Tlaxcala’s Reception of the Conquistadors, 1519 1540 submitting. never groups Native some with process, long a was It fall. ’ the with deal done colonization a Spanish not 3. was 1400s. early deployed the since developed practices They approaches. colonization exceptionalConquerors their werenot 2. in ropean technological & cultural ‘superiority’. ease toppled the Aztec confederacy, not Eu 1. Native allies—like the Tlaxcalans—and dis Dispelling Conquest Myths they had offered the conquerors in 1519-21. aid exemption the from taxes given seeking requesta of part Crownas Spanish the to it sent and 1530-40 around this created cala surround them. The Native Kingdom of Tlax tadors, Tlaxcalan nobles, and gifts for Cortés Conquis Empire. Aztec the of downfall the that resulted in an alliance that would lead to between meeting translating a Malintzin depicts painting This 1539 1st printing press established in the Americas 1537 Pope proclaims humanity of Natives

1535 April 1st Viceroy of arrives Xicoténcatl I and I Xicoténcatl 1533 Fr. Zumárraga becomes 1st Bishop of 1531 Mexico’s Royal Court justices 1530 replaced due to corruption 1528 Cortés returns to Spain to address

fraud accusations Cortés 1527 Mexico’s Royal Court established to

curb Cortés’ power - - - - ’s Reception of theConquistadors, 1519 Franciscan friar-priest nd, entities. regional European id- emish, amongother stilian, anish’ sider themselves ‘Sp- and most didnotcon- re Conquistadors Marquisatethe and Valleythe of Oaxaca.of ed him with the Governorship ofNew Spain reward Crown the orders, flouting Despite 1525 we- men these of fewSpaniards,” a “White as depicted self-interest.Often by led lords feudal but orders, royal on acting soldiers” of African descent, t

1523 Malintzin’s son, Martín Cortés, is born here was even a —

1522 Cortés becomes 1st Governor of Galician, orFl- they were Ca- New Spain In 1521 Cortés & allies conquer Cortés’ ba- 1520 Cuahtémoc becomes Aztec ruler ces, formally claiming la- claiming formally ces, allian- Native with his force expanded he rsion, incu- his During ederacy. conf-Aztec the of fall the in resulted that Mexico mainland into expedition unsanctioned an led who Cortés conqueror Spanish a was Hernán Nov. Cortés & allies enter Tenochtitlan & actions. unofficial his tify jus later to Spain for nd .

arrest Moctezuma II (dies soon after)

Oct. Cortés & Tlaxcalans massacre Cholula “Spanish not were natives Sept. Tlaxcalans fight, then joinC ortés July Cortés founds & sinks ships June in Cempoala join Cortés Mar. Maya give Malintzin to Cortés Feb. Cortés defies Velázquez & leaves Cuba for Mexico - - 1519 n oocá earlier. Potonchán in Malintzin with had done Mayan Chontal his men, much like the and Cortés to attend to chattel Native as women other gifted They alliance. the also cement to marriage in daughters their red Europeans.Tlaxcala’sthe and cy Native confedera-the between bridgesural cult- and political potential as emergestory Indigenouswomen Martín the embodied who Cortés, to birth gave she society, post-conquest colonial in Marina Doña Becoming 1518 Velázquez grants & revokes Cortés’ charter to explore Mexico 1517 Hernández leads Yucatán expedition

1515 Malintzin unts note her diplomatic her note unts age young a at Cortés to her gifted Mayan the slave, a Being Aztec. the of overthrow the to led that gotiations Spanish-Nativethe ne- in critical interpreter—and Cortés’ was che, ing allies out of enemies. of out allies ing mak in skills linguistic & 1512 Burgos Laws forbid Native abuse 1511 1st Royal Court & Catholic Diocese established in Santo Domingo mestizo 1510 Tlaxcalanthe in in 1519 in

1509 rulersoffe- Ponce de León appointed 1st Malin- or ,

Governor of Puerto Rico identity. 1507 Earliest recorded smallpox epidemic Acco- . in Americas -

1505 further their interests. to opportunity the ok querors, the of intentions the to naive not were groups, Native other autonomous city-states ( Aztec the from efforts conquest Rebuffing Tlaxcala. modern-day —near and Tizatlán, otelolco, city-states—Tepeticpac, Oc- of confederacy natives Tlaxcalan Tenochtitlan.Tlaxcalansinto the led son his city-state lco tlahtoani 1504 Cortés arrives in Santo Domingo an also 1503 Encomienda labor system enacted 1502 Moctezuma II becomes Aztec ruler and 1501 Isabella declares Natives royal vassals the of Maxixcatzin,head ), they ), line of alliance

1500 They,as . rulers to- h fvrd t Unwillingly, it. favored who were con- 1498 Columbus’ last expedition to the the with sided he alliance, the opposed warriors the of leader and son his Although Totonacs. ala’s Cempo- included also ch confederacy affront,Cortés’ whi- with Tlaxcalan the allied He city-state. Tizatlán the of ruler, or Tlaxcalan the I Xicoténcatl Americas 1496 Portugal expels non-Christians

1495 II, Xicoténcatl , eogd o a to belonged 1493 Pope grants Spain spiritual authority tlahtoani

over lands west of Azores Islands Tlaxcalan 1492 Islamic Granada falls to Catholic Spain Ocotelo-

Columbus first lands in the Americas was 1490 ,