Offizieller Sprachgebrauch in Nizza Im 19. Jahrhundert

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Offizieller Sprachgebrauch in Nizza Im 19. Jahrhundert DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Offizieller Sprachgebrauch in Nizza im xix. Jahrhundert Verfasser Georg Ansgar Duffner angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 190 347 353 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: LA Französisch (Stzw.), LA Spanisch (Stzw.) Betreuer: emer. o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Georg Kremnitz Viele Menschen haben mich während der Entstehungszeit die- ser Arbeit begleitet und ich möchte hier einigen meinen beson- deren Dank aussprechen: meiner Familie, besonders meinen El- tern, ohne deren Unterstützung ich gar nicht erst hätte studieren können, meinem Betreuer Professor Georg Kremnitz, der mir hilfreich und geduldig zur Seite stand, M. Silvain Joseph und seinen Kollegen in den Archives Municipales von Nizza, die mir bei meiner Recherche eine unschätzbare Hilfe waren, Pro- fessor Ranucci vom Fachbereich Langue d’oc an der Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, der mir einige ausgezeichnete Tipps gab, sowie meinen beiden Lektorinnen. Diese Arbeit widme ich Julia, ohne deren Unterstützung sie wohl nie zustandegekommen wäre. 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis I Theorie 8 1 Einleitung 9 1.1 Motivation ..................................... 9 1.2 Erkenntnisinteresse ................................. 11 1.3 Definitionen ..................................... 12 1.3.1 Offizieller Sprachgebrauch ......................... 12 1.3.2 Zur Bezeichnung der Region ........................ 13 1.4 Die Forschungssituation ............................... 14 2 Das Corpus 17 2.1 Die Textsuche .................................... 17 2.2 Die Texte ...................................... 18 2.3 Anmerkung zu den Transkriptionen ........................ 19 2.4 Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit .......................... 20 3 Analysemethoden 28 4 Geographische und historische Verortung 30 4.1 Die geographische Lage ............................... 30 4.2 Sprachgeographische Einordnung .......................... 33 4.3 Die Geschichte Nizzas ................................ 34 4.3.1 Nizza in der Antike ............................. 34 4.3.2 Die »Dédition« und ihre Folgen ...................... 34 4.3.3 Nizza im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert ...................... 36 4.3.4 Die Revolution in Nizza .......................... 37 4.3.5 Die Restauration .............................. 38 4.3.6 Anschluss an Frankreich .......................... 41 5 Sprache und Macht 43 5.1 Sprachpolitik .................................... 43 5.1.1 Sprachpolitik in Frankreich ......................... 44 5.1.2 Sprachpolitik im Savoyischen Herrschaftsbereich .............. 45 II Analyse 48 6 Revolution und Empire (1792–1814) 49 6.1 Überblick ...................................... 49 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis 6.2 Etablierung des Französischen ............................ 51 6.2.1 Sprachwechsel in der Verwaltung ...................... 51 6.2.1.1 Neuordnung der Justiz ..................... 51 6.2.2 Die Société Populaire de Nice ........................ 55 6.2.2.1 Beschreibung der Société und der Quellen ........... 55 6.2.2.2 Sprachgebrauch in der Société Populaire ............ 56 6.3 Die Rolle des Italienischen ............................. 62 6.4 Nationalbewusstsein und Sprachenfrage im Empire ................. 65 6.4.1 Brief an den ersten Konsul ......................... 66 6.4.2 Rundschreiben von Dubouchage ...................... 68 7 Ö sterreichisches Intermezzo (1800) 72 8 Die sardische Restauration 75 8.1 Zurück zur alten Ordnung ............................. 75 8.1.1 Die Sprachen der Zentralregierung ..................... 76 8.1.2 Zögerliche Etablierung des Italienischen in der Stadtverwaltung ...... 78 8.1.3 Die neuen Behörden sprechen italienisch .................. 81 8.2 Sprachkonflikt .................................... 82 8.2.1 Das Französische in den Texten der Stadtverwaltung ............ 82 8.2.1.1 Die Stadtpolizeiordnung (1850–1852) .............. 83 8.2.2 Das Französische im Schulwesen (1833) ................... 85 8.2.2.1 Errichtung öffentlicher Schulen ................. 86 8.2.2.2 Die Affäre Urain (1851–1852) ................... 88 9 Anschluss an Frankreich 91 9.1 Campagnen im Vorfeld ............................... 91 9.2 Übergang zur französischen Verwaltung ....................... 91 10 Das Nissardische 93 11 Synthesis 98 12 Ré sumé 101 13 Zusammenfassung 106 Appendix 109 A Sources archivales 109 B Bibliographie 111 C Transcriptions 116 D Lebenslauf 228 6 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abkü rzungsverzeichnis adam Archives déparementales des Alpes-Maritimes amn Archives Municipales Ville de Nice dam Département des Alpes-Maritimes pn Pays Niçois spn Société Populaire de Nice hrr Heiliges Römisches Reich Abbildungsverzeichnis 1 Dekret Nr. 1950 der Convention Nationale ..................... 24 2 Karte der Grafschaft Nizza .............................. 31 3 Bulletin des lois de la République .......................... 50 4 Detail aus dem Brief Arnulfo Francescos ...................... 94 Tabellenverzeichnis 1 Aufstellung der Guardie civiche ........................... 27 2 Régents de Nice 1800 – 1860 ............................. 39 3 Mit den einzelnen Sprachen verwendete Verben ................... 60 4 Nissardische Graphie im Brief Arnulfo Francescos ................. 95 7 Teil I. Theorie 8 1. Einleitung 1.1. Motivation Nizza stellt aufgrund seiner Lage in der Grenzregion zwischen Frankreich und Italien und gleichzei- tig in einer Region, in der drei verschiedene Sprachen aufeinander treffen, ein interessantes Gebiet für Linguisten dar. Da die heutigen Grenzen zwischen dem französischen und italienischen (und zuvor savoyischen) Herrschaftsbereich erst nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg festgelegt wurden, war die Stadt im Laufe der Jahrhunderte mehreren Herrschaftswechseln unterworfen. Seit der Dédition von 1388, mit welcher die spätere Grafschaft Nizza unter die Herrschaft der Grafen von Savoyen gestellt wurde (s. 4.3.2, cf. Compan (1993, p. 107 sq.)), wurde dieser Landstrich wiederholt von französi- schen Machthabern für sich beansprucht und auch mehrere Besetzungen durch französische Trup- pen bis ins 18. Jahrhundert hinein haben ihre Spuren hinterlassen. Der Abschnitt mit dem größten Einfluss auf die Identität Nizzas ist aber mit Bestimmtheit die Epoche zwischen der französischen Revolution und der Ausrufung der dritten Republik 1870. Angefangen mit dem starken Zustrom französischer Emigranten ab 1791, über die Ankunft der Revolutionsarmee und die Integration der Grafschaft als Département des Alpes-Maritimes (dam) in die junge Republik und später französi- sche Kaiserreich, gefolgt von einer extrem rückwärtsgewandten Restauration, bis hin zur Abtretung an Frankreich als Preis für die Unterstützung der italienischen Nationsbildung und schlussendlich der Stabilisierung der Verhältnisse in der französischen Republik in den 1870-ern, prägte diese wech- selvolle Periode das Pays Niçois (pn) wie kaum eine andere. Aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht ist dabei der Umstand interessant, dass diese im okzitanischen Sprachgebiet gelegene Hafenstadt sehr lange unter dem Einfluss zweier miteinander in einem Konkurrenzverhältnis stehenden Landesspra- chen stand, nämlich des Italienischen und des Französischen. In besagtem Zeitraum wechseln sich dabei unterschiedliche Verfahrensweisen mit der sprachlichen Situation ab: Während der Revoluti- on wird das Französische als offizielle Sprache eingeführt, daneben finden aber Experimente mit ei- ner ansatzweise mehrsprachigen Verwaltung statt, das Empire jedoch betreibt eine konsequente auf das Französische als alleinige Sprache des Staates ausgerichtete Gesetzgebung. Die sardische Restau- ration wiederum kehrt zum toleranten Nebeneinander der Sprachen zurück, welches jedoch durch den aufkeimenden italienischen Nationalismus im Risorgimento immer konfliktträchtiger wird, wel- cher nach den Unruhen von 1848 schließlich in die Befreiungskämpfe gegen die Habsburger mündet und 1860 in der Ausrufung des italienischen Königreichs vorerst seinen Abschluss findet, während gleichzeitig in Nizza eine langsame Zuwendung zu Frankreich stattfindet. Angesichts der relativ to- 9 1. Einleitung leranten Sprachpolitik der savoyischen Herrscher, welche die Koexistenz des Französischen neben dem Italienischen duldete, konnte die sprachlich konfliktuelle Situation erst aufgelöst werden, als der endgültige Anschluss an Frankreich 1860 vollzogen war und Nizza somit der konsequenten An- wendung der französischen Sprachgesetzgebung unterworfen war. Gut zwanzig Jahre später besteht an der Zugehörigkeit Nizzas zu Frankreich, auch sprachlich gesehen, kein Zweifel mehr. Mit seiner peripheren Lage innerhalb Frankreichs und ebenso peripher zuvor innerhalb der sa- voyischen Territorien, steht das pn auch nicht im Zentrum der Erforschung des offiziellen Sprach- gebrauchs. Zudem stellt auch der Anschluss Nizzas an Frankreich von 1860 auch heute noch ein politisch heikles Thema dar. Das Fehlen von Untersuchungen zum offiziellen Sprachgebrauch be- deutet jedoch nicht, dass die Situation uninteressant wäre. Sprachlich gesehen unterscheidet sich die Stadt heute wenig von den anderen großen Städten Südfrankreichs: Zwar findet man Spuren des Okzitanischen, aber die Alltagssprache ist das Französische und der Gebrauch der alten Volks- sprache hat eher folkloristischen Charakter. Im 19. Jahrhundert hingegen wechselt der Gebrauch zwischen Französisch und Italienisch als Schrift- und Bildungssprache einerseits und Okzitanisch als mündliche Alltagssprache andererseits. In dieser Diplomarbeit werde ich mich auf die Untersu- chung der geschriebenen
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