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신성장동력으로서의 초고층건축 산업 Industry of Super Tall Building As a New Growth Power

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국가 신성장동력, 초고층건축산업 신성장동력으로서의 초고층건축 산업 Industry of Super Tall Building as a New Growth Power 신 성 우 서 대 원 조 인 중 SungWoo Shin DaeWon Seo InJung Cho ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the role of super tall buildings for urban competitiveness. The effect of super tall building has been treated in social, cultural, economical, technical and design variation aspect. Finally, new compact city urbanism is suggested in Han River development with super tall building to be the center of world society. 1. 개 요 초고층 건축은 인간이 집단적으로 거주하는 도시속에서 높이 경쟁이나 하듯이 지 속적으로 개발되어 왔다. 그러나 20세기 전까지 국가간의 경쟁이 유럽 등이 포함되 면서 국가보다는 중세시대와 같이 도시나 지역블록간의 경쟁으로 변화되면서 도시 건축의 중요성이 보다 중요하게 다루어지는 계기가 되었다. 이러한 도시건축의 방향은 20세기까지는 생태도시(Eco City)를 중심으로 하는 도시계획 이념이 수립되었다. 그러나 이러한 생태도시를 유지하기 위해서 도로를 개설하고, 상하수도를 만들었으며, 전력 등을 연결하기 위해 많은 건설비용이 소요 되었다. 뿐만 아니라 생태도시와 대도시간의 물류공급, 학교, 병원 등 연관성을 목 적으로 하는 수송부담을 야기시켰고, 이는 결국 과다 에너지로 연결된 지구환경부 하를 가중시킨다는 문제점을 인식하게 되어 왔다. 이에 따라 21세기 도시계획은 집 적화(Compact city)의 개념으로 재설정 되었으며, 이는 지속가능한 집적화 도시 (Sustainable Compact City)라는 구체적 개념으로 발전되었다. 우리나라 대도시의 현황은 아래와 같이 2006년도 OECD가 도시평가를 한 근거 를 보면, 국내의 서울과 부산은 도시경쟁력의 3가지 등급에서 하위등급인 “전환기 도시(Transient Phase)”의 수준으로 평가되고 있다. 이러한 상황에서도 지금 한국사회는 40층 이상의 주거건축물 수에서 세계 4위이 The 10th International Symposium of KSTBF 3 국가 신성장동력, 초고층건축산업 고, 세계 100대 주거용 건물 가운데 9동이 국내에 있으며 이는 세계 3위에 속하고 있으며, 100층 이상의 건물이 7개가 계획 중에 있거나 건설 중에 있으며, 또한 80조 원 규모의 해외 초고층 건설산업에서 세계적 수준의 기술력을 보여주고 있다. 이에 초고층 건축물 건립을 통한 국가 신성장동력으로서의 초고층 건축산업 육성과 함께 초고층 건축기술을 육성하기 위한 국가 전략적 방안이 매우 시급하다. 이에 우리는 이러한 초고층 건축을 국내도시나 국가의 성장동력으로 하기 위하여 초고층 건축의 사회, 문화, 경제, 기술적 효과를 분석하고 나아가 서울과 같은 도시 가 국제사회에서 보다 경쟁력 있고 세계중심도시가 될 수 있는 방안을 모색하여 본 다. 표 1. OECD 도시분류 Grade World Star National Star Transient Phase London, New york, Rome, Chicago, Berlin, Montreal, City Paris, Tokyo, Boston, Madrid, Barcelona, Seoul , Busan , etc. etc. etc. 2. 초고층 건축의 방향 2.1 초고층 건축의 정의 초고층 건축은 CTBUH와 한국초고층건축포럼에서 50층 이상을 넘고, 건물세장비 가 5 이상이며, 특별한 횡저항 시스템이 갖춘 건물 중 그 상황에 맞게 한가지를 선택 하여 초고층 건축이라고 정의하기도 하나 대개는 50층 이상의 건축물을 초고층 건축 이라고 정의하고 있으며, 한국 건축계가 이를 받아들이고 있다. 2.2 미래 초고층 건축 수준 현재 구축되고 있는 대부분의 100층 500m 규모의 초고층 1개 동에는 1.5만명의 상주인구와 함께 5만명 내외의 유동인구가 발생하고 있다. 미래의 초고층은 2010~2020년 사이에 200~500층의 기술력을 확보할 예정이며, 건물이 360도로 회 전하는 기술까지 확보할 수 있는 것으로 예측하고 있으며 2050년도에 예측이 되는 4000m의 건물에는 70만명의 인구를 수용할 수 있어 도시속의 도시라는 새로운 수직 도시가 탄생될 예정이다. 초고층의 정의는 앞으로도 계속 달라질 전망이다. 3. 초고층 건축의 파급효과 초고층 건축의 건립동향은 국내의 경우 40층 이상의 주거 건축동에서 세계 4위 수 준이며, 이는 전국 대도시를 중심으로 40~80층의 주거 건축물 혹은 주상복합 건축물 형태로 건립되고 있다. 현재 100층 이상의 7개 안이 건설중이나 아직까지 구체적인 The 10th International Symposium of KSTBF 4 국가 신성장동력, 초고층건축산업 100층 이상의 건축물은 보유하지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 이는 초고층 건축의 설립이 매우 큰 큐모의 투자가 필요할 뿐만 아니라 그것을 유지하기 위한 비용이 매우 많이 필요하여 이러한 초고층을 구축하기 위해서는 기업체 차원에서 뿐만 아니라 국가차원 에서도 매우 국가적인 차원의 지원을 가져야 가능하다. 해외에서는 현재 200~400m 규모의 초고층 건립이 폭발적 증가 추세이며, 미국 이외에도 중동 등 신흥국가를 중 심으로 1000~1600m의 초초고층 건립이 발표되거나 진행중에 있다. 현재 세계에서 초고층 관련 투자 규모는 2012년에는 40조 규모로 예측되며, 2015 년에는 500조 규모로 폭발적 증가추세에 있다. 우리는 이런 초고층을 국가 전략적 사업으로 연결하여 국가 신성장 동력으로 연결하기 위한 기술적, 전략적 육성방안이 절실하다. 이에 본 논문에서는 초고층 건축의 파급효과를 사회적, 기술적, 문화적, 경제적으로 분석하여 표 2와 같이 제시하였으며, 이러한 효과를 새로운 도시성장동력으로 연결할 때에는 국가 신성장동력으로서의 충분한 역할을 할 수 있다. 주요효과는 다음과 같 다. 표 2. 초고층 건축의 파급효과 구분 내용 긍정적 효과 - 1일 1만명 상시근무 - 1일 5만명 이동인구발생에 따른 주위도시 환경조성 - 마일스톤 기능 사회적 파급영향 - 국민적 자부심 부정적 효과 - 주변교통 혼잡유발 - 상징성에 따른 테러 가능성 긍정적 효과 - 고층화를위한내풍,내진,소음설계기술제고 - 고내구성 수명 기술 확보 : 200년 기술적 파급영향 - 초고층용 재료 / 설비기술 / 시공기술 개발 - 초고층용 골조공사 공기단축 시스템 개발 - 초고층용 커튼월 기술 개발 긍정적 효과 - 높은 전망성 - 기업 대표성 - 건설현장 자체의 문화상품화 문화적 파급영향 - 건설산업 현장의 긍정적 이미지 구축 - 관광상품화 부정적 효과 - 거대성에 대한 문화심리적 거부감 The 10th International Symposium of KSTBF 5 국가 신성장동력, 초고층건축산업 긍정적 효과 - 추가적 부가가치 상승 : 브랜드 인지도 개선 등 - 타 산업 생산 유발 효과 제고 : 3.6조(100층 이상 건축물 건설비용 1.5조) - 고용창출효과 : 42000명 경제적 파급영향 - 부대시설 수반에 따른 주위 경제 활성화 부정적 효과 - 과다한 투자비 - “100층 이상의 초고층 건립은 경제성이 없다.” → 개발이익보다는 상징적인 의미 4. 국내외 세계도시속에서의 초고층 건립현황 4.1 해외 초고층 건립현황 현재 세계적인 흐름을 주도하고 있는 영국, 파리, 상하이, 뉴욕등과 같은 세계적 수 준의 도시는 이미 언급한 지속가능한 초고층 직접화 계획에 따라 초고층 건축을 도시 성장 동력의 중심이 될 수 있도록 활용하고 있다. 각 도시에서 추진하고 있는 초고층 은 지속가능성에서 환경부하를 줄이거나 사회적 지속성을 유지하기 위한 노력이 계속 되고 있고, 이를 설립하기 위한 경제적인 지속성도 함께 추진하고 있다. 그리고 나아 가 최근에는 초고층 건축에 10~20년 전의 높이를 그 도시의 랜드마크로 하는 경쟁 에서 디자인의 다양성 변화를 통한 새로운 차원의 예술적, 문화적 지속가능한 초고층 건축을 설립하기 위한 노력을 하고 있다. 이러한 주요 100층 이상의 초고층 현황은 그림 1, 표 3과 같다. Mile High Al Burj Mubarak Sky City Se-woon Tower Super Tower Tower Bionic Tower Tower 1000 Complex International Burj Dubai Business 151 Inchon Fordham Lotte Super Lotte World Taipei101 Center Tower Spire Tower 2 Tower 그림 1. World Super Tall Buildings Status and Plan The 10th International Symposium of KSTBF 6 국가 신성장동력, 초고층건축산업 표 3. World Super Tall Buildings Status and Plan Height No Name City Floors Completed (m) 1 Mile High Tower Jeddah 1600 300 미정 2 London Super Tower London 1500 미정 미정 3 Al Burj Tower Dubai 1200 미정 2014 4 Bionic Tower Shanghai 1128 300 2015 5 Silky City Mubarak Tower Kuwait 1101 250 미정 6 Tokyo's Sky City 1000 Tokyo 1000 196 미정 New York 7 New York 990 200 미정 International Finance Center 8 Se-woon Complex (Jung-Gu) Seoul 960 220 미정 9 Trump MegaStructure New York 760 165 미정 10 Burj Dubai Dubai 830 162 2008 11 Chicago Super Tower Chicago 677 미정 미정 12 Center of India Tower Katangi 677 224 미정 13 Seoul Lite Seoul 640 133 미정 International Business Center 14 Seoul 620 미정 2012 (YongSan) 15 151 Inchon Tower (SongDo) Inchon 610 151 2012 16 Fordham Spire Chicago 610 115 2010 17 Abraj Al Bait Towers Mecca 577 76 2008 18 Lotte Super Tower (Jamsil) Seoul 555 112 미정 19 Freedom Tower New York 541 108 2011 20 Lotte World 2 Tower (Busan) Busan 510 118 2013 21 Taipei101 Taipei 509 101 2004 4.2 국내 초고층 건립현황 국내에서 50층 이상의 초고층 현황은 아래 그림 2와 같은데 현재까지 대부분 높 이로써 그 도시의 랜드마크 역할을 하고 있음을 알 수 있으며, 이러한 높이 또한 주변 지역과 연계성이 부족하여 돌출된 이미지를 갖고 있어 초고층의 효과를 반감 시키고 있는 것도 사실이다. 그러나 최근에는 부산 해운대 우동의 경우 70층 이상 The 10th International Symposium of KSTBF 7 국가 신성장동력, 초고층건축산업 의 초고층이 6개가 동시에 진행되고 있어 부산 해운대 지역의 스카이라인을 획기적 으로 변화시켜 아시아 중심도시로서의 새로운 역할 창출을 시도하고 있다. 국내 100층 이상의 계획 혹은 건설 중인 프로젝트는 7개로서 다음과 같으나, 아 직까지 국내 초고층이 국제적인 경향인 지속가능한 초고층 건립경향과는 거리가 있 으며, 주로 높이로써 초점을 맞추고 있는 것도 사실이다. 우리는 국내에서 건립되고 있는 초고층을 세계 최고의 초고층 건립기술로 육성할 수 있는 계기로 삼아야 할 뿐만 아니라 디자인이나 예술 문화적 측면을 위하여도 세계 최고수준을 지향할 수 있는 노력이 필요하다. I-PARK TOWER We’ve the Zenith I-PARK (Samsung) HYPERION I PALACE III The# StarCity (Heaundea) (Heaundea) 그림 2. 국내 주거용 건축물(계획안 포함) 5. 초고층 건축을 통한 도시개발 세계의 많은 초고층은 거대도시에 위치하고 있으며, 거대도시는 호수, 바다 등과 연계되어 진행되고 있다. 이는 사선제한이나 주변경관을 유연하게 연계하기 위함이 다. 우리나라도 초고층과 한강, 나아가 그 지역의 역사성과 대표성을 융합하는 노력 이 가일층 되어야 한다. 그림 3은 해외에서 진행되고 있는 초고층과 거대도시의 대 표적인 융합사례이다. (1) Chicago (2) New York The 10th International Symposium of KSTBF 8 국가 신성장동력, 초고층건축산업 (3) Dubai (4) Shanghai (5) London 그림 3. 국내 주거용 건축물(계획안 포함) 6. 초고층 건축의 디자인 다양성 최근에 초고층 건축은 20세기 이전의 초고층 건축이 모더니즘의 영향을 받아 절 제되고 단순한 형태로 설계된 것에 비해서 차츰 그 도시의 역사나 문화, 예술성을 내포하는 매우 다양한 디자인 형태로 진행되고 있다. 이는 비틀리거나(Twist Shape), 돌출되거나(Extruder Shape), 회전형(rotor Shape) 등으로 되고 있어 지 금까지 높이로서 대변되던 초고층 건축물이 이제는 디자인 다양성이 내포되어 그 지역의 랜드마크로 자리잡고 있다. 6.1 Organic Shape 3차원적인 유기적형태의 대표적 건물은 프랑스 파리 라데팡스 지역에서 최근 당선 된 Phare Tower이다. 2012년 완공 예정인 Phare Tower는 건축가 모포비스가 설 계하였으며, 라 데팡스 지역의 단순한 고층건물군에 유기적 형태를 부여함으로써 도시에 활력을 불어넣게 될 것으로 기대하고 있다. 싱가포르의 Marina Bay Sand Hotel (300m, 57층)은 2009년에 완공 예정에 있으며 3개의 건축물을 녹지화 된 옥상으로 연결함으로써 좀 더 건축물의 유기성을 증가 하고 있다. 두바이에서 건설 The 10th International Symposium of KSTBF 9 국가 신성장동력, 초고층건축산업 중인 Dubai Tower는 97층의 높이로 촛불을 형상화 한 디자인으로 계획되었는데 4 개의 건물을 유기적으로 배치하면서 두바이의 개발의지를 고취시키고 있다. Phare Tower Marina Bay Sand Hotel Dubai Tower 그림 4. Organic Shape 6.2 Extruder Shape Extruder형태의 건축물은 기존의 수직의 각진 형태를 배제하고 유연성을 갖춘 비 정형 형태의 건물이다. 일반적으로 모든 층의 평면이 다름으로 인해 시공상의 어려 움이 예상되지만 초고층 건축물의 부정적인 이미지로 나타나는 권위성을 한층 수구 려뜨려 사람들에게 친근감을 줄 수 있는 대안으로 여겨지고 있다.
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