SYSTEMIC WELLBEING in URBAN STRUCTURE FOCUS in SHRINKING AREAS and VULNERABLE GROUPS Advanced Urban Analysis 2020

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Advanced Urban Analysis 2020 SYSTEMIC WELLBEING IN URBAN STRUCTURE FOCUS IN SHRINKING AREAS AND VULNERABLE GROUPS Advanced Urban Analysis 2020

SYSTEMIC WELLBEING IN URBAN STRUCTURE FOCUS IN SHRINKING AREAS AND VULNERABLE GROUPS

Tampere University School of Architecture in collaboration with HYMY and PLANCITY CONTENT

Systemic Wellbeing in Urban Structure – Focus in Shrinking Areas and Vulnerable Groups PREFACE 6 Advanced Urban Analysis, Spring 2020 ESIPUHE 8 Tampere University School of Architecture KUOPIO – Places Qualities and Production of Experiental Wellbeing 11 Texts Damiano Cerrone, Markus Laine, Panu Lehtovuori, Thamires Rocha, Maiju Ratala, Simo Saari, Samppa Saarivirta, Mikko Toivanen Abstract / tiivistelmä 12 Editing Damiano Cerrone, Anna Koskinen, Markus Laine, Panu Lehtovuori Introduction 13 Lay-out Anna Koskinen Case areas 16 Publisher Tampere University Addressing Population Changes in Rural Areas 19 Place Standard Tool in Assessing Spatial Qualities 22 Images Made by students if not mentioned otherwise Conclusion and Discussion 27 Cover image Samppa Saarivirta & Thamires Rocha Sources 29 ISBN 978-952-03-2015-7 (print) ISBN 978-952-03-2016-4 (online) HUHTASUO – An Analysis of Urban Renewal Needs of a Local Suburban Center 33 Astract / tiivistelmä 34 The publication is part of a collaboration between HYMY, PLANCITY and Tampere University. The HYMY project Introduction 36 receives a government grant from the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health from the health promotion budget. Case Study 39 About HYMY project: Conclusion 50 mal-verkosto.fi/hankkeet/hymy-hyvinvointiympariston-tietopohjan-mallintaminen-ja-hyvinvointijohtamisen- Sources 52 kehittaminen-verkostohanke/ PREFACE

Advanced Urban Analysis, a new course at Tam- Te Place Standard tool piloted in Kuopio proved Te amount of answers can be considered quite pere University, is an example of a collaboration to be a very efective tool to assess wellbeing factors good, even though there were signifcantly more between diferent faculties and disciplines that related to a place or area. In accordance with the women than men among the respondents. One share a common major theme – green transition wishes of the city’s representatives, the survey was recognised strenghts of Huhtasuo was its close- and supporting sustainable urban structure. In directed to three very diferent types of districts, ness to nature, and many of the routes drawn by the Fall 2020, the theme was looked through spa- Vehmersalmi, Kurkimäki and Petonen-Pyörö. A the residents in the survey passed through na- tial boundary conditions of a wider spectrum of total of 140 people responded to the survey. Rural ture areas. Respondents to the survey considered wellbeing. Te course was carried out in a col- areas were sufering, as expected, from weak pub- Huhtakeskus’ services to be reasonably good, but laboration with HYMY, a project coordinated by lic transport and a lack of services and jobs. Te the center is in poor condition and would require Tampere City Region. Te Finnish Institute for larger suburban center Petonen-Pyörö received a urgent renovation. Te overal look of the whole Health and Welfare and the cities of Jyväskylä, better rating from the respondents. Surprisingly, area was seen quite deteriorated. However, resi- Kuopio, Lahti and Tampere were also involved. in the vast majority of themes, diferent types of dents wanted more diverse services and a resident Te HYMY project provided the students some areas appeared to be similar to each other. Nature, structure, more diverse housing options and bet- valuable background information about how to identity and a sense of security got good grades ter public transport to the city center. To increase perceive wellbeing and measure its components. everywhere. Petonen-Pyörö’s poor reputation was the number of inhabitants, one option could be to not refected in the results of this survey, but the condense and diversify the Huhtakeskus environ- Four diferent methods of analysis were applied area seemed to be well-liked. An interesting result ment when the mall is renovated. Te Huhtasuo to the course, and they were applied in diferent was that respondents felt that their ability to infu- School and Kindergarten Center is a promising cities and in diferent contexts. Tis publication ence on things in their own area is quite poor in start to this work. showcases two studies with two diferent research all three places. Hence, there might be a need to methods. First study that was conducted as an Warm thanks to Heli Suuronen and Satu Kank- consider diferent participation and involvement konen from the HYMY project, Ilona Mansikka Interner survey using Place Standard tool devel- methods. oped in Scotland, looks at three diferent areas in from Helsinki-Uusimaa Region and the cities of Jyväskylä, Kuopio and Lahti, who were involved in Kuopio. Te second one is a a map-based Map- Huhtasuo in Jyväskylä is a very typical Finnish for- tionnaire survey of Huhtasuo district in Jyväskylä. various stages by a large number of designers and est suburb completed in the 1970’s that consists other ofcials. Interviews with people at risk of marginalization, of Kangaslampi, Sulu and Kaakkolammi. In 2019, which were planned to be carried out as part of the population of the area was 9323. Te look of Huhtasuo’s research, were eventually prevented the area was renewed in 2015, when the Huhtasuo In Tampere, the 21th of May 2021 by Coronavirus restrictions. One student group school and kindergarten center was complet- Course’s teachers Damiano Cerrone, performed spatial data analyzes of factors afected next to Huhtakeskus, the commercial core of Markus Laine & Panu Lehtovuori ing wellbeing, e.g. parks and services. Tese anal- the area. Te Maptionare survey, conducted in yses will be published separately later. the spring 2020, was answered by 441 people.

6 7 ESIPUHE

Yhdyskuntasuunnittelun analyysit on uusi kurs- Kuopiossa pilotoitu Place Standard -työkalu osoit- kyselyyn vastasi 441 ihmistä, jota voidaan pitää si Tampereen yliopiston tarjonnassa. Kurssi on tautui varsin toimivaksi paikkaan tai alueeseen varsin hyvänä, vaikka naisia oli vastaajien joukos- esimerkki tiedekuntien ja tieteenalojen välisestä liittyvien hyvinvointitekijöiden arviontivälineek- sa huomattavasti miehiä enemmän. Huhtasuon yhteistyöstä yhteisen suuren teeman – vihreän si. Kaupungin edustajien toiveiden mukaisesti vahvuutena nähdään luonnonläheinen ympäris- siirtymän ja sitä tukevan kestävän kaupunkira- kysely suunnattiin kolmeen hyvin erityyppiseen tö, ja monet asukkaiden kyselyyn piirtämistä rei- kenteen – ympärillä. Syksyllä 2020 tähän kysy- kaupunginosaan, Vehmersalmelle, Kurkimäkeen teistä kulkevat luontoalueilla. Kyselyyn vastaajat mykseen otettiin tulokulmaksi laajasti ymmärre- ja Petonen-Pyöröön. Kyselyyn vastasi yhteensä pitivät Huhtakeskuksen palveluita kohtuullisen tyn hyvinvoinnin tilalliset reunaehdot. Kurssi teki 140 ihmistä. Maaseutumaiset alueet kärsivät odo- hyvinä, mutta keskus on huonossa kunnossa ja yhteistyötä Tampereen kaupunkiseudun koordi- tetulla tavalla julkisen liikenteen heikkoudesta vaatisi pikaista uudistamista. Myös koko alueen noiman HYMY-hankeen kanssa. Hankkeessa on sekä palveluiden ja työpaikkojen niukkuudesta. ilme on monin paikoin rapistunut. Asukkaat toi- mukana Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos sekä Suurehko lähiökeskus Petonen-Pyörö sai näissä voivat kuitenkin monipuolisempia palveluja, Jyväskylän, Kuopion, Lahden ja Tampereen kau- teemoissa vastaajilta paremman arvion. Yllät- asukasrakennetta, monipuolisempia asumisen pungit. HYMY-hankkeesta saimme opiskelijoille tävää on se, että valtaosassa teemoja eri tyyppi- vaihtoehtoja ja parempia joukkoliikenneyhteyk- paljon taustatietoa hyvinvoinnin hahmottamises- set alueet vaikuttavat keskenään samanlaisilta. siä keskustaan. Yksi vaihtoehto olisi lisätä asu- ta ja sen osatekijöiden mittaamisesta. Luonto, identiteetti ja turvallisuuden tunne saa- kasmäärää tiivistämällä, ja monipuolistamalla vat hyvät arvosanat kaikkialla. Petonen-Pyörön Huhtakeskuksen ympäristöä, kun ostoskeskus Kurssin oppisisällöksi valikoitui neljä erilaista huonohko maine ei näy tämän kyselyn tuloksissa, uudistetaan. Huhtasuon koulu- ja päiväkotikes- analyysin menetelmää, joita sovellettiin eri kau- vaan alue vaikuttaa hyvinkin pidetyltä. Kiinnos- kus on tälle työlle lupaava alku. pungeissa ja eri konteksteissa. Tässä julkaisussa tava tulos on se, että vastaajat kokevat mahdolli- Lämpimät kiitokset HYMY-hankkeen Heli Suuro- tuodaan yhteen Kuopion kolmelle alueelle tehty suutensa vaikuttaa oman alueen asioihin melko selle ja Satu Kankkoselle, Uudenmaan liiton Ilona tutkimus, joka tehtiin Internet-kyselynä sovittaen huonoksi kaikissa kolmessa paikassa. Tämä saat- Mansikalle sekä Jyväskylän, Kuopion ja Lahden Skotlannissa kehitettyä Place Standard -työkalua taa antaa aihetta pohtia osallistumisen ja osallis- kaupungeille, joista oli eri vaiheissa mukana iso ja Jyväskylän Huhtasuon kaupunginosaan tehty tamisen menettelyjä. tutkimus, jonka aineistona on karttapohjainen joukko suunnittelijoita ja muita virkahenkilöitä. Maptionnaire-kysely. Koronaviruksen aiheutta- Jyväskylän Huhtasuo on varsin tyypillinen Tampereella 21.5.2021 mat rajoitukset estivät lopulta marginalisoitumis- 1970-luvulla valmistunut Suomalainen metsä- riskissä olevien ihmisten haastattelujen tekemi- lähiö, joka koostuu Kangaslammesta, Sulusta ja Kurssin opettajat Damiano Cerrone, sen, joita kaavailtiin osaksi Huhtasuon tutkimusta. Kaakkolammista. Vuonna 2019 alueen väestö Markus Laine & Panu Lehtovuori Yksi opiskelijaryhmä teki paikkatietoanalyysejä oli 9323. Alueen ilme uudistui vuonna 2015, kun hyvinvointiin vaikuttavien tekijöiden, mm. puis- alueen kaupallisen ytimen, Huhtakeskuksen, tojen ja palveluiden, saavutettavuudesta. Nämä viereen valmistui Huhtasuon koulu- ja päiväko- analyysit julkaistaan myöhemmin erikseen. tikeskus. Keväällä 2020 toteutettuun Maptionare

8 9 KUOPIO

PLACE’S QUALITIES AND THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING

Maiju Ratala, Simo Saari & Mikko Toivanen ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ INTRODUCTION

Te physical structure and the environmental Alueen fyysinen rakenne ja ympäristön laatu Te built environment and our everyday life are the attributes of a place as a social and physical qualities of an area have an impact on the well- vaikuttavat eittämättä alueen asukkaiden hyvin- inevitably in a constant interaction with each oth- location (Scannell & Giford 2010). being of its residents. While people can feel well vointiin. Vaikuttaa siltä, että vaikka ihmiset voivat er. Te decisions that are made in a planning pro- in areas that difer considerably in spatial qual- tuntea olonsa hyväksi alueellisilta ominaisuuksil- cess will defne widely the environment that peo- Te bond between a place and a person that is ities, there seems to be some common aspects taan huomattavasti erilaisillakin alueilla, on ole- ple are experiencing. When aiming to increase related to the characteristics of the person itself that improve the experiential wellbeing of res- massa joitakin ominaisuuksia, jotka parantavat residents’ wellbeing in a specifc location, it is im- occurs both in personal and in group levels. In idents in general. Te spatial qualities relate to asukkaiden yleistä kokemuksellista hyvinvoin- portant to understand and study the interactions personal level, meaningful tie to the place could the social aspects of an area, which can further tia. Nämä puolestaan liittyvät alueen sosiaalisiin of people and their built surroundings. be formed through previous experiences, person- afect the residents’ wellbeing. Focusing on three ominaisuuksiin, mikä edelleen myötävaikuttaa al memories or realizations. In group level, tie to the place could be formed through symbolic and neighbourhoods of Kuopio, a medium-sized city asukkaiden hyvinvointiin. Tässä artikkelissa pyri- First of all, wellbeing is a combination of diferent cultural meanings that place has to the group of in Eastern Finland, this paper aims to clarify what tään selvittämään, millaiset rakennetun ympäris- physical, social and psychological elements. One people. At psychological level, the person-place kind of aspects in the built environment contrib- tön ominaisuudet vaikuttavat kokemukselliseen of the most credited wellbeing-theorists, Erik Al- bonding involves emotional connection to a ute to the experiential wellbeing and how those hyvinvointiin ja miten näitä ominaisuuksia voi- lardt (1976), divides individual wellbeing in three place. Also, the place itself could be provoking aspects could be further developed by the means taisiin kehittää edelleen kaupunkisuunnittelun diferent factors. In his theory, the physical side specifc behavioral patterns in specifc locations. of urban planning. avulla. Selvitystyö on tehty katsomalla tarkemmin of wellbeing is related to health, material wealth (Scannell & Giford 2010.) Kuopion, keskisuuren itäsuomalaisen kaupungin, and education. In other terms, physical side of Te spatial qualities of three areas (the former kolmea kaupunginosaa. Kolmen alueen (enti- wellbeing is something to have or possess. Social municipality of Vehmersalmi, rural district of Te third element, the place as a physical and so- nen Vehmersalmen kunta, Kurkimäen maaseutu wellbeing is related to social capital, belonging to Kurkimäki and the suburban housing estate of cial entity, includes built environment in the pro- ja Petonen-Pyörön esikaupunkialue) alueelliset a community and quality and quantity of social Petonen-Pyörö) were assessed using a modifed cess. However, the built environment includes al- ominaisuudet arvioitiin käyttämällä muokattua relations. Physical wellbeing is related to self-ex- version of the Place Standard tool in the form of so the people that are using the place and forming versiota Place Standard -työkalusta. Verkkoky- pression, identity and dignity. In Allardt’s theory, an internet questionnaire. Te results show that the base of social connections (Scannell & Giford selyn kautta saadut tulokset osoittavat, että vaik- all of these diferent sides of wellbeing are simpli- even though the areas difer greatly in their phys- 2010). Terefore, it should be pointed out that the ka alueet eroavat fyysisiltä rakenteiltaan, niiden fed in three diferent descriptive words – having, ical confguration, their residents seem to appre- built environment is not only physical – it is also asukkaat näyttävät arvostavan alueiden saman- loving, being – while complete wellbeing is a com- ciate similar qualities in them. Methodologically an intersection of diferent people that allows so- laisia ominaisuuksia. Metodologisesti Place Stan- bination of all of these factors. Wellbeing is a ho- Place Standard Tool was useful in studying the cial interaction. dard -työkalu on hyödyllinen tutkittaessa paik- listic integrity that cannot be explained with only interaction between places and its residents, and kojen ja sen asukkaiden välistä vuorovaikutusta, health-related factors. all the diferent aspects of wellbeing were covered ja kaikki hyvinvoinnin eri osatekijät on käsitelty When these three elements are well presented in a in the questionnaire. Overall, the tool can be used kyselylomakkeessa. Kaiken kaikkiaan työkalua place and a solid and meaningful bond between a in spatially localizing the issues connected to ex- voidaan käyttää kokemukselliseen hyvinvointiin Te same division is relevant to spatial locations person and a place is present, place attachment is periential wellbeing. Terefore, it can be seen as liittyvien kysymysten tilallisessa paikantamisessa. and places. When interaction between person formed (Hidalgo & Hernandez 2001; Relph 1976). a worthy instrument in providing background in- Siksi sitä voidaankin pitää arvokkaana suunnitte- and place is formed, the process could be analyz- In many studies, strong place attachment is sig- formation for planning and policy. lua ja kaupunkipolitiikkaa tukevien taustatietojen ed through 1) the person itself, 2) the psycholog- nifcantly connected to the increase subjective tuottamisvälineenä. ical process that the person is undergoing and 3) wellbeing. (Rollero & De Piccoli 2010; Scannell &

12 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 13 Giford 2017.) When analyzing relations between inadequate, overall wellbeing could be rather high Tis observation indicates that the state of well- places and wellbeing all the factors that increase if the social and psychological factors are still sol- being is something more than only health-related place attachment – social, physical and psycho- id enough to contribute to the overall subjective aspects. Wellbeing should be analysed through logical –, should be covered in the analysis. In oth- wellbeing. In the Kuopio area, this has been the social, physical and psychological connections er words, the built environment itself does not an- situation according to national health and wellbe- that people are having within the interaction with swer to the promotion of wellbeing but combined ing statistics. In the statistics on population health the built surroundings and physical and social with the actions, behavior and emotions of actual by region and population group (THL 2014-2016), places. In other words, residents themselves, en- people that are using the space covers the topic Kuopio is very close to the bottom ten percent of vironment and social connections are contrib- much more fundamentally. the unhealthiest municipalities in Finland. When uting to the overall subjective wellbeing of the looking at the bottom ten unhealthiest municipal- residents. However, many studies in environmental psy- ities, four of them are next to the city of Kuopio. chology suggest that specifc environments have When looking at the mental health statistics, Kuo- positive efects on health. Green environment, pio is ranked at bottom 16th and out of the bottom like forests, have been associated with increasing 20 municipalities, seven are located in 70 km radi- psychological wellbeing and reduced stress lev- us from Kuopio. els compared to the urban environment. (Takay- ama & al. 2014; Tyrvänen & al. 2014; Bornioli & al. However, these health issues do not seem to cor- 2018.) Also, urban blue environment, like lakes relate to the subjective wellbeing in Kuopio. In and seaside, are associated with increasing well- EuroHIS-8 survey (2015), the percentage of Kuo- being (Völker & Kistemann 2013). Furthermore, pio residents who rate their quality of life good, spatial openness, visual order and good mainte- was 57 %. Compared to the average result in the nance of buildings and public spaces are associat- whole country, Kuopio’s result is three percent ed with ‘likeability’ of the built environment, with above the average. Also, in the National School efects to behaviour and wellbeing (Nasar 1998). Health Survey for Schools (THL 2017 & 2019), Overall, health promoting environments have Kuopio ranked above the Finnish average result characters like easy access to greenery, walkabil- when asking about if students are very satisfed ity, perceived safety and perceived pleasantness with life in general. (Abraham, 2010). City of Kuopio has carried out a survey about HEALTH AND WELLBEING CORRELATION IN the experienced well-being of its citizens inde- KUOPIO AREA pendently (Nieminen 2019). Even though the answers of the survey are not comparable on the Health and wellbeing are two diferent states and national level, the results are in line with the pre- they are not necessarily correlating to each oth- vious national subjective wellbeing survey results. er. In Allardt’s theory (1976), health is something In the survey, in the scale of 1-10, answers to the that is a part of wellbeing, but not fundamentally question ”If every diferent aspect of life is consid- needed to achieve a higher state of wellbeing. If ered, how happy you are?” got the result of 7,72 in the physical factor, (in Allardt’s theory, having) is average for men and 8,14 in average for women.

14 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 15 more orthogonal centre. (Kosonen 2007, 18; Purdy In 2005, the municipality was annexed to Kuopio. CASE AREAS 2010, 58). Concerning the amount of services, the Its population was mildly decreasing already area was supposed act as the regional centre for before the annexation and has continued to de- the whole southern urban area of the city of Kuo- crease. In 2013, the population was 1275, reaching pio (Purdy 2010, 56). Te case areas of this study were selected based VEHMERSALMI 1187 in 2018. Te age distribution is pronounced on suggestions by the Kuopio city planning au- in the ages over 50. Between 2013 and 2018, the Te former municipal centre of Vehmersalmi In 1984, an open ideas competition was arranged ARKthorities-00048 Advanced and thereforeurban analyses present diferent Maijukind Ratala, of Simo Saari & Mikko Toivanen population has decreased or remained the same is located approximately 50 km southeast from to design the Pyörä centre. One goal of the com- qualities and issues to be assessed. Te former in most of the age groups. Te unemployment rate Kuopio city centre. In general, the area of the for- petition was to fnd new alternatives for the ge- themunicipality national level, theof Vehmersalmiresults are in line withpresents the previous case national of ru- subjective wellbeing survey in the area in 2017 was 12,6%. (Tilastokeskus.) results.ral shrinkage In the survey, with in the issues scale of of 1 -ageing10, answers and to thedeclining question ”If everymerly different rural aspect municipality of is mostly comprised of neric suburban housing estate typologies of the lifepopulation is considered, and how partial happy you depletion are?” got ofthe localresult ofservices. 7,72 in average forforest men andand 8,14 agricultural in land. Te municipal cen- 1960s and 1970s. Te competition resulted with average for women. tre is built sparsely with mostly residential small PETONEN-PYÖRÖ two second prizes awarded to proposals by archi- Petonen-PyöröThis observation in turn indicates serves that asthe a state case of of wellbei a Finnishng is something more than only houses with some larger commercial units and tects Reino Helminen and Olli Elo. Neither one of healtsuburbanh-related housingaspects. estate.Wellbeing Although should be being analysed younger through social, physical and Petonen-Pyörö is suburban housing estate, or psychological connections that people are having within the interactionpublic with facilities,the built and only two multi-storey apart- the proposals was realized as such, but ideas from than most of the suburban housing estates in Fin- a so-called “new town”, located approximately surroundings and physical and social places. In other words, residents themselves,ment environment buildings. Some cultural heritage exists in both were used in the planning. (Purdy 2010, 56.) land, it has many of the qualities that are usually 10 km from the city centre. Te core of the area and social connections are contributing to the overall subjective wellbeing theof the centrer residents. (e.g. old parsonage, school building, Te construction of the area started in 1986 and associated to these kinds of environments. Te ru- (Pyörö) comprises of mostly multi-storey apart- church), the oldest buildings being from the mid- continued to the late 1990s (Kosonen 2007, 18). Caseral village areas of Kurkimäki has been included in the ment buildings built around a curved central es- 19th century (Pohjois-Savon liitto 2006, 92-94). Te recession of the early 1990s had a signifcant study with a comparative purpose and in contrast planade (Pyörönkaari). Widespread single-family The case areas of this study were selected based on suggestions by the KuopioHowever, city planning the majority of the building stock in the impact on the realization of the area. Some of the to Vehmersalmi represents a well-doing small housing surrounds the core. Te general plan- authorities and therefore present different kind of qualities and issues toARKcentre be- 0assessed.0048 was Advanced builtThe urban during analyses the years 1970-1990. Maiju Te Ratala, Simo Saari & Mikko Toivanen ARK-00048 Advanced urban analyses Maiju Ratala, Simo Saariplanning & Mikko Toivanen principles (especially concerning the formernear-city municipality rural ofvillage Vehmersalmi with presents a stable case ofpopulation rural shrinkage with issues of ageing and ning of the whole area started in the beginning centre contains basic services, including a health commercial services) had to be compromised decliningand comparably population and high partial level depletion of employmentof local services. evenPetonen -Pyörö in turn serves as a of 1980s. Te area was envisioned as a “softened case of a Finnish suburban housing estate. Although being younger than mostcare of centre,the suburban a library, an elementary school and a The population statistics of Petonen-Pyörö (zip code area Litmanen)and the show amounts an of rental housing became high- on the national level. In 2005, the municipality was annexed to Kuopio. Its population was mildly decreasing compact city”: extensive single-family housing housing estates in Finland, it has many of the qualities that are usually associatedalreadygrocery to before these store. kinds the Teannexation public and transport has continued (bus) to decrease operates. In 2013, the population was 1275, increment in the population (a total of 12 551 in 2013 and 13 572 in 201er 8than), with what the age was originally planned. Te area still of environments. The rural village of Kurkimäki has been included in the study with a distributionwith irregular being somewhat street similar alignment, to the rest ofconnected the city. The populationby has increased in most reachingthree times 1187 in a 2018day. onThe weekdays, age distribution the is travel pronounced time in to the ages over 50. Between 2013 received a prize of excellence from the Finnish comparative purpose and in contrast to Vehmersalmi represents a well-doingand 2018small, nearthe population-city has decreased or remained the same in most of the age groups. The ofparks the age and groups natural. Litmanen areas, is the wasarea withplanned the highest around number the of foreign ARK residents-00048 in Advanced Kuopio urban analyses Maiju Ratala, Simo Saari & Mikko Toivanen (397, or 3% of the area population in 2017). The unemployment rate in 2017 was 13,7%. rural village with a stable population and comparably high level of employmentuncityemployment centre even on being ratethe in onethe area hour. in 2017 was 12,6%. (Tilastokeskus.) national level. (Tilastokeskus.)

71480 Kurkimäki 71310 Vehmersalmi Kuopio in total 70820 Litmanen 160 10000 140 1400 140 120 1200 120 8000 100 1000 100 6000 80 800 80 4000 60 600 60 40 400 40 2000 20 200 20 0 0 0 0 0-2 3-6 0-2 3-6 0-2 3-6 +85 +85 0-2 3-6 +85 7-12 +85 7-12 7-12 7-12 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 13-15 16-17 18-19 13-15 16-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 13-15 16-17 18-19 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 13-15 16-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59

2013 2018 2013 2018 2013 2018 2013 2018

Diagram 1. Kuopio’s population according to age. Diagram 2. Vehmersalmi’s population according to age. Diagram 3. Litmanen’s population according to age. Diagram 4. Kurkiamäki’s population according to age. Vehmersalmi Petonen-Pyörö Kurkimäki Addressing Population Changes in Rural Areas The former municipal centre of Vehmersalmi is located approximately 50 km southeast from Petonen-Pyörö is suburban housing estate, or a so-called “new town”, located approximately Kurkimäki is a small rural village and a subdistrict of Kuopio located approximatelyFinland is one 25 of km the least urbanised countries in Europe with 95% of the country’s area being Kuopio16 city centre. In general, the area of the formerly rural municipality is mostly comprised 17 KUOPIO – PLACE’S 10QUALITIES km from AND the PRODUCTIONcity centre. The OF core EXPERIENTIAL of the area WELLBEING(Pyörö) comprises of mostly multi-storey southwest from the city centre. It was one of the most significant residentialclassified villages as rural of the and 31% of the population living in these areas (Rural Policy in Finland). In of forest and agricultural land. The municipal centre is built sparsely with mostly residential former rural municipality of Kuopio (Kuopion maalaiskunta) (Pohjois-Savon liitto 2006, 82). small houses with some larger commercial units and public facilities, and onlyapartment two multi buildings-storey built around a curved central esplanade (Pyörönkaari). Widespread single- the Finnish urban-rural -classification, rural areas are divided into four classes: local centers in family housing surrounds the core. The general planning of the whole area started in the A railroad passes the village on the east side, with an old historically significanrural areas,t station rural area areas close to urban areas, rural heartland areas and sparsely populated rural apartment buildings. Some cultural heritage exists in the centrer (e.g. old parsonage, school located approximately 50 meters west from it. The passenger traffic has been discontinued, and beginning of 1980s. The area was envisioned as a “softened compact city”: extensive single- areas (Helminen et al. 2014). The two study areas of this paper represent two different classes: building, church), the oldest buildings being from the mid-19th century (Pohjois-Savon liitto the railyard is now used for loading timber. The central part of the village is mostly built with family housing with irregular street alignment, connected by parks and natural areas, was 2006, 92-94). However, the majority of the building stock in the centre was built during the residential small houses of various ages arranged close to the passing road.the It has former an elementary municipality of Vehmersalmi located at the sparsely populated rural area and the years 1970-1990. The centre contains basic services, including a health careplanned centre around, a library, the more orthogonal centre. (Kosonen 2007, 18; Purdy 2010, 58). Concerning school (classes 1-6), a library and some private small businesses but lacks villageother basic of Kurkimäki services. being a rural area close to an urban area. an elementary school and a grocery store. The public transport (bus) operatesthe threeamount times of aservices, day the area was supposed act as the regional centre for the whole southern The public transport connections are infrequent, with only one bus line operating The twice different a day types of areas present different issues to be assessed. Many rural areas in on weekdays, the travel time to city centre being one hour. urban area of the city of Kuopio (Purdy 2010, 56). in weekdays to the city centre, and once in the opposite direction, the travelFinland time beingas well 30 -as40 in the rest of Europe are declining in population, and many of them are In 1984, an open ideas competition was arranged to design the Pyörä centre. One goal minutes. shrinking (ESPON 2020, 2). However, not all of the areas that are declining in population are of the competition was to find new alternatives for the generic suburban housing estate The population of Kurkimäki has remained more or less the same withfacing a slight the phenomenon increase of rural shrinkage, and if the population balance is distorted, the area typologies of the 1960s and 1970s. The competition resulted with two second prizes awarded in recent years (1098 in 2013 and 1148 in 2018). The age distribution is cansomewhat experi similarence shrinkage to even if the population in total is not declining. Moreover, rural areas 3 to proposals by architects Reino Helminen and Olli Elo. Neither one of the proposals was Petonen, pronouncing more to the younger age groups. Between 2013 and differ2018, tandhe population some of them seem to be statistically quite well-off, as in case of Kurkimäki. realized as such, but ideas from both were used in the planning. (Purdy 2010, 56.) The has grown especially in the older age groups, as well as in the ages between 16 Whileand 19. depopulation The is usually used as a primary indicator of rural shrinkage, it is construction of the area started in 1986 and continued to the late 1990s (Kosonen 2007, 18). unemployment rate in 2017 was 5,9% (Tilastokeskus). considered more as a “symptom rather than the cause”. The actual phenomenon of rural The recession of the early 1990s had a significant impact on the realization of the area. Some shrinkage is a result of interrelated socio-economic factors. With the restructuring of of the planning principles (especially concerning the commercial services) had to be agriculture and job and study opportunities concentrating on urban centres, some areas are compromised and the amount of rental housing became higher than what was originally facing out-migration of especially younger residents, which leads to lack of investments and planned. The area still received a prize of excellence from the Finnish Association of Architects disadvantageous population balance. This creates a cycle that is “intensifying the inherent (SAFA) in 1991. (Kosonen 2007, 18; Purdy 2010, 59-60.) disadvantages of rural areas”. (ESPON 2020, 3.) The central area of Pyörö has many services, including three supermarkets and a Traditional top-down planning culture has long been based on the assumption of swimming hall, and frequent public transport connections to the city centre. A campus of the growth, both of the economy and of the population. Therefore, the traditional ways of planning National Emergency Services Academy is also located in the area. In 2012, a large shopping are not necessarily the best in responding to the changes in areas that are either declining in mall Matkus was built in Matkus 4 km southwest from the area. The central neighborhood has population or shrinking. As an alternative to the traditional planning culture, Hermans et al. a bad reputation, which in some sources is said to be mostly exaggerated (see e.g., Seppänen (2018) have presented what they describe as the culture of degrowth. They argue that 2015; Jauhiainen 2018). It is nevertheless represented in the crime statistics as one of the more understanding the dynamics of shrinkage requires a paradigm shift: the perspective of growth restless and violent subdistricts of the city. (Kuopion kaupungin turvallisuussuunitelma 2012- has to be contested, and an alternative approach to understand shrinkage as an individual 2015, 18). phenomenon has to5 be adopted. (Hermans et al. 2018, 18.) Hospers & Reverda (2015) have explained the differences between the approach to planning in the situation of growth vis-à-vis the situation of shrinkage. The traditional growth- 4 based planning is focused on the production of mere physical building volume. This is rooted in the scarcity of space, which occurs in the situation of a growing population: too large population exists in too little space, and thus more space has to be built. However, in shrinkage

6 Association of Architects (SAFA) in 1991. (Koso- signifcant station area located approximately nen 2007, 18; Purdy 2010, 59-60.) 50 meters west from it. Te passenger trafc has ADDRESSING POPULATION CHANGES IN RURAL AREAS been discontinued, and the railyard is now used Te central area of Pyörö has many services, in- for loading timber. Te central part of the village is cluding three supermarkets and a swimming hall, mostly built with residential small houses of vari- Finland is one of the least urbanised countries in younger residents, which leads to lack of invest- and frequent public transport connections to the ous ages arranged close to the passing road. It has Europe with 95% of the country’s area being clas- ments and disadvantageous population balance. city centre. A campus of the National Emergency an elementary school (classes 1-6), a library and sifed as rural and 31% of the population living in Tis creates a cycle that is “intensifying the inher- Services Academy is also located in the area. In some private small businesses but lacks other ba- these areas (Rural Policy in Finland). In the Finn- ent disadvantages of rural areas”. (ESPON 2020, 3.) 2012, a large shopping mall Matkus was built in sic services. Te public transport connections are ish urban-rural -classifcation, rural areas are di- Traditional top-down planning culture has long Matkus 4 km southwest from the area. Te cen- infrequent, with only one bus line operating twice vided into four classes: local centers in rural areas, been based on the assumption of growth, both of tral neighborhood has a bad reputation, which in a day in weekdays to the city centre, and once in rural areas close to urban areas, rural heartland the economy and of the population. Terefore, the some sources is said to be mostly exaggerated (see the opposite direction, the travel time being 30-40 areas and sparsely populated rural areas (Helm- traditional ways of planning are not necessarily e.g., Seppänen 2015; Jauhiainen 2018). It is never- minutes. inen et al. 2014). Te two study areas of this paper the best in responding to the changes in areas that theless represented in the crime statistics as one represent two diferent classes: the former mu- are either declining in population or shrinking. of the more restless and violent subdistricts of the Te population of Kurkimäki has remained more nicipality of Vehmersalmi located at the sparsely As an alternative to the traditional planning cul- city. (Kuopion kaupungin turvallisuussuunitelma or less the same with a slight increase in recent populated rural area and the village of Kurkimäki ture, Hermans et al. (2018) have presented what 2012-2015, 18). years (1098 in 2013 and 1148 in 2018). Te age being a rural area close to an urban area. they describe as the culture of degrowth. Tey ar- distribution is somewhat similar to Petonen, pro- gue that understanding the dynamics of shrink- Te population statistics of Petonen-Pyörö (zip nouncing more to the younger age groups. Be- Te diferent types of areas present diferent is- age requires a paradigm shift: the perspective of code area Litmanen) shows an increment in the tween 2013 and 2018, the population has grown sues to be assessed. Many rural areas in Finland as growth has to be contested, and an alternative ap- population (a total of 12 551 in 2013 and 13 572 in especially in the older age groups, as well as in the well as in the rest of Europe are declining in pop- proach to understand shrinkage as an individual 2018), with the age distribution being somewhat ages between 16 and 19. Te unemployment rate ulation, and many of them are shrinking (ESPON phenomenon has to be adopted. (Hermans et al. similar to the rest of the city. Te population has in 2017 was 5,9% (Tilastokeskus). 2020, 2). However, not all of the areas that are de- increased in most of the age groups. Litmanen is clining in population are facing the phenomenon 2018, 18.) the area with the highest number of foreign res- of rural shrinkage, and if the population balance is Hospers & Reverda (2015) have explained the idents in Kuopio (397, or 3% of the area popula- distorted, the area can experience shrinkage even diferences between the approach to planning in tion in 2017). Te unemployment rate in 2017 was if the population in total is not declining. Moreo- the situation of growth vis-à-vis the situation of 13,7%. (Tilastokeskus.) ver, rural areas difer and some of them seem to be shrinkage. Te traditional growth-based planning statistically quite well-of, as in case of Kurkimäki. is focused on the production of mere physical KURKIMÄKI building volume. Tis is rooted in the scarcity of While depopulation is usually used as a prima- space, which occurs in the situation of a growing Kurkimäki is a small rural village and a subdistrict ry indicator of rural shrinkage, it is considered population: too large population exists in too little of Kuopio located approximately 25 km south- more as a “symptom rather than the cause”. Te space, and thus more space has to be built. How- west from the city centre. It was one of the most actual phenomenon of rural shrinkage is a result ever, in shrinkage a surplus of spatial resources ex- signifcant residential villages of the former rural of interrelated socio-economic factors. With the ists and too few people are using them. Shrinking municipality of Kuopio (Kuopion maalaiskunta) restructuring of agriculture and job and study areas thus need to “narrow down”, which in turn (Pohjois-Savon liitto 2006, 82). A railroad passes opportunities concentrating on urban centres, needs assessment of the services and amenities the village on the east side, with an old historically some areas are facing out-migration of especially

18 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 19 that the people of the area can and cannot do SPATIAL AND SOCIAL QUALITIES OF physical environment and lack of meeting places without. (Hermans et al., 2018, 20; see also Verma SUBURBAN HOUSING ESTATES IN FINLAND for the youth complement the diferent social is- & Taegen 2018, 10.) To maintain the quality and sues. (Kemppainen 2017, 39.) meaning of life of the residents, the focus of the Suburban housing estates (“lähiö” in Finnish) are planning has to be put on to the qualitative as- a type of urban environments that were mostly However, in spite of the issues, the residents of pects of the environment (Hermans et al., 2018, built during the 1960s and the 1970s. Tey were these areas can still perceive them as preferable 20), leading in good cases to “smart shrinkage” or usually designed away from the city centres and places to live in (Van Aerschot & Salminen 2018, “smart decline” that adds societal value in a re- comprised mostly of prefabricated concrete mul- 249). Generally, residents seem to value the good source-efcient way (Hollander & Németh 2011; ti-storey apartment buildings. (see e.g., Kemp- accessibility and the availability of local servic- Popper & Popper 2002). painen 2017, 31.) Even though most of the sub- es and the greenness and openness of the areas. Te reputation of the areas does not always relate Important is the active role of citizens. Reverda urban housing estates were planned and realized to the residents’ experience of places, especially (2011) has noted, that shrinking areas tend to nat- during the 1960s and 1970s, some areas that can among the middle-class inhabitants. (Vilkama & urally turn inwards and away from “modern net- be described as such were built also later on, for Vaattovaara 2015, 217.) Moreover, the suburban works”. Terefore, it is important to encourage the example, the central area of Petonen-Pyörö in housing estates in Finland difer greatly. Teir residents in developing their area. Kerstin Faber Kuopio. Many of these areas have gained poor development is mostly dependent of the develop- and Philip Oswalt (2013) describe the active res- reputation and have been associated to diferent ment of the wider urban area, and some of them idents in shrinking regions as “co-owners and structural and socio-economic problems, such as are even considered doing rather well (Stjern- co-producers” of space. Te interaction of people social segregation, housing decline and high lev- berg 2015, see also Kemppainen 2017, 33). As in can be seen to form social capital which is espe- els of unemployment. (e.g., Van Aerschot & Salm- shrinking rural areas, the social capital formed in cially important for shrinking regions. (Hermans inen 2018; Kemppainen 2017; Stjernberg 2015.) the interaction of the residents can be seen as cru- et al. 2018, 23-24.) Te problems increased remarkably after the recession of early 1990s and, in many cases, have cial for the quality of life (Saarinen et al. 2013; Van Aerschot & Salminen 2018). In connecting the social and qualitative aspects since continued to grow (Stjernberg 2015). to the actual planning practice, Verma & Taegen (2018, 11) have noted that the “actions related to Te suburban housing estates have been a much planning and service development should con- discussed and recurring subject in both general tribute to social cohesion within the community”. and academic discussion. Te academic discus- Since the number of elderly residents in shrink- sion on the subject has concentrated mostly on ing regions is growing, it is important to keep their the problems (Kemppainen 2017, 38). However, needs in mind in the development of services and several studies have indicated that the problems aim to include them in social activities. However, are rooted not only in the social conditions and in order for the area to be attractive in the future, often relatively high percentage of social housing it has to provide services also for other age groups. in the areas, but also in their physical and spatial (Verma & Taegen 2018, 10.) properties. Te typical fragmented structure of the housing estates with often vaguely defned outdoor spaces, poorly constructed and often bleak

20 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 21 age structure to the age structure of the popula- Te respondents were asked about their highest PLACE STANDARD TOOL IN ASSESSING SPATIAL QUALITIES tion in Kuopio, age groups in the middle of the completed degree. Te educational background age spectrum are over-represented whereas the for 13 of the respondents were comprehensive ages under 25 and over 74 are largely under-rep- school. Upper secondary level degree (general up- verbally. We did our best to retain the meaning of resented. Tere are no distinctive diferences in per secondary education or vocational education RESEARCH METHODOLOGY the questions in the translation, but it is important respondents’ age structure when comparing them and training) was highest for 54 of the respond- to notice that some words had a slight diference by gender. ents. 69 had fnished higher education at a univer- We used a modifed version of the Place Stand- in meaning when translated into Finnish. For ex- sity or a university of applied sciences. Postgrad- ard tool to study residents’ opinions on their ample, amenities and facilities turned into “palve- 60 respondents answered from Vehmersalmi, 19 uate degrees (i.e. licentiate and doctoral degree) neighbourhood and formed online questionnaire lut” in Finnish which is closer to the meaning of from Kurkimäki, 31 from Petonen-Pyörö and indi- was highest degree for 5 of the respondents and based on the original tool. Te Place standard tool services and play and recreation was translated to vidual answers came from Maaninka, Nilsiä, Kart- 2 respondents had completed none of the pre- is a method for assessing places and it is devel- “virkistys ja vapaa-aika”, which means recreation tula, Muuruvesi, Palonurmi, Pitkälähti, Palonur- ARKvious.-00048 TeAdvanced majority urban analyses of the respondents Maiju lived Ratala, in Simo a Saari & Mikko Toivanen oped as collaboration between the Scottish Gov- and free time in English. Also moving around was mi, city centre, Rönö, Kelloniemi, Pihlajalaakso, single-family house or a terraced house and had a ernment, NHS Health Scotland (National Health translated diferently in Finnish (“kävely ja pyöräi- Pirtti, Särkilahti, Saaristokaupunki, Haapaniemi, car in use. 116 respondents lived in a single-family Services) and Architecture and Design Scotland. ly”, meaning walking and cycling). At the end of Julkula, Rypysuo, Hiltulanlahti, Riistavesi, Jynk- Age structure of the population in Kuopio house or a terraced house, 22 lived in a block of Te tool evaluates the nature of a chosen place the questionnaire there were fve open questions kä and Juankoski. Also, the postal code area was fatsOver 75 and 6 chose the option “something else”. 121 using 14 themes that are moving around, public that concerned the facilities and amenities used asked in the survey. 50 respondents told that their respondents65-74 had a car in use and 23 did not. transport, trafc and parking, streets and spac- in the residential area and outside of it, the tar- postal code area was 71310 (Vehmersalmi), the 55-64 es, natural space, play and recreation, facilities gets for development, the redeeming features of postal code area for 30 respondents were 70820 45-54 and amenities, work and local economy, hous- the area and general comments. Te survey was (Litmanen) and 17 respondents told that their THE PLACE STANDARD RATINGS 35-44 ing and community, social contact, identity and carried out online and passed on to the respond- postal code area was 71480 (Kurkimäki). Tere 25-34 belonging, feeling safe, care and maintenance, ents via regional Facebook-groups and residents’ were also individual answers outside these postal Moving around (namely walking and cycling) was Under 25 infuence and sense of control. Each theme has associations. code areas. scored remarkably higher in the Petonen-Pyörö 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 its own question that is assessed from 1 to 7. Te ARK-00048 Advanced urban analyses Maiju Ratala, Simo Saari & Mikkoarea Toivanen compared to the other two areas. Te Place Standard Tool examines physical elements open answers fromWomen Petonen-PyöröMen showed RESULTS AND ANALYSIS and social aspects of place that can also have an Age structure of the population in Kuopio Age structure of respondents of the survey efect on health and wellbeing of the people. Its Tere were 144 respondents to the online survey. Over 75 Over 75 aim is to help identify the targets of development 107 of them were female, 35 were male and one 65-74 65-74 and strengths of the place. (Place Standard.) respondent did not want to answer or was other 55-64 55-64 than female or male. Te women’s share is em- 45-54 45-54 Our online survey consisted of background ques- phasized in the survey compared to the distri- 35-44 35-44 tions and multiple-choice questions about the bution by gender. 11 respondents were under 25 quality of the respondent’s neighbourhood. Tese 25-34 25-34 years old, 24 respondents were 25-34 years old, Under 25 Under 25 questions were translated to Finnish from the 31 were 35-44 years old, 33 were 45-54 years old, 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Place Standard Tool and covered 14 themes con- 26 were 55-64 years old and 19 respondents were Women Men Women Men cerning the living environment. Respondents as- 65-74 years old. None of the respondents were sessed the place with rating from 1 to 7 and had over 75 years old. Comparing the respondents’ Age structure of respondents of the survey the possibility to give one’s reasons for the rating There were 144 respondents to the online survey. 107 of them were female, 35 were male and Diagram 5. Kuopio’s population’s age structure oDiagramne respondent 5. Survey’s did not want respondents’ to answer or age was structure other than female or male. The women’s share Over 75 is emphasized in the survey compared to the distribution by gender. 11 respondents were under 65-74 25 years old, 24 respondents were 25-34 years old, 31 were 35-44 years old, 33 were 45-54 years old, 26 were 55-64 years old and 19 respondents were 65-74 years old. None of the 22 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 55-64 23 respondents were over 75 years old. Comparing the respondents’ age structure to the age 45-54 structure of the population in Kuopio, age groups in the middle of the age spectrum are over- 35-44 represented whereas the ages under 25 and over 74 are largely under-represented. There are no distinctive differences in respondents’ age structure when comparing them by gender. 25-34 60 respondents answered from Vehmersalmi, 19 from Kurkimäki, 31 from Petonen- Under 25 Pyörö and individual answers came from Maaninka, Nilsiä, Karttula, Muuruvesi, Palonurmi, Pitkälähti, Palonurmi, city centre, Rönö, Kelloniemi, Pihlajalaakso, Pirtti, Särkilahti, 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Saaristokaupunki, Haapaniemi, Julkula, Rypysuo, Hiltulanlahti, Riistavesi, Jynkkä and Women Men Juankoski. Also, the postal code area was asked in the survey. 50 respondents told that their postal code area was 71310 (Vehmersalmi), the postal code area for 30 respondents were 70820 (Litmanen) and 17 respondents told that their postal code area was 71480 (Kurkimäki). There There were 144 respondents to the online survey. 107 of them were female, 35 werewere male also andindividual answers outside these postal code areas. one respondent did not want to answer or was other than female or male. The women’s share is emphasized in the survey compared to the distribution by gender. 11 respondents were under 25 years old, 24 respondents were 25-34 years old, 31 were 35-44 years old, 33 were 45-54 years old, 26 were 55-64 years old and 19 respondents were 65-74 years old. None of the 9 respondents were over 75 years old. Comparing the respondents’ age structure to the age structure of the population in Kuopio, age groups in the middle of the age spectrum are over- represented whereas the ages under 25 and over 74 are largely under-represented. There are no distinctive differences in respondents’ age structure when comparing them by gender. 60 respondents answered from Vehmersalmi, 19 from Kurkimäki, 31 from Petonen- Pyörö and individual answers came from Maaninka, Nilsiä, Karttula, Muuruvesi, Palonurmi, Pitkälähti, Palonurmi, city centre, Rönö, Kelloniemi, Pihlajalaakso, Pirtti, Särkilahti, Saaristokaupunki, Haapaniemi, Julkula, Rypysuo, Hiltulanlahti, Riistavesi, Jynkkä and Juankoski. Also, the postal code area was asked in the survey. 50 respondents told that their postal code area was 71310 (Vehmersalmi), the postal code area for 30 respondents were 70820 (Litmanen) and 17 respondents told that their postal code area was 71480 (Kurkimäki). There were also individual answers outside these postal code areas.

9 contentment to the facilities of walking and cy- answers the respondents of Vehmersalmi brought belonging to the place. Te practice of social con- Social contact displayed the best ratings in Peto- cling, whereas the respondents of Vehmersalmi up the fact that they lived in the middle of nature, tact in these areas was reported to be mainly up to nen-Pyörö (4,81). Vehmersalmi was second with and Kurkimäki hoped for more biking and walk- but also the open answers from Petonen-Pyörö one’s individual activity and everyday encounters. the rating of 4,26, and Kurkimäki was rated 3,58 ing paths. A wish for a biking path from Kurkimä- and Kurkimäki were generally positive about the respectively. Identity and belonging was rated ki to the city centre of Kuopio was brought up in natural space and closeness of it. evenly across the areas, the rating being 5,3 on av- Te overall average for feeling safe was 6,06. In ad- several answers. Public transport was the theme erage. Several open answers from Petonen-Pyörö dition to natural space this was the other theme in that had the most distinct diferences when in- Play and recreation was scored slightly higher in mentioned the bad reputation of the area but the which the average was over 6. Te ratings showed specting the results regionally. For example, in the Petonen-Pyörö (5,68) than in the other two ar- respondents disagreed with that in the numeral only slight diferences, and in general, the re- the Petonen-Pyörö area the average was 6,23 and eas (4,69 in Vehmersalmi and 4,83 in Kurkimäki), ratings. A wish for spaces for people to socialize spondents felt safe regardless of the area. Care in Kurkimäki 1,63. Tis can also be noticed from and so was the facilities and amenities. Te lat- and spend time was brought up especially in Peto- and maintenance and infuence and sense of con- the open answers where respondents could give ter was especially poorly rated in Kurkimäki nen. Te current restaurant selection was said to trol also scored evenly across the areas, the over- their reasons for the rating. Te open answers for where the average was 3,00. Vehmersalmi scored comprise mostly of bars and pubs, and a wish for all average for the former being 4,52, and for the Petonen-Pyörö were mainly positive about public slightly better, the rating for it being 4,07, and a local café was made. In the rural areas the open latter 4,24. In the open answers Petonen was con- transportation but the respondents of Vehmersal- Petonen-Pyörö exceeded with the rating of 5,65. answers showed a wish for common spaces of sidered safe despite of its reputation. Te ability to mi and Kurkimäki criticised the public transport Again, the results can be seen to somewhat refect gathering, but nevertheless emphasized the good afect to the decisions made by the city authorities timetable. the diferent rate of urbanity and the density of the areas. Te respondents of Kurkimäki hoped Te diferences in these two categories can be for a grocery store in their open answers but Peto- Kurkimäki Petonen-Pyörö Vehmersalmi All obviously seen to result from the denser and nen-Pyörö and Vehmersalmi seemed to have the Moving around 4.61 6.16 4.53 4.92 the more urban physical structure of the Peto- basic services that the respondents expect. Te nen-Pyörö area, its nearness from the city centre lack of a grocery store probably afected the poor Public Transport 1.63 6.23 2.17 3.25 and its role as a suburban housing estate vis-á-vis ratings in Kurkimäki. Traffic and Parking 5.06 5.67 4.79 4.96 the more rural and peripheral character and the Te overall average for work and local economy Streets ands Spaces 5.21 5.45 4.55 4.87 low density of the built structure in the two other was 3,3. Tis was notably low compared to other Natural Space 6.74 6.45 6.53 6.54 areas. As mentioned already in the area descrip- ratings, and in addition to public transport was Play and Recreation 4.83 5.68 4.69 4.93 tions, the service level of the public transport is the only category rated under 4 in general. In the weak in Vehmersalmi and Kurkimäki, which is Facilities and Amenities 3.00 5.65 4.07 4.39 open answers the respondents of Vehmersalmi clearly represented in the questionnaire. Trafc Work and Local Econonmy 2.67 4.13 3.00 3.30 and Kurkimäki brought up that in the areas them- and parking and streets and spaces, in turn, were selves there are not a lot of job opportunities and Housing and Community 5.17 5.55 4.74 4.94 scored somewhat similarly across the three case therefore people mainly commute to the city cen- Social Contact 3.58 4.81 4.26 4.25 areas, the former being 4,96 and the latter 4,87 on tre. Housing and community, in turn, was rated Identity and Belonging 5.63 5.19 5.24 5.30 average. somewhat similarly across the areas, the overall Feeling Safe 6.32 5.52 6.16 6.06 Te natural space was rated superbly regardless of average being 4,94. Here, the respondents of Ve- Care and Maintenance 4.47 5.06 4.16 4.52 the region (6,54 on average). Taking into consid- hmersalmi seemed to be concerned with the re- Influence and Sense of Control 4.76 4.23 4.14 4.24 eration the diferent character of the study areas, maining of the existing services in the area. it was surprising that they did not show a distinct Averages of survey results in different study areas and average of all the answers. diference of rating in this category. In the open Kurkimäki N = 19, Petonen-Pyörö N = 31, Vehmersalmi N = 60. Under average results underlined, over average results bolded.

24 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 25 ARK-00048 Advanced urban analyses Maiju Ratala, Simo Saari & Mikko Toivanen concerning the rural areas was considered very distractions, restaurant and remaining of the ex- weak, but the local governance in these areas was isting services. In Petonen-Pyörö, the respondents CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION The respondents were asked about their highest completed degree. The educational seen to be working rather well. background wishedfor 13 of forthe respondentsa more diverse were comprehensive supply of school. restaurants. Upper secondary level degree (generalIn Kurkimäki, upper secondary a wisheducation for or a vocationalgrocery educationstore, local and training) train was highest In general, compared to the overall averages forof 54 of theconnections respondents. 69 andhad finished a local higher café education were brought at a university up. or a university of In general, the rating and responses refect the in- decision-making, regional interests are not widely applied sciences. Postgraduate degrees (i.e. licentiate and doctoral degree) was highest degree recognised. Tis was also underlined in the open the whole survey, Kurkimäki got under averagefor 5 of the respondents and 2 respondents had completed none of the previous. The majority herent qualities of the studied places and their ty- results in moving around, public transport, playof the respondents114 respondents lived in a single- familyhad houseanswered or a terraced to thehouse question and had a car in use. 116 pologies. Te rural areas are generally seen to lack answers, and neighbourhood democracy was not and recreation, facilities and amenities, work andrespondent s“What lived in ais single particularly-family house goodor a terraced and house, practical 22 lived in in aour block of flats and viable transport options, local services, work op- seen as a truly efective way to infuence the de- 6 chose the option “something else”. 121 respondents had a car in use and 23 did not. local economy, social contact and care and main- neighbourhood?” Nature was mentioned in all portunities and certain amenities, while the sub- cisions that are made by city ofcials. However, the studied areas. In Petonen-Pyörö respondents all of the study areas have some kind of organised tenance. Petonen-Pyörö got under average resultsThe Place Standard Ratings urban housing estate of Petonen-Pyörö exceeds in natural space, identity and belonging, feeling were also especially satisfed with the diverse ser- in these categories in comparison. What was sur- regional association or they are part of the Kuopio safe and infuence and sense of control. Vehmer- vices and public transportationKurkimäki Petonen-Pyörö of theirVehmersalmi neigh- All prising, however, was the similarity of rating that city rural council. In terms of decision-making, Moving around 4.61 6.16 4.53 4.92 these actors have a key role in promoting the in- salmi got under average results in moving around,Public Transportbourhood. In Kurkimäki1.63 also the 6.23feeling of spa2.17 - 3.25 the areas displayed in many other felds. public transport, trafc and parking, streets andTraffic and Parkingciousness, community 5.06spirit as well5.67 as outdoor4.79 4.96 terests of residents of the areas. In the survey, this Streets ands Spaces spaces, play and recreation, facilities and amen- and free-time activities5.21 were mentioned.5.45 In Veh4.55 - 4.87 Te high rating of natural spaces was somewhat could be seen as rather high results in the theme Natural Spacemersalmi respondents 6.74were satisfed6.45 also of 6.53the 6.54 identity and belonging, when regional and organ- ities, work and local economy, housing and comPlay- and Recreation 4.83 5.68 4.69 4.93 anticipated for the rural areas, and in the case of munity, identity and belonging, care and mainteFacilities- andspecifc Amenities services in addition3.00 to nature.5.65 4.07 4.39 Petonen, can be seen to refect the successful re- ised operations strengthen the group identity of nance and infuence and sense of control. Work and Local Econonmy 2.67 4.13 3.00 3.30 alisation of the original planning priorities. How- the specifc area. Housing and Community 5.17 5.55 4.74 4.94 In the end of the survey, the respondents had the ever, whether these answers refect the true qual- Social Contact 3.58 4.81 4.26 4.25 One part of the health and wellbeing promotion OPEN QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Identity and possibilityBelonging to give other5.63 comments5.19 and remarks5.24 5.30 ity of natural spaces or the general importance of Feeling Safe or tell what city planners6.32 should know.5.52 Many6.16 re- 6.06 them to the residents, is open to interpretation. work in the city is collecting sufcient data about 135 respondents had answered to the questionCare and Maintenance spondents from Petonen-Pyörö4.47 hoped5.06 that nature4.16 4.52 Still, the importance of natural space should be the trends in health and wellbeing. However, ac- “What facilities and amenities/services you areInfluence and Sense of Control 4.76 4.23 4.14 4.24 and forests would be preserved if the built area kept in mind in planning, a point which was also cording to the results of this study, characteris- using the most in the target area?” Te main difAverages- of surveywould results in bedifferent expanded study areas and averagein the of all future.the answers. Te respond- tics of diferent locations should be emphasized Kurkimäki N = 19, Petonen-Pyörö N = 31, Vehmersalmi N = 60. Under average results underlined, over average results bolded. made in the open answers. Te ratings in identi- ference between the areas was, that the respondents of Vehmersalmi brought up their concern ty and belonging confront the poor reputation of in the data acquisition and spatial information is ents of Kurkimäki do not have a grocery store to Kurkimäki Petonen-Pyörö Vehmersalmi for the remaining of the existing services in the Petonen-Pyörö but conform to the presumption necessary to keep in the dataset. If the data is col- use, so it was not mentioned in the answers. 132 neighbourhood. of unity in small rural communities. Tis goes al- lected from the whole population of the city area, respondents had answered to the question “What Moving around Influence and Sense of it is hard to recognise and locate the places that Public Transport so for the high ratings in feeling safe across all of facilities and amenities/services you are using the Control the areas. are facing lower states of wellbeing. From the per- most elsewhere?” Te main similarity between Care and Maintenance Traffic and Parking spective of city ofcials, it should be asked what the answers were that shopping centres, super- Te overall low ratings in care and maintenance is the scale of the collected data so that it would markets and specialized shops were mentioned. Feeling Safe Streets ands Spaces display that actions concerning it should be taken support health and wellbeing promotion work as up in all areas. However, a remark has been made well as possible and what kind of data is impor- 106 respondents answered to the question “Is Identity and Belonging Natural Space in the HYMY project that improvements in in- tant when analysing the everyday life of residents there something missing in your neighbourhood? frastructure are not connected to improvements in specifc locations in terms of wellbeing promo- What would be the most important targets for Social Contact Play and Recreation in wellbeing. Another category scoring poor- tion. Also, the collected data should lead to con- development to you?” Te respondents of Veh- Housing and Community Facilities and Amenities ly overall was the infuence and sense of control, crete actions that are visible to the residents and mersalmi hoped for another grocery store, more Work and Local Econonmy which indicates that in the scale of the whole city health and wellbeing promotion work should be

26 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 27 10 assimilated part of the city’s strategic manage- ment and planning. SOURCES

Methodologically Place Standard Tool ofers a useful tool-set to research interaction between Abraham, Andrea; Sommerhalder, Kathrin & Abel, Tomas. 2010. “Landscape and well-being: A scoping places and its residents. All of the diferent aspects study on the health-promoting impact of outdoor environments”. International Journal of Public Health, of wellbeing – social, psychological and physical – 55(1), 59-69. are covered by the Place Standard Tool questionnaire. Overall, the Place Standard Tool represents Allardt, Erik. 1976. “Dimensions of Welfare in a Comparative Scandinavian Study”, Acta Sociologica, 19: the holistic view of wellbeing, localized the issues 227–39. spatially. Open answers are also very useful when Bornioli, Anna; Parkhurst, Graham & Morgan, Phillip. 2018. “Psychological wellbeing benefts of aiming to collect more detailed data from specifc simulated exposure to fve urban settings: An experimental study from the pedestrian’s perspective”. locations. Journal of Transport & Health, 9, 105-116. However, the connection between actual city ESPON 2020: Policy brief: Shrinking rural regions in Europe – Towards smart and innovative approaches planning and the regionally collected database re- to regional development challenges in depopulating rural regions. ESPON EGTC. Luxembourg. (https:// mains blurry. Even though wide data collection is www.espon.eu/sites/default/fles/attachments/ESPON%20Policy%20Brief%20on%20Shrinking%20 made about the topics of wellbeing in diferent ar- Rural%20Regions.pdf) (Accessed 23.4.2020) eas it is not evident that the data is used as part of the planning process. A large database, especially Helminen, Ville; Nurmio, Kimmo; Rehunen, Antti; Ristimäki, Mika; Oinonen, Kari; Tiitu, Maija; qualitative data, needs resources to process and Kotavaara, Ossi; Antikainen, Harri & Rusanen, Jarmo. 2014. Kaupunki-maaseutu-alueluokitus. Suomen planning processes are usually tightly scheduled ympäristökeskus. Suomen ympäristökeskuksen raportteja 25/2014. and time for advanced research is hardly granted. Hermans, Maurice; Maurer, Nicole & Reverda, Nol. 2018. “Towards a culture of degrowth”. In Gert Jan- Place Standard Tool ofers a quite fast and ef- Hospers & Josefna Syssner (edit.): Dealing with Urban and Rural Shrinkage: Formal and Informal cient way to visually present data, thus making it Strategies. Zürich: Lit Verlag. pp. 17-30. accessible for decision-making and city planning. Hidalgo, Carmen & Hernandez, Bernardo. 2001. “Place attachment: conceptual and empirical questions”. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 273–281.

Hollander, J. B., & Németh, J. 2011. Te bounds of smart decline: A foundational theory for planning shrinking cities. Housing Policy Debate, 21(3), 349–367.

Popper, D. E. & Popper, F. J. 2002. Small can be beautiful: Coming to terms with decline. Planning, 68(7): 20–3.

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28 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 29 Jauhiainen, Jutta 2018. “Mainettaan parempi Petonen”. Kuopion Kaupunkilehti. 10.8.2018. (https://www. Saarinen, Arttu; Airio, Ilpo; Kaikkonen, Risto & Luoma, Minna-Liisa 2013: “Onnellisuus erityyppisillä kaupunkilehti.f/mainettaan-parempi-petonen/) (Accessed 7.4.2020) asuinalueilla” Yhteiskuntapolitiikka. 78 (5), pp. 520-532.

Kemppainen, Teemu. 2017. Disorder and insecurity in a residential context: A study focusing on Finnish Scannell, Leila & Giford, Robert. 2017. “Place Attachment Enhances Psychological Need Satisfaction”. suburban housing estates built in the 1960s and 1970s. City of Helsinki, Executive Ofce, Urban Research Environment and Behavior, 49 (4), 359–389. and Statistics. Scannell, Leila, & Giford, Robert. 2010. “Defning place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework”. Kosonen, Leo. 2007: Kuopio 2015. Jalankulku-, joukkoliikenne- ja autokaupunki. Suomen ympäristö Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30 (1), 1-10. 36/2007. Helsinki: Ympäristöministeriö. Seppänen, Arttu. 2015. “Haulikoita ja puukkoja: Tällainen Kuopion hurjin kaupunginosa on oikeasti”. Kuopio 2020: Tilastotietoa. (https://www.kuopio.f/tilastotietoa) (Accessed 1.4.2020) Savon Sanomat. 12.6.2015. (https://www.savonsanomat.f/kotimaa/Haulikoita-ja-puukkoja-katso- videolta-millainen-Petonen-on-oikeasti/541293) (Accessed 7.4.2020) Kuopion kaupungin turvallisuussunnitelma 2012-2015. (http://www.turvallisuussuunnittelu.f/material/ attachments/turvallisuussuunnittelu/turvallisuussuunnittelu/turvallisuussuunnitelmia/pohjois- Stjernberg, Mats. 2015. “Suomalaisten 1960- ja 1970-lukujen lähiöiden sosioekonominen kehitys ja savo/68FBZqqUI/Kuopion_turvallisuussuunnitelma_2012-2015.pdf) (Accessed 7.4.2020) alueellinen eriytyminen”. Yhteiskuntapolitiikka, 80 (6), pp. 547-561.

Nasar, Jack L. 1998. Te Evaluative Image of the City. Sage, London. Takayama, Norimasa; Korpela, Kalevi; Lee, Juyong; Morikawa, Takeshi; Tsunetsugu, Yuko; Park, Bum-Jin & al. 2014. “Emotional, restorative and vitalizing efects of forest and urban environments at four sites in Nieminen, Heidi. 2019. Kokemuksellinen hyvinvointikysely 2019. City of Kuopio. japan”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11 (7), 7207-7230. Place Standard – How Good is Our Place? https://www.placestandard.scot/place-standard.pdf Tilastokeskus. Paavo – postinumeroalueittainen avoin tieto. (https://www.stat.f/tup/paavo/index.html) (Accessed 23.4.2020) Pohjois-Savon liitto 2006: Kuopion seudun kulttuuriympäristö seutukunnan vahvuudeksi: kulttuuriympäristöselvitys Kuopion seudun maakuntakaavaa varten. (https://www.pohjois-savo. Tyrväinen, Liisa; Ojala, Ann; Korpela, Kalevi; Lanki, Timo; Tsunetsugu, Yuko & Kagawa, Takahide. 2014. f/media/liitetiedostot/aluesuunnittelu/kaavat/kaavaselvitykset/ksmk/ksmk-kuopion-seudun- “Te infuence of urban green environments on stress relief measures: A feld experiment”. Journal of kulttuuriymparisto-seutukunnan-vahvuudeksi.pdf) (Accessed 26.4.2020) Environmental Psychology, 38, 1-9. Purdy, Sirpa 2010. Suomalainen moderni puuasuntorakentaminen 1990-ja 2000-lukujen vaihteessa. Van Aerschot, Lina & Salminen, Jarkko. 2018. “Hyvä, paha lähiö: nuoret ja asuinalueella syntyvä Tapausesimerkkinä Niiralan Kulma Oy:n modernit puuvuokratalot Kuopiossa. Master’s Tesis. sosiaalinen pääoma”. Sosiologia, 55 (3), pp. 248-262. Jyväskylän yliopisto, Jyväskylä. Verma, Ira & Taegen, Jonna 2018. “Access to Services in Rural Areas from the Point of View of Older Relph, Edward 1976. Place and Placelessness. Pion, London. Population – A Case Study in Finland”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (23). 4854. Rollero, Chiara & De Piccoli, Norma. 2010. “Does place attachment afect social well-being?”. Revue européenne de psychologieappliquée, 60, 233-238. Vilkama, Katja & Vaattovaara, Mari 2015: “Keskiluokka kuin kotonaan? Kokemuksia sosioekonomisesti heikoimmilla alueilla asumisesta pääkaupunkiseudulla”. Yhteiskuntapolitiikka. 80 (3), pp. 207-220. Rural Policy in Finland (https://www.ruralpolicy.f/) (Accessed 23.4.2020) Völker, S., & Kistemann, T. 2013. “”I’m always entirely happy when I’m here!” urban blue enhancing human health and well-being in cologne and düsseldorf, Germany”. Social Science & Medicine, 78, 113-124.

30 KUOPIO – PLACE’S QUALITIES AND PRODUCTION OF EXPERIENTIAL WELLBEING 31 HUHTASUO

AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER

Samppa Saarivirta, Tamires Rocha & Markus Laine ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ

Finland has a long history of suburbs (Hankonen Keywords: Neighborhood Unit; Finnish Suburbs; Suomessa on pitkä historia lähiöiden (Hankonen Kyselytulosten pohjalta tehttiin analyysi joka va- 1994) and neighborhood planning (Jalkanen et Local Center 1994) ja asuialuesuunnittelun parissa (Asuinalue- lottaa Huhtakeskuksen vaikutusta asuinseutuun, al. 1997). From 1960s on new suburbs emerged suunnittelu 1997). Kuusikymmentäluvulta läh- alueen koettuihin vahvuuksiin ja vikoihin ja around bigger Finnish cities. Now many of those tien uusia lähiöitä alkoi ilmestyä lähelle suurim- asukkaiden suhdetta elinympäristöönsä. Paikal- suburbs are in an urgent need of renovation. Tis pia suomalaiskaupunkeja. Nykyään moni näistä lisia kommentteja apuna käyttäen ehdotamme provides an opportunity to analyze the original lähiöistä on kiireellisen korjaamisen ja kunnos- konkreettisia mahdollisia ratkaisuja tämän lähiön idea of a Finnish suburb, and reconsider the idea tamisen tarpeessa. On siis ajankohtaista tutkia ongelmiin. from residents’ perspective, who were ignored in suomalaisen lähiön historiaa ja alkuperäisiä in the initial planning phase. We will do this by fo- suunnitteluideoita sekä katsoa niitä paikallisten cusing one Finnish suburb, Huhtasuo in Jyväskylä. näkökulmasta joita ei alunperin suunnitteluvai- heessa ole kuultu. Me keskitymme yhteen suoma- Avainsanat: Asumalähiö, Suomalaiset lähiöt, Te aim of this article is to support Jyväskylä au- laiseen lähiöön joka on Huhtasuo Jyväskylässä. Paikalliskeskus thorities to understand and analyze the quotidi- an of the residents of fve local communities: Pu- Artikkelin tavoitteena on auttaa Jyväskylän viran- puhuhta, Kangaslampi, Sulku, Kaakkolampi and omaisia ymmärtämään ja analysoimaan asuk- Huhtakeskus, with the intention of perceiving kaiden päivittäistä elämää viidellä eri asuialueel- how Huhtakeskus, a commercial center located in la; Pupuhuhdassa, Kangaslammella, Sulussa, between the communities, has an impact on their Kaakkolammella ja Huhtakeskuksessa. Tutkim- daily lives. me kuinka Huhtakeskuksen palvelukeskittymä vaikuttaa sen ympärille rakentuneiden aluiden Tis paper traces the origins of the Huhtasuo arkielämään. neighborhood with the ambition of understanding its history and design, tracing back the theo- Artikkelissa käydään läpi Huhtasuon syntyyn vai- ries that inspired its urbanization processes and kuttaneita tekijöitä kaupunkisuunnittelun teorian the impact, after many years since its implanta- näkökulmasta, tavoitteena ymmärtää alueen his- tion, of it on the local population daily lives. toriaa ja suunnitteluperiaatteita. Tämän paikallis- keskuksen syntyyn vaikuttaneita teorioita ja vaiku- tuksia pakalliseen sosiaaliseen elämään tulkitaan Furthermore, through the analysis of a ques- nykyhetkessä, monta vuotta alueen toteuttamisen tionnaire’s answers it’s sketched the impact of jälkeen ja verraten alueen nykyisiin olosuhteisiin Huhtakeskus on the neighborhood, the area’s ja asukkaiden tyytyväisyyteen ympäristöstään. qualities and faws and the relationship between the local community and the space they inhabit.

34 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 35 “garden city” would only be executed, in its mod- Tis approach has some apparent problems and INTRODUCTION ern form, after many decades, because of crises has been criticized for many reasons, for example of World War I, Finnish civil war and economic its assumed signifcance of local proximity for or- recessions. ganic social life. Other city planners continued to by the writing of Charles Cooley1 , who “believed Te concept of “neighborhood unit” was in- develop the concept into suburban form, afect- the individual was shaped by society and that so- troduced, internationally, by Clarence A. Perry ing American city planning and, in many cases, Otto I. Meurmann instilled the ideas of neighbor- ciety was subsequently a product of the good or (1872-1944) in 1929 on as a part of the Regional defned continuous suburban sprawl. hood unit and neighborhood plan (asumakunta Plan of New York and Its Environments, and since bad actions of individuals” (Lawhon, 2009), the in Finnish) to Finnish academic discussion with then has infuenced urban planning and design. Community Center and Settlement House Move- his publishing of “Asemakaavaoppi” in 1947. ments and the Garden Cities concept, developed Te neighborhood unit is a concept originated FINNISH SUBURBS According to Lawhon (2009) it is a “physically de- by Ebenezer Howard, in England, which it’s possi- from Clarence Perry work in the late 1920s. Tis fned unit, with school, churches, and recreation ble to identify many resemblances with. concept was meant to be a design tool for secure In Finland, urban planning contexts suburb (lähiö areas at its center”, breaking with the traditional housing area in the new age of the automobile in Te garden cities movement originally present- in Finnish) is a main theoretical term and idea that grid system. Te layout [Picture 1] was developed a metropolitan context of New York. Tis theory ed in To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Form has defned the housing project of late 20th centu- with the intention to encourage interaction and introduced road hierarchy and locating the most (1898), stimulated Perry’s aim to have a charm- ry. Te decade after the II World War was a record increase safety for pedestrians inside the neigh- necessary daily services inside, or at the edges, ing, garden-like environment, a characteristic not of population growth in Finland. From 1950s on- borhood, so trafc system incorporates an im- of a cell (of 5000 to 6000 habitants) surrounded commonly found in urban centers like New York. ward, the change of economic structure lead to portant aspect of the units: the arterial roads (fast by motor ways. One unit was designed to popu- rural exodus and the problem of re-inhabiting the roads) are located on the borders of the neighbor- late enough people to establish one elementary people that were moving to search for jobs and hood, defning and distinguishing the neighbor- school. hood, meanwhile inside the streets (local roads) better standards of living. New modernistic sub- have a sinuous design increasing safety, discour- urban neighborhoods were the main solution. By Meurmann got these concepts trough British aging unwanted trafc. Other important char- the 70s, when Huhtasuo areas was established, sources, namely “County of London Plan” of 1943. acteristics are the size of the neighborhood that economic efciency, company led neighborhood His illustration is surprisingly like “County of Lon- should be calculated by the sufcient amount of development and construction was the promi- don Plan”, only texts had been translated into people to support an elementary school and at nent approach in Finland. Tis was supported by Finnish (see Picture 3). In Anglo-Saxon discourse least ten percent of the land area should be set a concept of compact city, which was popular in the ideas of Garden City by Howard were wildly aside for parks and open spaces serving as leisure urban design theory in Finland at the time (see infuential and the networking of bigger neigh- areas for the residents. Hankonen 1994). borhood units (6000 to 10 000 habitants) via high Already in 1918, the concept of decentralized den- speed trafc connections was a key concept in the mentioned plan. All of those characteristics, cited above, are physi- Picture 1. sifcation (hajakeskitysperiaate in Finnish) was cal, but all of them have a social impact and moti- Clarence Perry’s present in the Pro Helsingfors - design of Saarinen vation. For instance, Perry was largely infuenced neighborhood and Jung which was based on independent living Tis spatial division of units separated by open unit diagram suburbs with their own centers and surrounded spaces or natural areas is evident also in the his- Figure 1. Clarence Perrys Neigborhood unit Figure 2. Source: Jalkanen et al. (2017 Kaupunkisuunnittelu ja asumin- tory of Finnish suburbs. Among the frst of the en. Page 12. by green areas. Tis early version of Finnish suburban network was based on detached houses modern suburban developments is Tapiola in Es- poo, built in the 1950s, which set a model for new 1 Charles Horton Cooley was a sociologist and sociology professor of the University of Michigan, known for developing with their own gardens like in the model of How- a sociopsychological approach to the understanding of society, named the “looking glass self” shortly explained in this text. ard’s Garden City. Tis vision and the concept of neighborhood unit.

36 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 37

7 Te winning proposal of Tapiola’s City Center De- CASE STUDY sign Competition, “Don Hertzenin kylä”, held in 1954, set many of the principles that are seen in the ideals of Finnish suburban centers. Some of those principles can be identifed in Huhtasuo, HUHTASUO, JYVÄSKYLÄ At Kangaslampi neighborhood the infuence of Jyväskylä, such as the presence of one versa- “compact city” can be seen on its rational rectan- Jyväskylä is a city in the heart of Southern Fin- tile and relatively dense, but just one story high gular street system. However, the deeper idea of land and located in the north shores of Lake Päi- shopping mall serving the locals, an open space social connectivity is hard to identify in the area jänne. Te city was ofcially founded in 1837 and for open air market or plantings in the middle of because it remains separated from city center and has been and is known for its education; the frst the mall and working spaces and utilities closely its neighborhoods are not especially connected to three Finnish-speaking schools were founded in connected to the shopping center. Meanwhile, each other. Tus, it’s perceived that the composi- Jyväskylä and with one university and two uni- other principles were not done at Huhtasuo like tion of this neighborhood unit lends it towards a versities of applies sciences the city continues to the higher ofce building connected to the mall, physically segregated from the city center, which Picture 2. be a strong center of education. Jyväskylä is also serving as a focal point, the cultural services for called for the development of a local commer- Otto I. Meurman’s neighborhood unit diagram. known for its modern architecture and there are evening time use, the fast connection to the city cial area, Huhtakeskus. Tis shopping mall and many buildings designed by the Finnish architect center, and the open space around the mall for fu- service center was constructed in modular man- Alvar Aalto. ture expansions. Many Finnish suburbs have lost their original ner with close attention paid to accessibility by appeal as a modern, clean and high-quality liv- private car: located next to four-lane motor way At many Finnish suburbs the ideals of early mod- ing condition and are in severe need of redevel- Huhtasuo is a district in Jyväskylä, located in and surrounded by parking lots on two sides. Al- ernism are seen, in Huhtasuo’s neighborhood unit, opment. In some special cases like Tapiola the the northeast of the city, composed by Kangas- though Huhtakeskus has rather good basic servic- for example, a main aspect is the connectivity to na- contemporary problem is to how to maintain the lampi, Sulku and Kaakkolampi neighborhoods es and is a decent sized suburban shopping center ture and the separated location from central urban values and good properties of the original design. and is limited on south by Pupuhuhta neighbor- in a Finnish scale, it is an urgent need of renova- structure. Without a quality implementation of the Mostly the Finnish suburbs resemble cases like hood. Te majority of those neighborhoods were tion. Te neighborhoods around Huhtakeskus earlier aspects (that would provide a more mani- Huhtasuo which lacks a holistic quality of early planned on the 70s, with still much infuences are around same age, excluding the new school fold suburban environment) the close to nature modernism or ideal compact city. Te realization from the garden cities and neighborhood unit center and new apartment buildings around that. qualities of these Finnish forest suburbs (In Finn- of a coherent and pleasant suburb is a long-last- concepts, leading to what got known in Finland as ish: metsälähiö) can also turn to negative aspects ing project. “forest suburbs” – low density neighborhoods with Trough questionnaires the main objective of this of lack of services and lack of active social realm. a great presence of forest areas, separated from research is to understand and evaluate the rele- Without a proper care and investment, a neigh- the central area of the city and a curvilinear or or- vance of Huhtakeskus on the cited neighborhoods Neighborhood unit is also a frame that is used borhood unit can end up as a cheaply build mix of ganic design, as a consequence of the economical population’s everyday lives. In addition, the aim in conversation in multiple levels (Broby, 2013): diferent ideas, as is the case in Huhtasuo. To revi- constraints the space produced during that time was to ask about the possible renovation hopes of municipalities defne their detail plans borders talize these neighborhoods the municipalities, de- are a dullness of prefabricated concrete facades Huhtakeskus and neighboring areas. Terefore, thinking of these units, media publishes news velopers, construction companies and locals need sparsely and rigidly placed in fush green environ- the use of a mechanism able to apprehend not discussing a phenomenon in a unit and citizens to consider the physical, social and economic ments. In 2019, the population of the district was only hard data, but also soft data aiming to gath- consider the reputation of certain neighborhood. shortcomings of the whole area. Most efective way 9323 (https://www.jyvaskyla.f/jyvaskyla/tilastot/ er information that goes beyond numbers and Because of the multifunctional use of the term, it to develop the units is to focus on the local center aluekohtaista-tietoa-jyvaskylasta). shows the relationship between locals and the is a vastly interesting question what should be our that serves them and links them to each other. ideal for a future neighborhood unit.

38 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 39 neighborhoods (urban space), which explains the connecting the answers on an attempt to better GEOLOCALIZATION STUDYuse of soft-GIS, CASE an internet-based survey. understand the reality of the neighborhoods.

As the fnal aim of the authorities is to purpose PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS HUHTASUO aHUHTASUO, renewal for HuhtakeskusJYVÄSKYLÄ it’s crucial to understand what urban renewals are needed for a local Te survey was answered by 441 people, totaliz- The Noun Project Icon Template http://thenounproject.com

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Created by Cho Nix good, mainly when compared to similar experi- from the Noun Project htakeskusand located include in the restaurants,north shores dentist, of Lake healthcare Päijänne. 5,2 km Created by irene hoffman distance from the Noun Project 8 58 center,The city private was offcially medical founded services, in 1837 library, and hasfood been aid ences onJYVÄSKYLÄ the area. minutes minutes and a is grocery known forstore. its education; the frst three Fin- nish-speaking schools were founded in Jyväskylä On an attemptHELSINKI to better understand the profle of and with one university and two universities of app- the respondents, the closed questions were ana- Picture 5. CITY CENTER liesMETHODOLOGY sciences the city continues to be a strong center lyzed. It was possible toDiagram detect of that Jyväskylä’s the age localization group of education. Jyväskylä is also known for its modern with the bigger amount of answers was of people architectureSoft-GIS surveys and there is methodology are many buildings used indesigned partic- development of a local commercial area, Huhta- Picture 6.Picture 3. who are between 35 and 44 years old, and the age Distance between Jyväskylä city center and Huhtasuo area byipatory the Finnish techniques architect that Alvar combine Aalto. quantitative groupkeskus. with This fewershopping answers mall wereand service of those center who wasare Distance between Jyväskylä’s city center and Huhtasuo area Huhtasuoand qualitative is a Jyväskylä’s data, in otherdistrict, words, located it associatesin the nor- overconstructed 75 years in old. modular manner with close attention theast“hard” of registered-based the city, composed GIS by data Kangaslampi, with “soft” expeSulku- paid to accessibility by private car: located next to rientialand Kaakkolampi data. Te neighborhoodsobjective of this and approach is limited is onto four lane motor way and surrounded by parking lots considersouth by Pupuhuhtalocal experiences neighborhood. and recognize The majority the im of- Onon twoonline sides. surveys, Other it’sthan predictable around Huhtakeskus, and expected the portancethose neighborhoods of local’s points (, as of previously view in planning mentioned,) the thatenvironment the older doesn’t age groups feel very are urban. less present once most of them are not familiar with online plat- futurewere planned development on the of70s, a local with suburbanstill much infuencescenter. Through questionnaires the main objective of this 3 form the garden cities and neighborhood unit con- forms.research Tus, is to theunderstand authorities and plannedevaluate tothe do relevan some- cepts, leading to what got known in Finland as “fo- interviewsce of Huhtakeskus in person, on butthe planscited neighborhoodshad to change duepo- rest-neighborhoods”According to Kahila –& lowKyttä density (2009) neighborhoods through soft- topulation’s the COVID-19 everyday lives.or “Coronavirus” In addition, the world aim was pan to- withGIS it’sa great possible presence to build of forest a “bridge areas, betweenseparated plan from- demic.ask about Comparing the possible the renovation age group hopes of the of respon Huhta- theners, central residents area ofand the researchers”,city and a curvilinear this provides (or or- dentskeskus andand Jyväskylä’sneighboring population areas. Therefore, it’s visible the thatuse ganic)enormous design, possibilities as a consequence because of it thecombines economical not of a mechanism able to apprehend not only hard the age group of people who are under 25 is not 5 onlyconstraints the technique, the space provided produced by during the planners that time and are welldata, represented, but also soft dataas well aiming as those to gather who informationare over 75 2 a dullness of prefabricated concrete facades spar- that goes beyond numbers and shows the relation- researches, but the specifc knowledge, provided years old. On the other hand, the group who are sely and rigidly placed in fush green environments. ship between locals and the neighborhoods (urban by locals. 4 At Kangaslampi neighborhood the infuence of betweenspace), which 35 and explains 44 years the old use were of soft-GIS, beyond ana doubt inter- 1 “compact city” can be seen on its rational rectangu- representednet-based survey. on the questionnaire. larTe street platform system. chosen However, by Jyv theäskyl deeperä’s authorities idea of social was As the fnal aim of the authorities is to purpose a re- 1.PUPUHUHTA connectivityMaptionnaire, is hard which to identify gather in map-based,the area, because open it Whennewal forit comesHuhtakeskus to language, it’s crucial most to understand of the respon what- 2.HUHTAKESKUS remains(dissertations) separated and from closed city (multiple center and choice) its neighbor ques- dentsare the are urban Finnish renewal speakers needed along for a withlocal thesuburban city’s 3.KANGASLAMPI hoodstions. Teare not questionnaire especially connected created consistedto each other. on a population.center. Nowadays, Finally, the most services of the of respondents Huhtakeskus arein- 4.KAAKKOLAMPI seriesThus, ofit’s 3 perceivedmap-based that questions, the composition 2 open questions of this women.clude restaurants, Considering dentist, all the healthcare points cited center, above priva it- 5.SULKU andneighborhood 19 closed unitquestions, lends it basedtowards on a thephysically informa se- waste medical possible services, to identify library, the food groups aid thatand werea grocery well Picture 4. gregated from the city center, which called for the store. Picture 7. tion gathered analyses were developed relating/ represented and those who were not - Finnish TeThe fve neighborhoodsstudied neighborhoods. that are being studied

4010 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCALHUHTASUO SUBURBAN – AN ANALYSIS CENTRE OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 4111 METHODOLOGY On online surveys, it’s predictable and expected that METHODOLOGY womenOn online who surveys, are between it’s predictable 35 and and 44 yearsexpected old, thatare andthe older the opposite age groups is true are for less playgrounds present once (being most re of- them are not familiar with online platforms. Thus, theSoft-GISthe onesolder surveys whoage groupsanswered is methodology are theless survey present used the in once participato most. most Tis of- lated to 16% of male’s answers). Recalling the age the authorities planned to do some interviews in Soft-GIS surveys is methodology used in participato- rythem techniques are not thatfamiliar combine with quantitativeonline platforms. and qualita Thus,- group is mainly characterized for working and groupsperson, helpsbut plans to clarify had tothe change reasons due behind to the it. world ry techniques that combine quantitative and qualita- tivethe data,authorities in other planned words, toit associatesdo some “hard”interviews regis in- having kids, which is perceived in the answers - as pandemic, caused by SARS-COV-2, a virus that caus- tive data, in other words, it associates “hard” registered-basedperson, but plansGIS data had with to change “soft” experientialdue to the worlddata. it will be shown later. Being attentive to the profle Tees COVID-19, spots were popularly marked knownas Figure as “Coronavirus”.10 illustrates. It’s MAPTIONNAIRE’S RESPONDENTS VS. JYVÄSKYLÄ’S POPULATION tered-based GIS data with “soft” experiential data. Thepandemic, objective caused of this by SARS-COV-2,approach is to a virusconsider that causlocal- of the respondents makes it easier to understand Comparing the age group of the respondentsMAPTIONNAIRE’S and RESPONDENTS VS. JYVÄSKYLÄ’S POPULATION The objective of this approach is to consider local experienceses COVID-19, and popularly recognize known the importanceas “Coronavirus”. of local’s evident that Huhtakeskus is an area of the neigh- and analyze the answers received. Jyväskylä’s population it’s visible that the age group experiences and recognize the importance of local’s pointsComparing of view the in ageplanning group the of future the respondents development and of borhood that is enjoyed by the residents, being of people who are under 25 is not fnely represent- points of view in planning the future development of aJyväskylä’s local suburban population center. it’s visible that the age group Kangaslampi’s lake, also, a highlight - the park on ed, as well as those who are over 75 years old. On a local suburban center. Accordingof people whoto Kahila are under & Kyttä 25 (2009) is not throughfnely represent soft-GIS- that area cited many times as one of the best in the WOMEN’S AND MEN’S PERCEPTIONS the other hand, the group who are between 35 and According to Kahila & Kyttä (2009) through soft-GIS it’sed, possibleas well as to those build who a “bridge are over between 75 years planners, old. On city. Many of the dots are spread across the for- 44 years old were beyond a doubt represented on it’s possible to build a “bridge between planners, residentsthe other andhand, researchers”, the group who this areprovides between enormous 35 and est area, mainly because they show routes of hik- Te analyses, then, proceeded to the map ques- the questionnaire. residents and researchers”, this provides enormous possibilities44 years old because were beyond it combines a doubt not represented only the teon- ing and places that people gather around to play When it comes to language, most of the respon- possibilities because it combines not only the te- tions,chnique,the questionnaire. starting provided with by the the spaces planners considered and researches, by the sports,dents are such Finnish as frisbee, speakers one along of the with favorites the city’s on pop the- chnique, provided by the planners and researches, respondentsbutWhen the it specifc comes as knowledge,pleasant.to language, To provided analyze most of thisby the locals. topic, respon thearea.ulation. Finally, most of the respondents are women. but the specifc knowledge, provided by locals. answersThedents platform are were Finnish chosen divided speakers by between Jyväskylä’s along withmale authorities the and city’s female pop was- Considering all the points cited above it was possi- The platform chosen by Jyväskylä’s authorities was respondents,Maptionnaire,ulation. Finally, onwhich most an attemptofgather the respondents map-based, to understand are open women. the (dis fa- ble to identify the groups that were well represent- Maptionnaire, which gather map-based, open (dis- voritesertations)Considering places and all of closed theeach points gender,(multiple cited which choice) above would questions.it was expose possi- edUSE and OF those SERVICES who were not - Finnish women who sertations) and closed (multiple choice) questions. aTheble part toquestionnaire ofidentify their routine.the createdgroups thatconsisted were wellon arepresent series of- are between 35 and 44 years old, are the ones who The questionnaire created consisted on a series of 3ed map-based and those questions,who were 2not open - Finnish questions women and who 19 Whenanswered asked the aboutsurvey the the most most. used This servicesgroup is onmainly the 3 map-based questions, 2 open questions and 19 closedare between questions, 35 and based 44 years on the old, information are the ones gathe who- It was possible to recognize that nature/parks and characterized for working and having kids, which is closed questions, based on the information gathe- redanswered analyses the weresurvey developed the most. Thisrelating/connecting group is mainly neighborhood the respondents answered that perceived in the answers - as it will be shown later red analyses were developed relating/connecting sportsthecharacterized answers are among on for an working theattempt favorite and to better placeshaving understand forkids, both which men the is weekly it’s the grocery shop, while monthly it’s the on. Being attentive to the profle of the respondents the answers on an attempt to better understand the andrealityperceived women of the in neighborhoods.(beingthe answers related - as to it37% will andbe shown43% of later the ATM. Te provision of services in Huhtakeskus is makes it easier to understand and analyze the an- reality of the neighborhoods. answers,on. Being respectively). attentive to the Services profle ofplay the a respondents big hole on considered useful on the daily routine of the resi- women’smakes it easiergraph to(24%) understand but not andso much analyze on themale’s an- dents,swers received. although renovating the existing buildings PROFILEswers received. OF THE RESPONDENTS PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS would be very welcome by locals. The survey was answered by 441 people, totalizing Te provision of services is considered by most as The survey was answered by 441 people, totalizing 890 answers, an amount that was considered good, 890 answers, an amount that was considered good, mainly when compared to similar experiences on the satisfactory, the architecture of the area seems to mainly when compared to similar experiences on the area. be one of the biggest problems once it was con- area. On an attempt to better understand the profle of sidered very unsatisfactory and unsatisfactory, by On an attempt to better understand the profle of the respondents, the closed questions were ana- most of the respondents. the respondents, the closed questions were analyzed. It was possible to detect that the age group lyzed. It was possible to detect that the age group with the bigger amount of answers was of people Picture 9. CAR USERS ANDgroups WALKERSof people well represented Picture 6. with the bigger amount of answers was of people who are between 35 and 44 years old, and the age Picture 9. Comparison between between Maptionnaire’s Maptionnaire’s respondents respondents (left) and (left) Jyväskylä’s and Jyväskylä’s population population (right). (right) who are between 35 and 44 years old, and the age group with fewergroups answers of people werewell represented of those who are Combining the closed Comparisonquestion between answers Maptionnaire’s with respondents (left) and Jyväskylä’s population (right). group with fewer answers were of those who are over 75 years old. Picture 8. Picture 8. theDiagram map of groupsquestions of people it wellwas represented possible on to the further survey ana- Source - Jyväskylä data: https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/f/demografa/dati-sintesi/jyvaskyla/20504703/4 over 75 years old. Picture 5. Diagram of groups of people well represented on the survey lyze some characteristicsSource of the- Jyväskylä resident’s data: https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/f/demografa/dati-sintesi/jyvaskyla/20504703/4 daily Diagram of well-presented groups in the survey. Source: Jyväskylä data, https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/f/demografa/dati-sintesi/jyvaskyla/20504703/4 12 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE 13 12 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE 13 42 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 43 USE OF SERVICESIN HUHTAKESKUS WOMEN’S AND MEN’S PERCEPTIONS USE OF SERVICESIN HUHTAKESKUS

The analyses, then, proceeded to the map ques- routines. To inspect the relationUSE OF SERVICESIN between pleasant HUHTAKESKUS WOMEN’S AND MEN’S PERCEPTIONS The analyses, then, proceeded to the map questions, starting with the spaces considered by the places and places in need of development one of WOMEN’S AND MEN’S PERCEPTIONS tions, starting with the spaces considered by the USE OF SERVICESIN HUHTAKESKUS WOMEN’S AND MEN’S PERCEPTIONS respondents as pleasant. To analyze this topic, the the characteristics analyzedUSE wasOF SERVICESIN the family’s HUHTAKESKUS own- The analyses, then, proceeded to the map ques- respondents as pleasant. To analyze this topic, the answers were divided between male and female re- ership of a private car. tions, starting with the spaces considered by the answers were divided between male and female re- The analyses, then, proceeded to the map ques- spondents, on an attempt to understand the favorite respondents as pleasant. To analyze this topic, the spondents, on an attempt to understand the favorite tions, starting with the spaces considered by the places of each gender, which would expose a part of answers were divided between male and female re- places of each gender, which would expose a part of Most of the respondents had a car, they marked respondents as pleasant. To analyze this topic, the their routine. spondents, on an attempt to understand the favorite their routine. 280 spots (57%) as pleasant places and 215 spots answers were divided between male and female re- It was possible to recognize that nature/parks and places of each gender, which would expose a part of It was possible to recognize that nature/parks and (43%) as spaces in need of development, on the spondents, on an attempt to understand the favorite sports are among the favorite places for both men 160 their routine. sports are among the favorite places for both men same question those who don’t own a privateanswers160 car places of each gender, which would expose a part of and women (being realted to 37% and 43% of the answers Ittheir was routine. possible to recognize that nature/parks and and women (being realted to 37% and 43% of the marked 97 spots (58%) as pleasant and 70 spots their routine. answers, respectively). Services play a big hole160 on sportsIt was arepossible among to therecognize favorite that places nature/parks for both menand answers, respectively). Services play a big holeanswers on (42%) as places in need of development. 62% 70% It was possible to recognize that nature/parks and women’s graph (24%) but not so much on male’s and 62% of70% the and women (being realted to 37% and 43% of the women’s graph (24%) but not so much on male’s160 and of the sports are among the favorite places for both men the opposite is true for playgrounds (being relatedanswers160 of the answersof the answers, respectively). Services play a big hole on the opposite is true for playgrounds (being relatedanswers answers answers and women (being realted to 37% and 43% of the to 16% of male’s answers). Recalling the age groups 62% answers70% women’sanswers, graphrespectively). (24%) but Services not so muchplay aon big male’s hole and on to 16% of male’s answers). Recalling the age groups What was interesting to observe is the range of dis- of the Picture 11. of the answers, respectively). Services play a big hole on helps to clarify the reasons behind it. PictureUSE 11. 9. OF SERVICES70%IN HUHTAKESKUS the opposite is true for playgrounds (being related helps to clarify the reasons behind it. tance that those who have cars reach, even so the answers62% SatisfactionUSE OF with theSERVICES provided services answers in70% HuhtakeskusIN HUHTAKESKUS and the condition of the buildings on the area. women’s graph (24%) but not so much on male’s and The spots were marked as Figure 10 illustrates, it- of the Satisfaction with with the provided provided services services inof HuhtakeskustheHuhtakeskus and and the the condition condition of the of buildings the buildings on the in area. the area. to 16% of male’s answers). Recalling the age groups The spots were marked as Figure 10 illustrates, it- concentration of the pleasant spaces and places of the of the the opposite is true for playgrounds (being related where it’s evident that Huhtakeskus is an area of the PictureUSE 11. OF SERVICES answersIN HUHTAKESKUS answersanswers helps to clarify the reasons behind it. where it’s evident that Huhtakeskus is an area of the in need of development on both cases are similar. answers to 16% of male’s answers). Recalling the age groups neighborhood that is enjoyed by the residents, be- Satisfaction with the provided services in Huhtakeskus and the condition of the buildings on the area. How satisfied are you with the service provision in The spots were marked as Figure 10 illustrates, it- neighborhood that is enjoyed by the residents, be- PictureUSE 11. OF SERVICESIN HUHTAKESKUS How satisfied are you with the service provision in helps to clarify the reasons behind it. ing Kangaslampi’s lake, also, a highlight - the park USE OF SERVICESIN HUHTAKESKUS where it’s evident that Huhtakeskus is an area of the ing Kangaslampi’s lake, also, a highlight - the park Satisfaction with the provided services in Huhtakeskus and the condition of the buildings on the area. Huhtakeskus? The spots were marked as Figure 10 illustrates, it- on that area cited many times as one of the best in most used Huhtakeskus? neighborhood that is enjoyed by the residents, be- on that area cited many times as one of the best in LOCALS AND VISITORS How satisfied aremost you usedwith the service provision in where it’s evident that Huhtakeskus is an area of the the city. Many of the dots are spread across the for- 32 ing Kangaslampi’s lake, also, a highlight - the park the city. Many of the dots are spread across the for- answers32 weekly neutral neighborhood that is enjoyed by the residents, be- est area, mainly because they show routes of hiking answers How satisfied are youweeklyHuhtakeskus? with the service provisionneutral in oning thatKangaslampi’s area cited manylake, also,times a as highlight one of the- the best park in est area, mainly because they show routes of hiking PictureTe image 10. of a neighborhood is highly infuen- most used ing Kangaslampi’s lake, also, a highlight - the park and places that people gather around to play sports,32 Picture 10. Huhtakeskus? 62% the city. Many of the dots are spread across the for- and places that people gather around to playanswers sports, Comparisonciated by betweenmedia women’s and Huhtasuo (top) and men’s area (bottom) has mapfor long Huhtakeskus? 62% on that area cited many times as one of the best in such as frisbee, one of the favorites on the area. Comparison between women’s (top) and men’s (bottom) map mostweekly used neutral very unsatisfied est area, mainly because they show routes of hiking such as frisbee, one of the favorites on the area.32 answerssufered to pleasantwith a spacesbad image.- represented Tus, by the it’s dots. interesting in very unsatisfied of the the city. Many of the dots are spread across the for- Picture 10. answers32 answers to pleasant spaces - represented by the dots. of the the city. Many of the dots are spread across the for- answers weekly neutral 62% andest area, places mainly that people because gather they aroundshow routes to play of sports, hiking Comparison between women’s (top) and men’s (bottom) map this case to compare the image that locals have of weekly neutral answers est area, mainly because they show routes of hiking Picture 10. very unsatisfied unsatisfied answers suchand places as frisbee, that peopleone of thegather favorites around on to the play area. sports, answersPictureUSEPictures OF 10. to 7 pleasant&SERVICES 8. spaces - represented by the dots. their neighborhood and non-residents. unsatisfied of62% the and places that people gather around to play sports, USEComparison OF SERVICES between between women’s women’s (top) (top) and andmen’s men’s (bottom) (bottom) map map such as frisbee, one of the favorites on the area. Comparison between women’s (top) and men’s (bottom) map very unsatisfied such as frisbee, one of the favorites on the area. answers to to pleasant pleasant spaces spaces - represented (represented by the by dots.dots.) satisfied answersof the When comparing those impressions, it’s clear that unsatisfied satisfied USE OF SERVICES When asked about the most used services on the very unsatisfactory and unsatisfactory, by most of the When asked about the most used services on the veryvisitors unsatisfactory have worse and impression unsatisfactory, of the by spacemost of than the unsatisfied answers neighborhood the respondents answered that week- respondents. unsatisfied most used USE OF SERVICES neighborhood the respondents answered that week- respondents.the locals. Among pleasant spaces, the keywords satisfied most used very satisfied USE OF SERVICES ly it’s the grocery shop, while monthly it’s the ATM. very satisfied When asked about the most used services on the veryly it’s unsatisfactory the grocery shop, and unsatisfactory,while monthly byit’s most the ATM. of the cited by both groups have a deep relation with monthly The provision of services in Huhtakeskus is consid- satisfied monthly 0 50 100 150 200 250 neighborhood the respondents answered that week- respondents.The provision of services in Huhtakeskus is consid- most used 0 50 100 150 200 250 When asked about the most used services on the eredvery unsatisfactoryuseful on the anddaily unsatisfactory, routine of the by residents, most of the al- nature areas and parks, while the places in need very satisfied ly it’s the grocery shop, while monthly it’s the ATM. veryered unsatisfactoryuseful on the anddaily unsatisfactory, routine of the by residents, most of the almost used neighborhood the respondents answered that week- respondents.though renovating the existing buildings would be of development are mainly related with the feel- mostmonthly used very satisfied Thely it’s provision the grocery of servicesshop, while in Huhtakeskus monthly it’s theis consid ATM. - though renovating the existing buildings would be ing of insecurity and the overall condition of the very satisfied 0 50 100 150 200 250 eredly it’s usefulthe grocery on the shop, daily whileroutine monthly of the it’sresidents, the ATM. al- very welcome by locals. monthly The provision of services in Huhtakeskus is consid- very welcome by locals. 0 Picture50 12. 100 150 200 250 The provision of services in Huhtakeskus is consid- The provision of services is considered by most as buildings.most used most used 0 Picture50 12. 100 150 200 250 though renovating the existing buildings would be The provision of services is considered by most as most used most used Chart highlighting the ered useful on the daily routine of the residents, al- satisfactory, the architecture of the area seem to be weekly monthly Chart highlighting the very welcome by locals. satisfactory, the architecture of the area seem to be weekly monthly most used services in though renovating the existing buildings would be Picture 12. Huhtakeskus,most used services weekly in Thethough provision renovating of services the existing is considered buildings by would most beas one of themost biggest used problems oncemost it wasused considered Tat could also be because the substance users How satisfied are you with the architecture and very welcome by locals. one of the biggest problems once it was considered Chart highlighting the andHuhtakeskus, monthly weekly How satisfied are you with the architecture and very welcome by locals. weekly monthly Picture 12. and monthly satisfactory,The provision the of architecture services is consideredof the area seemby most to beas most used most used are concentrated on Huhtakeskus area, the area mostPicture used 12. services in condition of the buildings in Huhtakeskus? The provision of services is considered by most as most used most used Picture 10. Chart highlighting the condition of the buildings in Huhtakeskus? onesatisfactory, of the biggest the architecture problems ofonce the it area was seemconsidered to be weekly monthly Huhtakeskus,Chart highlighting weekly the How satisfied are you with the architecture and satisfactory, the architecture of the area seem to be weekly monthly Chart highlighting the most used servicesandmost in monthly used Huhtakeskus, services in weekly and monthly. one of the biggest problems once it was considered 14 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE Huhtakeskus, weekly Howcondition satisfied of are the you buildings with15 the in Huhtakeskus?architectureneutral and 14 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE and monthly How satisfied are you with15 the architectureneutral and 70% and monthly condition of the buildings in Huhtakeskus? 70% condition of the buildings in Huhtakeskus? of the 14 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE 44 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 15 neutral 45 very unsatisfied of the very unsatisfied 70% answers 14 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE 15 neutral answers neutral of70% the very unsatisfied unsatisfied unsatisfied answersof the very unsatisfied of the very unsatisfied answers unsatisfied satisfied answers satisfied unsatisfied satisfied very satisfied very satisfied satisfied 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 very satisfied 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 very satisfied very satisfied 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 CAR USERS AND WALKERS CAR USERS AND WALKERS that is aimed for non-locals, once it’s where the LOCALS AND LOCALS AND services are, almost all, concentrated. VISITORS VISITORS Combining the closed question answers with the Combining the closed question answers with the map questions it was possible to further analyze map questions it was possible to further analyze some characteristics of the resident’s daily routines. some characteristics of the resident’s daily routines. HUHTAKESKUS To inspect the relation between pleasant places and To inspect the relation between pleasant places and places in need of development one of the charac- places in need of development one of the charac- Analyzing the pleasant places and places in need teristics analyzed was the family’s ownership of a teristics analyzed was the family’s ownership of a of development per age group, it was possible to private car. private car. identify some places as the preferred amidst the Most of the respondents had a car, they marked 280 Most of the respondents had a car, they marked 280 respondents, such as Kangaslampi’s lake and park, spots (57%) as pleasant places and 215 spots (43%) spots (57%) as pleasant places and 215 spots (43%) considered one of the best in the city, and the new as spaces in need of development, on the same as spaces in need of development, on the same school area in close proximity to Huhtakeskus, question those who don’t own a private car marked question those who don’t own a private car marked and spaces where improvement is needed, that 97 spots (58%) as pleasant and 70 spots (42%) as 97 spots (58%) as pleasant and 70 spots (42%) as dominate the center of the neighborhoods, Hu- places in need of development. places in need of development. What was interesting to observe is the range of dis- What was interesting to observe is the range of dis- htakeskus area. 280 215 280 215 tance that those who have cars reach, even so the tance that thosepleasant who spaces have carsspaces reach, in need even so the pleasant spaces spaces in need Pleasant places of development of development concentration of the pleasant spaces and places in concentration of the pleasant spaces and places in To better understand the relationship between need of development on both cases are similar. need of development on both cases are similar. the respondents and Huhtakeskus, a question Spaces in need of development was made “What else would you like to say about LOCALS AND VISITORS LOCALS AND VISITORS Huhtakeskus?”. Observing the answers, it’s evident that overall The image of a neighborhood is highly infuenciated The image of a neighborhood is highly infuenciated safety and comfort of Huhtakeskus’ area needs by media and Huhtasuo area has for long suffered by media and Huhtasuo area has for long suffered improvement, the substance users are often relat- with a bad image. Thus, it’s interesting in this case to with a bad image. Thus, it’s interesting in this case to ed by the respondents as a source of the feeling of compare the image that locals have of their neigh- compare the image that locals have of their neigh- unsafety, and better lightning was cited, by many, borhood and non-residents. borhood and non-residents. as a resolution for this problem. When comparing those impressions, it’s clear that When comparing those impressions, it’s clear that visitors have a worst impression of the space than visitors have a worst impression of the space than the locals. the locals. Te services of the area are useful on the dai- Among pleasant spaces, the keywords cited by both Among pleasant spaces, the keywords cited by both ly routine of most, and many would like to have groups have a deep relation with nature areas and groups have a deep relation with nature areas and more versatile services in the future, for example parks, while the places in need of development are parks, while the places in need of development are hobby places for the youth. Te general opinion mainly related with the feeling of insecurity and the mainly related with the feeling of insecurity and the 97 70 was that overall “grey”97 aesthetics70 of the area needs overall condition of the buildings. overall conditionpleasant of spaces the buildings.spaces in need pleasant spaces spaces in need pleasant spaces pleasant spaces of development renovating. of development That could also be because the substance users are That could also be because the substance users are spaces in need of development spaces in need of development concentrated on Huhtakeskus area, the area that is concentrated on Huhtakeskus area, the area that is Picture 14. PicturePictures 14. 13 & 14. aimed for non-locals, once it’s where the services aimedPicturePicture 13. 11for & non-locals,12. once it’s where the services PictureComparing 13. the main answers by age group, Impressions of locals ImpressionsLocals’ of(top) locals and are, almost all, concentrated. are,ImpressionsCar owners’almost of (top)all,car ownersconcentrated. and walkers’ (top) and (bottom)walkers (bottom) impressions of the neigh- of the Impressionsit’s clear of thatcar owners it’s (top)a consent and walkers with (bottom) all of thatthe neigh- the (top) and visitors (top)visitors’ and visitors (bottom) borhood.neighborhood. borhood. (bottom) (bottom)impressions.

16 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE1646 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCALHUHTASUO SUBURBAN – AN ANALYSISCENTRE OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 17 1747 HUHTAKESKUS hoods and don’t see a need for new housing. WHAT ELSE WOULD YOU LIKE TO SAY ABOUT HUHTAKESKUS? neighborhood has On the other hand, assisted living or apartments good aspects Analyzing the pleasant places and places in need of suited for elderly people are also seen as ftting for development per age group, it was possible to iden- the area, also the wish for family housing, such as detached houses and row houses, is popular in be- neighborhood needs- neighborhood needs tify some places as the preferred amidst the respon- more leisure spaces some renovating dents, such as Kangaslampi’s lake and park, consid- tween many, and some suggest more owner-occu- and activities ered one of the best in the city, and the new school pied housing to balance the number of rental apart- area, and spaces where improvement is needed, ments in the area. that dominate the center of the neighborhoods, Contrasting the answers per age group, it becam Huhtakeskus area. clear that renovation is a priority for all age groups, as well as affordable housing. To better understand the relationship between the neighborhood needs neighborhood needs respondents and Huhtakeskus, a question was made major developing more security “What else would you like to say about Huhtake- WALKING ROUTES skus?”. 1 2 3 neighborhood has Observing the answers, it’s evident that overall safe- bad aspects To understand the connections between the neigh- ty and comfort of Huhtakeskus’ area needs improve- yourger then 25 25-44 45-54 65 and older ment, the substance users are often related by the borhoods, the respondents were asked about their renovation developing safety 11 answers 131 answers 43 answers 21 answers respondents as a source of the feeling of unsafety, most common walking routes. The answers rein- the need of more lighting was often and better lightning was cited, by many, as a resolu- forced, once again, the importance of Kangaslam- mentioned when talking about safety pi’s lake on the routine of the neighborhoods. It Picture 16. tion for this problem. Impressions of respondents of Huhtakeskus. The services of the area are useful on the daily rou- also, showed how much the connections between tine of most, and many would like to have more Huhtakeskus area and Kaakkolampi and Sulku neigh- WITH WHAT KIND OF HOUSING POSSIBILITIES SHOULD HUHTASUO AND HUHTAKESKUS BE DEVELOPED? versatile services in the future, for example hobby borhoods is also strong. Kangasvuorentie, Sulintie owner occupied places for the youth. The overall aesthetics of the and Kangasvuori nature path are clear links between area needs renovating. neighborhoods, to understand this it’s important to recall the high relevance of sports on the daily rou- Comparing the main answers by age group, it’s clear family housing (apartments and houses) that it’s a consent with all that the neighborhood tine of the respondents. affordable housing needs some renovating, but major developing and neighborhood needs some renovating, but major hoods and don’t see a need for new housing. WHAT ELSE WOULD YOU LIKE TO SAY ABOUT HUHTAKESKUS? HUHTAKESKUSimproving safety are also main concerns of the redeveloping and improving safety are also main On the other hand, assisted living or apartments neighborhood has spondents. good aspects concernsAnalyzing ofthe the pleasant respondents. places and places in need of suited for elderly people are also seen as ftting for the area, also the wish for family housing, such as houses (row, apartment development per age group, it was possible to iden- detached and buildings HOUSING POSSIBILITIES FOR THE AREA semi-detached) detached houses and row houses, is popular in be- neighborhood needs- neighborhood needs HOUSINGtify some places POSSIBILITIES as the preferred FOR amidst THE theAREA respon - more leisure spaces some renovating tween many, and some suggest more owner-occu- and activities dents,The respondents such as Kangaslampi’s were also lakeasked and about park, theconsid de- pied housing to balance the number of rental apart- Teeredvelopment respondentsone of of the the best werehousing in the also incity, askedthe and area: theabout “Withnew the school what de- ments in the area. 1 velopmentarea,kind ofand housing spaces of the possibilities housingwhere improvement in shouldthe area: Huhtasuo “Withis needed, what and 2 senior apartments renovation Contrasting the answers per age group, it becam renovation affordable housing and assisted living kindthatHuhtakeskus ofdominate housing be thepossibilitiesdeveloped? center of shouldWhat the neighborhoods,kind Huhtasuo of housing and was the most is also on top of clear that renovation is a priority for all age groups, repeated answer the respondents yourger then 25 25-44 45-54 65 and older Huhtakeskuscould be brought area. be developed? to Huhtakeskus, What for kind example?”. of housing To priorities 11 answers 131 answers 43 answers 21 answers as well as affordable housing. Tothat better 178 answers understand were the received, relationship and many between respon the- neighborhood needs neighborhood needs could be brought to Huhtakeskus, for example?”. major developing more security Torespondentsdents that appreciate 178 answers and Huhtakeskus, the were openness received, a question of andthe wasneighbormany made re-- Picture 15. Picture 17. “What else would you like to say about Huhtake- PictureMostWALKING common 15. walking ROUTES routes Desires of the respondents with housing possibilities for the future. spondents appreciate the openness of the neigh- Most common walking routes. skus?”. 1 2 3 borhoods and don’t see a need for new housing. neighborhood has Observing the answers, it’s evident that overall safe- bad aspects 18 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRETo understand the connections between the neigh- 19 ty and comfort of Huhtakeskus’ area needs improve- yourger then 25 25-44 45-54 65 and older Onment, the the other substance hand, assistedusers are living often orrelated apartments by the borhoods, the respondents were asked about their renovation developing safety 11 answers 131 answers 43 answers 21 answers respondents as a source of the feeling of unsafety, Sulintiemost common and Kangasvuori walking routes. nature The path answers are clearrein- suited for elderly people are also seen as ftting the need of more lighting was often forand the better area, lightning also the was wish cited, for family by many, housing, as a resolu such- linksforced, between once again, neighborhoods, the importance to understand of Kangaslam this- mentioned when talking about safety pi’s lake on the routine of the neighborhoods. It Picture 16. astion detached for this problem. houses and row houses, is popular it’s important to recall the high relevance of sports also, showed how much the connections between Impressions of respondents of Huhtakeskus. inThe between services many,of the areaand aresome useful suggest on the more daily own rou-- on the daily routine of the respondents. tine of most, and many would like to have more Huhtakeskus area and Kaakkolampi and Sulku neigh- er-occupied housing to balance the social hous- WITH WHAT KIND OF HOUSING POSSIBILITIES SHOULD HUHTASUO AND HUHTAKESKUS BE DEVELOPED? versatile services in the future, for example hobby borhoods is also strong. Kangasvuorentie, Sulintie ing in the area. owner occupied places for the youth. The overall aesthetics of the and Kangasvuori nature path are clear links between area needs renovating. neighborhoods, to understand this it’s important to recall the high relevance of sports on the daily rou- ContrastingComparing the the main answers answers per by ageage group,group, it’s it clearbe- family housing (apartments and houses) comesthat it’s cleara consent that renovationwith all that is the a priority neighborhood for all tine of the respondents. affordable housing agerneeds groups, some renovating,as well as afordable but major housing. developing and improving safety are also main concerns of the respondents. WALKING ROUTES houses (row, apartment detached and buildings HOUSING POSSIBILITIES FOR THE AREA semi-detached) To understand the connections between the neighborhoods,The respondents the were respondents also asked were about asked the about de- theirvelopment most commonof the housing walking in theroutes. area: Te “With answers what 1 kind of housing possibilities should Huhtasuo and 2 senior apartments renovation reinforced, once again, the importance of Kangas- renovation affordable housing and assisted living Huhtakeskus be developed? What kind of housing was the most is also on top of lampi’s lake on the routine of the neighborhoods. repeated answer the respondents yourger then 25 25-44 45-54 65 and older priorities 11 answers 131 answers 43 answers 21 answers Itcould also be showed brought thatto Huhtakeskus, the connections for example?”. between To Huhtakeskusthat 178 answers area were and received, Kaakkolampi and many and respon Sulku- dents appreciate the openness of the neighbor- Picture 15. Picture 17. neighborhoods are strong. Kangasvuorentie, Most common walking routes Desires of the respondents with housing possibilities for the future.

4818 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCALHUHTASUO SUBURBAN – AN ANALYSIS CENTRE OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 4919 maintained, once most of the respondents seems A better integration of the area with the city cen- CONCLUSION a bit skeptical due to previous urban development ter is also an aspect to be considered, once the experiences. neighborhoods are close from the downtown area, only 5 kilometers of distance, nevertheless a expanding cities; for the residents the isolation Based on Huhtasuo analysis, it is clear that the better access to the city center was also an aspect A last factor to be examined is the wish expressed has its perks, such as the privacy and in this case lähiö concept was, in one hand, necessary to solve mentioned by the residents, once the bus connec- by the respondents of more versatile services, the forest in and around the neighborhood is one the main problems caused by the population tion is not entirely efcient, making it difcult for generating more jobs and a more versatile neigh- of the local’s favorite aspect of the suburb; the side growth in Finland, on the other, the outcomes that those who don’t own a private car to access it, and borhood overall. Tis is an interesting aspect to be that seems to be the most damaged is the feeling this choice has, 50 years later of its implantation, also, public transports should be a main way of weighted because it could, also, attract more peo- of safety, once this is an aspect highly cited by the are not all positive. Huhtasuo has sufered about getting around, avoiding trafc and reducing the ple into the area, which could approximate resi- respondents. prejudice, e.g., Pupuhuhta was known for a long emissions of air pollutants. dents with non-residents enhancing the overall period as “the worst Finnish neighborhood”. Considering these aspects, it is possible to point image of the neighborhood, avoiding stereotyping out some solutions and next steps. First of all, Te idea of having a commercial area on the cen- and enhance the feeling of safety. Following the Some of the elements that could have led to this to actually know if the neighborhood is unsafe ter of the neighborhoods was Perry’s original idea same line, densifcation could be also a positive assumption can be understood by its isolation further analysis should be considered, once the to decrease the need of going out of the neigh- aspect. from the rest of the city. Tis topic is hard to be feeling of unsafety is not always related with real borhood to shop. Yet, on Huhtasuo’s case, even understood as it has many facets: when it comes unsafety, as Teresa Caldeira (2001) points out in though, Huhtakeskus is indeed an important All in all, seems like Huhtakeskus is a place with to economics, it is easily understandable that her book, “City of Walls – Crime, Segregation and commercial area on residents’ daily lives, the ser- basic services, those needed on a daily and week- spreading the city is not the wisest choice, as pre- Citizenship in São Paulo. vices remain important, mostly, for groups that do ly basis, in an outdated environment. In relation principles can be identifed in Huhtasuo, Jyväsky- properties of the original design. Mostly the Finnish lä, such as the presence of one versatile and dense suburbs resample cases like Huhtasuo which lacks a viously discussed, as it is a very expensive way of to international examples Finnish version of a shopping mall serving the locals, an open space for holistic quality of early modernism or ideal compact not own a private car. Tose who have the choice open air market or plantings in the middle of the city. The realization of a coherent and pleasant sub- neighborhood unit or “metsälähiö” seem to have mall and working spaces and utilities closely con- urb is a long-lasting project. Te feeling of unsafety makes it challenging for to visit other commercial centers are not attract- nected to the shopping center. Without a proper care and investment, a neighbor- strengths, the most obvious one is the forest in hood unit can end up as a cheaply build mix of dif- ed by Huhtakeskus. Once again, the importance ferent ideas, as is the case in Huhtasuo. To revitalize Huhtakeskus to work as healthy social center for IMPLEMENTATION AT FINLAND and around the area. Another strength is aforda- these neighborhoods the municipalities, builders of the public transportation is reinforced: to keep and locals need to consider the physical, social and the people of Huhtasuo. Analysis of the question- Some of the principles, however, were not realized economic shortcomings of the whole area. Most ef- Huhtasuo lively it is important to ensure good ble housing. Obvious weaknesses are outdated at Huhtasuo like the higher offce building connect- fective way to develop the units is to focus on the naire answers helped to determinate the need of ed to the mall, serving as a focal point, the cultural local center that serves them and links them to each and unilateral housing that is not attractive to res- services for evening time use, the fast connection to other. improvements and technical repairs that can en- connections to city center by public transporta- the city center, and the open space around the mall idents who have a possibility to choose, limited for future expansions. sure better future for Huhtakeskus. Enhancing the tion so that residents will have the opportunity to As is the case in many Finnish suburbs the ideals services due to too small population and lack of of early modernism are seen in Huhtasuos neigh- easily beneft from central services. borhood unit as the connectivity to nature and the feeling of safety and creating better places for the separated location from central urban structure. density in central areas of the district. Tere is a Without a quality implementation of the earlier as- people to meet and spend time is fundamental to pects (that would provide a more manifold suburban Aesthetical appearance and overall comfortabil- vital need of investment, better quality and more environment) the close to nature qualities of these improve the social quality of Huhtakeskus and to Finnish forest cities (in Finnish metsäkaupunki) can ity of Huhtakeskus needs urgent development to versatile housing and commercial centre and bet- also turn to negative aspects of lack of services and lack of active social realm. maintain and increase its status as local center. Neighborhood unit is a framing term that is used ensure a better public image and attractiveness ter public transportation. Te new school facility in conversation in multiple levels (Brody, 2013): mu- Improving the lightning of the area is cheap and nicipalities defne their detail plans borders think- to customers and possible new businesses. An and housing near Huhtakeskus are a promising ing of these units, media publishes news discussing should have a major positive afect on feeling of a phenomenon in a unit and citizens consider the overall renovation, rethinking the connections start. reputation of certain neighborhood. Because of the safety in nighttime. Hiring a security service that, multifunctional use of the term, it is a vastly interest- and spaces to gather should be a go to for future ing question what should be our ideal for a future neighborhood unit. is seen in the actual place, can also help to afrm Many Finnish suburbs have lost their original ap- planners of the area. In case of a future demolition peal as a modern, clean and high-quality living con- the feeling of safety in the public. dition and are in severe need of redeveloping. In or re-building of the area, the new design must some special cases like Tapiola the contemporary Picture 3. problem is to how to maintain the values and good Eastern Tapiola’s city plan, mid 1960’s PicturePicture 4. 18. assure that all the good qualities of the space are Eastern suburb was the frst part of Tapiola to be realised. Collage with some of Huhtasuo’s landmarks Collage with some of Huhtasuo’s landmarks.

8 HUHTASUO: AN ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTRE 9

50 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 51 SOURCES

TEXTS IMAGES

Caldeira, Teresa 2001. City of Walls – Crime, Segregation and Citizenship in São Paulo. University of Picture 1. Diagram of Perry’s Neighborhood Unit, source: Lloyd Lawhon, L. (2009). Te neighborhood California Press; Berkeley, CA. unit: physical design or physical determinism?. Journal of planning history. Page 115.

Forshaw, J. H., and Patrick Abercrombie 1943. County of London Plan. First Edition. St Martin’s Street, Picture 2. Otto I. Meurman’s neighborhood unit diagram, source: Meurman, Otto-Iivari (1947) London: Macmillan. Asemakaavaoppi. Otava, Helsinki.

Hankonen, Johanna 1994. Lähiöt ja tehokkuuden yhteiskunta. Otatieto Oy & Gaudeamus, Tampere. Pictures 3-5; 7-8; 11-15. Map source: earth.google.com

Tyvela, Hanna 2016. 1970-luvun lahiokeskusta rakennettuna kulttuuriymparistonä, Kompaktikaupunki Pictures 5-6; 9-10; 16-17. Self-made diagrams. Jyvaskylan Huhtasuolla. Picture 18. Self-made collage. Lloyd Lawhon, L. 2009. Te neighborhood unit: physical design or physical determinism?. Journal of planning history, 8(2), 111-132.

Jalkanen, R., Kajaste, T., Kauppinen, T., Pakkala, P., & Rosengren, C. 1997. Asuinaluesuunnittelu. Helsinki: Rakennustieto Oy.

Kahila, M., & Kytta, M. 2009. SoftGIS as a bridge-builder in collaborative urban planning. In Planning support systems best practice and new methods, pp. 389-411. Springer, Dordrecht.

Meurman, Otto-Iivari (1947) Asemakaavaoppi. Otava, Helsinki.

Yhdyskuntasuunnittelun seura, Tapiolan keskustasuunnitelma 1954. Blogpost by Juhana Lahti https:// www.yss.f/journal/tapiolan-keskustasuunnitelma-1954/

52 HUHTASUO – AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN RENEWAL NEEDS OF A LOCAL SUBURBAN CENTER 53 ISBN 978-952-03-2015-7 ISBN 978-952-03-2016-4