Tigris As Samawah Euphrates An Nasiriyah Al Qurnah
Iraq Tallil Causeway Iran XX Hawr al Hammar XX
XX XX XX As Salman Jalibah XX Basrah Rumaila XX XX XX H Al Busayyah M
XX XX T 12
XX 17 8 XX XX XX 6 FR 10 XX XX XX 52 82 m XX Kuwait XX XX 101 XX XX 6 XX Y XX XX Kuwait City XX XX XX XX III XXX 24 III 3 3 XX XX 2 XX XVIII XX 1 XX 1 1 XX XXX 5 XX XX 3 1 UK JFCN XX XX XX Eve of Ground War XXX VII XX XXX 2 232300L FEB91 XX USMC JFCE 0 60 1 XXX Saudi Arabia USMC Khafji Miles MEF Tigris As Samawah X Euphrates 101 (-) XX An Nasiriyah Y 24 (-) Al Qurnah III X 3 24 Tallil Causeway Iran Iraq Hawr al Hammar
XX XX 6 FR As Salman 101 (-) X Y Jalibah 82 Basrah m Rumaila XX XX 1 XX H Al Busayyah M XX XX 82 (-) 3 XX m T XX 1
Apache AttacksIII 8 2 XX Objective XX 1 UK Minden XXX 1 XXX XVIII JFCN XXX Breach MEF XXXKuwait City JFCE
XXX VII Kuwait 262100L FSCL FSCL change 0 60 Khafji Saudi Arabia Miles VII Corps Desire to Move FSCL East of Highway 8 (1991)
262340L: VII Corps staff decides 262320L: there is insufficient time to VII Corps commander Alternatives Assessment move FSCL before next understands his Apaches Apache attack at will be more effective 270200L if they can go deeper
262330L: Understanding Choices are Decision 1) violate FSCL 2) change FSCL 3) restrict attack
Monitor Directive
262300L: 262345L: Apache pilots report VII Corps commander targets of opportunity Environment directs 0200 attack just beyond FSCL return to Minden
262100L: 270400L: VII Corps helicopters Neither helicopter attack attack Objective Minden, involved interdiction of = 7+ hours without pilots see more targets vehicles on Highway 8 optimal interdiction on Highway 8 of Highway 8 VII Corps Desire to Move FSCL East of Highway 8 (1998)
262340L: 262320L: VII Corps staff requests VII Corps commander Alternatives Assessment movement of FSCL before understands his Apaches next Apache attack at will be more effective 270200L if they can go deeper
262330L: Understanding Choices are Decision 1) violate FSCL 2) change FSCL 3) restrict attack
Monitor Directive
262345L: 262300L: VII Corps commander Apache pilots report directs 0200 attack targets of opportunity go deep to Hwy 8 just beyond FSCL Environment
Better Comms 262100L: 270200L: VII Corps helicopters Helicopters attack attack Objective Minden, Iraqi vehicles moving = 5 hours without pilots see more targets on Highway 8 optimal interdiction on Highway 8 of Highway 8 VII Corps Desire to Move FSCL East of Highway 8 (2010)
262103L: Virtual Distributed 262102L: Staff (VDS) officer VII Corps commander Alternatives Assessment checks for conflicts understands his Apaches will be more effective if they can go deeper Enhanced Decision Aids
Understanding Decision
Comm Grid
Monitor Directive Continuous ATO (Air Tasking Order)
262101L: Apache pilots report 262104L: targets of opportunity FSCL is moved, just beyond FSCL Environment VII Corps commander directs helicopters to Highway 8 262100L: 262105L: VII Corps helicopters Helicopters attack attack Objective Minden, Iraqi vehicles moving = 5 minutes without pilots see more targets on Highway 8 optimal interdiction on Highway 8 of Highway 8 Tigris As Samawah X Euphrates 101 (-) Y An Nasiriyah Al Qurnah
Tallil Causeway Iran Iraq Hawr al Hammar XX XX XX 24III XX 6 FR As Salman 101 (-) 3 H X Y Jalibah 82 Basrah m Rumaila XX XX 1 M Al Busayyah XX XX 1 XX 82 (-) m 3 XX III T 2 XX 1 8
XX 1 UK
XXX XXX XVIII JFCN XXX MEF XXXKuwait City JFCE
XXX VII Kuwait 270700L FSCL FSCL change Khafji 0 60 Saudi Arabia Miles XVIII Airborne Corps Movement of FSCL North of Euphrates (1991)
271000L: 270930L: Alternatives Assessment Horner decides to Horner learns of move FSCL back situation during to Euphrates CENTAF briefing
Understanding Decision
Monitor Directive
270900L: XVIII Airborne Corps 271100L: has sent no Apache strikes Directive goes out into expanded area Environment on change of FSCL
270700L: 271500L: FSCL is moved north of FSCL is returned = 8 hours lost during Euphrates River to the line of the which Iraqi vehicles Euphrates River travel unmolested north of river XVIII Airborne Corps Movement of FSCL North of Euphrates (1998)
270800L: 270745L: Alternatives Assessment JFACC decides to JFACC learns move FSCL back of situation to Euphrates
Understanding Decision
Better Comms
Monitor Directive
270730L: JSTARS & AWACS 270830L: report that XVIII Directive goes out Airborne Corps has sent Environment on change of FSCL no Apache strikes into expanded area
270700L: 271030L: Better Sensors FSCL is moved north of FSCL is returned = <4 hours lost during Euphrates River to the line of the which Iraqi vehicles Euphrates River travel unmolested north of river XVIII Airborne Corps Movement of FSCL North of Euphrates (2010)
270904L: 270903L: VDS FSCL Officer VDS FSCL Officer Alternatives Assessment decides to move verifies that FSCL back to no Apache strikes Euphrates are planned Enhanced Decision Aids
Understanding Decision
Comm Grid
Monitor Directive
270900L: VDS FSCL Officer sees XVIII Airborne Corps has sent no Apache strikes Environment into expanded area Continuous ATO 270905L: 270700L: FSCL change is Better Sensors FSCL is moved north of made, updating = 5 minutes lost during Euphrates River Common Situational which Iraqi vehicles Picture travel unmolested north of river Tigris As Samawah X Euphrates 101 (-) Y An Nasiriyah Al Qurnah
Tallil Causeway Iran Iraq Hawr al Hammar XX XX XX 24III XX “Basra 6 FR As Salman 101 (-) 3 H Pocket” X Y Jalibah XX 82 XX Basrah m Rumaila M XX 1 1 XX Al Busayyah 3 XX 82 (-) m III XX 2 1 8
XX 1 UK
XXX XXX XVIII JFCN XXX MEF XXXKuwait City JFCE
XXX VII Kuwait 271800L FSCL FSCL change Khafji 0 60 Saudi Arabia Miles ARCENT Efforts to Move FSCL South of Basra (1991)
Alternatives Assessment
Understanding 271900L: Decision CENTAF, considering both fratricide concern and political issues, turns down request
Monitor Directive
271830L: ARCENT requests movement of FSCL south of Basra Environment
271800L: XVIII Airborne Corps has FSCL stays fixed on a stopped to regroup. Iraqis line of the Euphrates River in “Basra Pocket” are = 14 hours without to the Persian Gulf through airstrikes on Iraqis vulnerable to airstrikes 280800L in the Basra Pocket ARCENT Efforts to Move FSCL South of Basra (1998)
Alternatives Assessment
Understanding 271900L: Decision CENTAF, considering both fratricide concern and political issues, turns down request
Monitor Directive
271830L: ARCENT requests movement of FSCL south of Basra Environment
271800L: (No Difference) XVIII Airborne Corps has FSCL stays fixed on a stopped to regroup. Iraqis line of the Euphrates River in “Basra Pocket” are = 14 hours without to the Persian Gulf through airstrikes on Iraqis vulnerable to airstrikes 280800L in the Basra Pocket VDS Officer Control of FSCL (2010)
Alternatives Assessment
Enhanced Decision Aids
Understanding Decision
Comm Grid
Monitor Directive
271801L: VDS officer notes pause in XVIII Airborne Corps Environment advance Continuous ATO 271800L: Better Sensors XVIII Airborne Corps has 271802L: stopped to regroup. Iraqis VDS officer moves in “Basra Pocket” are FSCL south of = Continuous airstrikes, vulnerable to airstrikes “Basra Pocket” unless constrained by political considerations