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Tlaxcala in Defensa of Its Past

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Tlaxcala in Defensa of Its Past Tlaxcala In Defense of Its Past Carolina Figueroa Torres* z e u q r ó h o B a n a s s o R y b g n i w a r D he Tlaxcaltecs arrived in this The long years of wandering and Hills,” founded by Culhuatecuhtli Qua - tiny part of Mexico’s territory coexisting with more developed cul - nez in around the twelfth century. T —about 0.2 percent— cov ered tures like the Toltec and Teotihuacan The sec ond settlement was Ocote- with small valleys, mountains, hills and civilizations allowed the Tlaxcaltecs lulco, or “In the Place of the Pines,” its great volcano, Matlalcuéyetl or Ma - to polish their forms of socioeconomic , which originated with the population linche, about the year 1100. They were cultural and religious organization. and land that the Lord of Tepetícpac part of the vast migrant group known To establish themselves in the Pue- gave to his brother Teyohualminqui. as the Teochichimecs. Like other peo - bla-Tlaxcaltec valley, they had to sub - Power struggles among the Ocotelul- ple s who settled in Mexico’s central due other peoples settled there like cas led to the assassination of the gov - highlands, the Tlaxcaltecs began their the Otomí and the Olmec-Xicalan- ernin g family and put a Cholu ltec trip at Chicomoztoc, “The Place of the cas, the creators of the splendor that group at the head of the fief. Under Seven Caves,” a site that down throug h is Cacaxtla. these circumstances, a group led by the years became almost mythical, which Both historical sources and arche - Tzompane decided to leave Ocotelul- history books have l ocated some where ological exploration have contributed co and establish thems elves in Teo- in the northeast. information to clarify the foundation tlalpan. After more bloodshed, like the of the Tlaxcaltec settlements and their assassination of ruler Xayacamachan, * Researcher at the Tlaxcala History evolution. The first known settlement a group of Tlaxcaltecs left and found - College. was Tepetícpac, meaning “Be tween the ed the fief of Tizatlán, “Place of the 68 PHOI SL TI TOIRCY S White Stone,” the third largest fief. armed clashes, attributing the lack of yotzin. They had decided to fight the After some years, a new group of Teo- rain to the anger of their gods. In ad- new invaders with the resources at their chichimecs asked the Tlaxcaltecs to dition to appeasing the gods, some of disposal, charging the Otomís living be allowed to settle in the land under these pacts to do combat served as on their lands and serving as “border their rule, leading to the building of training and education for Mexica, guards” with fighting the strangers Quiahuiztlán. Tezcocan, Tlaxcaltec and Cholultec and if possible, preventing them from When the Spaniards arrived in Tlax - warriors, as well as those from all the entering. Defending the territory was caltec lands in 1519, the four aforemen - cities who accepted participating in a task that the Tlaxcaltec troops joined tioned fiefs were the most important in the “flowery wars.” Some chroniclers, in. During the battles, the defenders the region, despite the existence of other like Friar Diego de Durán, took down practiced all kinds of strategies: for important communities like Chiau- what these wars consisted of and the example, night fighting, given their tempan, Atlihuetzía, Tepeyanco and protocol that regulated them, in addi - supposition that the sunlight favored Hueyotlipan. tion to noting the disputes and enmities the foreigners. After a series of armed Generally speaking it was the te- that rose out of the clashes and some encounters in September 1519 in which cuhtli who topped the pyramid of Tlax- of the consequences that tainted rela - the Spaniards’ combat superiority was caltec political organization. Even when tions among the peoples, such as the clear —they had steel, gunpowder and his decision making was supported by death of Tlacahuepatzin, the son of horses— the Tlaxcaltecs decided to a council of elders, the final choice was Moctezuma, tlatoani of Tenochtitlan. receive them in peace. in his hands. The Mexicas began to block the flow Cortés took advantage of his stay In the long struggle by the Tlaxcal- of goods from Tlaxcaltec traders. The in Tlaxcala to explain to the lords of tecs to consolidate and preserve their blockade went as far as to ban their that land the principles supposedly territory, they had to face and stop the traveling certain routes under the con - underlying his expedition: discovering expansionism of cities like Cholula, trol of the pochtecas , or Mexica mer - new territories and spreading the Cat h- Huejotzingo, Tezcoco and Tenochtitlan. chants, making it impossible for them olic religion among their inhabitants, The rivalry among these peoples, to trade with the peoples of the Gulf putting them under the aegis of the despite its depth, was not very old. His - of Mexico and the Valley of Mexico. One True God and Emperor Carlos V. torical sources refer to the constant With time, this blockade strength - Achieving these aims, particularly ap- coexistence among members of the gov - ened the Tlaxcaltecs’ character and in- pearing before the powerful Moctezu - erning elites of Tlaxcala, Tenochtitlan dependence; they learned to live with - ma in Tenochtitlan, required the sup - and Tezcoco, in addition to the impor - out products like salt or cotton, and in port of the Tlaxcaltecs in the form of tant trade that the Tlaxcaltecs did with other cases, they took initiat ives to try men, arms and foodstuffs. the peoples of the Valley of Mexico to substitute them. Also, the defense The council discussed the question and the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico of their territory in the face of contin - of supporting the Spaniards in their until the mid-fourteenth century. ual threats from neighboring peoples enterprise. There were those who pre- We should, then, try to clarify how became vital for later generations. dicted the danger that, once the Mexicas intercultural relations between the Circumstances like those described had been beaten, the Spaniards would Mexicas and the Tlaxcaltecs became contribute to explaining why it was refuse to recognize the independence as strained as what the Spaniards found relatively easy for the Tlaxcaltecs to of Tlaxcaltec soci ety and would try to on their arrival. This would put the make a pact with the Spanish expedi - subject it by imposing authorities or alliance or military agreement between tion commanded by Hernán Cortés, demanding tribute. Xicohténcatl Axa- Spaniards and Tlaxcaltecs into its his - but there are also other factors. Ini- yacatzin, the warrior son of Xicohtén- torical context. tially, the Tlaxcaltecs interpreted the catl the Elder, lord of Tizatlán, who About 1454, given the bad harvests Spanish incursion as a new threat to only a few days earlier had distinguish ed caused by a drought that affected a their territorial integrity, thinking the himself in the defense against the large geographical area, some rulers Spanish were emissaries or allies of Spaniards, was one of the most tena - and their councilors agreed to program the Mexica emperor Moctezuma Xoco- cious exponents of this point of view. 69 Voices of Mexico • 61 Nevertheless, the prevailing opinion, following the custom of the time, the the Tlaxcaltecs would enjoy other pre - held by Maxixcatzin, lord of Ocotelul- Tlaxcaltecs allied with the Spaniards rogatives like their lands being exclud - co, was to offer the aid requested. pursuing the same military objective. ed from the distribution of land grants Several events symbolically sealed The notions of nationality or sovereign - to Spaniards or their inhabitants being the Spanish-Tlaxcaltec alliance. One ty did not figure in t he equation; these exempt from the payment of some trib - was the acceptance of the Spanish god concepts were used to refer to the phy s- utes. by the main lords, who were even bap - ical area dominated by a particular Around 1535, the Tlaxcaltecs re- tized and given Christian names. 1 This culture through language, economic- quested that the Spanish Crown for - sacrament was the beginning of the political forms, cul tural creation and a mally recognize their alliance during acceptance of the Spaniards as repre- specific world view. the conquest of these lands; this peti - sentatives of a different culture, anoth - The big difference for the Tlaxcal- tion was resolved by granting Tlaxcala er power and its symbols. tecs is the advantage they were able the title of “Loyal City,” modified 50 The alliance was strengthened by to extract from this alliance. This advan - years later by Felipe II, who broadened the offering of a group of maidens of tage was not merely momentary, but the definition to “Distinguished, Most good lineage, in whom a new seed, new lasted for years or even centuries. Noble and Very Loyal City.” blood would germinate. The Spaniards , In addition to their participation in A decade before the end of the six - for their part, knew how to take full the conquest of Tenochtitlan, the Tlax - teenth century, a new project for expand - advantage of the Tlaxcaltec aid and, caltecs gave very important aid to the ing the territory would once again call overcoming difficulties and setbacks Spaniards during the conquest and the Tlaxcaltecs to cooperate with the —we must not forget The Sad Night— 2 achieved their purpose August 13, 1521. An alliance between indigenous and The Tlaxcaltecs limited themselves Spaniards? It was not the first, nor to joining in a conquest against a regime the only one, nor was it to be the last. The Tlaxcaltec lords were neither the that had done everything to first nor the only ones to negotiate with try to subdue them.
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