and westem part of in land Finland as well as in Estonia and in parts of Russia. This is a resuit of changed land management in these areas creating agricultural areas wiffi monocultures and overgrown fields that cannot support a natural variety of bumhle bees any more.

The FinnishEn’aironment355 The

The ftexibility of the species to adapt to different habitats can be analysed on the basis of the 3% criterion (table 8). A flexible species can compete for resources in many of the monitoring sites, whereas iess flexibie species can only compete when the environmental factors are optimal for them. As can he seen ffiere are only4 species that appear to he able to compete for resources in half of ali sites, 8 species that can compete in < 10% of the sites and an additionai 8 species that cannot succesfuily compete anywhere.

Tahle8.Numberofsjtesof BombusandPsithyrusspedesin 1991ba5edonthe > 3% crjterjon.Maximumnumberof

sitesis 86.

SPECIES Sitesofsuccessfulcompetitionjo 1997

BombusIucorum 77 Bombuspascuorum 76

Bombuspratorum 64

Bombushypnorum 56 Bombushortorum 39 Bombussoroeensis 38

Bombuslapidarius 33 Bombusjonellus 27 Psithyrusbohemiais 24

Bombusvetelanus 22

Bombussporadicus 18

Bombusruderarius 14

Psithyrussylvestrix 12

Bombusterrestris 12

Bombusschrencki 10

Bombussylvarum 7

Eombussemenoviellus 3

BombusIapponicus 3

Bombuscryptarum 2

Eombusbakeatus 2 Bombussubterraneus Bombusdistinguendus Bombusmonticola

Bombusmagnus 0

Bombuscingulatus 0

Bombusmuscorum 0

Psithyrusfiavidus 0

Psithywsrupestris 0

Psithywsnorvegicus 0

Psithyruscampestris 0

Psithyrusbarbutellus 0

In studying the domination of bumble bee species, a cumulative approach has been used according to which ffiose species which fali within 50% cumulative abundancy starting ftom the most commonest one (each species represented by at least 10 individuals in the captures) are regarded as dominating. This gives the possibility for detecting the strongest competitors as welL Of ali sites in 1997only two had 4 species within the 50% cumulative range, 19 sites had 3 species, 50 sites had 2 species and 15 sites had only one species. A majority of the sites with two dominating species had the combination of B.lucorum-B.pascuorum. When compe tition proceeds to only one remaining species, Bducorum is usually the one left. Notabie is ffiat as many as 42 different combinations of species were found to fit the 50% cumulative abundancy criterion.

FinnishEnvimnment355 8.2 Qualitative Aspects of Pollinator Diversity Qualitative aspects of poliinator diversity are dffficuit to approach. The bionomy of different species must he well known as well as their distribution. In develop ing habitat-oriented quality indices, the used criteria must he discriminafive and can be based on both presence/absence of character species and indicator species. Since the yellow-traps were placed in ecotones between forest stands and grassiands (fields or meadows) their capture can reflect the fauna of boffi of ffiese habitats. Ari attempt to produce criteria and scoring for valuable forest and grass iand habitats is presented in tabies 8 and 9. Puffing the scores together the suin may also reflect the quality of the forest edge itseif. The criteria were tested for ali of the sites in the pilot monitoring. The results are shown in Fig 16. It appears that the criteria for forests work well for the sites. For grasslands ffiere is stiil need to improve the criteria, because there were more sites scoring 1 than 0 (often because of extensive presence of at ieast one soiitary wasp species). Many sites ffiat scored high for one of the habitats also scorded high or relativeiy high for the othec This implies that high quaiity habitats are presenred in larger complexes of landscapes, e.g. traditionai agriculturai landscapes, nature reserves etc. The high-scoring sites for forests were (nature resenres and national parks have been emphasized in bold): Petroskof Kiwach (10), Kontioiahti Romppaia (8), Kannus Kitinkangas (8), Vare na Cepkeliai (7), Kuhmo Viikshno (7), Piunge Plateliai (6), Sakiai Lekeciai (6), Maaninka Haiola (6), Pori Ahlainen (6), Espoo Nuuksio (6), Liepaja Virga (5),Tau rage Eiciai (5), Paltamo Melalahti (5), Paltamo Mieslahti (5), Eno Kirovaara (5), Tohmajärvi Kemie (5), Hanko Täktom (5), Kuru Seitseminen (5),

Table9.Criteriamatrixforevaluatingforesthabitatquality.

Criteria(presenceof) Scores Indication

queens/year* > 28 of Bombus Iucorum, 1 perspecies Highpotentialforpollinationofshrubsand B.cryptarum, B.hypnorum,B.jonellus, forestberries B.schrencki

Eombusmagnus,B.dngulatus 1 perspecies(drylwet) Forest thatat Ieastpartlyhave preservednaturalconditions

Andrena Iapponica,A.fulvida,A.fuscipes, 1 perspecies Goodpotentialforpollinatingwoody species Colletessuccinctus typicalfordryforests

Speciesbelongingto generaTemnostoma, 1 perspecies Decomposedstagesol hardwoodspecies

$phecomyia,Spilomyia,Sphegina,Criorhina, present- featuresofvirginforestspreserved ferdinandeaBrachypalpoides

Speciesbelongingto generaBiera,Erachyopa, 1 pergenera Standingdeadtrees,partly decomposedwood

Myolepta,Xylota,Chalcosyrphus andstumpspreserved- featuresofsustainable forestrypresent

Vespacrabro,Dolichovespula media,D.sylvestris1 perspecies Ageandstemstructureofforestisdiverse wood** Speciesof Sphecidaenestingin decayed 1 pergenera Diverseage andstructureofwoodymaterial present

* thelimit15basedonthecakulationsin subchapter7.1,indicatinga totalpopulationofabout700individuals/hec tare ** PemphredonIugubris,P.montanus,P.Iugens,P.flavistirma,EctemniuscavifronsE.Iapidarius,E.dives,Lesticaclypeata,

Crossoceruspodagricus, Cannuhoes,CheydenCleucostomus,Cvagabundus,Cdimidiatus

The Finnish Environment 355 and the high-scoring sites for grasslands were (nature reserves and national parks have been emphasized in bold): Kannus Kitinkangas (9), Maaninka Halola (9), Liepaja Virga (7), Kaunas Dubrava (7), Varena Cepkeliai (7), Sakiai Lekeciai (6), Kontiolahti Romppala (6), Pori Ahi ainen (6), Kuru Seitseminen (6), Lumanda Vfidumäe (5), Liepaja Pape (5), Liepa ja Pape Koni (5), Piunge Plateliaf (5), Taurage Eiciai (5), Utena Rugskelistes (5), Petroskoi Kiwach (5), Suonenjoki Käpylä (5), Kuopio Pieni Neulamäki (5), Es poo Nuuksio (5).

TableCriteria 0. matrixforevaluatngqualityofgrasslandhabitats.

Criteria(presenceof) Scores lndication

queens/year* >28 of Eombuspascuorum, 1 perspecies Kighcoexistenceandpotentialforpollinating B.soroeensis,B.distinguendus botheconomic cropsandflowersof meadows

Psithyrusbarhutellus,P.campestris,P.globosus 1 perspecies Viablepopulations01 hostspeciesimportant forpollinationofflowermeadows

Narrowoligolecticbeespecies 1 perspecies Diverseandviablepopulationsofcertainvas (excl.oligolecticson Salix) cularplantgroupstypicalforrichmeadows

Speciesbelongingto generaAncistrocerus, 1 pergenera Featuresoftraditionalagriculturallandscapes Symmorphus,Euodynerus havebeenpreserved

Speciesbelongingto generaEristalis 1 pergenera Iraditionalcattle-breedingis preserved(grazed (non-mIratoIy),Eristalinus,fihingia Iand)

Inquilinespeciesofwildbees 1 perspecies Viablenestingofhostspeciesin microdimati- callyandedaphically suitableplaces

Xanthogrammapedissequum,X.festivum, 1 perspedes Complexecologicalrelationshipsongrazed/har Dorosprofuges vestedfields

seeabove

30 25

.. 20 0 OF 15‘- DG

1E1Ihhihluu,ul.i habitat quality score

Fig.16 Habitat quality scores ofsites for forests and grasslands based on species indications in the 1997—98pollinator trap material. F = forest score,G = grassland score.

0 The Finnish Environment 355 8.3 Effects ofLand Use Protected and non-protected areas Differences in species richness between protected and non-protected areas were small. TriFinland the average trapped number of species of sites within protected areas was 26 (range 8—55)and in economically used areas 30 (range 9—56).

Managed and abandoned grasslands A comparison between managed and abandoned grassland habitats were con ducted by choosing two close lying siles (interspaced 1 km) representing these habitats m Paltamo, Kainuu. TriViio (site 199, Fig.17) the grassland has heen grazed by cattles between June—August during the last five years (including the two mon itoring years), whereas in Ellukka (site 73, Fig.18) the grazing was abandoned 10 years ago and is now heen recovered to a high-herb meadow (Leinonen 1998, un puhlished manuscript). The comparison shows that the difference in species number of different pol linator groups is not very pronounced, but that individual numbers in the cap tures differ greatly in advance for abandoned grassland (tahle 11). Ihis is because abandoned grassland provides better foraging ground than cattle-grazed pastures. However, there are always a few specimens of the main foraging population seek ing for new resources outside the core habitat and some of these deriving from the abandoned grassland may be captured by yellow-traps in the managed grassland, whereby the difference in species numbers are reduced. The comparison indicates that managed grasslands are poor habitats for pollinators, btit in the long hirn, a periodical rotation between managed and abandoned areas are probably neces sary in order to keep the biodiversity at a sustainable level.

IableII. Comparisonbetweenpollinatorcapturesin managed (cattlegrazed)andabandonedgrasslandin Paltamo Melalahti1997—98.

Group Abandonedgrassland Managedgrassland

Socialbees,species 16 15 Socialbees,ndividuals 1612 657

Solitarybees,spedes 2 2

Solitarybees, individuals 6 10

Socialwasps,species 6 5

Socialwasps, individuals 94 62

Solitarywasps,species 2 0

Solitary wasps,individuals 4 0 Hoverflies,species 3! 27

Hoverflies,individuals 231 63

Othergroups,species 2 0

Other groups,ndividuals 2 0

The FinnishEnvironment 355 0 Flg.17.Thecottle-grozedgrosslandinViljo(photoReimaLeinonen,29.8.1997)

Fig.18.The obondonedgrosslondin Ellukko showingthe invodedhigh-grownherbs (photo Rei ma Leinonen,29.8.1997).

0 . The FinnishEnvironment355 ...... Discussion and Conclusions

9.1 YeIIow-trapping as a MonitoringTechnique The following general results from the pilot monitoring can be drawn:

1) The meffiod can be regarded as operative and not subjected to human arte facts, which is a presumption for long-term monitormg.

2) The meffiod works best for the polylectic social bees (queens) and (indirect ly) for social wasps, for which within-species comparions from year to year apparently can be made. For solitary bees, only species foraging in spring and late autumn may be followed-up on an annual basis as they are abun dantly attracted to yellow colour, whereas comparisons of summer species, often visiting offier coloured ftowers, require longer periods to he used (e.g. 3 year rolling averages). If hoverfties, in particular aphidophagous species, are to he addressed properly, Malaise-traps will perform befter than yellow traps. For other groups, the method does not seem to be enough efficient in providirig information on local faunas, except perhaps for digger wasps.

3) Between-species relationships can he analysed for the social groups, hut the high proportion of oligolectics and inquilines in solitary bees affects this re lationship so much, that realistic comparisons do not come out valid for these.

Despite the above mentioned restrictions of the tecbnique, yellow-trapping of pollinators is a promising meffiod for monitoring state and abundance of species in this key-group as well as for assessing quantitative and qualitative diversity of herb-rich grasslands and restoration of agricultural landscapes. The following parameters are of interest in long-term monitoring:

O total species number of social bees

O number of resource partffioning humble bee species

O total number of queens of bumble bees

O total species number of solitary bees

O species number of oligolectic bees O rafio inquilines/host species of social and solitary hees O habitat quality indices for grasslands and forests

The last mentioned parameter requires the analysis of hoverffies, social and soli tary wasps, and digger wasps in the monitoring sampies in future as well.

The RnnishEnvimnment355 9.2 Changes in the Fauna and Species Abundancy There appear to be quite many changes in the sociai bee fauna in the area il com pared to oider data. At least two conhnental bumble bees are expandmg north wards, B.veteranus and B.schrencki.On the other hand, several species appear to have declined much, such as B.humilis, B.muscorum and B.ruderarius. Ali of these species build nests on the ground and are iocal in ffieir occurrence today. Although offier bumble bees seem to have maintained their range of distribution, an alarm ing fact is that the populations (number of colonies) of many common bumble bees have declined in the central and souffiwestem parts of Finland where land management changes have been most intensive. The same holds true, at least for large parts of northem Eastern Balfics as well. One resuit of this ts refleded in the scarcity of their inquilines, e.g. P.quadricolor(not recorded), Rbarbutellus (two sites only), Rrupestris (very few sites), Pnorvegicus (one site only) and P.campestris (two sites in Finland and a few south of the Gulf of Finland). The material on solitary bees is yet too smali for any general conclusions about their status. However, certain oligotectic bee species have become quite rare and classified in need of surveillance (Komiteamietintö 1991) and in a few cases ffieir distribution have been reduced (Pekkarinen & Teräs 1998).Inquilines of many soiitary bee species have become very rare, as they itke the cuckoo bees require a large enough metapopulation of host nests to survive. Comparisons with eider records imply that some formerly widespread and common species appear to have become rarer in Eastem Fennoscandia although there stili are plentiful food sourc es left. Solitary bees usualiy need little space for nesting, but some nest in large aggregates that need suitabie sandy and open areas. Some of these nest-aggregat ing species have become rarer, at least in Finland, because of extensive extraction of mineral soii resources. It may he argued that the trapping technique is not fuiiy capable of monitoring solitary bee populations, but on the other hand, many spe cies were captured by the traps, and there are evidence of quite large captures with yellow-traps in other regions of Europe (Ortiz-Sanchez 1995). According to Monsevicius (pers.comm.) large captures of soiitary bees might require the piac ing of yeliow-traps cioser to the ground in open terrain. There is at ieast three sociai wasp species ffiat have become more common iii the monitoring area: Vespacrabro, Vespula germanica and Dolichovespula media. The two firstmentioned are stili rare in Fennoscandia, but the coionies in the southem parts have grown stronger. The iast mentioned wasp species (D.media) appears to have become more common in the forest iandscapes in Finland and is expanding along the eastern border norffiwards. On the other hand, the paper-wasp Polistes nimpha is perhaps extinct from the area today (may sifii occur in Russian Karelia) and Dotichovespula sylvestris is becoming rarer based on the data from the trap sampies. As the previous knowiedge on the distribution and abundancy of hoverfties is very incomplete, and as the monitoring results show that hoverffies are not par ticuiarly well attracted to yeiiow-traps in high numbers (except for some migrato ry species), very little can be concluded about the change of their distribution and abundancy. Specimens of the genus Eristalis were scarce ail over and even if the species prefer white ftowers, their numbers were stiii very iow. This can be inter preted to he a resuit of changed agricuiture poiicy (with reduction in cattie-breed ing and ioss of pastures) and improved environmentai performanence (reduce of spread of siudge and manure on the fieids). Aiffiough the most threatened hover fty species have saproxylic larvae that require decaying wood, surprisingiy many records of ffiese species were made in the pilot monitoring. In particular, the new finds of Sphecomyiavespformis and Temnostomaapforme show that at ieast ffiese species may not be in as high danger for extinction as earlier assessed. 0 The Finnish Envimnment 355 ...... AcknowIedements

1would like to express my warmest thanks to ali persons ffiat have acted as eiffier regional coordinators or local responsihle persons for the yellow-trap sampling during the years 1997—1998.Special thanks go to TvhReima Leinonen, Kajaani and Mr Karl-Erik Lundsten, Espoo for assisting me in the field work related to the tests and to Dr. Antti Pekkarinen, Helsinki and Dr. Virgilius Monsevicius, Varena for assistance in determinating some of the captured bee individuals. Mr Andrus Meiner from the Estonian Environment Informa%on Centre kindly produced the maps for this publication. The project “Nature Monitoring lii the Eastem Baltics” of the Nordic Council of Ministers, supported financially the monitoring efforts in Estonia, Latvia, Lithua nia and Russia for which 1express my cordiest thanks.

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FinnishEnvironment355 -1 Reg Siteno 5tatus Commune Sitenane Coordinates Riotopilecotoae Stltdion aitena Period Petiod (0 1997 1998 Z0 D tt02 109 EA Keila Kioogaranna 5922:2416 Deci&ioas iorestlgarden [conomic marginal (omat 1.4.2.11 19.4.1 1.10 :3- EEOS (05 NA Tonnia Endia 5849:2614 8og margin!dry meadow Hature Poserve 21.4.26.10 12.7...ll.l0 1, D tEl? 80 NA Uhemaa Painon 5928:2551 Deciduuus (urest/dry meadow Natianal Park 23.4.5.10 12.4.10.10 tEl 1 104 EA Märjamaa 0 jalase 5854:2417 Wooded mtadow Iraditional Iandxape arno 14.4.2.11 11.4.. .1.11 D 3 Et12 (20 NA Luma,ada Yndunin SIIUZO6 Wooded meadow Hature Peserve 28.4.2.11 19.4.10.10 (0 [ElI 78 NA Vilsandi Suur-Viisandi SIfl:fl84 Grassy shore meadow Nahonal Park 22.6.24.6 26.4.11.10 0 EEI3 79 EA [lea tito suburb 5813:2624 Garden tconomic (omat area 14.4.4.11 (.6... 11.10 1. 1.ZO tt14 106 LA Puka Röömu 5801:2612 Gardrn Iraditional Iandscape arto 14.4.2.11 5.4... 11.10 0

(lOI 219 PIA Kirkkenummi Mäkiluoto 6640:3500 Rocky brushwood Migration research arno 6.5.9.10 0 FIOl 65 PIA Hanko lulliniemi 6640:3270 Deciduous iorest/rocky pian forest Nature Reaerve 25.4.2 1.10 FiOl 139 HA Hanko Täktom 6642:3281 Humid pine iorestireedy shore meadow Hature Reserve 13.4.26.9 25.4.21.10 FbI 1 PIA Hanko Ivänninne 6642:3289 Rocky (orestldry meadow Nature Reserve 1.5.30.10 0 FiOl 149 EA Inkoo Tähtelä 6668:3335 Garden/cmopland margin tconomic agricuiwre arno 20.4.26.9 20.4... 13.10 FIOl 134 EA Tammisaani ttolä-Kuioasto 6670:3170 #ocky pive famestlreedy ohore Margin ui Nature Resemve 6.5...26.9 0 1101 2(4 EA Tammisaani Beesnary 6659:3178 Iiixed Investldry meadow Foeestzy research anna 9.5.. .31.10 1101 89 EA tapoo Nikkylä 6682:3300 City gurden Orhaa arealdetached houses 27.4...I 1.10 264...i 1.10 Fbi 95 tA Helsinki Tapaninkylä 6683:3391 City garden Orhan (museo arealsemidetached 27.4.20.9 (d) F101 140 tA Sipoo Nikkilä 6690:3400 Gorden/cmopband margin tceoomk agnculture arno 20.4.20.9 (.5.22.8 FIOl 107 PIA Espoo Nuukoo Kattila 6693:3361 Mmcd fnrestldry mtadow National Park 27.4.10.10 23.4.17.10 1101 204 EA Hunnijärvi tepsimä 6102:3310 Crapiand margin Enoiroement-frmendiy agriculture 25.5...4.iO Fi02 (33 FA Lemiand Visteränga 6675:3116 Oak Ioreselgordon Economk agnculture arno 16.4.7.11 1102 68 PIA Dragaijird Orö 6642:3218 (kand (utostlshome meadew National Park 9.5..JO.8 (7.5. .30.9 1102 1 NA Finström Husö 6707:3104 Gardeo/uopiaad martin Ecooomic agricultnre area 14.4...27.I0 .. .19.10 1102 9 NA Nauva Salli 6691:3221 Pian Iornatldry rocky meadow Hational Park 22.4. ..28.IO F102 8 PIA Turku Raissabo 67(3:3236 Wooded meadow Nature Psaerve ILt.7.i 1 14.4...30.I0 00 F102 zu tA (tietoinen Saari 6724:32(5 Cmepland martin Agricultural mesearch arno 4.4. ..6.I 1 Fi02 2(6 NA Huitsinen Vanhankoskeniehto 6791:3261 Dncidnoeo tamnst Nature Rosumve 18.4...4.iO 1(02 (36 [A Pori Ahiainen 6858:32(5 Dry meadow Iraditionoi Iandscape arno 281.J1.i0 1(02 ii PIA Pari Roposaani 684 7:3205 Dry meaduw Nature Reserve 22.4.. .28.10 1 (03 3 tA jokioinen Kirkonkylä 6750:3308 Gardnnlcropiand margin Agriculturai research area 26.5.6.10 8.5.28.9 1(03 2 PIA Lammi Pappilanniemi 6773:3394 Esker pine forestlcropband margin Hature Resemve 14.5...19.9 1.5.28.10 F103 2(0 NA Hämeenlinna Aubnko 6772:3360 Deciduens (oreot Fureotry research area l.S... 1.10 1(03 211 PIA Asikkalu Vesivehmaa 6779:3430 Pine (oreot honomic Iereatiy area 27.4.12.10 1(03 (6 tA Luapioinea Kuolijoki 680 :3382 troplond margiu Economic (oestry arto 26.5...25.9 7.5.. .30.8 1(03 5 PIA Tampere Peltolammi 6820:3326 (iearmg in snalieaved mixnd (ernst Natume Reserve 12.5...13.I0 tS.. .9.10 1(03 4 PIA Kuin Seitseminen 6879:3309 Pian (orestlslope meadew Hationai Pork 15.5.23.10 24.4...9.10 1(04 8 PIA Pyhtiä Hirvieuo#e 67(9:3485 Mixed Porestlgarden Haigin eI Naonai Park 23.4.30.9 9.5...27.9 1(04 (7 EA Kouvola kangas 6751:3483 Iailowiand Suburhan fabric area 5.5.19.9 (.5.. .5.10

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Aeg Sfteno Status fomtrwne Sitename Coordinates Biotope/ecatone Selection critena Petiod Period 1997 1998 1 104 70 tA Josnaeno Kihirilä 6773:3580 Garden/crstplsnd margin Economic agsiculwre aina 18.5.1.10* 10.5.18.10 Fi04 20 EA imaina Peikola 6781:3598 Dry meadow Economic loresiry area 13.5.12.6* 1 104 200 EA Virolahti Kirkonkylä 6700:3540 Mmcd forestlgarden Economic Iorestry aina 17.6.. .24.9 1104 135 Nk Parikkala Siikaiahti 6835:3633 Garden Nature Reserve 2.5•.i3.9 8.5.3.9 FIOS 23 EA Mikkeli Karua 6840:3512 Garden Economic agrkulWre area 26.5.5.10 1.5.27.9 1105 96 EA Juva Huitula 6864:3547 Garden Economic agriculture area 1.6.5.10 1.5.17.9 FiOS 24 EA Persunmaa Pankaharju 6822:3472 Gardea Econumic agricuiture oma 1.6.27.9 Fi06 26 EA Suonenjoki käpylä 6948:3503 Piste forestlcropland maegin Economic agticnItume aina Zi.4...27.i0 27.4.26.10 1106 25 EA Maaninka Halla 7004:3516 Mmcd Iorestfimproved gtassland Econornic agricuiture area 29.4.6.10 6.5.. .6.10 F 106 27 EA kiuruvesi Hingunnieni 706 1:3483 Piste forest/lake-shore pasture Iradihonai iandscapn area 11.5.10.10 1106 212 Mk Kuopio Pieni Neulamäki 6922:3 528 SmalI.kaved deciduous lareat Nature Reserve 21.4.1.11 Fil? 31 EA lohmajärvi Kemin 6907:3674 Garden!cmepland martin Agricultural reseurch urea 16.4.17.10 8.5... 12.10 Fil? 30 Nk Ilomaotsi Hekrijärvi 6969:3702 liry rotky meadnw Forestry research area i3.6...i8.9 Fil? 220 NA ilonanssi Petkeijärvi 6948:3?i4 Piste farest Natume Reserve 18.5.. .23.9 Fil? 29 EA Joensuu Kukkola 6942:3645 Cropland margin Economic agricuiture area ?.5..14.I0 Fil? 32 EA Kontiolahti Romppala 6989:3639 Cmopland margin Economic agricuIture area 9.5.. .3.10 1107 121 Nk tuo kirjovaara 6977:3673 Old spruce forest Natute Reserve 11.5.. .24.9 1108 34 EA Ylistaro Haapajyrä 6989:3271 Garden tconomic agticulture amea 5.5.29.9 27.4.. .26.10 Fi08 33 tA Vaasa Vanha Vaasa 7007:3232 Garden Suburban labric area 5.5...6.iO 2?.4...2.Il F108 213 Nk Isojoki bahanvaori 6903:3248 Piste Iorest National Park i.5...2.I i Fi09 41 NA Korpilahti Korospohja 6868:3433 Clearing in birch.alder inrest Nature Reserve 1.6.19.9 26.I...2?.iO Fi09 38 EA Jyväskylä Viitaniemi 6905:3431 Humid meadow/garden Suburhan fabric area 12.5.5.10 Fi09 222 EA Jyväskylä Palokka 6909:3433 Cropland margin Economic agmicuiture area 1.6.21.9 1109 217 Nk Jyväskylä mlk Jääskelä 6899:344i Deciduoua fomeat Naisiin Reserve 25.5.16.9 1109 39 EA Kunnevesi Siikakoski 6945:3466 Humid meadow Economic foresiry aina 26.5.23.9 19.5.. .22.9 Fi09 218 EA Laukaa Vuontee 69i3:3447 Cmopland margin Agricuiturai research area 13.5.18.9 1110 43 EA Kannus kitiekangas 7092:3350 Gomden Economic (orestey amea i8.4...23.iO 18.4.. .25.9 Fiil 42 tA Kokkola Näraskär 7094:3300 Gardun kdsipelago iL4...i9.9 28.4.. .30.10 FiiO 44 EA Haapajärvi Hautakaegas 7069:34i8 Conilerous forest Econovsic forestry anna 4,5.18.9 liii 74 Nk Liminka Rehuia 7191:3425 Fallowiand Economic agnicuiture area 1.5.21.10 14.4.20.10 Fiil 46 tA Haiiaoto Narjaniemi ?2i8:3385 Piste foreatidry meadow Nature Reserve 9.5...i9.9 8.5.18.9 Fil 1 4? EA Pudasjärvi Kurenalus 7250:3499 Garden Economic forestey area 26.5.13.10 18.5.21.9

2J Fil 1 48 NA Kuusamo tiikasenvaara 7366:3613 lmproved grassland Natinnal Park 1.6.9.9 8.6... 14.9 Fii2 72 NA Kuhmo Rajakangas 7094:3662 Pine-spmuce krest/garden Ecanomic Iorestry atea 24.4.19.9 24.4.26.9 m Fii2 97 EA Saskamo Naapurinaara 7121:3560 Pasture Iraditional iandscape aina 24.1.18.9 17.4.25.9 D F1i2 50 tA Kuhmo Viiksimo 7133:3664 Fallowland Economic iomestry area 25.4.19.9 24.4.26.9 0 Fii2 53 EA Paliasno Nieslahtm 7144:3518 Aider stand/garden Ecnnomic agnicalture area 12.1.18.9 i?.1...25.9 3 73 Paltama tD 1112 Nk Melalahti 7145:3532 Aspen stund marginlhumid meadow Traditinnal landscape oma 3.5...i9.9 17.4.26.9 D ‘-4 Fii2 199 Nk Paltamo Kiila ?i46:3532 Passume Traditionai lundscape oma 16.5.18.9 17.4.26.9 w 1112 lOi Nk Puolanka Paljakka 7174:3551 Spmuce forestlgurden Nature Resemve 25.4.19.9 IJ- 21.4.25.9 1113 63 Ek Tornio Kalkkimaa 73 14:33 84 Hamid fresh meudow Economic agmicaiwre area 28.5.18. i Reg Iirtno Statu5 Commune Sitename Coordinates tiotope/ecotone Sekstion c,itena Pe,iod Penod

7 - 1997 1993 1113 42 EA Rovaniemi Apukka 7379:3440 Cropland margin Agrkuitutal restarch anna 1.6.26.9 8.5.. .9.10 F113 59 EA Rovaniemen mIk Hekaus 7125:3423 Line forest Econnmic loresiry area 20.5. .21.10 ‘ F113 76 FA Sodankyli Tähtelä 7475:3483 Line mmd Econonnc forestry anna 19.5. .30.9 F113 60 NA Sodankylä lankavaara 7565:3504 Line forest National Park 4.6.13.8 16...15.l0 [113 64 EA Rolani leuravuoma 7469:3607 Line fomeit [cononiic farestry anna 115...IlI0 1113 143 86 Muooln Pahat Muttavaara 7560:3377 Subarciic hIrch forest National Park 12.6.19.9 l0.6...3l.8 ‘..‘ [113 77 [A tnontekjö Hetta 7593:3363 Line foreit tconomic fomestry eroa 4.6.8.10 ‘“ F113 62 86 Enoniekiö Kilpisjitoi 7674:3253 Subarcik birch lorest Nature Reserve 18.6.1.10 4.6.. .8.10 . F113 61 EA man Sarmijärvi 7634:3504 Bog margin [conomic fomesliy arto 27.5...7.10 . F113 145 NA Utsjoki Kevo 7741:3500 Subarctic birch forest Nature Reserve 11.6.10.9 2?.5...4.9

ITOI 129 NA Utena Rugsteliskes Aukstati joi 5518:2601 Cropland margin National Park 13.4.2.11 5.4.27.9 1T02 126 116 Taurage Eiciai Viesviles 5511:2228 Brushwood mnadow Naturo Roserve 29.4.11.10 20.4.25.10 Li03 20 NA Piunge Platellai lemahjot 5601:2156 Croplaod margin National Park 21.4.27.10 20.4...2.l 1 1T04 121 FA Ukmerge Kerlusa 5508:2456 Cmopland margin Economk agniculturn area 30.4.1.6* 26.l...30.9 1106 131 [6 Kaunan Dukava 5451:1401 Crnpland mangin Ecnnonic agmultunn ansa 14.4.20.9 12.4J1.9 1106 203 NA Varea Cepkeliai 5400:2430 Dry meadow Nature Ranerve 6.4...l 1.10 till 132 EA Sakiai Lekeciai 5459:2331 Cnopland margia Econonic agrkulwrn arna 20.4.20.9 12.4...27.9 till 201 NA Kiaipeda Smikyne 5521:2106 lumi Iorest Nature Resorve 1.5.2.11 30.3.1.11

1012 197 [6 Kuldiga Rudbani 5639:2153 Ganden Econonic forestry anna 21.4.22.10 13.4. .24.10 1013 113 86 Unpaja Pape Koni 5608:2102 Pune rneadow Natume Reserve 21.4.22.10 13.4. .24.10 1013 III 86 Uepaja Pape 5610:2102 Ury meadow Natume Reserve 21.4.22.10 13.4...24.l0 1013 116 EA Linpaa hirga 5621:2126 (ropiand mangio [conomic agricultomn anna 21.4.22.11 13.4.. .24.10 1013 115 EA Liepaja Grabina Vilmi 5630:2105 Humid mmcd forest mangin Economic agnicultnnn arna 21.4.22.10 14.4.. .24.10 1020 118 EA Riga Purvcinms 5657:2412 City gardrn Urban anna 21.4.24.10 20.4.22.10 LV2O III EA Riga Carnikava 5707:2419 Garden Economic agnicultume arna 21.4.25.10 10.4.31.10 [022 198 NA Taisi Slitere 5738:1217 Sandy siope meadow Natume Renerve 21.4.21.10 21.4.. .20.10

8805 99 86 Kostamus Ehnimanvaara 6431:3014 Spruce lonesi/ganden National Park 20.5.16.9 13.5... 1.10 8810 lIe NA Petmoskoi Kiwach 6216:3430 Iry meadew/grassland Natume Reservo 28.4.27.10 4.5.. .2.11 RUI4 155 [A Vuokna Marjaniemi 6042:2956 Phoed furestlgarden Economic forostry aroa 12.4.4.10 20.4.. .4.10 8815 93 EA Tosno Kaskak4a 5925:3043 (Inaning in mmcd totesI iraditional landscape aroa 6.5.5.10 l0.4..J0.9 8815 125 [6 tomnnosov Bekh4a kera 5958:2935 Falawbndlganden Economk agnicuhure oma l5.4.6.9 8816 94 [6 Kingisepp ke&ieio 5927:2813 Bnushwoodkmopbnd [conoeic agncultumn area 22.4.5.10 18.4.26.9 8816 122 EA Kingisepp Kerelovo peninsola 5944:2805 Cleadog in pino toreet Ecoiionic fomestry area 22.4.21.9 19.4.12.9 8817 121 [6 Sebez Osyno 5609:2841 Aider ssand!gardnn Economic agncultume amea 14.4.12.10 1.4.. .28.9 88(7 154 [6 Knjazevo Nislsa S6 16:2844 Bruthwood lake shore tconoisec agnicultume arna 20.4.11.10 9.4.. .2.10 RUI7 153 EA Pokov Merkovka 5740:2817 Ganden [cononic agnicoltare area 0.5.27.9 11.4.. .3.10 RU20 152 [6 Ka8ningrad Kaliningmad soburb 5443:2029 Gatden Ecorionic agnicultome anna 5.4.25.10 20.4.. .28.9 81.121 151 EA Valdai VaIdal village 5800:3304 Gardenlpasture siope Foreetry rennarch anna 1.5.28.9 17.4...30.9

86 Pmatnctnd eroa Finnish coordinates ja YKJ [6 Nnn.protncsed area Baltic and Russian coordinatna mn lat.lang

m 1 0 ><

. FI-93 FI-98 EE-97 11-98 tY-9? 10-98 CT-97 LT-98 00-97 08-98 AL AB AM O 8 FQ 8 FQ 8 FQ 8 FQ 8 FQ 8 FQ 8 FQ 8 FQ 8 FQ 0 FQ APIDAE O Bombus soroeensn (1J7?6) 1206 38 288 49 128 5 28 3 29 7 151 6 257 5 159 8 76 7 80 6 B.terresrni (1,1158) 2 2 1 1 35 5 28 5 36 7 33 5 15 4 4 2 . B.sporadicus Hylandet,1848 052 ii 691 32 136 3 82 2 . B.kicorom(I,1761) 3907 48 23(8 64 36 5 15 5 501 8 37 6 349 6 266 7 730 12 127 9 . Bcrypartmi (1,1776) 31 2 673 48 6 2 1 4 2 4 3 88 7 2 2 57 6 * . 8.magnualogt,I9II 3 3 172 0 16 2 6 1 9 2 O B.pralonimQ.,1761) 3431 46 267? 61 33 3 33 4 30 5 12 4 119 6 208 8 268 8 292 7 * O Bjooellus (kkby,I802) 1196 40 1337 44 5 3 2 II 3 24 4 8 3 21 7 143 6 23 6 8.eemeooviolhis Skonkov 1910 4 4 1 1 4 1 4 2 10 6 4 3 4 3 . Llapponicus (1,1793) 54 4 246 8 . B.monticola (Sn%th,1849) 1 1 Lf) . B.hypnnmi (1,1758) 2959 46 1562 63 5 2 7 5 4 5 4 3 31 6 34 7 285 9 199 9 0 . B.cingulatus Waherg 1849 8 6 33 10 . B.Iapidanu (1,1758) 289 24 341 31 35 5 (0 5 21 5 21 6 (2 4 28 5 69 7 48 6 9,, O B.balteatrn Dahlbom,1832 3 3 15 2 O Balpinue (1,1758) 1 1 O B.pobrie Curlk,1835 1 1 B.hortorum (1,1761) 463 40 322 52 30 4 18 4 20 8 19 5 32 5 60 7 49 II 22 5 * . 8.pascuorum (kopoli,I763) 2107 46 3711 65 256 6 168 6 134 8 154 8 482 7 1193 8 481 12 255 9 O* . B.muecorum (1,1758) 2 2 1 . B.humilis Iliger,1806 8 3 1 1 2 2 . B.tchrencki HorawjU,1869 7 2 1 1 6 2 1 1 105 6 522 7 52 6 26 3 Biylvarum (1,1761) 9 3 II 3 19 3 22 2 28 4 63 6 1 1 13 5 15 6 18 5 B.veteranue (1,1793) 273 27 215 25 13 3 32 2 14 3 2 2 3 4 92 9 29 8 * O Btuderanw (Mueller,I776) 32 9 9 5 18 4 73 4 2 2 10 5 10 5 II 8 57 9 *

Bwbterraneus (1,1758) 3 2 5 2 2 2 * . Bdis6ogendus Horawitz,1869 24 3 Ii 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 * . Pithyrue rupestris (1,179]) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 . P.campentrit (Panzer,1802) 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 II 3 12 3 1 . P.bohemicui (Seidl1837) 530 36 586 49 1 1 2 1 10 2 10 4 89 5 lIS 7 141 7 106 5 * O * Piylvesim (Lepuletier,1848) 493 33 390 38 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 33 4 22 4 50 4 21 6 O Rbarbutelus (Kirby,I802) 1 1 1 P.lavkius tversmasiu,1853 15 9 lOI 15 7 2 P.norvegtcut 5-Sclmeider, 1911 3 1 . kmellilna 1,1750 193 15 41 10 28 6 14 2 161 6 52 6 45 5 145 5 143 9 22 5

Total 18286 16770 628 434 1019 606 1631 2968 2813 1485

flaImum. 51 74 8 8 8 8 7 8 12 Per ote 359 227 79 54 127 76 233 371 234 135

> IlO specimeos (90 spicimens * < 10 speciment AL = ad Iucem AB=adbait AH = in Halaiee trap 8 = apecimens FQ = 6tes recorded

Annex

1111

Solitary

!1IIIkIJHIIllu1IIIll

bees

1997-98

111111111

AHHEX

0 31t

2 4 2 7 9 7 3 2 4 5 5 1 3 7 33 213 4 25 143 Lfratellam (Perez1903)

1 (kirby,1802) Ivillosulum

1 1 1 1 (Schenck.1853) Lpunclatissimum

3 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 4 6 2 (Fabricius,I?8I) Lalbipes

1 1 1 2 1 1 (Zenerstedt1838) Crul(ane

2 4 3 6 25 4 9 3 4 2 24 6 4 9 1 * 6 13 3 12 7 (Scopoli,1763) cakeatum bsioglossum

1 2 (Fahricius,1775) N.sexcinctus

1 2 H.maculatus Smith,1848

1 1 Halictus (Christ,1791) rubkundus

HAUCTIDAE

1 arpsfulvipus Macropis (Fabricius)

1 1775) Melilta (Fakidos haemonhoidalis

1 1 1 (Hanis,1780) ahurtator Dasypoda

HEUIIIDAE

1 Thomson1870 &curvungula

1 &bluuthgeni Stöckhert.1930

1 4 6 2 2 2 2 1 1 (Fuutcroy1785) knilida

1 kventralis lmhotf,1832

3 kvariaus (Rossi,1192)

1 2 6 1 1 kheivola (Linnaeus,I?58)

1 1 1 4 7 4 3 4 1 3 1 1 3 13 II 5 7 16 8 &praecvx (Scopoh1763)

1 4 15 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 II 7 1 8 22 klapponica Zetterstedt,1838

2 1 2 2 6 1 1 &bicolur Fubricius,1775

3 1 8 1 2 1 1 1 2 8 3 2 5 5 2 5 klucala ESmiih1847

4 II 5 22 2 4 2 3 8 3 1 6 2 8 1 1 3 6 (Kirby,1802) kclarkulla

2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 (Kirby,1802) kdenuculala

1 Fabricius,l78l klabiata

2 3 1 6 1 1 10 5 5 8 &rulcrus Hylander,1848

1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 Schenk,1853 kfulvida

1 1 1 33 1 2 3 2 3 1 5 3 4 Panser,1799 A.vaga

3 3 (Unssaeus.l75) kcineraria

I 1 Thomson,I870 kintenneda

2 1 2 1 2 3 1 (Kirby,l802) kwilkella

1 1 2 &gelriae e Vech,1927 der van

3 4 1 2 4 1 4 14 6 16 4 4 4 3 14 10 22 7 (fabriciw1181) &haemorrhoa

1 1 1 2 2 Hylander,1848 &subopaca

1 2 2 Perkins,1914 &sauudersella

1 (Fabriciusl775) khattorfiana

1 &similk Smiih,1849

1 Nylander,1848 ktarsata

1 Andrena (Kirby,1802) cui(ana

Panurgus 1 (5capoll763) cakaraws

Q FQ FQ 8 FQ FQ 8 FQ FQ 0 0 0 FQ 0 FQ 8 N 0 0 FQ

AM Al Al Mi-98 LT-98 6U-97 tV-98 [[-98 LT-97 LV-97 [[47 fl4 Fl-97

t.J

n e

iTIIiIiIIIi

ANNEX 3/3 ANNEX4 Annex 4. Social and Solitary Wasps 1997-92

0’

Ii Iii 0 1 111 1IH’J 1 Annex 5. Hoverfiies 1997—98 ANNEX511

0’

1IL1III0I 1 Ii liii = 0 = = = ANNEX5/2

1 11 n 0 j 11111111;1 II1fl1 ANNEX5/3

0 ANNEX5/4

0 Ii [ 0 iJi%IfluIIII11111111ii!

0 Documentation page Publisher Finnish Environment Insfitute Date of publication December 1999 Author(s) Guy Soderman

TftIe of publication Diversity of Pollinator Communities in Eastem Fennoscandia and Eastem Bal%cs Results from Pilot Monitoring with Yellow-fraps in 1997—1998 Part of publicatbn/ other project pubhcations Abstract The objecfive of the pilot monitoring was to invesfigate the effechvity of yellow-traps in capfttr ing pollinators and to assess possibiities for regional and temporal comparsions based on the restilts. The monitoring network comprised 124 sites of which 36 in adjacent regions of Eastem Fennoiscandia. During the period 35 species of social bees, 110 species of solitary bees, 12 species of social wasps, 15 species of solitary wasps and 153 species of hoverflies were cap tured. The total morntoring material counted to 75,000 individuals during years 1997—98.The investigations showed that the yellow-traps were better in captuxing pollinators than other col oured traps and superior in capturing wild bees. The results imply that social species are easier to monitor and that their results can be compared on an annualbasis. For other pollinator groups at least a 3-year pedod is needed for comparisons. The pilot monitoring produced much new faunistic informafion. The results from the two first monitoring years indicate that the populafions of important pollinators have declined in parts of the investigated area, parfic ulafly m southwestem and central Finland and Estonia.

Keywords Monitoring, pollinators, yellow-traps, species composufion, biological ±versity

Pubhcationsenes The Finnish Environment 355 and number

Theme of pubication Nature and Natural Resources

Project name and number, ifany Finanoer/ Finnish Environment Institute commissioner

Project organization

ISSN ISBN 1238-7312 952-11-0579-8 No. of pages Language 69 English Restrictions Price Public RIvI 75 For sale aV Edita Ltd, distdbutor customer senice tel. +358 9 566 022 telefax ÷358 9 566 0380 Financier Finnish Environment Insiltute of pubIicaton P.O. Box 140, FN-00251 Helsinki, FINLAND Pdntingplace and year Edita Ltd, Helsinki 1999

TheFinnishEnvimnment355 0 355 124 osoit ver 110 kuk kan pilotti 1999 seurat uutta sekä lajia mesipisti osalta Environment koostui tehdyn 153 ja Joulukuu Julkaisuaika pölyttäjien runsaasti Finnish Tutkimukset helpommin Baltics ryhmien että The on saatiin paremmuutta Keltarysillä Keski-Suomessa yksilöä. siihen, Eastem yhdyskuntamehiläisiä, ja Seurantaverkko Muiden keltarysäpyydysmenetelmän niiden and 75.000 lajia erakkoampiaisia 35 yhteydessä sekä lähialueilla. Lounais- lajia viittaavat mk yhteiskuntalajeja selvittää aikana 15 Kieli Hinta ISBN 75 952-11-0579-8 englanti sen oli 1997—1998 verrattavissa. että ja in tulokset Fennoscandia erityisesti 1997—98 pyydystettiin vertailukelpoisuutta. toiseen tehokkaampia Pioifiseurannan osoittivat, tavoitteena vuoden Eastem lysiä mommuotoisuus aikana vuosien in ajallista Yellow-traps vuodesta ja aikana tulokset kertyi lajisto, with värisiä yhdyskunta-ampiaisia, Jakson Itä-fennoskandiassa ovat seuranta-aluetta, 0226 ensimmäisen lajia 3-vuofisjaksoja. 566 Lisäksi muun alueellista 12 Communffies osassa tulokset keltarysa, (09) piloffijakson 1997—1998) 355 Monitoring lähiueilla. Kahden olevan vähintäin 36 puh. tulosten Helsinki niiden 0380 Pilot Pollinator ja monimuotoisuus Seuranta-aineistoa tulokset tietoa. luonnonvarat polyttajat, of että 566 Ab joista 1999 ympäristökeskus ympansto pienentyneet ympäristökeskus ympanstokeskus from 00251 ja ja pyydystämisessä. ita (09) edellyttää keltarysien Söderman erakkomehiläisiä, ovat Edita 140, Luotamuksellisuus ISSN 1236-7312 (Pölyttäjien Diversity Results faunisfista Sivuja 69 Suomen seurannan äisten PL Oy Helsinki Guy Pölyttäjäseurannan toimivuutta tailu nat Luonto asiakaspalvelu faksi paikasta, lajia kakärpäsiä. tivat Virossa. Seuranta, Suomen Suomen tavissa Suomen Julkinen nimi -aika nimi projektin ja julkaisut kustantaja organisaatiot osat’ nimi myynti! teema saman projektinumero numero Kuvailulehti Rahofttaja/ Painopaikka muut Projektiryhmään Projektihankkeen kuuluvat Tekijä(t) Tiivistelmä tuottamat Julkaisun Julkaisija Julkaisun Asiasanat toimeksiantaja julkaisun ja Julkaisusarjan ja julkaisun julkaisun jakaja

0 Presentationsblad Utgivare Finlands miljöcentral Datum December 1999 Förfatare Guy Soderman

Publikationenstrtel Diversity of Pollinator Communities in Eastem fennoscandia and Eastem Baltics Results from Pilot Monitoring wiffi Yellow-traps in 1997—1998 (Pollinator mångfald i Öst-Fennoskandien och dess närområden. Resultat från pilotövervakrzing 1997—1998) Pubhkationens de)ar/ andra pubIikatoner inom samma projekt Sammandrag Målet för pilotövervakningen var aft undersöka guifailornas effektivitet aft fånga pollinatorer samt att göra regionala och fidsmässiga jämförelser. Overvakningsnätet bestod av 124 platser av vilka 36 i närområdena. Under perioden fångades 35 arter sociala bin, 110 arter solitära bin, 12 arter sociala getingar, 15 arter solitära getingar och 153 arter blomflugor. Totalt uppgick materi alet till 75.000 individ under perioden 1997—98.Undersökningarna visade att u1fällorna var överlägsna andra färgfällor vid insamling av vildbin. Resultaten antyder ocksa, aft sociala arter är lättare att övervaka och att resultaten kan jämföras på årsbasis. För andra pollinator-gmpper förutsätter jämförelser minst en tre-årsperiod. Pilotövervakningen insamiade rikligt med ny faunistisk information. Resultaten från de två första åren antyder, att populationema för viktiga pollinatorer har minskat i vissa delar av övervakningsområdet, speciellt i sydvästra och meller sta Finland samt i Estland.

Nyckelord Övervakning, pollinatorer, guifälla, artsammansätffiing, mångfald

Pubikatonsserie och nummer Miljon i Finland 355

PubIibtonens tema Natur och naturtillgångar Projektetsnamn och nummer Finansiär/ finlands miljöcentral uppdragsgivare

Organisationer projektgwppen ISSN ISBN 1238-7312 952-11-0579-8 Sidantal pråk 69 hngelska Offentlighet Pris Offenffig 75mk Beställningar/ Oy Edita Ab distribution kundservice tel. (09) 566 0266 telefax (09) 566 0380 Förläate Finlands miljöcentral, P0 Box 140, FIN-00251 Helsingfors, FINLAND

Tryckeri/ Oy Edita Ab tryckningsortoch -år Helsingfors 1999

The FinnishEnvimnment355 Q The FinnishEnvironment (Suomen ympäristö)

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Hyvärinen, Marketta: Ympäristövaikutusten arvioinnin kehittäminen metsätalouteen liittyvässä suunnittelussa — esimerkkisuunnitelmien tarkastelu. Pohjois-Pohjanmaan ympäristökeskus. 160. Marttunen, Mika: Vesisuojelun tavoitteet vuoteen 2005. Vaihtoehtoisten kuormitustavoitteiden vaikutukset sisävesissä. Suomen ympäristökeskus. 161. Melanen, Matti (toim.): Jätealan tutkimuksen puiteohjeima 1998 —2002.Suomen ympäristökeskus. 162. Ympäristön seurannan strategia. Ympäristöministeriö. 163. Tamminen, Pertti; Pakarinen, Kimmo; Unifiä, Janne & Salmela, Arto: Kunnan nettotulot kerrosta lo-, rivitalo- ja omakotialueffla.Tutldmuskohteena Tampere. Ympäristöministeriö. 164. Saarikoski, Heli: Ympäristövaikutusten arviointi jätehuollon strategisessa suunnittelussa. Suomen ympäristökeskus. 165. Andersson, Harri: Lounais-Suomen saaristo - valtakunnallisen alueidenkäyttötavoitteiden näkö kulmasta. Ympäristöministeriö. 166. Andersson, Harri: Sydvästra Finlands skärgård - med tanke på de riksomfattande målen för markanvändning. Ympäristöministeriö. 167. Nippala, Eero; Nuuttila, Harri & Rintanen, Risto: Asuinrakennusten pemsparannustarpeen vaih toehtoja 1996—2005.Ympäristöministeriö. 168. Wahlberg, Nildas: Suomen uhanalaisia lajeja: tummaverkkoperhonen (Melitaea diamina). Suomen ympäristökeskus. 169. Kuussaari, Mikko; Pöyry, Juha; Savolainen, Markku & Paukkunen, Juho: Suomen uhanalaisia laje ja: lehtohopeatäplä (Clossiane titania). Suomen ympäristökeskus. 170. Lindström, Marianne (ed.): Water Legislation in Selected Counfties - a Comparative Study for South African Water Law Review. Suomen ympäristökeskus. 171. Mäkinen, Risto: Rakentamisen vastuut ja laatu. Selvitysmiehen raportti. Ympäristöministeriö. 172. Nurmi, Paula: Eräiden Suomen järvien pohjaeläimistö. Valtakunnallisen seurannan tulokset 1989 - 1992. Suomen ympäristökeskus. 173. Haverinen, Kalervo & Lempinen, Petri: Omin avuin, valtion varoin. 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Suomalainen kulttuuripenintö Laatokan luoteis- ja pohjoisrannan maisemissa. “Teks ti myös venäjäksi”.Suomen ympäristökeskus. 237. Tiuri, Ulpu & Huovila, Pekka; & Miljöö 2000. Teknologiakilpailu ja koerakentaminen. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Ympärstöministeniö. 238. Antila, Raimo; Kunnostuksen yleissuunnitelmat ja kunnostusratkaisut Hattulan käytöstä poiste tuffle kaatopaikoffle. Hämeen ympänistökeskus. 239. Grönroos, Juha; Rekolainen, Seppo; Palva, Reetta; Granlund, Kirsti; Bänlund, flona; Nikandez An tero & Laine, Ylä; Maatalouden ympäristötulti. Toimenpiteiden toteutuminen ja vaikutukset 1995- 1997. Suomen ympäristökeskus. 240. YVA-lainsäädännön tarkistamistyöryhmän mietintö. Ympänistöministeniö. 241. Survo, Kyösti & Hänninen, Otto; Altistuminen ympäristömelulle Suomessa. Esiselvitys. Pohjois- Savon ympäristökeskus. 242. Hassi, Laura; Korkotuki ylivelkaantuneiden asumisen tukena. Ympäristöministeriö. 243. Vartiainen, Perttu; Itämeren alueen kaupunkiverkoston kuvausjäijestelmä. 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Taustaa asuntopolitiikan kehittämiselle. Ympänistöministeniö. 312. Pieffläinen, Offi-Pekka: Typpi ja fosfoni Pien-Saimaan, Nuorajärven, Nerkoonjärven ja Kemijärven kasviplanktontuotannon säätelijöinä. Suomen ympäristökeskus. The FinnishEnvironment355 0 313. Pietiläinen, Olli-Pekka ja Riilce, Antti: Typpi ja fosfori Suomen sisävesien minimhavinteina. Suo men ympäristökeskus. 314. Riekkola-Vanhanen, Maija: Finnish expert report on best available techniques in ferrochromium production. Suomen ympäristökeskus. 315. Riekkola-Vanhanen, Maija: Finnish expert report on best available techniques in zinc production. Suomen ympäristökeskus. 316. Riekkola-Vanhanen, Maija: Finnish expert report on best available techniques in copper producti on and by-production of precious metais. Suomen ympäristökeskus. 317. Riekkola-Vanhanen, Maija: Finnish expert report on best available techniques in nickel producti on. Suomen ympäristökeskus. 318. 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The Finnish Environment

1AA A NATUREAND NATURALRESOURCES

Diversity of pollinator communities in Eastern Fennoscandia and Eastern Baltics Results from pilot monitoring with Yellow traps in 1997 - 199$

Changes in the country-side during the last decades have resulted in loss of habitats important for both nesting and foraging of pollinators. The need to follow up the effect of these changes on the diversity of pollinator communities has thus become urgent. This report describes the method of monitoring pollinator communities using yellow-traps. The effectiveness and the constraints of the method are studied by analysing two-year data sets from an extensive network of trap sites covering Finland, the Baltic countries and northwestern Russia. The emphasis is on bumble bees, being the most easily captured pollinators with this technique. The report concludes that social bees can be monitored fairly well using this method, and parameters to he reported to express community diversity are suggested. For other pollinator groups, the solitary bees, social and solitary wasps and hoverflies, the method can only give indications of the composition of the local fauna, since many species are not regularly captured by

yellow-traps. It is estimated that a monitoring period between 3 and 5 years is required for a diversity analysis of the communities of these groups.

ISBN 952-11-0579-8 ISSN 1238-7312

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