A Paradigm Shift in the 21St Century Skyscraper 3. Conference Proceeding Ctbuh.Org/Papers

ctbuh.org/papers

Title: A Paradigm Shift in the 21st Century Skyscraper

Authors: Emily Merrill, Masters in Architecture, University of North Carolina Dr. Lee E. Gray, Associate Professor, University of North Carolina

Subjects: Architectural/Design Sustainability/Green/Energy

Keywords: Façade Sustainability Urbanization

Publication Date: 2012

Original Publication: CTBUH 2012 9th World Congress, Shanghai

Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter 2. Journal paper 3. Conference proceeding 4. Unpublished conference paper 5. Magazine article 6. Unpublished

Abstract In the twenty-first century a new generation of skyscrapers emerged. These skyscrapers address issues of population growth, urbanization, and rapidly depleting nonrenewable resources. Accordingly, they are driven by ideas about energy and ecological and environmental sustainability. Skyscrapers are now being conceived as smart, energy efficient buildings fundamentally different from skyscrapers of the past. Though many factors contribute to this paradigm shift in the twenty-first century skyscraper, this paper explores three specific design Emily Merrill Dr. Lee E. Gray conditions where this shift can be observed. These conditions are: base design and vertical organization, form, and façades. The goal of this paper is to analyze and explore conditions of Emily Merrill & Dr. Lee E. Gray a new generation of contemporary skyscrapers, ultimately providing new insights about the University of North Carolina at Charlotte current state of this important typology as well as possible direction for its continued success. 9201 University City Boulevard Charlotte, North Carolina Keywords: Skyscraper, Sustainability, Base Design, Vertical Organization, Form, Facades USA 28223 tel (电话): +1 405.314.6402 email (电子邮箱): [email protected], 摘要 [email protected] coaa.uncc.edu/Academics/School-of-architecture 二十一世纪新一代的摩天大楼应运而生。这些摩天大楼解决了人口增长、城市化以及迅 Emily Merrill is a recent graduate of the University 速耗竭的不可再生能源的问题。因此，它们是由能源和生态环境的可持续性发展想法推 of North Carolina at Charlotte where she obtained 动的。现在摩天大楼被认为是智能和节能的，与过去的摩天大楼有着根本上的不同。虽 a Master of Architecture in May of 2012. Prior to her graduate studies, Emily obtained a Bachelor of Fine 然很多因素促成二十一世纪摩天大楼的这种模式转变，本文试图通过三个特定的设计状 Arts with a concentration in Interior Design from the 况来探讨这种转变。这些状况为：建筑基底设计和垂直组织，形式，外墙。本文的目的 University of Georgia. Emily’s research-based graduate thesis, entitled “Mapping an Emerging Typology: A 是分析和探讨新一代的现代摩天大楼的状况，最终提供有关这一重要类型学的当前状态 Paradigm Shift in the Twenty-First Century Skyscraper,” 以及可能的发展方向的新见解，以继续摩天大楼的成功。 explores a paradigm shift in skyscraper typology driven by issues of energy and ecological and environmental 关键词：摩天大楼、可持续性设计、建筑基底设计、垂直组织、形式、外墙 sustainability. Emily Merrill是夏洛特北卡罗莱纳大学刚毕业的学生，她于2012年5月获得了建筑学硕士学位。在此之前，她从佐治亚大学获得了室内设计方向的美术学士学位。她学位论文以研究为基础，题为《测绘新兴类型学：二十一世纪摩天大楼的模式转变》，对 Introduction 简介在能源和生态环境的可持续性发展想法推动下的摩天大楼类型学模式的转变进行了探索。 By the year 2050, the world’s population is 到2050年世界人口预计将增加33％（联 Dr. Lee E. Gray is an Associate Professor in the School expected to increase 33% (United Nations, 合国，2011）。在这一年中，预计75％ of Architecture at UNC Charlotte. He is the author of 的人口将居住在城市中（Burdett and From Ascending Rooms to Express Elevators: A History of 2011). In this same year it is expected that the Passenger Elevator in the 19th Century. Since 2003 he 75% of that population will be living in cities Rode，2007）。历史的发展模式将无法再 has written monthly articles on the history of vertical 支持如此规模的人口增长和城市化。此 transportation for Elevator World. He has appeared on (Burdett and Rode, 2007). Historic models of the History Channel in Modern Marvels – Building a development will not support this increase 外，环境因素，如全球气候变暖和资源枯 Skyscraper (2004), the National Geographic Channel in 竭等都是非常现实的问题，使得建筑师正 Big, Bigger, Biggest – Airport (2008) and on PBS in NOVA: in population and urbanization. Additionally, Trapped in an Elevator (2010). environmental factors such as global 在改变他们的设计方式。当务之急是，建 Dr. Lee E. Gray博士是夏洛特北卡罗莱纳大学建 warming and resource depletion are very real 筑师和工程师开始设计能够应对这些不断筑学院副教授。他是《从上升的客房到快速的电发展变化的现实问题的建筑。梯：19世纪载客电梯的历史》的作者。自2003年以 environmental concerns that are changing 来，他还每月在《电梯世界》杂志上发表关于垂直 how architects approach building design. It 高楼大厦无疑是应对人口增长和城市化（交通历史的系列文章。他还出现在历史频道的《现代奇迹-建设摩天大楼》（2004），以及国家地理 is imperative that architects and engineers 见图1）的一个关键组成部分。此外，人频道的《大、更大、最大-机场》（2008）和PBS的 begin designing buildings that respond to 们对摩天大楼的看法开始超越了高耗能建《NOVA：被困在电梯中》（2010）等节目中。 these changing realities. 筑物的认识，摩天大楼应对我们社会所面 Tall buildings will undoubtedly be a key 临的不可避免的问题的潜力得到了重视。 component in accommodating population 二十一世纪的模式转变已经发生了。可持 growth and urbanization (see Figure 1). 续性和效率已成为新一代摩天大楼的关注 Additionally, skyscrapers are beginning to 的主要问题。为了继续推进可持续性摩天 be perceived as more than energy guzzling, 大楼的发展，对新一代的摩天大楼进行分 object buildings and are being considered 析、理解和积极推进是势在必行的。本文 for their potential to offer a solution to the 通过对摩天大楼设计的三个状况进行了细 unavoidable problems our society faces. In 微和深入的分析来观察二十一世纪摩天大 the twenty-first century a paradigm shift has 楼模式的转变。此三种状况为：建筑基底 occurred. A new generation of skyscrapers has 设计和垂直组织，形式，外墙。 emerged in which sustainability and efficiency 本文是一篇以研究为基础作为北卡罗莱纳 are key concerns. In order to continue the 州大学建筑学硕士学位论文的一部分。文 evolution of sustainable skyscrapers, it is 中的调查是为期一年针对新一代二十一世 imperative that this new generation of 纪摩天大楼的研究结果，研究特别关注了

715 skyscrapers be analyzed, understood, and actively pushed forward. This 在建筑基底设计和垂直组织，形式和外墙。研究最初选择了232 paper describes a paradigm shift in the twenty-first century skyscraper 座不低于200米高度的高层建筑进行了测量和分析，其中包括完 through careful and critical analysis of three conditions of skyscraper 成的以及将于2000年至2017年期间完成的正在封顶以及施工中的 design where this shift can be observed. These conditions are: base 高层建筑。其中，26座高度不少于300米的高层建筑被选择进行 design and vertical organization, form, and facades. 更深入的分析（见表1）。研究还选择了四个能够代表摩天大楼历史主要时期的高层建筑（早期摩天大楼~1850至1916，内退摩 This paper is part of a larger, research-based graduate thesis 天大楼 ~1916至1940，现代摩天大楼 ~1940至1970，后现代摩天 undertaken as part of the Master of Architecture degree program 大楼 ~1970至1999）进行了分析，来比较分析了过去的摩天大楼 at The University of North Carolina at Charlotte. The findings in this 和新兴现代摩天大楼。 paper result from a year-long study on an emerging generation of twenty-first century skyscrapers, with specific focus on base design 本文根据各状况（建筑基底设计和垂直组织，形式，外墙）分为 and vertical organization, form, and facades. These conditions were 三个部分。在每一部分中回顾了摩天大楼各状况的历史，并接着 initially measured and analyzed in a set of 232 tall buildings of at least 讨论当代摩天大楼的相应状况。每一部分以对一座二十一世纪摩 200 meters in height, which were completed, topped out, under 天大楼的个案分析来支持和更好地说明结论。全文将以对有可 construction, or proposed for completion during the period of 2000 持续发展性的二十一世纪摩天大楼和对三个状况的分析的估论收 to 2017. From this set, 26 buildings of at least 300 meters in height 尾。 were selected for more in-depth analysis (see Table 1). Four historic buildings, best representative of the major periods in skyscraper history (early skyscrapers of ~1850-1916, setback skyscrapers of ~1916-1940, 建筑基底设计和垂直组织 Modernist skyscrapers of ~1940-1970, and Postmodern skyscrapers 建筑基底设计和垂直组织这两个状况已在二十一世纪摩天大楼中 of ~1970-1999), were also analyzed to allow for comparison between 发生了根本性的变化。这些状况不单止在其所在的高层建筑，同 skyscrapers of the past and an emerging group of contemporary 时也为城市提供了它们的高效和可持续性的潜力。建筑基底设计 skyscrapers. 是指高层建筑的底部包括地面层和地下层的状况。垂直组织是指 This paper will be organized into three sections based on each 高层建筑的内部功能分配。 condition (base design and vertical organization, form, and facades). 历史回顾 Within each section, a historical overview of the particular condition 早期的摩天大楼（~1850至1916）的建筑基底设计通常是一层大 in skyscraper history will be provided, followed by a discussion of the 堂，有些有商业空间。这个时代的摩天大楼的垂直组织通常是 condition in contemporary skyscrapers. Each section will conclude 单一使用。内退摩天大楼（~1916至1940）的建筑基底设计和垂 with a case study of a twenty-first century skyscraper to support and 直组织与之前相比并没有显着变化。现代派摩天大楼（~1940至 better illustrate ideas. This paper will conclude with final thoughts on 1970）因规划规范要求设置公共广场，使其所提供的建筑基底设 sustainable, twenty-first century skyscrapers and the three conditions 计有了第一个重大变化，但是，它们在很大程度上被认为是不成 analyzed. 功的公共空间。除此之外，这个时代摩天大楼的垂直组织变化不大，仍主要为单一使用。在后现代时代（~1970至1999）的建筑基底设计又一次改变了，因为政府开始通过增加允许建筑高度的 Basic Design and Vertical Organization 方法来鼓励设置建筑底部公共空间。这些新的鼓励措施导致地面 Base design and vertical organization are two conditions that have 层相邻附属空间的产生，这些空间以大型中庭空间的形式出现。

Figure 1.This graph shows a comparison between global population, number of tall buildings (200 meters or taller) completed per year, world energy consumption, and urban population from 1950 to 2014. (Source: Emily Merrill, Data Sources: BP, 2008; Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2012; United Nations, 2011; United Nations, 2012; US Energy Information Administration, 2008) 图1. 此图显示了全球人口从1950年到2014年，每年完成的高层建筑（200米或更高）数量，世界能源消耗和城镇人口数量的比较，（来源：Emily Merrill，资料来源：英国石油公司，2008年；世界高层建筑都市建筑学会，2012年；联合国，2011年；联合国，2012年；美国能源情报署，2008年）

716 undergone a fundamental change in the twenty-first century Building Name Region Height (m) Year Architect skyscraper. These conditions are being designed for their potential 建筑名称区域高（米）竣工年份设计建筑师 to provide efficiency and sustainability not just for the individual Bank of America Tower North America 366 2009 Cook + Fox Architects tall building, but also for the city at large. Base design refers to the 美国银行大厦北美 conditions at the base of a tall building including conditions at the Burj Khalifa Middle East 828 2010 SOM ground plane and subterranean levels. Vertical organization refers to 迪拜塔中东 the distribution of programmatic functions within the tall building. International Commerce Asia 484 2010 KPF Centre 亚洲 A Historical Overview 环球贸易广场 The base designs of early skyscrapers (~1850-1916) were typically Zifeng Tower Asia 450 2010 SOM single level lobby spaces with occasional commercial spaces. The 紫峰大厦亚洲 vertical organization of skyscrapers of this era was typically single use. Guangzhou International Asia 439 2010 Wilkinson Eyre Finance Center 亚洲 Base designs and vertical organization of setback skyscrapers (~1916- 广州国际金融中心 1940) did not deviate significantly from their predecessors. Modernist Kingkey 100 Asia 442 2011 TFP Farrells skyscrapers (~1940-1970) offered the first substantial change in base 京基100 亚洲 design when zoning laws mandated expansive public plazas; these Al Hamra Firdous Tower Middle East 413 2011 SOM, Al Jazera were largely considered unsuccessful public spaces. Additionally, little 中东 Consultants, Callison change occurred in terms of vertical organization and skyscrapers of Makkah Royal Clock Middle East 601 2012 Dar al-Handasah Shair Tower Hotel & Partners this era remained primarily single use. In the Postmodern era (~1970- 中东麦加皇家钟塔酒店 1999) base design changed again when government incentives began Mecury City Tower Europe 332 2012 Frank Williams & to reward public space at the base in exchange for additional allowable 欧洲 Associates height. These new incentives resulted in adjacent appendages at the The Shard (London Bridge Europe 306 2012 Renzo Piano Building ground plane, which often took the shape of large atrium spaces. Once Tower) 欧洲 Workshop again, vertical organization remained largely single use. It was not until One World Trade Center North America 541 2013 SOM 北美 the beginning of the twenty-first century that a fundamental shift in Marina 101 Middle East 412 2013 National Engineering base design and vertical organization appeared. Bureau 中东 Emerging Twenty-First Century Skyscrapers Shanghai Tower Asia 632 2014 Gensler Base designs of twenty-first century skyscrapers differ significantly 上海中心大厦亚洲 from their predecessors in that they are integrally connected with Ping An Finance Center Asia 660 2015 KPF their urban contexts. This integration happens at the scale of the 平安金融大厦亚洲 Wuhan Greenland Center Asia 606 2015 Adrian Smith city through integration of skyscrapers and mass transportation + Gordon Gill 武汉绿地中心亚洲 infrastructure, at the scale of the immediate site through integration of Architecture two or more skyscrapers in a ‘cluster,’ and at the scale of the individual Lotte World Tower Asia 555 2015 KPF 亚洲 building through multi-level podiums that enable people to move 釜山乐天世界大厦 through and into the tower efficiently and effectively. In terms of Riverview Plaza A1 Asia 460 2015 Pelli Clarke Pelli 亚洲 Architects efficiency and sustainability, reducing reliance on automobiles and 瑞安武汉天地A1主楼 North America 390 2015 KPF encouraging use of mass transportation is crucial. The twenty-first Hudson Yards North Tower 北美 century skyscraper integrated with transit systems, further integrated Sinosteel International Asia 358 2015 MAD with adjacent buildings contributes to this goal and “its value in Tower A 亚洲 sustainability terms is heightened by its overall relationship with its 中钢国际大厦塔楼A urban setting and infrastructure. These complementary factors are Seoul Light DMC Tower Asia 640.4 2017 SOM 亚洲 difficult to quantify and compare, but nonetheless critical, as the tall 首尔Lite DMC大厦 building’s sphere of influence, on a city and its infrastructure spreads The Chow Tai Fook (CTF) Asia 530 2017 KPF Guangzhou 亚洲 far beyond its own footprint” (Collins et al. 2008). Many developments, 广州周大福（CTF）中心 particularly in Asia, are beginning to be planned by systematically Kingdom Tower Middle East 1,000 2018 Adrian Smith 中东 + Gordon Gill linking tall buildings and transportation infrastructure. Much potential Architecture lies in the future of this type of integrated development. Table 1. List of 26 buildings analyzed as part of greater thesis study. (Source: Emily Conditions of vertical organization of twenty-first century skyscrapers Merrill) 表1.作为整体论文研究的一部分被分析的26幢建筑物的名单。（来源：Emily differ from those of the past in that they are predominately mixed-use Merrill） rather than single use. “Environmental awareness extends to both the urban environment and the context in which a tall building is placed 同样地，垂直组织仍主要是单一使用。直到二十一世纪初，建筑 as well as its interior environment,” (Ali & Armstrong, 2008) beyond 基底设计和垂直组织才出现了根本性的转变。 economics and market demands, vertical organization in an emerging 新兴的二十一世纪摩天大楼 group of contemporary skyscrapers is being designed to offer greater 二十一世纪摩天大楼的建筑基底设计与它们的前辈有着显著地不 degrees of efficiency and sustainability. Specific uses are, in many 同，它们与城市环境整合连接。其中它在城市尺度上整合摩天大 instances, integrally linked with a building’s vertical transportation 楼和大规模交通基础设施，在场地尺度上整合两个或多个摩天大 system allowing for quicker transportation for the user and potential 楼成为“集群”，在建筑尺度上通过多层裙楼是人们能够更快速 energy savings for the building. Additionally, use types are arranged 便捷的到达和通过塔楼。对于效率和可持续性而言，减少对汽车 so that service systems function more efficiently. New paradigms in 的依赖和鼓励使用大众运输是至关重要的。二十一世纪摩天大楼 vertical organization of contemporary skyscrapers offer opportunities 与运输系统的整合，以及进一步与相邻建筑集群整合有助于实现 to redefine how a building functions and how people use a building 这一目标，“它在可持续发展方面的价值是通过它与城市环境和

717 in order to ultimately contribute to a building’s efficiency and sustainability. Case Study: The International Commerce Center The International Commerce Centre (ICC) was completed in 2010 in Hong Kong (see Figure 2). The design architect was Kohn Pederson Fox Associates. In addition to being conceived as a highly efficient and sustainable skyscraper, the ICC was designed as a part of a greater system of infrastructure and integrated buildings in Hong Kong. The ICC shares a site and is interconnected with two smaller, yet still tall, towers. The entire complex is integrated with Hong Kong’s Kowloon Station, which provides regional and citywide connections and is also linked with an airport. The ICC’s specific base design is made up of various levels of transport links intertwined with retail and public plazas. Levels of transportation links were strategically designed to serve specific functions of the mixed-use tower while simultaneously organizing users arriving via various modes of transportation. The “ICC speaks to the promise of the tall building as a sustainable paradigm, in which individual buildings form part of a larger ecosystem of vertical centers linked by horizontal networks of public transportation” (Malott, 2010).

Form Contemporary skyscraper forms are being conceived of in a fundamentally different manner than in the past. Form refers to a building’s overall shape. Through the optimization and manipulation Figure 2. This figure is a diagrammatic representation of the profile and select floor of form, skyscrapers of a new generation have begun to respond to plans of the International Commerce Centre. The floor plan nearest to the bottom of the environmental, ecological, and energy-related issues. figure represents a diagram of a typical floor plan nearest to the ground plane of the building. The diagrammatic floor plans above represent typical floor plans at increas- A Historical Overview ingly taller elevations. The section outlined in red illustrates the ICC’s multi-level podium Early skyscraper forms (~1850-1916) were primarily extruded, and link to transportation infrastructure. (Source: Emily Merrill) orthogonal shapes. Because these skyscrapers were designed before 图2. . 此图为香港环球贸易广场外观和选择楼层的图解展示。最下方的楼层平面图展示了最接近地面层的标准层平面图。其上的楼层平面图展示了建筑上部标准层 electricity, many footprint shapes beyond the rectangle or square 的平面图。红色标示的剖面展示香港环球贸易广场的多层裙房及其与交通基础设施 (“E,” “H,” “U,” etc.) were designed to provide adequate daylighting. 连接。（来源：Emily Merrill） Additionally, the floor plates of early skyscrapers were most often identical at every level. The forms of setback skyscrapers (~1916-1940) 基础设施的整体关系得到了提升。这些互补性的因素是难以量化 were primarily based on zoning codes that mandated skyscrapers 和比较，但却非常关键的，因为高层建筑对城市和基础设施的影 step back in intervals in order to provide street-level light. Floor 响范围，远远超出了自己的足迹”（Collins等人，2008年）。 plates of setback skyscrapers remained orthogonal and reduced in 许多新的项目，特别是在亚洲，开始系统地连接高层建筑和交通 size vertically due to zoning ordinances. Modernist skyscraper forms 基础设施。对于这种整合了建筑和交通的开发方式在未来有着巨 (~1940-1970) were typically extruded boxes with identical floor plates 大的潜力。 from bottom to top. Postmodern skyscrapers (~1970-1999) generally 二十一世纪摩天大楼垂直组织的状况不同于过去的那些单一 followed suit with the exception of additional articulation at the crown. 使用功能的摩天大楼，它们为混合使用。 “环保意识延伸到 Technological innovations (the steel frame, electric elevators, lighting, 城市环境和高层建筑物的周边环境，及其内部环境”（Ali & etc.), economics, politics, and client ego have historically played a role Armstrong，2008）。除了经济性和市场需求，在当代新兴摩天 in the development of the skyscraper’s form. These factors are still of 大楼中的垂直组织设计提供了更高的效率和可持续性。在许多情 significance today, however, energy and sustainability are additional 况下，具体用途与建筑物垂直运输系统的整合允许用户更快地到 factors that were not of consideration in forms of skyscrapers in 达目的地和节约建筑能耗。组织安排使用类别也使得服务系统能 the past but are undoubtedly of influence in an emerging group of 够更有效地运作。当代摩天大楼垂直组织的新模式提供了重新定 skyscrapers today. 义建筑如何运作以及人们应当如何使用建筑才能最终有助于建筑 Emerging Twenty-First Century Skyscrapers 效率和可持续性的可能性， Form in a new generation of contemporary skyscrapers is 案例研究，环球贸易广场 fundamentally different than form in skyscrapers of the past. Today, 环球贸易广场（ICC）于2010年在香港竣工（见图2）。设计建筑 “building construction forms and architectural features play a key role 师为Kohn Pederson Fox Associates。环球贸易广场不仅仅是高 in buildings’ energy performance” (Riekstins, 2011). New conditions 效和具有可持续性的摩天大楼，它也是作为香港的一个大型基础 of form that appear most significant include variation in shape, taper, 设施系统与建筑整合的一部分而设计的。环球贸易广场与两个较 and central atriums and voids. Physical shapes vary from round to 小的，但也非常高的塔楼共享场地，相互连接。整个开发体与香 rectilinear to tri-winged to triangular to multi-shaped but almost 港九龙车站成为一体，提供区域性和全香港范围内的连接，并与 always taper. Floor plates near the base are typically much larger than 机场相连。环球贸易广场特别的建筑基底设计由不同层次的交通 floor plates at the highest elevation. Specific shapes and tapering 联接与零售和公共广场交织构成。多层次的交通联接进行了策略 conditions respond to extreme wind conditions skyscrapers face

718 性的设计了，使其不仅服务于混合开发使用塔楼的具体功能要求，同时通过各种运输方式使用户到达建筑。“环球贸易广场代表了高层建筑成为可持续性发展典范的承诺，各单体建筑物通过连接于垂直中心的水平公共交通网络组成了一个更大的生态网络”（Malott，2010年）。

形式当代摩天大楼对形式的认知同过去发生了根本的转变。形式是指建筑物整体造型。通过优化和操作形式，新一代摩天大楼已经开始对环境、生态和能源等相关问题作出回应。历史回顾早期摩天大楼的形式（~1850至1916），主要是拉伸的正交形状。因为这些摩天大楼是在民用电出现之前设计的，许多大楼有着非正方形或长方形的形状（“E”，“H”,“U”形状等）来提供足够的采光。此外，早期的摩天大楼的每一层楼层平面经常是相同的。内退摩天大楼（~1916至1940）的形式主要是根据规划规范的要求保持一定的退界间隔以提供地面层光线。内退摩天大楼的楼层平面还保持着正交形状，但因规范要求在垂直方向上尺寸逐渐缩小。现代摩天大楼形式（~1940至1970）是典型的拉伸盒子状，从底部到顶部具有相同的楼层平面。后现代摩天大楼（~1970至1999）也是一脉相承，只是在建筑顶部增加了表现形式。技术创新（钢架结构、电梯、照明等）、经济、政治和客户的自我意识在摩天大楼形式发展上都发挥了作用。这些因素在今天仍然有着重要意义，然而，现在还增加了能源和可持续性发展因素，这些因素在过去的摩天大楼形式中未被考虑，但毫无疑问地，这些因素正影响着今天的新兴摩天大楼形式。

Figure 3. This figure is a diagrammatic representation of the profile and select floor 新兴的二十一世纪摩天大楼 plans of the Seoul Lite DMC Tower. The floor plan nearest to the bottom of the figure 新一代现代摩天大楼在形式上与过去的摩天大楼有着根本的不 represents a diagram of a typical floor plan nearest to the ground plane of the building. 同。今天，“建筑的建造形式和建筑特征在建筑节能上起着关键 The diagrammatic floor plans above represent typical floor plans at increasingly taller elevations. A central atrium space is depicted within a tapering profile. Diagrammatic 作用”（Riekstins，2011）。最重要的新形式表现包括在形状 plans further illustrate an atrium and voids. (Source: Emily Merrill) 变化、锥度、中央中庭以及开口。形式上的物理形状从圆形到直图3. 此图为首尔Lite DMC大厦外观和选择楼层的图解展示。最下方的楼层平面图线再到三翼再到三角以及多角形各有不同，但几乎总是锥度渐展示了最接近地面层的标准层平面图。其上的楼层平面图展示了建筑上部标准层的平面图。锥形的建筑内有着一中央中庭。平面图中还展示了中庭和开口。（来收。接近建筑底部的楼层通常都比上部楼层大很多。特定的形状源：Emily Merrill）和锥度渐收回应了摩天大楼面对的极端风力条件，尽可能减少了风和结构载荷，这相应地又最大限度地减少了材料的使用和能源 allowing for minimization of wind and structural loads, which in turn 的消耗。摩天大楼内的大中庭空间和小开口允许利用自然通风和 minimizes materials and embodied energy. Large central atrium spaces 增加采光提升了建筑物的可持续性。除了以前影响建筑形式的 and smaller voids within skyscraper forms additionally contribute 传统因素，新兴现代摩天大楼很明显开始对自然因素（比如风和 to a skyscraper’s sustainability allowing for the utilization of natural 日光）作出回应，“从欧洲和全世已经实现和正在规划中的项目 ventilation strategies and increased daylighting. In addition to the 来看，建筑形式对建筑能耗的影响在节能方面有巨大的潜力” traditional factors that have historically driven form, in an emerging （Riekstins，2011）。 group of contemporary skyscrapers, it is clear forms have begun to 案例研讨，首尔Lite DMC大厦 respond to natural factors (such as wind and sun), “the impact of 首尔Lite DMC大厦（Seoulite）预计将于2017年竣工（ architectural shape on energy efficiency of buildings offers huge 见图3），Seoulite的设计建筑师是Skidmore，Owings和 potential for energy savings, as seen in many realized and planned Merrill。Seoulite建筑形式设计为可持续设计摩天大楼，意图 projects in Europe and the whole world” (Riekstins, 2011). 是在可持续性设计方面成为新的标杆项目。Seoulite的形式为流 Case Study, Seoul Lite DMC Tower 线型和锥形，并包括中央中庭和楼层周边的开口。此中央中庭配 The Seoul Lite DMC Tower (Seoulite) in Seoul is expected to be finished 合整体造型的形式，旨在提供“一个引入自然光线和清新空气以 in 2017 (see Figure 3). The Seoulite’s design architect is Skidmore, 及获得可再生能源的机会”（Archello，2011）。自然通风通过 Owings, and Merrill. The Seoulite was designed with the intention of 烟囱效应，借助阳光和风两种自然因素的作用将建筑物底部的热 setting a new benchmark for sustainably-designed skyscrapers and 空气通过中央中庭在建筑物顶部排出。此外，风力发电机利用建 in this regard, the building form is of particular interest. The Seoulite’s 筑上部快速风速的优势，使用风力来产生能量。中央中庭空间在 form is streamlined and tapered and contains a central atrium and 增加采光的同时不会增加太阳热能。创新材料和中庭植被墙体增 perimeter voids. This central atrium, in conjunction with the overall 强了采光以及净化了空气。建筑物的外部形式设计通过集成光伏 shape of the form, serves to provide “an opportunity to bring in natural 利用了阳光产生能源，同时减少太阳辐射。 “在SOM方案中的核 light, clean air, and capture renewable energy” (Archello, 2011). Natural 心筒是综合的可持续性策略，它利用高层建筑的自然物理特性来 ventilation occurs through a process of stack effect in which both 产生获得能量”（Archello，2011）建筑的形式是这一系统的重 natural factors of sun and wind are necessary to move hot air from the 要组成部分。 bottom of the building, through the central atrium, and out the top of

719 the building. Additionally, wind turbines take advantage of increased air speed at the building’s top and use wind to generate energy. The 外墙 central atrium space also allows for increased daylighting without 在二十一世纪，摩天大楼的外墙已开始被认为不单止是建筑的外 an increase in solar gain. Innovative materials and a phytoremedian 在表现，而被设计成更智能和可持续性的表皮。外墙已不再被视 greenwall within the atrium enhance daylighting and clean the 为是简单的围合，而是作为高性能系统来提供更高效和更健康的 air. The outer form of the building is designed to decrease solar 内外部环境。 insolation while harnessing sunlight and generating energy through 历史回顾 integrated photovoltaics. “At the core of SOM’s scheme is an integrated 从历史上看，摩天大楼外墙直接反映了其特定阶段的技术，并随 sustainability strategy that uses the natural physics of tall buildings 着结构、机电系统和材料的可能性不断发展演变。早期的摩天大 in order to generate power,” (Archello, 2011) the building’s form is an 楼外墙（ 1850至1916）主要为砌体承重墙。空调和非承重幕墙 essential part of this system. ~ 的发展-可以说是在摩天大楼历史上最重要的两项技术创新-发生

在现代摩天大楼时期（ 1940-1970）。由于幕墙的发明，从现代 ~ 派到后现代派时代（ 1970-1999）再到目前，摩天大楼都主要采 Façades ~ 用玻璃外墙。摩天大楼外观设计随着在二十一世纪的到来发生了 In the twenty-first century, skyscraper facades have begun to be 模式转变，导致了对外墙设计目标从审美为主向性能为主的重新 perceived as more than canvases for architectural expression, and 审视。 are being designed as smart, sustainable skins. Facades are no longer 新兴的二十一世纪摩天大楼 perceived as simple enclosures, but as high performance systems that 新兴的二十一世纪摩天大楼中，外墙被视为复合的以及多层次的 offer both increased efficiency and healthier internal and external 表皮，与过去的摩天大楼有着根本上的不同。“作为外部和内部 environments. 环境之间的界面，外立面设计是实现高层建筑更好的环境性能过 A Historical Overview 程中必不可少的一部分”（Goncalves，2010），因此，对二十 Historically, skyscraper facades have been a direct reflection of 一世纪摩天大楼外墙进行分析是至关重要的。这些系统通常为各 technology at particular periods in time and have evolved as a 种立面结构（单层、双层或三层），创新玻璃材料的特性，各 result of available structural and mechanical systems and materials. 类遮阳系统的组合，而且往往能够通过计算机或用户来调整。 Early skyscraper facades (~1850-1916) began as primarily masonry 此外，这些外墙之间由于不同的方位和/或高度存在着很多的不 load bearing walls. The development of air-conditioning and the 同，因为“高层建筑的表皮由于高度的不同，接触着不同的环境 non-load bearing curtain wall - arguably two of the most important 条件。除了方位的差异，对这些不同的环境分区的正确认识是实 technological innovations in skyscraper history - occurred during the 现精确设计方案的基础，包括了遮阳、视野、采光可用性和自然 era of the Modernist skyscraper (~1940-1970). Since the development 通风的可能性”（Goncalves，2010）。高层建筑立面上的每一 of the curtain wall, from the Modernist era to the Postmodern era 个环境条件都由其不同的位置和/或气候条件有着独特的热能（ (~1970-1999) to the present, skyscrapers have typically been clad 热度）、视觉（光，眩光，视野）、声音（噪音）、通风（空气 primarily in glass. The turn of the twenty-first century has brought 流动）等环境的属性。幕墙系统的设计意在平衡太阳热量的获 about a paradigm shift in skyscraper façade design, resulting in a 取、热能的损失、采光分布、眩光控制等，以为用户提供更高的 rethinking of their purpose from primarily aesthetic to performative. 能效和舒适度。 Emerging Twenty-First Century Skyscrapers 案例研讨，上海中心大厦 In an emerging group of twenty-first century skyscrapers, facades are 上海中心大厦现正在建设中，并将于2014年在上海竣工（见图4 conceived as complex, layered skins fundamentally different from ）。该项目的建筑师是Gensler。创新的可持续发展策略紧密 skyscrapers of the past. “Forming the interface between exterior and 结合到了整个建筑中，其立面就是其中特别吸引人的一个方面。 the internal environments, the design of facades is an essential part 上海中心大厦的外墙系统是由两个玻璃幕墙与之间的大型可用中 of the process of achieving better environmental performance in 庭空间组成。每个幕墙有独特的可持续特性。整个外墙系统是根 tall buildings,” (Goncalves, 2010) thus analysis of facades in twenty- 据“被动中庭系统的生态气候概念”所设计，使得“对额外采暖 first century skyscrapers is crucial. These systems typically include 和制冷的需求降到最低，以及办公空间和酒店内的总热工和能耗 combinations of various façade structures (single skin, double skin, 显著被降低，这一点已通过能耗模型得到确认”（Zeljic，2010 or triple skin), innovative glass material properties, various types of ）。上海中心大厦的外墙系统将是“世界上最大的和最高的双幕 shading systems, and are often able to be adjusted by a computer or 墙系统”（Pham，2012），并且是一项开创性的系统，与之前的 user. Additionally, many of these facades differ based on orientation 幕墙系统有根本的区别。该幕墙系统将会鼓励对未来高层建筑外 and/or elevation because “the façade of a tall building encounters 立面的创新。 different environmental conditions along the height, in addition to variations between different orientations. The correct understanding of these environmental zones is fundamental to achieve precise 结论 design solutions, involving shading, views, daylight availability and 此分析意图是探讨以节能效率和环境可持续性发展的新要素推动 the possibility of natural ventilation” (Goncalves, 2010). Each of the 的21世纪摩天大厦新兴一代的三个重要状况。“新一代的可持续 conditions that make up a tall building façade directly responds 性高层建筑对传统高层建筑实践提出挑战并肩引领未来工程项目 to thermal (heat), visual (light, glare, and views), acoustical (noise), 的潮流”（Ali & Armstrong, 2008）。对三个“趋势”的分析 and ventilation (air flow) properties typically unique to their specific 和及对其案例研究的验证开始展示出其意义和在未来发展中的潜 location and/or climate. Façade systems are designed with the 力。对过去摩天大厦中这些特征的历史回顾与在二十一世纪的摩 intention of balancing solar gain, heat loss, daylight distribution, glare 天大厦中这些状况的分析比较，清晰地展示出其模式的转变。新 control, etc. to provide greater energy efficiency and comfort for the 一代二十一世纪摩天大楼的基底设计和垂直组织，形式，和外 user. 立面开始部分基于性能、节能和生态环境的可持续性发展生成，

720 Case Study: Shanghai Tower The Shanghai Tower is currently under construction and slated for completion in Shanghai in 2014 (see Figure 4). The design architect for this project is Gensler. Innovative sustainable strategies are seamlessly integrated throughout the entire building and the façade is one aspect that is particularly intriguing. The Shanghai Tower’s façade system is composed of two curtain walls with large, occupiable atria spaces in between. Each curtain wall has unique sustainable qualities. The entire façade system, based on a “bio-climatic concept of a passive atrium system” allows for “minimal need for additional cooling and heating, and total thermal stresses and energy use in office spaces and the hotel are significantly reduced, as confirmed in energy modeling” (Zeljic, 2010). The façade system of the Shanghai Tower, which will be the “largest and tallest double-façade system in the world,” (Pham, 2012) is a groundbreaking system that is fundamentally different from its predecessors. This façade system is sure to encourage future innovations in tall building facades.

Conclusions The intent of this analysis was to explore three significant conditions of an emerging generation of twenty-first century skyscrapers driven by new factors of energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. “A new generation of sustainable tall buildings is challenging conventional high-rise building practices and setting trends for future projects,” (Ali & Armstrong, 2008) an analysis of three of these ‘trends’ and demonstration of them in case study examples begins to suggest the significance of each and potential for future development. Through a historic overview of these conditions in skyscrapers of the past in Figure 4. This figure is a diagrammatic representation of the profile and select floor comparison with an analysis of these conditions in twenty-first century plans of the Shanghai Tower. The floor plan nearest to the bottom of the figure represents a diagram of a typical floor plan nearest to the ground plane of the building. skyscrapers, a clear paradigm shift can be observed. Base design and The diagrammatic floor plans above represent typical floor plans at increasingly taller vertical organization, form, and façades of a new generation of twenty- elevations. The section outlined in red illustrates the Shanghai Tower’s double-facade. first century skyscrapers are beginning to be derived, in part, based on (Source: Emily Merrill) 图4. 此图为上海中心大厦外观和选择楼层的图解展示。最下方的楼层平面图展示 ideas about performance, energy, and ecological and environmental 了最接近地面层的标准层平面图。其上的楼层平面图展示了建筑上部标准层的平面 sustainability in order to meet the demands of contemporary society. 图。红色标示的剖面展示了上海中心大厦的双层幕墙。（来源：Emily Merrill） Each of these conditions is important individually, but ultimately the integration of these conditions in the overall building is key. As 以满足当代社会的需求。每一个状况都重要，但最终在整个建筑 cities continue to undergo serious change, architects and engineers 中整合这些条件才是关键。随着城市持续发生重大变化，建筑师 have the ability to positively effect this change through the design 和工程师有能力通过可持续性摩天大楼的设计积极地影响这种变 of sustainable skyscrapers – “cities continue to build upward…urban 化，“城市继续向上发展…是一个目标。事实上，它可能是降低 density is a desirable goal. In fact, it may be the only effective way 运输能耗和控制对未开发地块建设的唯一有效方法。建设高层的 to reduce transportation energy use and eliminate construction on 努力是值得的”（Berman和Gattegno，2010）。 pristine, undeveloped sites. The effort to build tall is worth it” (Berman and Gattegno, 2010).

References (参考书目): ARCHELLO. (2011). Seoul Lite DMC Tower. [WWW]. Available from: http://www.archello.com/en/project/seoul-light-dmc-tower [Accessed 02/12]. ALI, M.M. & ARMSTRONG, P. (2008). Overview of Sustainable Design Factors in High-Rise Buildings. In: Proceedings Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 8th World Congress, Dubai, March, pp. 1-10. BERMAN, I. & GATTEGNO, N. (eds.) (2010). Sustainable Skyscrapers. CAA. BP. (2008). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. [WWW]. Available from: www.bp.com/statisticalreview [Accessed 04/12]. BURDETT, R. & RODE, P. (2007). The Urban Age Project. In: BURDETT, R. & SUDJIC, D, eds. The Endless City: The Urban Age Project by the London School of Economics and Deutsche Banks’ Alfred Herrhausen Society. London: Phaidon Press Ltd, pp. 8-31. COLLINS, A., McALISTER, M., & WATTS, S. (2008). The Economics of Sustainable Tall Buildings. Proceedings Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 8th World Congress, Dubai, March, pp. 1-10. COUNCIL ON TALL BUILDINGS AND URBAN HABITAT. (2012). Tall Buildings in Numbers, 2011: A Tall Building Review. CTBUH Journal, (Issue I), pp. 36-37.

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