Soldier's Guide to Iraq

Home , Adnan Pachachi, Ahmed Chalabi, Amarah, Ashura, Assassination of Ali, Az Zubayr

1ST INFANTRY DIVISION 1ST INFANTRY DIVISION

SOLDIER’S HANDBOOK SOLDIER’S HANDBOOK TO TO IRAQ IRAQ

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1ST INFANTRY DIVISION 1ST INFANTRY DIVISION

SOLDIER’S HANDBOOK SOLDIER’S HANDBOOK TO TO IRAQ IRAQ

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Danger Team, Danger Team,

During your deployment to Iraq as a member of the Big Red One team, you should be aware of the unique customs and During your deployment to Iraq as a member of the Big Red One team, you should be aware of the unique customs and courtesies of the Iraqi people. This guide provides the basic information on Iraq’s culture by offering you an overview of courtesies of the Iraqi people. This guide provides the basic information on Iraq’s culture by offering you an overview of the country, its people and their language, as well as their lifestyle and beliefs. the country, its people and their language, as well as their lifestyle and beliefs.

The First Infantry Division deployment plays a vital role in securing the peace in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and is The First Infantry Division deployment plays a vital role in securing the peace in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and is pivotal to the reestablishment of a free, democratic Iraq. As a soldier of the First Infantry Division, you are an Infantryman pivotal to the reestablishment of a free, democratic Iraq. As a soldier of the First Infantry Division, you are an Infantryman first and a warrior always. Combined with your warrior ethos, a thorough cultural understanding of your environment is a first and a warrior always. Combined with your warrior ethos, a thorough cultural understanding of your environment is a major combat multiplier that makes you all the more lethal on the front lines in the war on terrorism. major combat multiplier that makes you all the more lethal on the front lines in the war on terrorism.

On a daily basis you will directly or indirectly contribute to Civil Military Operations (CMO) ongoing in your area of On a daily basis you will directly or indirectly contribute to Civil Military Operations (CMO) ongoing in your area of operations. Every encounter with an Iraqi civilian is an opportunity to develop respect and trust in us as professional, operations. Every encounter with an Iraqi civilian is an opportunity to develop respect and trust in us as professional, educated soldiers who are committed to finishing the job we set out to accomplish. Arming you with a comprehensive educated soldiers who are committed to finishing the job we set out to accomplish. Arming you with a comprehensive knowledge of Iraq’s rich and unique traditions, this guide serves as a weapon against ignorance and intolerance that knowledge of Iraq’s rich and unique traditions, this guide serves as a weapon against ignorance and intolerance that deepens the divide between our forces and the free Iraqi people. My confidence in you as soldiers of this proud division deepens the divide between our forces and the free Iraqi people. My confidence in you as soldiers of this proud division will result in a solid transition of power to the Iraqi people, a safe return home, and a job well done behind us. will result in a solid transition of power to the Iraqi people, a safe return home, and a job well done behind us.

DUTY FIRST! DUTY FIRST!

JOHN R. S. BATISTE JOHN R. S. BATISTE Major General, USA Major General, USA Commanding Commanding

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Danger Team, Danger Team,

DUTY FIRST! DUTY FIRST!

JOHN R. S. BATISTE JOHN R. S. BATISTE Major General, USA Major General, USA Commanding Commanding

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Table of Contents Key Political Figures 5-6 Table of Contents Key Political Figures 5-6 Iraqi Political Landscape 5-8 Iraqi Political Landscape 5-8 Map of Iraq iv Iraqi Paramilitary Groups 5-14 Map of Iraq iv Iraqi Paramilitary Groups 5-14 Time and Key Facts v Former Regime Loyalists 5-16 Time and Key Facts v Former Regime Loyalists 5-16 National Flag vi Religious Fundamentalists 5-17 National Flag vi Religious Fundamentalists 5-17 Short History vii Weapons 5-20 Short History vii Weapons 5-20 Improvised Explosive Devices 5-22 Improvised Explosive Devices 5-22

Part I Tactics, Techniques, and Part I Tactics, Techniques, and Introduction to the People 1-1 Procedures 5-25 Introduction to the People 1-1 Procedures 5-25 Arab World View 1-1 Arab World View 1-1 Attitudes Towards Americans 1-2 Part VI Attitudes Towards Americans 1-2 Part VI The Kurds 1-3 Desert Operations 6-1 The Kurds 1-3 Desert Operations 6-1 Effects on Personnel 6-1 Effects on Personnel 6-1 The Turkomans 1-5 The Turkomans 1-5 Effects on Equipment 6-2 Effects on Equipment 6-2 Part II Part II Religion 2-1 Part VII Religion 2-1 Part VII Shi’a (Shi’tte) vs. Sunni 2-1 Preventive Medicine and Health 7-1 Shi’a (Shi’tte) vs. Sunni 2-1 Preventive Medicine and Health 7-1 Risk Assessment 7-1 Risk Assessment 7-1 The Five Pillars of Islam 2-2 The Five Pillars of Islam 2-2 The Islamic Calendar 2-3 Infectious Diseases 7-2 The Islamic Calendar 2-3 Infectious Diseases 7-2 2004/5 Holidays 2-4 Hazardous Plants and Animals 7-3 2004/5 Holidays 2-4 Hazardous Plants and Animals 7-3 Tips on Protecting your Health 7-5 Tips on Protecting your Health 7-5 Part III Part III Customs and Culture 3-1 Part VIII Customs and Culture 3-1 Part VIII

Family and Honor 3-1 NGO’s, IO’s, and PVO’s 8-1 Family and Honor 3-1 NGO’s, IO’s, and PVO’s 8-1 Role of Women 3-2 Working with IO’s and NGO’s 8-2 Role of Women 3-2 Working with IO’s and NGO’s 8-2 Greetings 3-3 Greetings 3-3 Gestures 3-3 Part IX Gestures 3-3 Part IX

Hospitality 3-4 Battlefield Media Encounter 9-1 Hospitality 3-4 Battlefield Media Encounter 9-1

Business 3-5 Business 3-5 Dress 3-6 Part X Dress 3-6 Part X Body Language 3-6 The Basics on the Law of War 10-1 Body Language 3-6 The Basics on the Law of War 10-1 Food and Drink 3-7 If Held As a Detainee 10-1 Food and Drink 3-7 If Held As a Detainee 10-1 Dos and Don’ts Code of Conduct 10-2 Dos and Don’ts Code of Conduct 10-2

Greetings 3-7 Summary 10-2 Greetings 3-7 Summary 10-2 Conversation 3-8 Conversation 3-8 Hospitality 3-9 Appendix A Hospitality 3-9 Appendix A Religion 3-9 Coalition Provisional Authority App A Religion 3-9 Coalition Provisional Authority App A Meetings 3-10 Map of CPA Meetings 3-10 Map of CPA

Part IV Appendix B Part IV Appendix B

Using the Arabic Language 4-1 New Iraqi Army Rank App B Using the Arabic Language 4-1 New Iraqi Army Rank App B Useful Words and Phrases 4-1 Internal Iraqi Security Forces Useful Words and Phrases 4-1 Internal Iraqi Security Forces Numbers 4-5 Rank of Internal Iraqi Sec Forces Numbers 4-5 Rank of Internal Iraqi Sec Forces Road Signs 4-6 Road Signs 4-6 Appendix C Appendix C

Part V Iraqi License Plates App C Part V Iraqi License Plates App C Know your Area of Operations 5-1 Know your Area of Operations 5-1 Key Provinces and Cities 5-1 Appendix D Key Provinces and Cities 5-1 Appendix D Key Facilities 5-4 New Iraqi Dinar App D Key Facilities 5-4 New Iraqi Dinar App D Significant Dates 5-5 Significant Dates 5-5 Political Parties and Groups 5-5 Appendix E Political Parties and Groups 5-5 Appendix E Temperature/Metric Converter App E Temperature/Metric Converter App E

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Hospitality 3-4 Battlefield Media Encounter 9-1 Hospitality 3-4 Battlefield Media Encounter 9-1

Part IV Appendix B Part IV Appendix B

iii iii Map of Iraq Map of Iraq

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Map of Iraq Map of Iraq

iv iv KEY STATISTICS KEY STATISTICS

Land Area: Total: 437,072 sq km; land: 432,162 sq km; water: 4,910 sq km (slightly larger Land Area: Total: 437,072 sq km; land: 432,162 sq km; water: 4,910 sq km (slightly larger than California). than California).

Political Boundaries: Political Boundaries:

International: Total: 3,631 km; border countries: Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait International: Total: 3,631 km; border countries: Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 242 km, Saudi Arabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 km 242 km, Saudi Arabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 km

Internal: Iraq has 18 provinces, known in Arabic as muhafazat (plural muhafazah). Each Internal: Iraq has 18 provinces, known in Arabic as muhafazat (plural muhafazah). Each province has a provincial capital. The provinces and their capitals follow: province has a provincial capital. The provinces and their capitals follow:

Province Capital Province Capital Province Capital Province Capital Al Anbar Ar Ramadi Baghdad Baghdad Al Anbar Ar Ramadi Baghdad Baghdad Al Basrah Al Basrah Dahuk Dahuk Al Basrah Al Basrah Dahuk Dahuk Al Muthanna As Samawah Dhi Qar An Nasiriyah Al Muthanna As Samawah Dhi Qar An Nasiriyah Al Qadisiyah Ad Diwaniyah Diyala Baqubah Al Qadisiyah Ad Diwaniyah Diyala Baqubah An Najaf An Najaf Karbala Karbala An Najaf An Najaf Karbala Karbala Arbil Arbil Maysan Al Amarah Arbil Arbil Maysan Al Amarah Ninawa Al Mawsil (Mosul) Salah ad Din Tikrit Ninawa Al Mawsil (Mosul) Salah ad Din Tikrit At Taímim Kirkuk Wasit Al Kut At Taímim Kirkuk Wasit Al Kut Babil Al Hillah As Sulaymaniyah As Sulaymaniyah Babil Al Hillah As Sulaymaniyah As Sulaymaniyah

Population: 24,683,313 (July 2003 est.) Population: 24,683,313 (July 2003 est.)

Largest Cities (2002 est.): Baghdad 5,605,000; Mosul 1,739,800; Basrah 1,337,600; Irbil Largest Cities (2002 est.): Baghdad 5,605,000; Mosul 1,739,800; Basrah 1,337,600; Irbil 839,600; Kirkuk 728,800; As Sulaymaniyah 643,200; An Najaf 563,000; Karbala 549,700; An 839,600; Kirkuk 728,800; As Sulaymaniyah 643,200; An Najaf 563,000; Karbala 549,700; An Nasiriyah 535,100. Nasiriyah 535,100.

Language: Arabic (by 81% of population), also Kurdish, Assyrian, Armenian, Pashto. Language: Arabic (by 81% of population), also Kurdish, Assyrian, Armenian, Pashto.

Literacy: Total: 40.4%; male: 55%, female: Literacy: Total: 40.4%; male: 55%, female: 24.4% (2003 est.). 24.4% (2003 est.).

Time: Time: All of Iraq is within Greenwich Mean Time All of Iraq is within Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) plus three hours. This is eight hours (GMT) plus three hours. This is eight hours ahead of Eastern Standard Time (EST). ahead of Eastern Standard Time (EST). GERMANY TIME + 2 HRS = IRAQ TIME GERMANY TIME + 2 HRS = IRAQ TIME (IRAQ TIME – 2 HRS = GERMANY TIME) (IRAQ TIME – 2 HRS = GERMANY TIME)

Currency: Currency: The official denomination of Iraq is the new The official denomination of Iraq is the new Dinar and was introduced on 15 October Dinar and was introduced on 15 October 2003. Old Dinar will be phased out by January 2004. 2003. Old Dinar will be phased out by January 2004.

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KEY STATISTICS KEY STATISTICS

Political Boundaries: Political Boundaries:

Population: 24,683,313 (July 2003 est.) Population: 24,683,313 (July 2003 est.)

Language: Arabic (by 81% of population), also Kurdish, Assyrian, Armenian, Pashto. Language: Arabic (by 81% of population), also Kurdish, Assyrian, Armenian, Pashto.

Literacy: Total: 40.4%; male: 55%, female: Literacy: Total: 40.4%; male: 55%, female: 24.4% (2003 est.). 24.4% (2003 est.).

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Flag: Adopted 31 July 1963, three equal horizontal bands of red, white, and black with Flag: Adopted 31 July 1963, three equal horizontal bands of red, white, and black with three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the phrase three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the right of the middle star ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis. The colors are said to represent the qualities of those who follow Islam. Red crisis. The colors are said to represent the qualities of those who follow Islam. Red represents courage, white stands for generosity, black is for the triumphs of Islam and represents courage, white stands for generosity, black is for the triumphs of Islam and green for the religion itself. The stars represent Iraq, Egypt, and Syria. The flag is based on green for the religion itself. The stars represent Iraq, Egypt, and Syria. The flag is based on the Nasserite flag of Egypt. It was designed in anticipation of a political union with Egypt the Nasserite flag of Egypt. It was designed in anticipation of a political union with Egypt and Syria that never materialized. Currently, both versions are in use in Iraq with the trend and Syria that never materialized. Currently, both versions are in use in Iraq with the trend to remove the writing from the 1991 version. to remove the writing from the 1991 version.

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vi vi History of Iraq History of Iraq

Iraq has a long history; many believe that the Iraq has a long history; many believe that the Garden of Eden was situated near Al Basrah, where the Garden of Eden was situated near Al Basrah, where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers converge. Known for centuries Tigris and Euphrates Rivers converge. Known for centuries as Mesopotamia, Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and as Mesopotamia, Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and the later Arabs lived in Iraq. Iraq became part of the the later Arabs lived in Iraq. Iraq became part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire in the 16th century until that Turkish Ottoman Empire in the 16th century until that empire disintegrated after World War I. empire disintegrated after World War I.

1920 Mandate for Iraq awarded to UK by Ancient Babylon 1920 Mandate for Iraq awarded to UK by Ancient Babylon

the League of Nations. the League of Nations. 1921 Britain installs Emir Faisal as King of 1921 Britain installs Emir Faisal as King of Iraq. Iraq. 15 Jan 91 Deadline established by UN 15 Jan 91 Deadline established by UN 1932 Saudi Arabia proclaimed by Abd al Resolution 678 for Iraqi withdrawal. 1932 Saudi Arabia proclaimed by Abd al Resolution 678 for Iraqi withdrawal. Aziz; Iraq declares independence. Aziz; Iraq declares independence.

1958 Iraqi monarchy overthrown in coup by 1958 Iraqi monarchy overthrown in coup by General Abdul Karim Qasim. General Abdul Karim Qasim.

1960 Coup overthrows Qasim; Gen. Abdul 1960 Coup overthrows Qasim; Gen. Abdul Salam Aref installed in power. Salam Aref installed in power. 1966 Abdul Rahman Aref succeeds his 1966 Abdul Rahman Aref succeeds his

brother as leader of Iraq. brother as leader of Iraq. 1968 Ba’ath party coup; Ahmad Hassan al- 1968 Ba’ath party coup; Ahmad Hassan al-

Bakr installed, Saddam Hussein Bakr installed, Saddam Hussein becomes chief deputy. becomes chief deputy.

1979 Saddam Hussein succeeds Bakr as 1979 Saddam Hussein succeeds Bakr as

president of Iraq. General Schwartzkopf with 1ID president of Iraq. General Schwartzkopf with 1ID

22 Sep 80 Iraq invades Iran, starting 8-year war. 22 Sep 80 Iraq invades Iran, starting 8-year war. 17 May 87 Iraq attacks USS Stark, killing 37 U.S. 17 May 87 Iraq attacks USS Stark, killing 37 U.S. sailors. sailors. 16 Jan 91 Operation Desert Shield becomes 16 Jan 91 Operation Desert Shield becomes 1988 Saddam Hussein orders use of Operation Desert Storm as U.S. 1988 Saddam Hussein orders use of Operation Desert Storm as U.S. chemical weapons on Kurds. chemical weapons on Kurds. warplanes attack Baghdad, Kuwait, warplanes attack Baghdad, Kuwait, Aug 88 Iran-Iraq War ends. and other military targets in Iraq. Aug 88 Iran-Iraq War ends. and other military targets in Iraq. 17 Jul 90 Saddam Hussein accuses Kuwait of 23 Feb 91 Ground war begins with Marines, 17 Jul 90 Saddam Hussein accuses Kuwait of 23 Feb 91 Ground war begins with Marines,

oil overproduction and theft of oil from Army, and Arab forces moving into oil overproduction and theft of oil from Army, and Arab forces moving into Rumaylah oilfield. Iraq and Kuwait. Rumaylah oilfield. Iraq and Kuwait.

2 Aug 90 Iraq invades Kuwait; President Bush 27 Feb 91 President Bush orders a cease-fire 2 Aug 90 Iraq invades Kuwait; President Bush 27 Feb 91 President Bush orders a cease-fire freezes Iraqi and Kuwaiti assets; UN effective at midnight in the Kuwaiti freezes Iraqi and Kuwaiti assets; UN effective at midnight in the Kuwaiti calls on Saddam Hussein to calls on Saddam Hussein to Theater of Operations (KTO). Theater of Operations (KTO). withdraw immediately. withdraw immediately. 8 Aug 90 Iraq annexes Kuwait. 8 Aug 90 Iraq annexes Kuwait.

29 Nov 90 UNSC authorizes force after 15 29 Nov 90 UNSC authorizes force after 15 January if Iraq does not withdraw January if Iraq does not withdraw

from Kuwait. from Kuwait.

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History of Iraq History of Iraq

1920 Mandate for Iraq awarded to UK by Ancient Babylon 1920 Mandate for Iraq awarded to UK by Ancient Babylon

1958 Iraqi monarchy overthrown in coup by 1958 Iraqi monarchy overthrown in coup by General Abdul Karim Qasim. General Abdul Karim Qasim.

brother as leader of Iraq. brother as leader of Iraq. 1968 Ba’ath party coup; Ahmad Hassan al- 1968 Ba’ath party coup; Ahmad Hassan al-

Bakr installed, Saddam Hussein Bakr installed, Saddam Hussein becomes chief deputy. becomes chief deputy.

1979 Saddam Hussein succeeds Bakr as 1979 Saddam Hussein succeeds Bakr as

president of Iraq. General Schwartzkopf with 1ID president of Iraq. General Schwartzkopf with 1ID

29 Nov 90 UNSC authorizes force after 15 29 Nov 90 UNSC authorizes force after 15 January if Iraq does not withdraw January if Iraq does not withdraw

from Kuwait. from Kuwait.

vii vii 2 Mar 91 Shi’a Muslims in southern Iraq, 20 Feb 96 Hussein Kamil returns to Iraq after 2 Mar 91 Shi’a Muslims in southern Iraq, 20 Feb 96 Hussein Kamil returns to Iraq after followed by Kurds in north, rebel providing the UN and the U.S. followed by Kurds in north, rebel providing the UN and the U.S. against Saddam Hussein’s rule. Iraqi information about Iraq’s arsenal, how against Saddam Hussein’s rule. Iraqi information about Iraq’s arsenal, how

army crushes both revolts. Kurds, Saddam Hussein tried to avoid UNSC army crushes both revolts. Kurds, Saddam Hussein tried to avoid UNSC protected by the allies, take control of resolutions, and how Saddam protected by the allies, take control of resolutions, and how Saddam

large area of the north. Hussein’s government was organized. large area of the north. Hussein’s government was organized. Hussein Kamil and his brother Hussein Kamil and his brother

Saddam Kamil are executed by Saddam Kamil are executed by Saddam Hussein. Saddam Hussein. Jan-Jun 97 “Food-for-oil” program implemented. Jan-Jun 97 “Food-for-oil” program implemented.

The proceeds of this limited oil sale, all The proceeds of this limited oil sale, all of which must be deposited in a UN of which must be deposited in a UN

escrow account, are required be used escrow account, are required be used to purchase food, medicine, and other to purchase food, medicine, and other Iraqi prisoners of war Iraqi prisoners of war materials and supplies for essential materials and supplies for essential civilian needs for all Iraqi citizens and civilian needs for all Iraqi citizens and

3 Mar 91 Iraqi military leaders formally accept to fund vital UN activities regarding 3 Mar 91 Iraqi military leaders formally accept to fund vital UN activities regarding cease-fire terms. Iraq. cease-fire terms. Iraq. 27 Aug 92 “No-fly zone” imposed over southern 16-19 Dec The U.S. and UK conduct air strikes 27 Aug 92 “No-fly zone” imposed over southern 16-19 Dec The U.S. and UK conduct air strikes

Iraq to stop air attacks on Shi'a 98 (Operation DESERT FOX) to force Iraq to stop air attacks on Shi'a 98 (Operation DESERT FOX) to force Muslim rebels. U.S. and its allies begin Baghdad to cooperate with the UN. Muslim rebels. U.S. and its allies begin Baghdad to cooperate with the UN.

air patrols, which continue today. . air patrols, which continue today. . May-Jun 95 Twenty Iraq military officers, all 17 Dec 99 UNMOVIC is established to carry on May-Jun 95 Twenty Iraq military officers, all 17 Dec 99 UNMOVIC is established to carry on

members of the Sunni al-Dulaymi, are inspections in Iraq in place of members of the Sunni al-Dulaymi, are inspections in Iraq in place of tortured and killed for plotting a coup. UNSCOM. tortured and killed for plotting a coup. UNSCOM.

A Republican Guard battalion, led by .16 Feb 01 The U.S./UK conduct air strikes A Republican Guard battalion, led by .16 Feb 01 The U.S./UK conduct air strikes al-Dulaymi officers, rebel at Abu against Iraq’s air defense network. al-Dulaymi officers, rebel at Abu against Iraq’s air defense network. Gharayb following these executions, 17 May 01 Qusay Saddam Hussein elected to Gharayb following these executions, 17 May 01 Qusay Saddam Hussein elected to

but the uprising is rapidly squashed the Ba’ath Party’s Revolutionary but the uprising is rapidly squashed the Ba’ath Party’s Revolutionary by loyal Republican Guard units. Command Council. by loyal Republican Guard units. Command Council.

8 Aug 95 Hussein Kamil al-Majid, who headed 29 Jan 02 President Bush includes Iraq in the 8 Aug 95 Hussein Kamil al-Majid, who headed 29 Jan 02 President Bush includes Iraq in the “Axis of Evil” during his State of the “Axis of Evil” during his State of the Iraq’s secret drive to build weapons Iraq’s secret drive to build weapons Union address. Union address. of mass destruction, defects to Jordan of mass destruction, defects to Jordan 19 Mar 03 U.S. launches “decapitation” strike in 19 Mar 03 U.S. launches “decapitation” strike in with his brother and their wives, both attempt to eliminate Saddam Hussein with his brother and their wives, both attempt to eliminate Saddam Hussein

of whom are daughters of Saddam and his top officers. of whom are daughters of Saddam and his top officers. 20 Mar 03 U.S. and Coalition troops cross into 20 Mar 03 U.S. and Coalition troops cross into Hussein. Hussein Kamil vows to Hussein. Hussein Kamil vows to Iraq in a 21 day press into Baghdad. Iraq in a 21 day press into Baghdad. topple Saddam Hussein topple Saddam Hussein 1 May 03 President Bush announces End of 1 May 03 President Bush announces End of

Major Hostilities. Major Hostilities.

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2 Mar 91 Shi’a Muslims in southern Iraq, 20 Feb 96 Hussein Kamil returns to Iraq after 2 Mar 91 Shi’a Muslims in southern Iraq, 20 Feb 96 Hussein Kamil returns to Iraq after followed by Kurds in north, rebel providing the UN and the U.S. followed by Kurds in north, rebel providing the UN and the U.S. against Saddam Hussein’s rule. Iraqi information about Iraq’s arsenal, how against Saddam Hussein’s rule. Iraqi information about Iraq’s arsenal, how

large area of the north. Hussein’s government was organized. large area of the north. Hussein’s government was organized. Hussein Kamil and his brother Hussein Kamil and his brother

Saddam Kamil are executed by Saddam Kamil are executed by Saddam Hussein. Saddam Hussein. Jan-Jun 97 “Food-for-oil” program implemented. Jan-Jun 97 “Food-for-oil” program implemented.

The proceeds of this limited oil sale, all The proceeds of this limited oil sale, all of which must be deposited in a UN of which must be deposited in a UN

Major Hostilities. Major Hostilities.

viii viii PART I PART I INTRODUCTION TO THE PEOPLE INTRODUCTION TO THE PEOPLE

Iraq has a population of 24,683,313 (July 2003 est.). The majority (75 percent) of Iraq has a population of 24,683,313 (July 2003 est.). The majority (75 percent) of Iraqis are Arabs, though there is a sizable Kurdish minority that comprises 20 percent of the Iraqis are Arabs, though there is a sizable Kurdish minority that comprises 20 percent of the population. (The remaining 5 percent is comprised of Turkomen, Assyrian, and others.) The population. (The remaining 5 percent is comprised of Turkomen, Assyrian, and others.) The Kurds form a majority in the north and northwest of the country where they were forced to Kurds form a majority in the north and northwest of the country where they were forced to settle due to economic constraints and border crossing restrictions. Most are herdsmen and settle due to economic constraints and border crossing restrictions. Most are herdsmen and farmers, though many have moved to the cities, particularly Mosul, Kirkuk, and farmers, though many have moved to the cities, particularly Mosul, Kirkuk, and Sulaymaniyah. The Kurds are divided into Sulaymaniyah. The Kurds are divided into three separate groups. These groups’ inability three separate groups. These groups’ inability to reconcile their differences prevented them to reconcile their differences prevented them from presenting a unified front to both Saddam from presenting a unified front to both Saddam and the world. and the world. The Arab population is split between the The Arab population is split between the Shi'a majority in the south, and the Sunni, who Shi'a majority in the south, and the Sunni, who live mostly in the central part of the country live mostly in the central part of the country around Baghdad. Two Arab groups that have around Baghdad. Two Arab groups that have not been assimilated into the population are the not been assimilated into the population are the “Marsh Arabs” who inhabited the lower Tigris “Marsh Arabs” who inhabited the lower Tigris and Euphrates Rivers’ delta until the Iraqi and Euphrates Rivers’ delta until the Iraqi government drained 90% of the marsh area. government drained 90% of the marsh area. Most Marsh Arabs have fled to Iran. The Most Marsh Arabs have fled to Iran. The second group is a small Bedouin population second group is a small Bedouin population who wander the desert regions. Seventy-five who wander the desert regions. Seventy-five percent of the population lives in the flood percent of the population lives in the flood plains that make up only 25% of the total land plains that make up only 25% of the total land area. Nearly 70% of the people live in urban area. Nearly 70% of the people live in urban centers, with Baghdad being the largest city. centers, with Baghdad being the largest city.

ARAB WORLD VIEW ARAB WORLD VIEW An Arab worldview is based upon six concepts: atomism, faith, wish versus reality, An Arab worldview is based upon six concepts: atomism, faith, wish versus reality, justice and equality, paranoia and the importance of family over self. justice and equality, paranoia and the importance of family over self.

Atomism. Arabs tend to see the world and events as isolated incidents, snapshots, and Atomism. Arabs tend to see the world and events as isolated incidents, snapshots, and particular moments in time. This is a key psychological feature of Arab culture. Westerners particular moments in time. This is a key psychological feature of Arab culture. Westerners look for unifying concepts whereas Arabs focus on parts, rather than on the whole. It also look for unifying concepts whereas Arabs focus on parts, rather than on the whole. It also means the Western concept of cause and effect is rarely accepted by Arabs who may not means the Western concept of cause and effect is rarely accepted by Arabs who may not necessarily see a unifying link between events. They do, however, maintain a long-term necessarily see a unifying link between events. They do, however, maintain a long-term memory over actions and events. It is important to point out that it is memory, not necessarily memory over actions and events. It is important to point out that it is memory, not necessarily history that is important. history that is important.

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PART I PART I INTRODUCTION TO THE PEOPLE INTRODUCTION TO THE PEOPLE

1-1 1-1 Deep belief in God. Arabs usually believe that many, if not all, things in life are controlled Deep belief in God. Arabs usually believe that many, if not all, things in life are controlled by the will of God (fate) rather than by human beings. What might appear as fatalism at first, by the will of God (fate) rather than by human beings. What might appear as fatalism at first, is more deeply a belief in God's power, sovereignty, active participation in the life of the is more deeply a belief in God's power, sovereignty, active participation in the life of the believer, and authority over all things (business transactions, relationships, world events, believer, and authority over all things (business transactions, relationships, world events, etc.). etc.).

Wish versus reality. Arabs, much more so than Westerners, express emotion in a forceful, Wish versus reality. Arabs, much more so than Westerners, express emotion in a forceful, animated and exaggerated fashion. Their desire for modernity is contradicted by a desire for animated and exaggerated fashion. Their desire for modernity is contradicted by a desire for tradition (especially Islamic tradition, since Islam is the one area free of Western identification tradition (especially Islamic tradition, since Islam is the one area free of Western identification and influence). Desiring democracy and modernization immediately is a good example of and influence). Desiring democracy and modernization immediately is a good example of what a Westerner might view as an Arabs “wish vs. reality.” what a Westerner might view as an Arabs “wish vs. reality.”

Importance of justice and equality. Arabs value justice and equality more than anything Importance of justice and equality. Arabs value justice and equality more than anything else. All actions taken by US forces will constantly be weighed in comparison to tradition and else. All actions taken by US forces will constantly be weighed in comparison to tradition and religious standards. religious standards.

Paranioa. Arabs may seem to be paranoid by Western standards. Suspicion of US intent in Paranioa. Arabs may seem to be paranoid by Western standards. Suspicion of US intent in their land and a cautious approach to American forces are a primary example. Some Arabs their land and a cautious approach to American forces are a primary example. Some Arabs view all Westerners as agents of the government that may be “spies.” Especially in the view all Westerners as agents of the government that may be “spies.” Especially in the ethnically diverse areas, mistrust runs deep amongst these various groups. ethnically diverse areas, mistrust runs deep amongst these various groups.

Family versus self. Arabic communities are tight-knit groups made up of even tighter family Family versus self. Arabic communities are tight-knit groups made up of even tighter family groups and most often, apart of tribes. Most Westerners pride themselves on personal groups and most often, apart of tribes. Most Westerners pride themselves on personal accomplishments instead of the typical Arab whose focus is on family pride and honor. accomplishments instead of the typical Arab whose focus is on family pride and honor.

ATTITUDES TOWARD AMERICANS ATTITUDES TOWARD AMERICANS

The people in Iraq will be cautious towards Americans and other soldiers of the The people in Iraq will be cautious towards Americans and other soldiers of the coalition who overthrew Saddam Hussein. coalition who overthrew Saddam Hussein. Most Iraqis see themselves as a Most Iraqis see themselves as a persecuted people and hold the Coalition persecuted people and hold the Coalition Forces, as the occupying power, Forces, as the occupying power, responsible for resolving all personal and responsible for resolving all personal and national problems. It is beneficial to show national problems. It is beneficial to show tangible benefits or immediate positive tangible benefits or immediate positive impacts in exchange for cooperation. Due impacts in exchange for cooperation. Due to this fragile relationship, U.S. soldiers to this fragile relationship, U.S. soldiers need to respect Iraqi customs and culture need to respect Iraqi customs and culture and treat all civilians with dignity and and treat all civilians with dignity and respect (as appropriate). respect (as appropriate). Reminder, you are a representative Reminder, you are a representative of the United States while in Iraq. It will be of the United States while in Iraq. It will be important to use good judgment, tact, and diplomacy in any dealings you may have with the important to use good judgment, tact, and diplomacy in any dealings you may have with the people. Most Iraqis will be looking for any sign to reinforce their fears of American people. Most Iraqis will be looking for any sign to reinforce their fears of American mistreatment. To help in this regard, you should become thoroughly familiar with the mistreatment. To help in this regard, you should become thoroughly familiar with the customs and culture described in this section, particularly the things to do or not do. customs and culture described in this section, particularly the things to do or not do.

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Deep belief in God. Arabs usually believe that many, if not all, things in life are controlled Deep belief in God. Arabs usually believe that many, if not all, things in life are controlled by the will of God (fate) rather than by human beings. What might appear as fatalism at first, by the will of God (fate) rather than by human beings. What might appear as fatalism at first, is more deeply a belief in God's power, sovereignty, active participation in the life of the is more deeply a belief in God's power, sovereignty, active participation in the life of the believer, and authority over all things (business transactions, relationships, world events, believer, and authority over all things (business transactions, relationships, world events, etc.). etc.).

ATTITUDES TOWARD AMERICANS ATTITUDES TOWARD AMERICANS

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The Kurds The Kurds

The People: The People: Possible descendents of the “Karduchi,” fierce mountain Possible descendents of the “Karduchi,” fierce mountain warriors, they inhabit an area the size of California covering warriors, they inhabit an area the size of California covering portions of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Armenia. The Kurdish portions of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Armenia. The Kurdish language originated in northwest Iran and is related to Farsi language originated in northwest Iran and is related to Farsi and Pashto. There are two main dialects, Kurmanji and Sorani and Pashto. There are two main dialects, Kurmanji and Sorani (Kurdi). (Kurdi).

Religion: Religion: Own distinct religion for 1500 years - Yezidism Own distinct religion for 1500 years - Yezidism Most converted to Islam in 800 A.D. In Iraq they are Most converted to Islam in 800 A.D. In Iraq they are predominately Sunni. predominately Sunni.

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The Kurds The Kurds

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Kurdish History Kurdish History • Located along Silk Road – traded Kurdish rugs and other crafts • Located along Silk Road – traded Kurdish rugs and other crafts • 1500s – traders began using sea routes instead • 1500s – traders began using sea routes instead • Treaty of Sèvres (1920) promised an autonomous Kurdistan – • Treaty of Sèvres (1920) promised an autonomous Kurdistan – never ratified never ratified • Treaty of Lausanne (1923) did not mention Kurdistan (thanks to • Treaty of Lausanne (1923) did not mention Kurdistan (thanks to Ataturk) Ataturk) • Enforcement of new national boundaries impeded seasonal • Enforcement of new national boundaries impeded seasonal migrations of flocks migrations of flocks • • Kurds supported Iran in Iraq-Iran War (1980-1988) Kurdistan Flag Kurds supported Iran in Iraq-Iran War (1980-1988) Kurdistan Flag • Iraq responded to Kurds with chemical weapons (Not a recognized nation) • Iraq responded to Kurds with chemical weapons (Not a recognized nation) • Kurd rebelled again after Desert Storm – crushed again by Iraqis • Kurd rebelled again after Desert Storm – crushed again by Iraqis • Saddam initiates Anfal Process (Arabization) of Kurd • Saddam initiates Anfal Process (Arabization) of Kurd predominate provinces, by mass executions and forced predominate provinces, by mass executions and forced displacement. Led to mass exodus of Kurds out of traditional displacement. Led to mass exodus of Kurds out of traditional homeland. homeland. • Many Kurdish refugees fled to Iran & Turkey • Many Kurdish refugees fled to Iran & Turkey • Kurds recognize Kirkuk as the Kurdistan Capital • Kurds recognize Kirkuk as the Kurdistan Capital

Military Reputation Military Reputation • In demand as mercenaries in many armies • In demand as mercenaries in many armies • Saladin – Muslim General who repossessed Jerusalem and much • Saladin – Muslim General who repossessed Jerusalem and much of Holy Land from Crusaders – was a Kurd of Holy Land from Crusaders – was a Kurd • Kurdish guerrillas are known as pesh mergas, “those who are • Kurdish guerrillas are known as pesh mergas, “those who are prepared to die” prepared to die” • Excellent mountain climbers and cold weather survivors • Excellent mountain climbers and cold weather survivors

Kurdish Tribes Kurdish Tribes • Tribal units led by a sheikh (800 tribes), facilitated by isolation of • Tribal units led by a sheikh (800 tribes), facilitated by isolation of mountains mountains • Recognize tribes by one’s last name • Recognize tribes by one’s last name • Tribal identification still exists, but is decreasing • Tribal identification still exists, but is decreasing • Traditionally have been more loyal to tribes than to Kurdistan as • Traditionally have been more loyal to tribes than to Kurdistan as a nation a nation • Kurdish nationalism is recent phenomenon (late 1800s) • Kurdish nationalism is recent phenomenon (late 1800s)

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The Turkoman The Turkoman

The People: The People: • Comprise about 2% of total Iraqi population • Comprise about 2% of total Iraqi population • Muslim • Muslim • Speak Turkish • Speak Turkish • Have been persecuted by Iraqis and Kurds • Have been persecuted by Iraqis and Kurds –Forced to attend school in Arabic / Kurdish –Forced to attend school in Arabic / Kurdish –Cannot buy or sell land –Cannot buy or sell land –Turkish names of cities changed to Arabic –Turkish names of cities changed to Arabic –Turkomans’ fertile lands seized by government –Turkomans’ fertile lands seized by government –Cannot preach sermons in mosques in Turkman –Cannot preach sermons in mosques in Turkman language language

Turkistan Flag Turkistan Flag (Not a recognized nation) (Not a recognized nation)

Turkoman political organizations: Turkoman political organizations: • Turkmen People Party (TPP) • Turkmen People Party (TPP) • Iraqi National Turkman Party (INTP) • Iraqi National Turkman Party (INTP) • Turkemenli Party • Turkemenli Party • Turkmen Islamic Union • Turkmen Islamic Union • Iraqi Turkoman Front (ITF) • Iraqi Turkoman Front (ITF)

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The Turkoman The Turkoman

Turkistan Flag Turkistan Flag (Not a recognized nation) (Not a recognized nation)

1-5 1-5 PART II PART II RELIGION RELIGION

Islam is the state religion of Iraq and about 97% of the population belongs to either the Islam is the state religion of Iraq and about 97% of the population belongs to either the Shi'a (60%) or the Sunni (37%) sect. The better-educated Sunni have traditionally dominated Shi'a (60%) or the Sunni (37%) sect. The better-educated Sunni have traditionally dominated the government; since 1958, most members of the government have been Sunni. The Kurds the government; since 1958, most members of the government have been Sunni. The Kurds are also Sunni, but their religious practices differ from those of the Arabs. The Islamic are also Sunni, but their religious practices differ from those of the Arabs. The Islamic religion is based on the “submission to the will of God (Allah)” and governs everything from religion is based on the “submission to the will of God (Allah)” and governs everything from politics to crime and punishment to morality in daily life. The Qur'an/Koran and Sunnah are politics to crime and punishment to morality in daily life. The Qur'an/Koran and Sunnah are the two basic sources of Islamic teachings. The the two basic sources of Islamic teachings. The Qur'an is the main religious book for Muslims; it is the Qur'an is the main religious book for Muslims; it is the spoken word of Allah (God). The Sunnah is spoken word of Allah (God). The Sunnah is complementary to the Qur'an and contains the complementary to the Qur'an and contains the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad and his way of sayings of the Prophet Muhammad and his way of life. Muslims accept and revere all major Judeo- life. Muslims accept and revere all major Judeo- Christian prophets from Adam to Jesus, but they Christian prophets from Adam to Jesus, but they proclaim Muhammad to be the last and greatest. proclaim Muhammad to be the last and greatest. Although Iraq is secular country, the traditional Islamic Although Iraq is secular country, the traditional Islamic culture predominates, with Qu’ranic Law playing an culture predominates, with Qu’ranic Law playing an Muhammad receiving the word of God active role in the day-to-day life in the country. Muhammad receiving the word of God active role in the day-to-day life in the country.

Sunni: Comes from ahl al-sunnah wa-l-jamaa [Arab = the people of the custom of the Sunni: Comes from ahl al-sunnah wa-l-jamaa [Arab = the people of the custom of the Prophet and community], and is the largest sect of Islam. Sunni Islam is belief in the Prophet and community], and is the largest sect of Islam. Sunni Islam is belief in the legitimacy of the successive order of the first four caliphs (Shi'a reject the first three caliphs legitimacy of the successive order of the first four caliphs (Shi'a reject the first three caliphs as illegitimate). The Caliphates were the rulers of Islam; caliph. [kal'if"], and served as the as illegitimate). The Caliphates were the rulers of Islam; caliph. [kal'if"], and served as the spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Islamic state. In principle, Islam is theocratic: when spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Islamic state. In principle, Islam is theocratic: when Muhammad the Prophet died, a caliph [Arabic = successor] was chosen to rule in his place. Muhammad the Prophet died, a caliph [Arabic = successor] was chosen to rule in his place. The caliph had temporal and spiritual authority but did not posses prophetic power; this was The caliph had temporal and spiritual authority but did not posses prophetic power; this was reserved for Muhammad. The caliph could not, therefore, exercise authority in matters of reserved for Muhammad. The caliph could not, therefore, exercise authority in matters of religious doctrine. The first caliph was Abu Bakr. Umar, Uthman, and Ali succeeded him. religious doctrine. The first caliph was Abu Bakr. Umar, Uthman, and Ali succeeded him. Sunni Muslims recognize these first four, or Rashidun (the rightly guided), caliphs. Shi'a, Sunni Muslims recognize these first four, or Rashidun (the rightly guided), caliphs. Shi'a, however, recognize Ali as the first caliph. however, recognize Ali as the first caliph.

Shi’a: The Shi’a have been traditionally persecuted by the Sunni. Because of the battle of Shi’a: The Shi’a have been traditionally persecuted by the Sunni. Because of the battle of Karbala (680 a.d.) and the assassination of Ali they Karbala (680 a.d.) and the assassination of Ali they celebrate the status of Martyrdom and visit shrines of celebrate the status of Martyrdom and visit shrines of notable martyrs. Ashura is the anniversary of Ali’s notable martyrs. Ashura is the anniversary of Ali’s death and is the main Shi’a holiday marked with self- death and is the main Shi’a holiday marked with self- inflicted whipping and lamentation. Shi’as make a inflicted whipping and lamentation. Shi’as make a pilgrimage to Karbala to mark the massacre of Ali’s pilgrimage to Karbala to mark the massacre of Ali’s followers. The Shi’a holy cities of Najaf and Karbala followers. The Shi’a holy cities of Najaf and Karbala are centers of religious learning. In Karbala, Shi’a are centers of religious learning. In Karbala, Shi’a Muslims staged an unsuccessful rebellion against the Muslims staged an unsuccessful rebellion against the government in 1991. Najaf is home to the mosque government in 1991. Najaf is home to the mosque where Imam Ali, the first Imam of Shi’a Islam, is where Imam Ali, the first Imam of Shi’a Islam, is Shi’a Muslims in Karbala Shi’a Muslims in Karbala

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PART II PART II RELIGION RELIGION

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buried. The Shi’a are led by Ayatollahs, which represent the bloodline of the prophet buried. The Shi’a are led by Ayatollahs, which represent the bloodline of the prophet Mohammed. The Supreme Ayatollah is Mohammed’s representative on Earth until the Mohammed. The Supreme Ayatollah is Mohammed’s representative on Earth until the Hidden Imam returns (some believe it is Jesus). A good analogy would be if the Roman Hidden Imam returns (some believe it is Jesus). A good analogy would be if the Roman Catholic Pope were ruling a theocracy in Western Europe until the return of Christ. Catholic Pope were ruling a theocracy in Western Europe until the return of Christ. Five Pillars of Islam Five Pillars of Islam There are five basic religious tenets to Islam, generally called the Five Pillars of Islam: There are five basic religious tenets to Islam, generally called the Five Pillars of Islam:

Shahadah - The profession of faith: 'I testify there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Shahadah - The profession of faith: 'I testify there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.' Messenger of Allah.'

Salah - The faithful must turn towards Mecca and recite a prescribed prayer five times daily Salah - The faithful must turn towards Mecca and recite a prescribed prayer five times daily at dawn, just after midday, asr (mid afternoon), just after sunset and at dawn, just after midday, asr (mid afternoon), just after sunset and before midnight. The most important prayer is the Friday prayer, before midnight. The most important prayer is the Friday prayer, delivered from a pulpit of the mosque by a prayer leader. In many delivered from a pulpit of the mosque by a prayer leader. In many Muslim countries, Friday is a holiday, with banks and shops closed all Muslim countries, Friday is a holiday, with banks and shops closed all day. Respect a Muslims need to perform this duty and do not walk in day. Respect a Muslims need to perform this duty and do not walk in front of someone praying. Do not attempt to enter a Mosque (Moslem front of someone praying. Do not attempt to enter a Mosque (Moslem house of worship) unless invited. If visiting with permission, remove house of worship) unless invited. If visiting with permission, remove your shoes before going in, speak only in whispers and do not take your shoes before going in, speak only in whispers and do not take Praying towards Mecca photographs, unless you have been given permission to do so. Praying towards Mecca photographs, unless you have been given permission to do so.

Zakah - A compulsory payment from a Muslim's annual savings. It literally means Zakah - A compulsory payment from a Muslim's annual savings. It literally means 'purification‘. Zakah can only be used for helping the poor and needy, the disabled, the 'purification‘. Zakah can only be used for helping the poor and needy, the disabled, the oppressed, debtors and other welfare purposes defined in the Qur'an and Sunnah. oppressed, debtors and other welfare purposes defined in the Qur'an and Sunnah.

Ramadan - All Muslims are required to fast during the Holy Month of Ramadan (a lunar Ramadan - All Muslims are required to fast during the Holy Month of Ramadan (a lunar month of 29 or 30 days, which falls 11 days earlier each year, depending on sightings of the month of 29 or 30 days, which falls 11 days earlier each year, depending on sightings of the moon). All Muslims abstain totally from food, drink, sex and tobacco from dawn to sunset. moon). All Muslims abstain totally from food, drink, sex and tobacco from dawn to sunset. Non-Muslims should respect this practice and wherever possible avoid infringing these laws Non-Muslims should respect this practice and wherever possible avoid infringing these laws in front of Muslims, since this would be considered an insult. Straight after sunset most, if not in front of Muslims, since this would be considered an insult. Straight after sunset most, if not all, Muslims will break their fast, and little business or travel will be practical for the visitor at all, Muslims will break their fast, and little business or travel will be practical for the visitor at this time. this time.

The Hajj - The pilgrimage to Mecca. Every Muslim The Hajj - The pilgrimage to Mecca. Every Muslim who can afford it and is fit enough must make the who can afford it and is fit enough must make the journey once a lifetime. journey once a lifetime.

Jihad – Sometimes thought of as the sixth pillar, it Jihad – Sometimes thought of as the sixth pillar, it does not exactly mean “holy war,” but is used to does not exactly mean “holy war,” but is used to describe the personal battle one undertakes against describe the personal battle one undertakes against sin and temptation. Each Muslim is encouraged to sin and temptation. Each Muslim is encouraged to wage both an inner struggle against sin as well as wage both an inner struggle against sin as well as physically guard and defeat secular influences that physically guard and defeat secular influences that might corrupt their communities. The Ka’bah in Mecca might corrupt their communities. The Ka’bah in Mecca . .

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CALENDAR, HOLIDAYS AND EVENTS FOR 2004 (1425 A.H.) CALENDAR, HOLIDAYS AND EVENTS FOR 2004 (1425 A.H.) The Islamic year is based on the lunar cycle, consisting of twelve months of 29 or 30 The Islamic year is based on the lunar cycle, consisting of twelve months of 29 or 30 days each, totaling 353 or 354 days. Each new month begins at the sighting of a new moon. days each, totaling 353 or 354 days. Each new month begins at the sighting of a new moon. Actual dates may differ by a day or two from dates provided. The Islamic Hijri calendar is Actual dates may differ by a day or two from dates provided. The Islamic Hijri calendar is usually abbreviated A.H. in Western languages from the latinized “Anno Hegirae”. Muharram usually abbreviated A.H. in Western languages from the latinized “Anno Hegirae”. Muharram 1, 1 A.H. corresponds to 16 July 622 C.E. (Common Era). The Hijrah, which chronicles the 1, 1 A.H. corresponds to 16 July 622 C.E. (Common Era). The Hijrah, which chronicles the migration of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 a.d., is early Islam’s migration of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 a.d., is early Islam’s central historical event. To Muslims, the Hijri calendar is not just a sentimental system of central historical event. To Muslims, the Hijri calendar is not just a sentimental system of time reckoning and dating important religious events, e.g., Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca); it has time reckoning and dating important religious events, e.g., Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca); it has profound religious and historical significance. profound religious and historical significance.

Maulid Nabi: This day is remembered as the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad. It is a Maulid Nabi: This day is remembered as the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad. It is a very popular day of celebration. There are no special prayers or religious services. very popular day of celebration. There are no special prayers or religious services.

Isra’ and Miraj: Night the Prophet Muhammad journeyed from Mecca to Jerusalem and then Isra’ and Miraj: Night the Prophet Muhammad journeyed from Mecca to Jerusalem and then his ascension to heaven. There are no special prayers. Muslims remember this day with his ascension to heaven. There are no special prayers. Muslims remember this day with varying degrees of enthusiasm and devotion. Some people do not celebrate it at all. varying degrees of enthusiasm and devotion. Some people do not celebrate it at all.

Ramadhan: Muslims consider this whole month as blessed as well as the month of Ramadhan: Muslims consider this whole month as blessed as well as the month of discipline and self-control. They fast during the day and make special prayers at night. discipline and self-control. They fast during the day and make special prayers at night. People also give more charity and do extra righteous deeds. The Prophet Muhammad also People also give more charity and do extra righteous deeds. The Prophet Muhammad also received the first revelation of Al-Qu’ran. received the first revelation of Al-Qu’ran.

Nuzulul Qur'an: Time in which the Prophet Muhammad received the first revelation of The Nuzulul Qur'an: Time in which the Prophet Muhammad received the first revelation of The Holy Qu’ran, God's guidance and final message of truth. The Angel Jibreel (Gabriel) came to Holy Qu’ran, God's guidance and final message of truth. The Angel Jibreel (Gabriel) came to Muhammad while he was in the cave of Hira, near Mecca and told him that Allah had Muhammad while he was in the cave of Hira, near Mecca and told him that Allah had appointed Muhammad as His last Messenger and Prophet. appointed Muhammad as His last Messenger and Prophet.

Eid al Fitr: Three day feasts of thanksgiving after Ramadhan to thank Allah that He gave the Eid al Fitr: Three day feasts of thanksgiving after Ramadhan to thank Allah that He gave the opportunity to Muslims to benefit from and enjoy the blessing of the month of Ramadhan. opportunity to Muslims to benefit from and enjoy the blessing of the month of Ramadhan. Muslims all over the world celebrate Eid al Fitr. Muslims all over the world celebrate Eid al Fitr.

Eid al Adha: A time of sacrifice. This festival occurs on the second day of the 4-day Hajj by Eid al Adha: A time of sacrifice. This festival occurs on the second day of the 4-day Hajj by those who make the pilgrimage and celebrate it in Mina, near Mecca. Muslims those who make the pilgrimage and celebrate it in Mina, near Mecca. Muslims commemorate Prophet Abraham's willingness to sacrifice everything for Allah including his commemorate Prophet Abraham's willingness to sacrifice everything for Allah including his beloved son, Ismael. Since Allah gave Prophet Abraham a lamb to sacrifice instead of beloved son, Ismael. Since Allah gave Prophet Abraham a lamb to sacrifice instead of sacrificing his son, Muslims also offer animal sacrifices. The animal meat is given to needy sacrificing his son, Muslims also offer animal sacrifices. The animal meat is given to needy people and friends and a portion of it is also kept for one's own consumption. people and friends and a portion of it is also kept for one's own consumption.

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2-3 2-3 Important Religious Dates for 2004/5 Important Religious Dates for 2004/5

Islamic Festivals: 2004 - 2005 Islamic Festivals: 2004 - 2005

Gregorian Date Festival Islamic Date Gregorian Date Festival Islamic Date

2004 2004

30 Jan 04 - 03 Feb 04 Hajj 8-12 Dhul Hijjah 30 Jan 04 - 03 Feb 04 Hajj 8-12 Dhul Hijjah 01 Feb 04 Eid al-Adha 10 Dbul Hijjah 01 Feb 04 Eid al-Adha 10 Dbul Hijjah 22 Feb 04 Islamic New Year 1 Mubarrarn 1425 22 Feb 04 Islamic New Year 1 Mubarrarn 1425 02 Mar 04 Ashura 10 Muharram 02 Mar 04 Ashura 10 Muharram 11 Mar 04 Arba’in 21 Safar 11 Mar 04 Arba’in 21 Safar 02 May 04 Maulid Nabi (Prophet’s birthday) 12 Rabi al-Awal 02 May 04 Maulid Nabi (Prophet’s birthday) 12 Rabi al-Awal 12 Sep 04 Lailat al-Miraj 27 Rajab 12 Sep 04 Lailat al-Miraj 27 Rajab 15 Oct 04-13 Nov 04 Ramadhan Ramadhan 15 Oct 04-13 Nov 04 Ramadhan Ramadhan 14 Nov 04 Eid al-Fitr 1 Shawwal 14 Nov 04 Eid al-Fitr 1 Shawwal

2005 2005

19-23 Jan 05 Hajj 8-12 Dhul Hijjah 19-23 Jan 05 Hajj 8-12 Dhul Hijjah

21 Jan 05 Eidal-Adha l0 Dhul Hijjah 21 Jan 05 Eidal-Adha l0 Dhul Hijjah 10 Feb 05 Islamic New Year 1 Muharram 1426 10 Feb 05 Islamic New Year 1 Muharram 1426 19 Feb 05 Ashura l0 Muharram 19 Feb 05 Ashura l0 Muharram 01 Apr 05 Arba’in 21 Safar 01 Apr 05 Arba’in 21 Safar 21 Apr 05 Maulid Nabi (Prophet’s birthday) 12 Rabi al-Awal 21 Apr 05 Maulid Nabi (Prophet’s birthday) 12 Rabi al-Awal 02 Sep 05 Lailat al-Miraj 27 Rajab 02 Sep 05 Lailat al-Miraj 27 Rajab 05 Oct 05- 04 Nov 05 Ramadhan Ramadhan 05 Oct 05- 04 Nov 05 Ramadhan Ramadhan 03 Nov 05 Eid al-Fitr 1 Shawwal 03 Nov 05 Eid al-Fitr 1 Shawwal

Prophet’s PartMosque III in Madinah Prophet’s PartMosque III in Madinah

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Important Religious Dates for 2004/5 Important Religious Dates for 2004/5

Islamic Festivals: 2004 - 2005 Islamic Festivals: 2004 - 2005

Gregorian Date Festival Islamic Date Gregorian Date Festival Islamic Date

2004 2004

2005 2005

19-23 Jan 05 Hajj 8-12 Dhul Hijjah 19-23 Jan 05 Hajj 8-12 Dhul Hijjah

Prophet’s PartMosque III in Madinah Prophet’s PartMosque III in Madinah

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PART III PART III ARAB CUSTOMS AND CULTURE ARAB CUSTOMS AND CULTURE

All Arabs share basic beliefs and values that cross national and social class All Arabs share basic beliefs and values that cross national and social class boundaries. Social attitudes have remained constant because Arab society is more boundaries. Social attitudes have remained constant because Arab society is more conservative and demands conformity from its members. It is important for Western conservative and demands conformity from its members. It is important for Western observers to be able to identify and distinguish these cultural patterns from individual observers to be able to identify and distinguish these cultural patterns from individual behaviors. Although Iraq is a secular country, the traditional Islamic culture predominates, behaviors. Although Iraq is a secular country, the traditional Islamic culture predominates, with Qur’anic Law playing an active role in the day-to-day life in the country. with Qur’anic Law playing an active role in the day-to-day life in the country.

FAMILY FAMILY Arab families are often large and strongly influence individuals’ lives. The family is the Arab families are often large and strongly influence individuals’ lives. The family is the basic societal unit and is very strong and close-knit. Arabs gain status by being born into the basic societal unit and is very strong and close-knit. Arabs gain status by being born into the right family. A patriarchal system, the father is the head of the family and is considered a role right family. A patriarchal system, the father is the head of the family and is considered a role model. Few women work outside the home, though the number has increased with model. Few women work outside the home, though the number has increased with urbanization. Each gender is considered its own social subgroup, interacting only in the urbanization. Each gender is considered its own social subgroup, interacting only in the home. All activities revolve around family life, and any member’s achievement advances the home. All activities revolve around family life, and any member’s achievement advances the reputation of the entire family. One’s family is a source of reputation and honor, as well as reputation of the entire family. One’s family is a source of reputation and honor, as well as financial and psychological support. An Arab’s first loyalty is to the family, which cannot be financial and psychological support. An Arab’s first loyalty is to the family, which cannot be dishonored. Therefore, maintenance of family honor is one of the highest values in Arab dishonored. Therefore, maintenance of family honor is one of the highest values in Arab society. Since misbehavior by women can do more damage to family honor than society. Since misbehavior by women can do more damage to family honor than misbehavior by men, clearly defined patterns of behavior have been developed to protect misbehavior by men, clearly defined patterns of behavior have been developed to protect women and help them avoid situations that may give rise to false impressions or unfounded women and help them avoid situations that may give rise to false impressions or unfounded gossip. gossip.

HONOR HONOR An Arab’s Honor is cherished and protected above anything else, sometimes An Arab’s Honor is cherished and protected above anything else, sometimes circumventing even the need for survival. Criticism, even constructive criticism, can threaten circumventing even the need for survival. Criticism, even constructive criticism, can threaten or damage an Arab’s honor; it will be taken as a personal insult. The Arab must, above all or damage an Arab’s honor; it will be taken as a personal insult. The Arab must, above all else, protect himself and his honor from this critical onslaught. Therefore, when an Arab is else, protect himself and his honor from this critical onslaught. Therefore, when an Arab is confronted by criticism, you can expect him to react by interpreting the facts to suit himself or confronted by criticism, you can expect him to react by interpreting the facts to suit himself or flatly denying the facts. Therefore, a Westerner should take a very indirect approach towards flatly denying the facts. Therefore, a Westerner should take a very indirect approach towards any corrective remarks and include praise of any good points. any corrective remarks and include praise of any good points.

Similar to this concept is the importance Arabs place on appearances and politeness Similar to this concept is the importance Arabs place on appearances and politeness regardless of the accuracy of the statement. For example, to questions which require a yes regardless of the accuracy of the statement. For example, to questions which require a yes or a no, such as “Do you understand?” the Arab's preoccupation with appearances and or a no, such as “Do you understand?” the Arab's preoccupation with appearances and politeness automatically requires that he answer “yes” whether it is true or not. In the Arab politeness automatically requires that he answer “yes” whether it is true or not. In the Arab world, a flat “no” is a signal that you want to end the relationship. The polite way for an Arab world, a flat “no” is a signal that you want to end the relationship. The polite way for an Arab to say no is to say, “I'll see what I can do,” no matter how impossible the task may be. After to say no is to say, “I'll see what I can do,” no matter how impossible the task may be. After the Arab has been queried several times concerning his success, an answer of “I'm still the Arab has been queried several times concerning his success, an answer of “I'm still checking” or something similar, means “no.” Such an indirect response also means “I am still checking” or something similar, means “no.” Such an indirect response also means “I am still your friend, I tried.” Therefore when dealing with Arabs or Iraqis, remember that the “yes” your friend, I tried.” Therefore when dealing with Arabs or Iraqis, remember that the “yes” you hear does not always means yes and might mean no. you hear does not always means yes and might mean no.

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PART III PART III ARAB CUSTOMS AND CULTURE ARAB CUSTOMS AND CULTURE

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WOMEN WOMEN Arab women are definitely subordinate to men in their society. The extent varies by Arab women are definitely subordinate to men in their society. The extent varies by country, and you cannot generalize. The most country, and you cannot generalize. The most restrictive conditions exist on the Arabian restrictive conditions exist on the Arabian Peninsula, and the most relaxed conditions Peninsula, and the most relaxed conditions exist in Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon. In Iraq, exist in Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon. In Iraq, dress codes for women are still conservative dress codes for women are still conservative with women wearing headscarves in public. with women wearing headscarves in public. Dresses are cut low, from below the knee to Dresses are cut low, from below the knee to the ankle and blouses cover the shoulder and the ankle and blouses cover the shoulder and much of the arm. Women in Iraq do not hold much of the arm. Women in Iraq do not hold managerial positions and their opinions and managerial positions and their opinions and input will most likely be ignored. Do not show input will most likely be ignored. Do not show any type of interest in an Arab woman any type of interest in an Arab woman or female members of an Arab family. Do not or female members of an Arab family. Do not photograph them, stare at them or try to speak photograph them, stare at them or try to speak to them. Do not ask about women, it is considered too personal and rude. It is best to ask to them. Do not ask about women, it is considered too personal and rude. It is best to ask about the "family," not a person's wife, sister, or daughter. Men should stand when a woman about the "family," not a person's wife, sister, or daughter. Men should stand when a woman enters the room. Public displays of affection between the sexes, even foreigners, are enters the room. Public displays of affection between the sexes, even foreigners, are unacceptable. Arab society has a basically negative stereotyped impression of Western unacceptable. Arab society has a basically negative stereotyped impression of Western women as loose or immoral. Female soldiers need to be careful not to reinforce this women as loose or immoral. Female soldiers need to be careful not to reinforce this impression by their dress and conduct. impression by their dress and conduct.

As a Male, Do: As a Male, Do:

• Respect the privacy and protected role of Iraqi women. • Respect the privacy and protected role of Iraqi women.

As a Male, Do Not: As a Male, Do Not: • Flirt, hit-on, touch, hug, talk in private with an Iraqi Women. IT WILL ENDANGER • Flirt, hit-on, touch, hug, talk in private with an Iraqi Women. IT WILL ENDANGER THEIR SAFETY. Family members and the average Iraqi man will threaten a woman if THEIR SAFETY. Family members and the average Iraqi man will threaten a woman if they witness any casual relationship occuring with a Coalition soldier. they witness any casual relationship occuring with a Coalition soldier. • Try to engage an Iraqi woman in conversation unless you have been formally • Try to engage an Iraqi woman in conversation unless you have been formally introduced. introduced. • Stare at an Iraqi woman or maintain eye contact with them. • Stare at an Iraqi woman or maintain eye contact with them. • Talk in public to professional women, even non-Iraqi women, except on business. • Talk in public to professional women, even non-Iraqi women, except on business. • Kiss, touch or show affection toward any woman in public, including a non-Iraqi • Kiss, touch or show affection toward any woman in public, including a non-Iraqi woman. woman. • Ask an Iraqi direct questions about his wife or other female members of his family. • Ask an Iraqi direct questions about his wife or other female members of his family. • Expect an Iraqi to introduce you to a veiled woman. • Expect an Iraqi to introduce you to a veiled woman.

If you are a Woman, Do: If you are a Woman, Do: • Dress in a manner acceptable to Iraqis. Uniforms for US Armed Forces personnel are • Dress in a manner acceptable to Iraqis. Uniforms for US Armed Forces personnel are always correct. For civilian attire, western clothing is acceptable if it is loose and always correct. For civilian attire, western clothing is acceptable if it is loose and covers the neck, arms and legs. Western women are not expected to wear veils. covers the neck, arms and legs. Western women are not expected to wear veils. Wear what would be appropriate within a US compound or facility. Wear what would be appropriate within a US compound or facility. • Expect to be excluded from some stores. • Expect to be excluded from some stores.

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As a Male, Do: As a Male, Do:

• Respect the privacy and protected role of Iraqi women. • Respect the privacy and protected role of Iraqi women.

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If you are a Woman, Do Not: If you are a Woman, Do Not: • Wear tight or revealing clothing in public. This is considered immodest and undignified • Wear tight or revealing clothing in public. This is considered immodest and undignified in Arab culture. in Arab culture. • Kiss, touch or show affection toward any man in public. • Kiss, touch or show affection toward any man in public.

GREETINGS GREETINGS Arab men shake hands very gently and may pull those he greets toward him and kiss Arab men shake hands very gently and may pull those he greets toward him and kiss them on either cheek in greeting. Arabs may also hold hands to walk to other locations. If an them on either cheek in greeting. Arabs may also hold hands to walk to other locations. If an Arab does not touch someone he greets, he either does not like him or is restraining himself Arab does not touch someone he greets, he either does not like him or is restraining himself because he perceives the person is unaccustomed to being touched. After shaking hands, because he perceives the person is unaccustomed to being touched. After shaking hands, the gesture of placing the right hand to the heart is a greeting with respect or sincerity. (For the gesture of placing the right hand to the heart is a greeting with respect or sincerity. (For women, placing the right hand over the heart after serving food is a sign of offering with women, placing the right hand over the heart after serving food is a sign of offering with sincerity.) To kiss the forehead, nose, or right hand of a person denotes extreme respect. sincerity.) To kiss the forehead, nose, or right hand of a person denotes extreme respect. Shake hands with the right hand only; the left hand is considered unclean. Failure to Shake hands with the right hand only; the left hand is considered unclean. Failure to shake hands when meeting someone or saying good-bye is considered rude. When a shake hands when meeting someone or saying good-bye is considered rude. When a Western man is introduced to an Arab woman it is the woman's choice whether to shake Western man is introduced to an Arab woman it is the woman's choice whether to shake hands or not; she must initiate the handshake. Women shake hands only using their hands or not; she must initiate the handshake. Women shake hands only using their fingertips. Do not touch their palm and do not kiss her hand. Women do not kiss a man’s fingertips. Do not touch their palm and do not kiss her hand. Women do not kiss a man’s cheek in greeting, it is considered immodest. cheek in greeting, it is considered immodest.

GESTURES GESTURES There are gestures used in the Arab world that convey different meanings from those There are gestures used in the Arab world that convey different meanings from those used in America. used in America.

An Arab may signify “yes” with a downward nod. “No” can be signaled in several ways: An Arab may signify “yes” with a downward nod. “No” can be signaled in several ways: tilting one’s head slightly back and raising the eyebrows; moving one’s head back and tilting one’s head slightly back and raising the eyebrows; moving one’s head back and chin upward; moving one’s head back and making a clicking sound with the tongue; or chin upward; moving one’s head back and making a clicking sound with the tongue; or using the open palm moved from right to left toward the person. using the open palm moved from right to left toward the person.

“That’s enough, thank you,” may be indicated by patting the heart a few times. “That’s enough, thank you,” may be indicated by patting the heart a few times.

“Excellent” is expressed with open palms toward the person. “Excellent” is expressed with open palms toward the person.

“OK” may be shown by touching the outer edge of one’s eyes with the fingertips. “OK” may be shown by touching the outer edge of one’s eyes with the fingertips.

The “A-OK” (forming a circle with the index finger and thumb of one hand) gesture is The “A-OK” (forming a circle with the index finger and thumb of one hand) gesture is considered obscene by Arabs. considered obscene by Arabs.

The “thumbs-up” is considered obscene by the older, more traditional Arabs. The The “thumbs-up” is considered obscene by the older, more traditional Arabs. The younger generation has taken on the Western identification of saying hello. It is younger generation has taken on the Western identification of saying hello. It is recommended that soldiers wave in return. recommended that soldiers wave in return.

The left hand is considered unclean; the right hand should be used when gesturing. The left hand is considered unclean; the right hand should be used when gesturing.

To beckon another person, all fingers wave with the palm facing downward. To beckon another person, all fingers wave with the palm facing downward.

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“That’s enough, thank you,” may be indicated by patting the heart a few times. “That’s enough, thank you,” may be indicated by patting the heart a few times.

“Excellent” is expressed with open palms toward the person. “Excellent” is expressed with open palms toward the person.

“OK” may be shown by touching the outer edge of one’s eyes with the fingertips. “OK” may be shown by touching the outer edge of one’s eyes with the fingertips.

The left hand is considered unclean; the right hand should be used when gesturing. The left hand is considered unclean; the right hand should be used when gesturing.

To beckon another person, all fingers wave with the palm facing downward. To beckon another person, all fingers wave with the palm facing downward.

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Other gestures include kissing your own right hand, then raising your eyes and your Other gestures include kissing your own right hand, then raising your eyes and your right hand used for expressing thanks. right hand used for expressing thanks.

Touching the fingertips of your right hand to your forehead while bowing the head Touching the fingertips of your right hand to your forehead while bowing the head slightly, is a sign of deep respect. slightly, is a sign of deep respect.

Placing the right hand or forefinger on the tip of the nose, right lower eyelid, top of the Placing the right hand or forefinger on the tip of the nose, right lower eyelid, top of the head, mustache or beard means “it’s my responsibility,” or “I’ll gladly do it for you.” head, mustache or beard means “it’s my responsibility,” or “I’ll gladly do it for you.”

Hitting the right fist into the open palm of the left hand indicates obscenity or contempt. Hitting the right fist into the open palm of the left hand indicates obscenity or contempt.

Stroking the mustache in connection with an oath or a promise indicates sincerity. Stroking the mustache in connection with an oath or a promise indicates sincerity.

Do not allow the exposed sole of your foot/shoe to face a person, it is interpreted as a Do not allow the exposed sole of your foot/shoe to face a person, it is interpreted as a grievous insult, and considered extremely bad manners. grievous insult, and considered extremely bad manners.

It is important to sit properly without slouching. Never sit with one ankle on your other It is important to sit properly without slouching. Never sit with one ankle on your other leg’s knee, leaving the bottom of your foot pointing at someone. Sit with both feet on leg’s knee, leaving the bottom of your foot pointing at someone. Sit with both feet on the floor and palms down on the thighs. Do not slide down or wiggle around the floor and palms down on the thighs. Do not slide down or wiggle around excessively, it is considered very rude. excessively, it is considered very rude.

Do not lean against walls or have hands in your pocket when talking. Do not lean against walls or have hands in your pocket when talking.

Do not point or beckon someone with the index finger it shows contempt for the person Do not point or beckon someone with the index finger it shows contempt for the person being pointed at, as if they were an animal. being pointed at, as if they were an animal.

Men stand when a woman enters the room; everyone stands when new guests arrive Men stand when a woman enters the room; everyone stands when new guests arrive at a social gathering and when an elderly or high-ranking person arrives or departs. at a social gathering and when an elderly or high-ranking person arrives or departs.

HOSPITALITY HOSPITALITY Arabs are generous and value Arabs are generous and value generosity in others. Hospitality toward generosity in others. Hospitality toward guests is essential for a good reputation. guests is essential for a good reputation. Arab hospitality requires that Arab hospitality requires that refreshments must always be offered to refreshments must always be offered to guests. When anything is offered, it is guests. When anything is offered, it is considered polite for the guest to decline considered polite for the guest to decline at least twice before accepting, and for at least twice before accepting, and for the host to offer at least three times the host to offer at least three times before finally accepting a guest’s before finally accepting a guest’s negative response. negative response.

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Hitting the right fist into the open palm of the left hand indicates obscenity or contempt. Hitting the right fist into the open palm of the left hand indicates obscenity or contempt.

Stroking the mustache in connection with an oath or a promise indicates sincerity. Stroking the mustache in connection with an oath or a promise indicates sincerity.

Do not lean against walls or have hands in your pocket when talking. Do not lean against walls or have hands in your pocket when talking.

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As a Guest, Do: As a Guest, Do: • Arrive on time and expect a meal if you are invited to an Iraqi home. (Remember that • Arrive on time and expect a meal if you are invited to an Iraqi home. (Remember that Arabs usually give approximate times but will welcome guests warmly whenever they Arabs usually give approximate times but will welcome guests warmly whenever they arrive). arrive). • Understand that if a female accompanies you, she may be separated from you during • Understand that if a female accompanies you, she may be separated from you during the visit to join the women in their living area. the visit to join the women in their living area. • Always use your right hand in eating, drinking, offering, passing or receiving anything. • Always use your right hand in eating, drinking, offering, passing or receiving anything. • Try all different foods offered you. You may ask about a dish that is unfamiliar to you. • Try all different foods offered you. You may ask about a dish that is unfamiliar to you. • Eat heartedly. • Eat heartedly. • You may be offered alcohol. Remember General Order #1. • You may be offered alcohol. Remember General Order #1. • Take seconds, even if only a small amount. It’s a compliment to your host. • Take seconds, even if only a small amount. It’s a compliment to your host. • Compliment your host on the food and wish him always a full table. • Compliment your host on the food and wish him always a full table. • Take your leave promptly after the second or third round of coffee or tea after a meal. • Take your leave promptly after the second or third round of coffee or tea after a meal. Arabs usually socialize and converse before the meal, not after. Arabs usually socialize and converse before the meal, not after. • Thank the host profusely for his hospitality and good conversation. • Thank the host profusely for his hospitality and good conversation. • Plan to return the hospitality. • Plan to return the hospitality.

As a Guest, Do Not: As a Guest, Do Not: • Feel obligated to bring a gift. If you do bring a gift, make it a gift for the children, which • Feel obligated to bring a gift. If you do bring a gift, make it a gift for the children, which is always appreciated. is always appreciated. • Praise too much any of your host’s possessions; he may give it to you. If he does you • Praise too much any of your host’s possessions; he may give it to you. If he does you are expected to give something in return. are expected to give something in return. • Be aware that your presence may threaten the safety of your host, take appropriate • Be aware that your presence may threaten the safety of your host, take appropriate precautions. precautions.

As a Host, Do: As a Host, Do: • Accompany your guest outside the door or gate when he leaves. • Accompany your guest outside the door or gate when he leaves.

As a Host, Do Not: As a Host, Do Not: • Appear anxious to end the visit. • Appear anxious to end the visit. • Ask or expect an Arab to uncover his head. • Ask or expect an Arab to uncover his head.

BUSINESS BUSINESS When meeting with Arabs, remember that they do not get straight down to business, When meeting with Arabs, remember that they do not get straight down to business, instead they will start the meeting with small talk and serve refreshments. An initial business instead they will start the meeting with small talk and serve refreshments. An initial business meeting may be used to demonstrate the ideal conceptions of Islamic and Arab civilization. It meeting may be used to demonstrate the ideal conceptions of Islamic and Arab civilization. It is not necessarily a time for objective analysis, pragmatic application, and problem- solving. is not necessarily a time for objective analysis, pragmatic application, and problem- solving. Often, Getting down to business may occur at a later meeting, or at a more informal setting Often, Getting down to business may occur at a later meeting, or at a more informal setting such as a dinner. Furthermore, By American standards, Arabs are reluctant to accept such as a dinner. Furthermore, By American standards, Arabs are reluctant to accept responsibility. They will accept shared responsibility but are not eager to accept total responsibility. They will accept shared responsibility but are not eager to accept total responsibility. If responsibility is accepted for general purposes and something goes wrong, responsibility. If responsibility is accepted for general purposes and something goes wrong, then the Arab will be blamed — and dishonored. Finally, Arabs view time differently from then the Arab will be blamed — and dishonored. Finally, Arabs view time differently from Americans. America’s fast pace will not work with Arabs and if you try to rush Arabs, they will Americans. America’s fast pace will not work with Arabs and if you try to rush Arabs, they will take it as an insult. The Arab approach to time is much slower and more relaxed than that in take it as an insult. The Arab approach to time is much slower and more relaxed than that in American culture. American culture.

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As a Host, Do: As a Host, Do: • Accompany your guest outside the door or gate when he leaves. • Accompany your guest outside the door or gate when he leaves.

3-5 3-5 DRESS DRESS Arabs area a proud and dignified people and public appearance is very important to Arabs area a proud and dignified people and public appearance is very important to them. They dress and behave much more formally than Americans do. In the Middle East, them. They dress and behave much more formally than Americans do. In the Middle East, one’s status lies in the face presented to the public and in appearances, from personal dress one’s status lies in the face presented to the public and in appearances, from personal dress to personal conduct. Many dress formally to go to work, even blue collar workers. Arabs feel to personal conduct. Many dress formally to go to work, even blue collar workers. Arabs feel that Americans dress much too casually. that Americans dress much too casually.

Men: Men: Dishdasha - Ankle length robe Dishdasha - Ankle length robe

Ghutra - Headdress Ghutra - Headdress

Ogal - Head band Ogal - Head band

Women: Women: Ghafiya - Scull cap Ghafiya - Scull cap Abayah - Head-to-toe silky black Abayah - Head-to-toe silky black cloak cloak

Burga - Short black veil that leaves Burga - Short black veil that leaves the eyes and forehead exposed the eyes and forehead exposed

Boushiya - Semi-transparent veil Boushiya - Semi-transparent veil that covers the entire face that covers the entire face

Hijab - Headscarf that conceals the Hijab - Headscarf that conceals the hair but leaves the face unveiled hair but leaves the face unveiled

PUBLIC SPACE AND PHYSICAL CLOSENESS PUBLIC SPACE AND PHYSICAL CLOSENESS Americans like to keep their distance from one another (about one arm’s distance) and Americans like to keep their distance from one another (about one arm’s distance) and maintain their personal space. Arabs do not have the same need for space as maintain their personal space. Arabs do not have the same need for space as Americans and may not realize when they are violating your personal space. Even though an Americans and may not realize when they are violating your personal space. Even though an area (theater or elevator) may be completely empty, an Arab may sit or stand right beside area (theater or elevator) may be completely empty, an Arab may sit or stand right beside you. Also, an Arab may cut in front of you in a line. You might consider this rudeness, but to you. Also, an Arab may cut in front of you in a line. You might consider this rudeness, but to the Arab it is perfectly normal behavior. the Arab it is perfectly normal behavior. Another element of this is conversational distance. Conversational distance is based Another element of this is conversational distance. Conversational distance is based on the greeting distance. For two American men it would be handshake distance. For two on the greeting distance. For two American men it would be handshake distance. For two Arab men it would be closer (about 12 inches is considered normal), since they kiss each Arab men it would be closer (about 12 inches is considered normal), since they kiss each other on the cheek upon greeting. The same applies for two Arab women. However, for two other on the cheek upon greeting. The same applies for two Arab women. However, for two people of the opposite sex, it would be an arm‘s length away. Men and women cannot touch people of the opposite sex, it would be an arm‘s length away. Men and women cannot touch each other in public, but there is a lot of touching between individuals of the same sex. You each other in public, but there is a lot of touching between individuals of the same sex. You may see Arab men (including soldiers) walking hand-in-hand. This indicates that they are may see Arab men (including soldiers) walking hand-in-hand. This indicates that they are good friends. good friends.

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DRESS DRESS Arabs area a proud and dignified people and public appearance is very important to Arabs area a proud and dignified people and public appearance is very important to them. They dress and behave much more formally than Americans do. In the Middle East, them. They dress and behave much more formally than Americans do. In the Middle East, one’s status lies in the face presented to the public and in appearances, from personal dress one’s status lies in the face presented to the public and in appearances, from personal dress to personal conduct. Many dress formally to go to work, even blue collar workers. Arabs feel to personal conduct. Many dress formally to go to work, even blue collar workers. Arabs feel that Americans dress much too casually. that Americans dress much too casually.

Men: Men: Dishdasha - Ankle length robe Dishdasha - Ankle length robe

Ghutra - Headdress Ghutra - Headdress

Ogal - Head band Ogal - Head band

Women: Women: Ghafiya - Scull cap Ghafiya - Scull cap Abayah - Head-to-toe silky black Abayah - Head-to-toe silky black cloak cloak

Burga - Short black veil that leaves Burga - Short black veil that leaves the eyes and forehead exposed the eyes and forehead exposed

Boushiya - Semi-transparent veil Boushiya - Semi-transparent veil that covers the entire face that covers the entire face

Hijab - Headscarf that conceals the Hijab - Headscarf that conceals the hair but leaves the face unveiled hair but leaves the face unveiled

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FOOD AND DRINK FOOD AND DRINK Always offer refreshments to visitors and accept what is offered to you as a guest, but Always offer refreshments to visitors and accept what is offered to you as a guest, but only after refusing the first offer. It is assumed that guests will accept at least a small quantity only after refusing the first offer. It is assumed that guests will accept at least a small quantity drinks offered as an expression of friendship or esteem. No matter how much coffee or tea drinks offered as an expression of friendship or esteem. No matter how much coffee or tea the guest has had elsewhere, this offer is never declined on the second offer. When served a the guest has had elsewhere, this offer is never declined on the second offer. When served a beverage, the cup should be accepted and held with the right hand. If coffee is served, drink beverage, the cup should be accepted and held with the right hand. If coffee is served, drink only the liquid portion, and not the sludge on the bottom. When eating with Arabs, especially only the liquid portion, and not the sludge on the bottom. When eating with Arabs, especially when taking food from communal dishes, the left hand is not used, as it is considered when taking food from communal dishes, the left hand is not used, as it is considered unclean. Not eating everything on one’s plate is considered a compliment. It is a sign of unclean. Not eating everything on one’s plate is considered a compliment. It is a sign of wealth when an Arab can afford to leave food behind. If invited to an Arab home, leave wealth when an Arab can afford to leave food behind. If invited to an Arab home, leave shortly after dinner. The dinner is the climax of an occasion of conversation and shortly after dinner. The dinner is the climax of an occasion of conversation and entertainment. Do not offer an Arab any liquor or pork. By Islamic law, Muslims are not entertainment. Do not offer an Arab any liquor or pork. By Islamic law, Muslims are not allowed to drink alcoholic beverages or eat pork. allowed to drink alcoholic beverages or eat pork.

DOs AND DON’Ts DOs AND DON’Ts

GREETINGS GREETINGS

DO: Shake hands whenever you meet or bid farewell to an Iraqi. Always offer your right DO: Shake hands whenever you meet or bid farewell to an Iraqi. Always offer your right hand; the left hand symbolizes uncleanness and is used for personal hygiene. Also shake hand; the left hand symbolizes uncleanness and is used for personal hygiene. Also shake hands with everyone in a room when you enter or depart. Greet the oldest and most hands with everyone in a room when you enter or depart. Greet the oldest and most important person first. important person first.

DO: Rise to show respect whenever an important person enters the room. DO: Rise to show respect whenever an important person enters the room.

DO: Feel free to return a hug, or kiss on the cheek, initiated by an Iraqi man. This is a sign DO: Feel free to return a hug, or kiss on the cheek, initiated by an Iraqi man. This is a sign of friendship not homosexuality. of friendship not homosexuality.

DO NOT: Use Arabic greeting unless you are sure how to use it properly. DO NOT: Use Arabic greeting unless you are sure how to use it properly.

DO NOT: Hug or kiss an Iraqi man unless he takes the initiative or is a close friend, but feel DO NOT: Hug or kiss an Iraqi man unless he takes the initiative or is a close friend, but feel free to return hug or kiss if Iraqi initiates. free to return hug or kiss if Iraqi initiates.

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DOs AND DON’Ts DOs AND DON’Ts

GREETINGS GREETINGS

DO: Rise to show respect whenever an important person enters the room. DO: Rise to show respect whenever an important person enters the room.

DO NOT: Use Arabic greeting unless you are sure how to use it properly. DO NOT: Use Arabic greeting unless you are sure how to use it properly.

3-7 3-7 DO NOT: Shake hands with an Arab woman unless she offers her hand first, or if you are a DO NOT: Shake hands with an Arab woman unless she offers her hand first, or if you are a woman yourself. woman yourself.

CONVERSATION CONVERSATION

DO: Open conversation with small talk and pleasantries. DO: Open conversation with small talk and pleasantries.

DO: Talk to an Iraqi as an equal. DO: Talk to an Iraqi as an equal.

DO: Maintain eye contact, but don’t stare down your host. DO: Maintain eye contact, but don’t stare down your host.

DO: Follow the Arab’s conversational lead and discuss what he brings up. DO: Follow the Arab’s conversational lead and discuss what he brings up.

DO: Place your feet flat on the floor if you are sitting on a chair, or fold them under you if you DO: Place your feet flat on the floor if you are sitting on a chair, or fold them under you if you are sitting on the floor. are sitting on the floor.

DO: Attempt to use any Arabic language skills you may learn. Your attempts, however DO: Attempt to use any Arabic language skills you may learn. Your attempts, however crude, are appreciated and demonstrate your willingness to adapt to a new culture. If you crude, are appreciated and demonstrate your willingness to adapt to a new culture. If you can recite a poem or a tongue twister, you will win esteem for your skill. can recite a poem or a tongue twister, you will win esteem for your skill.

DO: Avoid arguments. DO: Avoid arguments.

DO: Avoid discussions on political issues (national and international), religion, alcohol, total DO: Avoid discussions on political issues (national and international), religion, alcohol, total women's liberation, abortion, and male-female relationships. women's liberation, abortion, and male-female relationships.

DO: Bring photographs of your family during conversations. DO: Bring photographs of your family during conversations.

DO: Look for subtle or double meanings in what an Arab says. Arabs often answer DO: Look for subtle or double meanings in what an Arab says. Arabs often answer indirectly. indirectly.

DO NOT: Show impatience or undue haste, for example, looking at your watch when DO NOT: Show impatience or undue haste, for example, looking at your watch when participating in discussion. participating in discussion.

DO NOT: Ask direct or personal questions, especially about female family members. DO NOT: Ask direct or personal questions, especially about female family members.

DO NOT: Criticize an Iraqi directly. This will cause him to lose face and respect for you. DO NOT: Criticize an Iraqi directly. This will cause him to lose face and respect for you.

DO NOT: Patronize or talk down to an Iraqi, even if he does not speak English well. DO NOT: Patronize or talk down to an Iraqi, even if he does not speak English well.

DO NOT: Say “no” when an Iraqi asks a favor of you, or admit you do not know the answer DO NOT: Say “no” when an Iraqi asks a favor of you, or admit you do not know the answer to a question. Instead, respond with a “maybe”, e.g., you’ll look into it, or you need to talk it to a question. Instead, respond with a “maybe”, e.g., you’ll look into it, or you need to talk it over with your superiors. over with your superiors.

DO NOT: Move away from an Iraqi who stands close to you during conversation. It is DO NOT: Move away from an Iraqi who stands close to you during conversation. It is customary for an Arab person to stand about one foot away. customary for an Arab person to stand about one foot away.

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DO NOT: Shake hands with an Arab woman unless she offers her hand first, or if you are a DO NOT: Shake hands with an Arab woman unless she offers her hand first, or if you are a woman yourself. woman yourself.

CONVERSATION CONVERSATION

DO: Open conversation with small talk and pleasantries. DO: Open conversation with small talk and pleasantries.

DO: Talk to an Iraqi as an equal. DO: Talk to an Iraqi as an equal.

DO: Maintain eye contact, but don’t stare down your host. DO: Maintain eye contact, but don’t stare down your host.

DO: Follow the Arab’s conversational lead and discuss what he brings up. DO: Follow the Arab’s conversational lead and discuss what he brings up.

DO: Avoid arguments. DO: Avoid arguments.

DO: Bring photographs of your family during conversations. DO: Bring photographs of your family during conversations.

DO: Look for subtle or double meanings in what an Arab says. Arabs often answer DO: Look for subtle or double meanings in what an Arab says. Arabs often answer indirectly. indirectly.

DO NOT: Ask direct or personal questions, especially about female family members. DO NOT: Ask direct or personal questions, especially about female family members.

DO NOT: Criticize an Iraqi directly. This will cause him to lose face and respect for you. DO NOT: Criticize an Iraqi directly. This will cause him to lose face and respect for you.

DO NOT: Patronize or talk down to an Iraqi, even if he does not speak English well. DO NOT: Patronize or talk down to an Iraqi, even if he does not speak English well.

3-8 3-8 DO NOT: Lose your temper and publicly embarrass anyone. DO NOT: Lose your temper and publicly embarrass anyone.

DO NOT: Try to convert a Muslim to your faith. DO NOT: Try to convert a Muslim to your faith.

DO NOT: Be offended when an Arab shows great interest in your social, personal, DO NOT: Be offended when an Arab shows great interest in your social, personal, professional, and academic background. Arabs do not enter personal or business professional, and academic background. Arabs do not enter personal or business relationships casually or lightly as we do in the western culture. relationships casually or lightly as we do in the western culture.

HOSPITALITY HOSPITALITY

DO: If you are given a gift, give a gift in return at a later date. DO: If you are given a gift, give a gift in return at a later date.

DO: Thank your host profusely for his hospitality and good conversation. Plan to return the DO: Thank your host profusely for his hospitality and good conversation. Plan to return the hospitality. hospitality.

DO: Accompany your guest outside the door or gate when he leaves. DO: Accompany your guest outside the door or gate when he leaves.

DO: Use your right hand in eating, drinking, offering, passing or receiving anything. DO: Use your right hand in eating, drinking, offering, passing or receiving anything.

DO: Try all different foods offered you (SEE PART IV first!). You may ask about a dish that DO: Try all different foods offered you (SEE PART IV first!). You may ask about a dish that is unfamiliar to you. is unfamiliar to you.

DO: Eat heartedly. Take seconds, even if only a small amount. It’s a compliment to your DO: Eat heartedly. Take seconds, even if only a small amount. It’s a compliment to your host. host.

DO: Compliment your host on the food and wish him always a full table. DO: Compliment your host on the food and wish him always a full table.

DO: Take your leave promptly after the second or third round of coffee or tea after a meal. DO: Take your leave promptly after the second or third round of coffee or tea after a meal. Arabs usually socialize and converse before the meal, not after. Arabs usually socialize and converse before the meal, not after.

DO NOT: Feel obligated to bring a gift. If you do bring a gift, make it a gift for the children, DO NOT: Feel obligated to bring a gift. If you do bring a gift, make it a gift for the children, such as candies. such as candies.

DO NOT: Praise too much any possession of your host; he may give it to you. If he does, DO NOT: Praise too much any possession of your host; he may give it to you. If he does, you are expected to give something in return. you are expected to give something in return.

DO NOT: Appear anxious to end a visit. DO NOT: Appear anxious to end a visit.

DO NOT: Expect an Iraqi to be as time conscious as an American. An agreed upon time is DO NOT: Expect an Iraqi to be as time conscious as an American. An agreed upon time is an approximate guideline, not a rigid requirement. an approximate guideline, not a rigid requirement.

RELIGION RELIGION

DO: Understand and respect the devoutness of Muslims. DO: Understand and respect the devoutness of Muslims.

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DO NOT: Lose your temper and publicly embarrass anyone. DO NOT: Lose your temper and publicly embarrass anyone.

DO NOT: Try to convert a Muslim to your faith. DO NOT: Try to convert a Muslim to your faith.

HOSPITALITY HOSPITALITY

DO: If you are given a gift, give a gift in return at a later date. DO: If you are given a gift, give a gift in return at a later date.

DO: Accompany your guest outside the door or gate when he leaves. DO: Accompany your guest outside the door or gate when he leaves.

DO: Use your right hand in eating, drinking, offering, passing or receiving anything. DO: Use your right hand in eating, drinking, offering, passing or receiving anything.

DO: Eat heartedly. Take seconds, even if only a small amount. It’s a compliment to your DO: Eat heartedly. Take seconds, even if only a small amount. It’s a compliment to your host. host.

DO: Compliment your host on the food and wish him always a full table. DO: Compliment your host on the food and wish him always a full table.

DO NOT: Appear anxious to end a visit. DO NOT: Appear anxious to end a visit.

RELIGION RELIGION

DO: Understand and respect the devoutness of Muslims. DO: Understand and respect the devoutness of Muslims.

3-9 3-9 DO: Respect the requirement for Muslims to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy DO: Respect the requirement for Muslims to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan. Following Ramadan is the festival known as Eid Al Fitr, which is month of Ramadan. Following Ramadan is the festival known as Eid Al Fitr, which is celebrated for three days after Ramadan ends. celebrated for three days after Ramadan ends.

DO NOT: During the holy month of Ramadan eat, smoke or drink in public from sunrise to DO NOT: During the holy month of Ramadan eat, smoke or drink in public from sunrise to sunset or offer food, beverages, or tobacco products to Muslims. NOTE: This prohibition sunset or offer food, beverages, or tobacco products to Muslims. NOTE: This prohibition does not apply to the sick or needy. does not apply to the sick or needy.

DO NOT: Enter a mosque (the Muslim place of worship) during prayer times, if you are not a DO NOT: Enter a mosque (the Muslim place of worship) during prayer times, if you are not a Muslim, or pass in front of a prayer rug while Muslims are praying. Muslim, or pass in front of a prayer rug while Muslims are praying.

DO NOT: Stare at Muslims praying or take photographs of them praying. DO NOT: Stare at Muslims praying or take photographs of them praying.

DO NOT: Eat publicly in the daytime during Ramadan. Muslims will be fasting then. DO NOT: Eat publicly in the daytime during Ramadan. Muslims will be fasting then.

MEETINGS MEETINGS

DO: Arrive on time, not early. DO: Arrive on time, not early.

DO: Shake hands with everyone on entering DO: Shake hands with everyone on entering and leaving the room. and leaving the room.

DO: Drink at least one cup of the offered DO: Drink at least one cup of the offered beverages. beverages.

DO: Start meeting with small talk. Maintain DO: Start meeting with small talk. Maintain eye contact. eye contact.

DO NOT: Be totally business oriented. DO NOT: Be totally business oriented.

DO NOT: Ask yes/no question. DO NOT: Ask yes/no question.

DO NOT: Point the soles of your feet to an DO NOT: Point the soles of your feet to an Arab when you are sitting with him. To do so implies you are placing him under your feet - an Arab when you are sitting with him. To do so implies you are placing him under your feet - an insult. insult.

DO NOT: Expect or ask an Arab to uncover his head. DO NOT: Expect or ask an Arab to uncover his head.

3-10 3-10

DO: Respect the requirement for Muslims to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy DO: Respect the requirement for Muslims to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan. Following Ramadan is the festival known as Eid Al Fitr, which is month of Ramadan. Following Ramadan is the festival known as Eid Al Fitr, which is celebrated for three days after Ramadan ends. celebrated for three days after Ramadan ends.

DO NOT: Stare at Muslims praying or take photographs of them praying. DO NOT: Stare at Muslims praying or take photographs of them praying.

DO NOT: Eat publicly in the daytime during Ramadan. Muslims will be fasting then. DO NOT: Eat publicly in the daytime during Ramadan. Muslims will be fasting then.

MEETINGS MEETINGS

DO: Arrive on time, not early. DO: Arrive on time, not early.

DO: Shake hands with everyone on entering DO: Shake hands with everyone on entering and leaving the room. and leaving the room.

DO: Drink at least one cup of the offered DO: Drink at least one cup of the offered beverages. beverages.

DO: Start meeting with small talk. Maintain DO: Start meeting with small talk. Maintain eye contact. eye contact.

DO NOT: Be totally business oriented. DO NOT: Be totally business oriented.

DO NOT: Ask yes/no question. DO NOT: Ask yes/no question.

DO NOT: Expect or ask an Arab to uncover his head. DO NOT: Expect or ask an Arab to uncover his head.

3-10 3-10

PART IV PART IV USING THE ARABIC LANGUAGE USING THE ARABIC LANGUAGE

Arabs appreciate attempts to learn and use their language. Don’t be afraid to try out Arabs appreciate attempts to learn and use their language. Don’t be afraid to try out some of the Arabic words and phrases in this section if you get the opportunity. Any effort to some of the Arabic words and phrases in this section if you get the opportunity. Any effort to speak the language will go a long way toward establishing good will and good relationships speak the language will go a long way toward establishing good will and good relationships with the people in the AOR. Arabic is a Semitic language written from right to left, but with the people in the AOR. Arabic is a Semitic language written from right to left, but numerals are written from left to right. There are 10 numerals Arabic is considered to be the numerals are written from left to right. There are 10 numerals Arabic is considered to be the language of Allah. The Qur’an is written in Arabic, as is some of the world's finest poetry. It language of Allah. The Qur’an is written in Arabic, as is some of the world's finest poetry. It is Iraq’s official language and is spoken by over 197 million persons worldwide. Occasional is Iraq’s official language and is spoken by over 197 million persons worldwide. Occasional English is spoken in official and business in Iraq. Kurdish, Assyrian, and Armenian are also English is spoken in official and business in Iraq. Kurdish, Assyrian, and Armenian are also spoken. spoken.

USEFUL WORDS AND PHRASES USEFUL WORDS AND PHRASES Insha Allah. This phrase, meaning “God willing” or “if God wills it”, is heard Insha Allah. This phrase, meaning “God willing” or “if God wills it”, is heard repeatedly in Arab conversations. They use this phrase with anything concerning events that repeatedly in Arab conversations. They use this phrase with anything concerning events that are to take place in the future – feeling that whatever happens in the future is the result of are to take place in the future – feeling that whatever happens in the future is the result of God’s will, and they shouldn’t presume to comment on any future action without adding the God’s will, and they shouldn’t presume to comment on any future action without adding the phrase, “insha Allah”. So expect to hear it often and don’t hesitate to use it yourself when phrase, “insha Allah”. So expect to hear it often and don’t hesitate to use it yourself when conversing (in English). Phonetic pronunciation: IN-SHA-LAH conversing (in English). Phonetic pronunciation: IN-SHA-LAH

Fakkah. The word for a small amount of money, usually, small change used by Fakkah. The word for a small amount of money, usually, small change used by beggars and children approaching tourists on the street, washing windshields in stalled traffic, beggars and children approaching tourists on the street, washing windshields in stalled traffic, etc. You will undoubtedly be approached in this manner at some tourist spots, so be etc. You will undoubtedly be approached in this manner at some tourist spots, so be prepared for it and don’t misunderstand what is being said of you. Phonetic pronunciation: prepared for it and don’t misunderstand what is being said of you. Phonetic pronunciation: FUK-KAH. FUK-KAH.

Imshi! The word for “go”, literally “take a walk” (beat it, scram). Handy for getting rid Imshi! The word for “go”, literally “take a walk” (beat it, scram). Handy for getting rid of someone who is pestering you to buy something or to give him fakkah. It should work, of someone who is pestering you to buy something or to give him fakkah. It should work, insha Allah. Phonetic pronunciation: IM-SHEE insha Allah. Phonetic pronunciation: IM-SHEE

ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

Please MIN-FAD-LUK or RA-JA’AN How are you SHLONIK (to a man); Please MIN-FAD-LUK or RA-JA’AN How are you SHLONIK (to a man); SHLONICH SHLONICH Thank you SHOK-RUN or MAM-NOON (to a woman) Thank you SHOK-RUN or MAM-NOON (to a woman)

Welcome MARHABA I am fine ANA-ZAYNE (male) Welcome MARHABA I am fine ANA-ZAYNE (male) ANA-ZAYNA (female) ANA-ZAYNA (female) Yes NA’AM or BAH-LEY Yes NA’AM or BAH-LEY Good Morning (greeting) SABAH IL-KHAYR Good Morning (greeting) SABAH IL-KHAYR No LA No LA Good Morning (reply) SABAH IN-NOOR Good Morning (reply) SABAH IN-NOOR Don’t mention it MU-MUSHKILA or Don’t mention it MU-MUSHKILA or AHLAN-WA-SAHLAN Good Evening MA-SA-IL-KHAYRE AHLAN-WA-SAHLAN Good Evening MA-SA-IL-KHAYRE

ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION Sorry, excuse me MU-TA-ASSIF Goodbye MA-SA-LAMA Sorry, excuse me MU-TA-ASSIF Goodbye MA-SA-LAMA

Reply to Goodbye ALAH-WEEAK Reply to Goodbye ALAH-WEEAK 4-1 4-1

PART IV PART IV USING THE ARABIC LANGUAGE USING THE ARABIC LANGUAGE

ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION Sorry, excuse me MU-TA-ASSIF Goodbye MA-SA-LAMA Sorry, excuse me MU-TA-ASSIF Goodbye MA-SA-LAMA

Reply to Goodbye ALAH-WEEAK Reply to Goodbye ALAH-WEEAK 4-1 4-1 ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

How much? BEA-KAM? Do you speak English? TET-KALAM INGLIZI? How much? BEA-KAM? Do you speak English? TET-KALAM INGLIZI?

Where is….? WEINA….? Can you help me? MOOM-kin Where is….? WEINA….? Can you help me? MOOM-kin tu-sa-‘ID da-nee? tu-sa-‘ID da-nee? When? SHWAKET? When? SHWAKET? Mosque al-JAA-mi’ or MEZJED Mosque al-JAA-mi’ or MEZJED When? MA-ta? When? MA-ta? Market AL-SOOK Market AL-SOOK What? Ma? What? Ma? On the left ALA-EL-YASAR On the left ALA-EL-YASAR Bandage LAFAF Bandage LAFAF On the right ALA-EL YAMIN On the right ALA-EL YAMIN Blanket ba-TA-NEE-yah Blanket ba-TA-NEE-yah Open! IFTAH Open! IFTAH Bridge JISIR Bridge JISIR Police bo-LEES/SHOR-ta Police bo-LEES/SHOR-ta Building al-meb-nee/al-ba-NAY-ya Building al-meb-nee/al-ba-NAY-ya Children TIF-ful/ ATFAL (plural) Police Station MARKEZ Children TIF-ful/ ATFAL (plural) Police Station MARKEZ AL-SHOOR-TA AL-SHOOR-TA Coffee KA-HA-WA Coffee KA-HA-WA Radio RAD-yo Radio RAD-yo Daughter (your) BINTIK Daughter (your) BINTIK Relative GHARA-IB or AHIL Relative GHARA-IB or AHIL Entrance da-KHOOL/med-khal Entrance da-KHOOL/med-khal River al-NA-her River al-NA-her Family AA’ILA Family AA’ILA Sir SAYI-dee Sir SAYI-dee Father/Mother AB/OM Father/Mother AB/OM Son (your) IBN-ik Son (your) IBN-ik Food Ak-el Food Ak-el Stop! OGIF (male) Stop! OGIF (male) Gasoline BEN-ZEEN OGIFI (female) Gasoline BEN-ZEEN OGIFI (female)

Hello mar-HA-ba Straight Ahead DO-GREE or AADIL Hello mar-HA-ba Straight Ahead DO-GREE or AADIL

Hurry! Bee-SUR-ah! Tea CHAI Hurry! Bee-SUR-ah! Tea CHAI

Husband(your) ZOUW-jik That HY Husband(your) ZOUW-jik That HY

I understand. ana AF-ham This HY I understand. ana AF-ham This HY

I don't understand ana la AF-ham Water MY-YAA or MY I don't understand ana la AF-ham Water MY-YAA or MY

Map kha-REE-ta Wife (yours) ZOUW-jatik Map kha-REE-ta Wife (yours) ZOUW-jatik

Medicine Do-WA’ With the grace of God. Al-HUM-du-li-lah Medicine Do-WA’ With the grace of God. Al-HUM-du-li-lah

Money FEL-LOOS Money FEL-LOOS 4-2 4-2

ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

How much? BEA-KAM? Do you speak English? TET-KALAM INGLIZI? How much? BEA-KAM? Do you speak English? TET-KALAM INGLIZI?

Hello mar-HA-ba Straight Ahead DO-GREE or AADIL Hello mar-HA-ba Straight Ahead DO-GREE or AADIL

Hurry! Bee-SUR-ah! Tea CHAI Hurry! Bee-SUR-ah! Tea CHAI

Husband(your) ZOUW-jik That HY Husband(your) ZOUW-jik That HY

I understand. ana AF-ham This HY I understand. ana AF-ham This HY

I don't understand ana la AF-ham Water MY-YAA or MY I don't understand ana la AF-ham Water MY-YAA or MY

Map kha-REE-ta Wife (yours) ZOUW-jatik Map kha-REE-ta Wife (yours) ZOUW-jatik

Medicine Do-WA’ With the grace of God. Al-HUM-du-li-lah Medicine Do-WA’ With the grace of God. Al-HUM-du-li-lah

Money FEL-LOOS Money FEL-LOOS 4-2 4-2 Military words Military words

ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION Aircraft TAH-‘e-rah Aircraft TAH-‘e-rah Bomb KOON-bel-lah Bomb KOON-bel-lah Air Defense dee-FA’ JO-wee Air Defense dee-FA’ JO-wee Chem Wpn see-LAH KIM a-wee Chem Wpn see-LAH KIM a-wee Airfield ma-TAR Airfield ma-TAR Weapon see-LAH/ASLIHAH (plural) Weapon see-LAH/ASLIHAH (plural) Ammunition tha-KHEER-rah Ammunition tha-KHEER-rah Engineer moo-HAN-des Engineer moo-HAN-des Army JAYSH Army JAYSH Handgrenade KOON-bel-lah YEDOWIA Handgrenade KOON-bel-lah YEDOWIA Artillery maad-fa-‘EE-yah or Artillery maad-fa-‘EE-yah or RUMANA RUMANA Tank da-BAB-bah Tank da-BAB-bah Headquarters QA-i’-dah Headquarters QA-i’-dah Infantry moo-SHAT Infantry moo-SHAT Helicopter he-lee-coop-ter Helicopter he-lee-coop-ter Machinegun re-SHASH Machinegun re-SHASH Mortar HOW-wen Mortar HOW-wen Map khar-REE-tah Map khar-REE-tah Nuclear Weapon sel-LAH now-wa-wee Nuclear Weapon sel-LAH now-wa-wee

Military ask-a-REE Military ask-a-REE Platoon fa-SEE-lah Platoon fa-SEE-lah Mine al-lu-gham Mine al-lu-gham Radar RAA-DAR Radar RAA-DAR Minefield HAQL al-la-GHAM Minefield HAQL al-la-GHAM Rifle boon-doo-QEE-yah Rifle boon-doo-QEE-yah

EPW/HOSTILE PERSONS WORDS AND PHRASES EPW/HOSTILE PERSONS WORDS AND PHRASES

Do not move: la ta-ta-HAR-rak Give me _____: a’-TEE-NEE or IN-TENI Do not move: la ta-ta-HAR-rak Give me _____: a’-TEE-NEE or IN-TENI

Hands up: IR-fa’ yed-ay-yick Do not resist: LA TA-QAOWM Hands up: IR-fa’ yed-ay-yick Do not resist: LA TA-QAOWM

Turn around: DUUR Kneel: IN-HANEE Turn around: DUUR Kneel: IN-HANEE

Drop your weapons: IRMI SILAHEK Lead us to ___?: dalna-ila ___? Drop your weapons: IRMI SILAHEK Lead us to ___?: dalna-ila ___? IRMU SILAHEKUM (plural) IRMU SILAHEKUM (plural) How many?: ish-kid? How many?: ish-kid? Turn right/left: DUUR ee-la Turn right/left: DUUR ee-la ya-MEEN/ya-SAR Who is in charge: man al-mas-ool ya-MEEN/ya-SAR Who is in charge: man al-mas-ool

Give up/surrender: CIVIL ISTASLEEM MILITARY or OPERATIONS WORDS AND PHRASES Give up/surrender: CIVIL ISTASLEEM MILITARY or OPERATIONS WORDS AND PHRASES SALEEM NEFSIK SALEEM NEFSIK

I Give Up! TASLEEM I Give Up! TASLEEM

4-3 4-3

Military words Military words

EPW/HOSTILE PERSONS WORDS AND PHRASES EPW/HOSTILE PERSONS WORDS AND PHRASES

Do not move: la ta-ta-HAR-rak Give me _____: a’-TEE-NEE or IN-TENI Do not move: la ta-ta-HAR-rak Give me _____: a’-TEE-NEE or IN-TENI

Hands up: IR-fa’ yed-ay-yick Do not resist: LA TA-QAOWM Hands up: IR-fa’ yed-ay-yick Do not resist: LA TA-QAOWM

Turn around: DUUR Kneel: IN-HANEE Turn around: DUUR Kneel: IN-HANEE

Give up/surrender: CIVIL ISTASLEEM MILITARY or OPERATIONS WORDS AND PHRASES Give up/surrender: CIVIL ISTASLEEM MILITARY or OPERATIONS WORDS AND PHRASES SALEEM NEFSIK SALEEM NEFSIK

I Give Up! TASLEEM I Give Up! TASLEEM

4-3 4-3 ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

Non-governmental How much/many? kem? Non-governmental How much/many? kem? organization (NGO): Moo-NUTH-thum-ah organization (NGO): Moo-NUTH-thum-ah GHER HUKUMIA Who? MAN or MINU GHER HUKUMIA Who? MAN or MINU

Humanitarian Where is the ___: WEINA Humanitarian Where is the ___: WEINA assistance. Moo-SA’id-AT INSANIA assistance. Moo-SA’id-AT INSANIA Municipal building? Al-bin-NAY-yah Municipal building? Al-bin-NAY-yah American. Am-REE-kee al-BELEDIA American. Am-REE-kee al-BELEDIA

We are Americans: NAH-noo Mayor? QA’IM-QAM We are Americans: NAH-noo Mayor? QA’IM-QAM am-REE-kee-oon am-REE-kee-oon Food warehouse? MAKH-ZEN AGHTHA’IA Food warehouse? MAKH-ZEN AGHTHA’IA You are safe: an-ta fee A-min You are safe: an-ta fee A-min Food distribution Food distribution Don’t be afraid: la ta-KHAF coordinator? Moo-DEER tauw-ZEE-ya’ Don’t be afraid: la ta-KHAF coordinator? Moo-DEER tauw-ZEE-ya’ AL-AGHTHIA AL-AGHTHIA Move to: TAHAREK EE-la Move to: TAHAREK EE-la Hospital? Moo-STASH-fah Hospital? Moo-STASH-fah Assembly area. MUN-ta-qah Assembly area. MUN-ta-qah il-ta-JEM-mu’ Doctor? Ta-BEEB or DOCTOR il-ta-JEM-mu’ Doctor? Ta-BEEB or DOCTOR

Civilian camp. Moo-KHAY-yum Police station? MAR-kez ash-SHOR-tah Civilian camp. Moo-KHAY-yum Police station? MAR-kez ash-SHOR-tah MED-da-nee MED-da-nee Red Crescent Red Crescent Collection Point NUQ-tah il-TEJ-mee-a’ Society? Jam-“EE-ya il-hi-LAL Collection Point NUQ-tah il-TEJ-mee-a’ Society? Jam-“EE-ya il-hi-LAL il-AH-mar il-AH-mar Show me ___: SHOOFNEE / Show me ___: SHOOFNEE / MUMKIN ASHOOF Ration agent? Wa-KEEL AT-taq-NEEN MUMKIN ASHOOF Ration agent? Wa-KEEL AT-taq-NEEN

4-4 4-4

ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

4-4 4-4

ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

0 SIF-FER 20 ISH-REAN 0 SIF-FER 20 ISH-REAN

1 WA-HED 30 TA-LA-TEEN 1 WA-HED 30 TA-LA-TEEN

2 IT-NAIN 40 AR-BA’A-EEN 2 IT-NAIN 40 AR-BA’A-EEN

3 TA-LA-TA 50 KHAM-SEEN 3 TA-LA-TA 50 KHAM-SEEN

4 AR-BA’A 60 SIT-TEEM 4 AR-BA’A 60 SIT-TEEM

5 KHAM-SAAH 70 SABA’A-EEN 5 KHAM-SAAH 70 SABA’A-EEN

6 SIT-TA 80 TA-MA-NEEN 6 SIT-TA 80 TA-MA-NEEN

7 SAB-BA’A 90 TISA’A-EEN 7 SAB-BA’A 90 TISA’A-EEN

8 TA-MA-NIAH 100 MIYYAH 8 TA-MA-NIAH 100 MIYYAH

9 TIS-SA’A 9 TIS-SA’A

10 ASH-SHA-RAH 10 ASH-SHA-RAH

11 HID-DA-SHER 11 HID-DA-SHER

12 IT-NA-SHER 12 IT-NA-SHER

13 TA-LA-TA-SHER 13 TA-LA-TA-SHER

14 R-BA’A-TA-SHER 14 R-BA’A-TA-SHER

15 KHA-MAS-TA-SHER 15 KHA-MAS-TA-SHER

4-5 4-5

ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

0 SIF-FER 20 ISH-REAN 0 SIF-FER 20 ISH-REAN

1 WA-HED 30 TA-LA-TEEN 1 WA-HED 30 TA-LA-TEEN

2 IT-NAIN 40 AR-BA’A-EEN 2 IT-NAIN 40 AR-BA’A-EEN

3 TA-LA-TA 50 KHAM-SEEN 3 TA-LA-TA 50 KHAM-SEEN

4 AR-BA’A 60 SIT-TEEM 4 AR-BA’A 60 SIT-TEEM

5 KHAM-SAAH 70 SABA’A-EEN 5 KHAM-SAAH 70 SABA’A-EEN

6 SIT-TA 80 TA-MA-NEEN 6 SIT-TA 80 TA-MA-NEEN

7 SAB-BA’A 90 TISA’A-EEN 7 SAB-BA’A 90 TISA’A-EEN

8 TA-MA-NIAH 100 MIYYAH 8 TA-MA-NIAH 100 MIYYAH

9 TIS-SA’A 9 TIS-SA’A

10 ASH-SHA-RAH 10 ASH-SHA-RAH

11 HID-DA-SHER 11 HID-DA-SHER

12 IT-NA-SHER 12 IT-NA-SHER

13 TA-LA-TA-SHER 13 TA-LA-TA-SHER

14 R-BA’A-TA-SHER 14 R-BA’A-TA-SHER

15 KHA-MAS-TA-SHER 15 KHA-MAS-TA-SHER

4-5 4-5 INTERNATIONAL ROAD SIGNS INTERNATIONAL ROAD SIGNS

4-6 4-6

INTERNATIONAL ROAD SIGNS INTERNATIONAL ROAD SIGNS

4-6 4-6 ARABIC ROAD SIGNS ARABIC ROAD SIGNS

4-7 4-7

ARABIC ROAD SIGNS ARABIC ROAD SIGNS

4-7 4-7 ARABIC ROAD SIGNS ARABIC ROAD SIGNS

4-8 4-8

ARABIC ROAD SIGNS ARABIC ROAD SIGNS

4-8 4-8 PART V PART V KNOW YOUR AREA OF OPERATIONS KNOW YOUR AREA OF OPERATIONS

KEY PROVINCES KEY PROVINCES

Salah Ad Din Salah Ad Din Population: 1,146,500 Population: 1,146,500 Ethnicity and Religion: Ethnicity and Religion: Predominately Sunni Arab. Predominately Sunni Arab. Shia Arab. Shia Arab. Major Cities: Bayji, Tikrit, Major Cities: Bayji, Tikrit, Samarra, Balad and Taji Samarra, Balad and Taji Major Roads: Highway 1 runs Major Roads: Highway 1 runs north to south and Route 12 north to south and Route 12 runs east to west. runs east to west. Provincial Governor: Hosin Provincial Governor: Hosin Jasem Mohamed al-Jbouri Jasem Mohamed al-Jbouri

At Tamim At Tamim Population: Approximately Population: Approximately 950,000 950,000 Ethnicity and Religion: Ethnicity and Religion: Predominately Kurdish, Predominately Kurdish, Turkomen and Arab Turkomen and Arab Major Cities: Kirkuk and Dibs Major Cities: Kirkuk and Dibs Major Roads: Route 12 Major Roads: Route 12 runs northeast. runs northeast. Provincial Governor: Abdul Provincial Governor: Abdul Rahman Mustafa (Kurdish) Rahman Mustafa (Kurdish)

5-1 5-1

PART V PART V KNOW YOUR AREA OF OPERATIONS KNOW YOUR AREA OF OPERATIONS

KEY PROVINCES KEY PROVINCES

5-1 5-1

Diyala Diyala Population: 1,400,000 Population: 1,400,000 Ethnicity and Religion: Ethnicity and Religion: Predominately Shiite, Predominately Shiite, Sunni Arab and Kurdish. Sunni Arab and Kurdish. Major Cities: Baqubah, Major Cities: Baqubah, Al Muqdadiyah, Mansuriyat, Al Muqdadiyah, Mansuriyat, As Sadiyah, Julala, Khaniquin, As Sadiyah, Julala, Khaniquin, and Kifri and Kifri Major Roads: Highway 4 runs Major Roads: Highway 4 runs north and Highway 5 runs west to north and Highway 5 runs west to south. south. Provincial Governor: Abdullah Provincial Governor: Abdullah Hassan Rasheed al-Jburi (Sunni Hassan Rasheed al-Jburi (Sunni

1ID KEY CITIES: 1ID KEY CITIES:

Tikrit: Jalula: Tikrit: Jalula: ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Predominately ETHNIC AND RELIGION: 10% Shia, 90% ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Predominately ETHNIC AND RELIGION: 10% Shia, 90% Sunni Arab. Sunni. Kurdish. Sunni Arab. Sunni. Kurdish. POPULATION : 29,700 POPULATION: 52,000 POPULATION : 29,700 POPULATION: 52,000 IMPORTANCE : Saddam Hussein’s birthplace. IMPORTANCE: Kurdish troops recently took IMPORTANCE : Saddam Hussein’s birthplace. IMPORTANCE: Kurdish troops recently took Saddam’s clan and his tribe are still over the town. The battle of Jalula helped in Saddam’s clan and his tribe are still over the town. The battle of Jalula helped in predominate. Tikrit is a major LOC between the rise of the Islamic religion. predominate. Tikrit is a major LOC between the rise of the Islamic religion. Baghdad and Northern Iraq. LOCATION: 30 kms from the Iran-Iraq Baghdad and Northern Iraq. LOCATION: 30 kms from the Iran-Iraq LOCATION : On the Tigris river about 150 km border and 130 km Northeast of Baghdad. LOCATION : On the Tigris river about 150 km border and 130 km Northeast of Baghdad. north of Baghdad. north of Baghdad. Balad: Balad: Bayji: ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Sunni Arab. Bayji: ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Sunni Arab. ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Sunni Arab. POPULATION: approximately 3,000 ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Sunni Arab. POPULATION: approximately 3,000 POPULATION : 25,000 IMPORTANCE: Headquarters location of POPULATION : 25,000 IMPORTANCE: Headquarters location of IMPORTANCE : Highway 1 and Route 12 run the 4th ID. IMPORTANCE : Highway 1 and Route 12 run the 4th ID. through town. It is the regional electrical LOCATION: 50 miles North of Baghdad. through town. It is the regional electrical LOCATION: 50 miles North of Baghdad. power source. It has the largest petroleum power source. It has the largest petroleum factories in Northern Iraq and it is the critical Samarra: factories in Northern Iraq and it is the critical Samarra: communication link between Baghdad and ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Shia/Sunni Arab communication link between Baghdad and ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Shia/Sunni Arab Northern Iraq. It has an oil pipeline to Kirkuk. mix. Shiite Muslims. Northern Iraq. It has an oil pipeline to Kirkuk. mix. Shiite Muslims. LOCATION : 250 kms (156 miles) northwest POPULATION: 201,000 LOCATION : 250 kms (156 miles) northwest POPULATION: 201,000 of Ba ghdad. IMPORTANCE: Capital of the Salah Ad Din of Ba ghdad. IMPORTANCE: Capital of the Salah Ad Din province. Sammara has a large chemical province. Sammara has a large chemical weapons production facility located there. weapons production facility located there. LOCATION: Stretches for over 40 km along LOCATION: Stretches for over 40 km along the banks of the Tigris. 125 km North of the banks of the Tigris. 125 km North of Baghdad. Baghdad.

5-2 5-2

1ID KEY CITIES: 1ID KEY CITIES:

5-2 5-2

Baqubah: Taji: Baqubah: Taji: ETHNIC AND RELIGION: 60% Shia, 40% Sunni. ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Predominately Sunni ETHNIC AND RELIGION: 60% Shia, 40% Sunni. ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Predominately Sunni Arab. Arab. Sunni Arab. Sunni Arab. POPULATION: 292,000 POPULATION: 100,000 POPULATION: 292,000 POPULATION: 100,000 IMPORTANCE: Was the primary location for IMPORTANCE: Was the primary location for IMPORTANCE : Produces petroleum. IMPORTANCE : Produces petroleum. LOCATION: On the Diyala River, 60 kilometers Iraq's indigenous long-range missile program. LOCATION: On the Diyala River, 60 kilometers Iraq's indigenous long-range missile program. LOCATION: Located 30 km North of Baghdad. LOCATION: Located 30 km North of Baghdad. northeast of Baghdad. northeast of Baghdad.

Kirkuk: Kirkuk: ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Kurdish, Assyrian, ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Kurdish, Assyrian, Turkomen and Arab origin. The majority are Sunni Turkomen and Arab origin. The majority are Sunni Muslims, there is also a sizeable community of Muslims, there is also a sizeable community of Christians of the Nestorian branch. Christians of the Nestorian branch. POPULATION : 728,000 POPULATION : 728,000

OUT OF SECTOR CITIES: Najaf: OUT OF SECTOR CITIES: Najaf: ETHNIC AND RELIGION: 60% Shia Arab. Shiite ETHNIC AND RELIGION: 60% Shia Arab. Shiite Baghdad: Muslims. Baghdad: Muslims. ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Majority Muslims, and POPULATION: 563,000 ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Majority Muslims, and POPULATION: 563,000 Arabs. There are also a substantial Christian OTHER: Shia Holy Site located in Najaf. 2nd most Arabs. There are also a substantial Christian OTHER: Shia Holy Site located in Najaf. 2nd most population, and a tiny Jewish population. Kurds important Shia city in the world. population, and a tiny Jewish population. Kurds important Shia city in the world. and Armenians. There are also groups of Indians, LOCATION: South Central Iraq on a lake West of the and Armenians. There are also groups of Indians, LOCATION: South Central Iraq on a lake West of the Afghans and Turks. There are numerous churches Euphrates River. 160 km South of Baghdad. Afghans and Turks. There are numerous churches Euphrates River. 160 km South of Baghdad. around Baghdad, belonging to the Nestorians, around Baghdad, belonging to the Nestorians, Armenian Orthodox, Chaldean Catholics and Nasriyah: Armenian Orthodox, Chaldean Catholics and Nasriyah: Syrian Catholics. Among the expatriate community ETHNIC AND RELIGION: A substantial Christian Syrian Catholics. Among the expatriate community ETHNIC AND RELIGION: A substantial Christian there are also small Russian Orthodox, Protestants population. 60% Shia Arab. there are also small Russian Orthodox, Protestants population. 60% Shia Arab. and Roman Catholics communities. POPULATION: 535,000 and Roman Catholics communities. POPULATION: 535,000 POPULATION : 5,605,000 OTHER: Main town along Highway 1 and Highway 8. POPULATION : 5,605,000 OTHER: Main town along Highway 1 and Highway 8. OTHER : Capital of Iraq. LOCATION: On the Euphrates River. 225 miles OTHER : Capital of Iraq. LOCATION: On the Euphrates River. 225 miles Southeast of Baghdad. Southeast of Baghdad. Mosul: Mosul: ETHNIC AND RELIGION: The population of Mosul Irbil: ETHNIC AND RELIGION: The population of Mosul Irbil: is principally Kurdish, but with a large minority of ETHNIC AND RELIGION: The population is a mixture is principally Kurdish, but with a large minority of ETHNIC AND RELIGION: The population is a mixture Arab-speaking Christian Assyrians, and a smaller of Christians and Sunni Muslim Kurds. Sunni Arab-speaking Christian Assyrians, and a smaller of Christians and Sunni Muslim Kurds. Sunni minority of Turkomans and Sunni. Arab/Kurd mix. 17% Sunni Kurd. minority of Turkomans and Sunni. Arab/Kurd mix. 17% Sunni Kurd. POPULATION : 1,739,000 POPULATION: 839,000 POPULATION : 1,739,000 POPULATION: 839,000 OTHER : Largest city in northern Iraq. OTHER: Kurdish Parliament location. OTHER : Largest city in northern Iraq. OTHER: Kurdish Parliament location. LOCATION : On the Tigris River. 220 miles LOCATION: 80 km east of Mosul, and 90 km south of LOCATION : On the Tigris River. 220 miles LOCATION: 80 km east of Mosul, and 90 km south of Northwest of Baghdad. Kirkuk, Northwest of Baghdad. Kirkuk,

Karbala: Sulaymaniyah: Karbala: Sulaymaniyah: ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Shiite Muslims. 60% ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Sunni Arab/Kurd mix. 17% ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Shiite Muslims. 60% ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Sunni Arab/Kurd mix. 17% Shia Arab. Sunni Kurd. Shia Arab. Sunni Kurd. POPULATION : 549,000 POPULATION: 643,000 POPULATION : 549,000 POPULATION: 643,000 OTHER : Shia Religious Center located in Karbala. OTHER: PUK headquarters located in Sulaymaniyah. OTHER : Shia Religious Center located in Karbala. OTHER: PUK headquarters located in Sulaymaniyah. Most important Shia city in the world. LOCATION: East of Kirkuk. Most important Shia city in the world. LOCATION: East of Kirkuk. LOCATION : Edge of the Syrian Desert. 150 km LOCATION : Edge of the Syrian Desert. 150 km Southwest of Baghdad. Fallujah: Southwest of Baghdad. Fallujah: ETHNIC AND RELIGION: ETHNIC AND RELIGION: Shia/Sunni Arab mix. Shia/Sunni Arab mix. POPULATION: 256,000 POPULATION: 256,000 OTHER: Significant industrial production center. OTHER: Significant industrial production center. LOCATION: 50 km West of Baghdad. LOCATION: 50 km West of Baghdad. 5 -3 5 -3

one of the country’s oil refineries. one of the country’s oil refineries.

CHEMICAL PLANTS CHEMICAL PLANTS Basra: State Company for Petrochemicals Industry. Basra: State Company for Petrochemicals Industry. Near Thartar Lake (outside Baghdad): The 25 Al Muthanna Gen. Est. This is the biggest factory Near Thartar Lake (outside Baghdad): The 25 Al Muthanna Gen. Est. This is the biggest factory for production of chemical weapons. for production of chemical weapons. Rashidiya (Baghdad): 39Al Mujahid Gen. Est. This is a biological weapons facility. Rashidiya (Baghdad): 39Al Mujahid Gen. Est. This is a biological weapons facility. Baghdad: Al Hareth Gen. Est.Tarmia Baghdad: Al Hareth Gen. Est.Tarmia missile research, chemical weapons containers. missile research, chemical weapons containers.

OIL FIELDS OIL FIELDS Mosul: This oil field is located 280 miles Mosul: This oil field is located 280 miles (450 km) from Baghdad, within the U.N.- (450 km) from Baghdad, within the U.N.- mandated northern "no-fly" zone patrolled mandated northern "no-fly" zone patrolled for more than a decade by U.S. and allied for more than a decade by U.S. and allied aircraft. aircraft. Qayyarah Qayyarah Kirkuk: Discovered in 1927, this first Iraqi Kirkuk: Discovered in 1927, this first Iraqi oil field has more than 10 billion barrels in oil field has more than 10 billion barrels in proven reserves remaining. Kirkuk is also proven reserves remaining. Kirkuk is also home to Iraq's largest operable crude oil home to Iraq's largest operable crude oil export pipeline, the 600-mile, 40-inch export pipeline, the 600-mile, 40-inch Kirkuk-Ceyhan pipeline. Kirkuk-Ceyhan pipeline. Bayji Bayji Hadithah Hadithah Daura Daura As Somawab As Somawab DAMSNasiriya DAMSNasiriya

Mosul (Saddam) Dam – Fourth largest dam in the Middle East in reservoir capacity, four 200 Mosul (Saddam) Dam – Fourth largest dam in the Middle East in reservoir capacity, four 200

MW turbines, 800 MW total. MW turbines, 800 MW total.

Dokan Dam – Reservoir and hydroelectric plant which produces 410 MW of hydroelectric power. Dokan Dam – Reservoir and hydroelectric plant which produces 410 MW of hydroelectric power.

Darbandikhan Dam – Reservoir, in Iraqi Kurdistan. Darbandikhan Dam – Reservoir, in Iraqi Kurdistan.

Al Qadissiya Dam – Reservoir, was a possible source of ‘strategic flooding’ when Operation Al Qadissiya Dam – Reservoir, was a possible source of ‘strategic flooding’ when Operation

Iraqi Freedom began. Iraqi Freedom began.

Sammara Barrage – Reservoir. Sammara Barrage – Reservoir.

Ramadi Barrage – Reservoir. Ramadi Barrage – Reservoir.

Hadita Dam – Hydroelectric plant which produces 500MW of hydroelectric power. Hadita Dam – Hydroelectric plant which produces 500MW of hydroelectric power.

Autheim Dam – 170km (105mi) north of Baghdad. Autheim Dam – 170km (105mi) north of Baghdad.

HOSPITALS HOSPITALS Salah Aldeen General Hospital, Tikrit, 400 beds Salah Aldeen General Hospital, Tikrit, 400 beds Tikrit Hospital, Tikrit, 400 beds Tikrit Hospital, Tikrit, 400 beds

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KEY FACILITIES KEY FACILITIES AS OF 25 AUG 03 AS OF 25 AUG 03 POWER PLANTS POWER PLANTS Al-Taji: Power-generating plant 15 miles from downtown Baghdad. This plant could be damaged. Al-Taji: Power-generating plant 15 miles from downtown Baghdad. This plant could be damaged. Daura: Al-Daura power plant. This is one of Iraq’s main power plants. Daura also accommodates Daura: Al-Daura power plant. This is one of Iraq’s main power plants. Daura also accommodates

one of the country’s oil refineries. one of the country’s oil refineries.

Mosul (Saddam) Dam – Fourth largest dam in the Middle East in reservoir capacity, four 200 Mosul (Saddam) Dam – Fourth largest dam in the Middle East in reservoir capacity, four 200

MW turbines, 800 MW total. MW turbines, 800 MW total.

Dokan Dam – Reservoir and hydroelectric plant which produces 410 MW of hydroelectric power. Dokan Dam – Reservoir and hydroelectric plant which produces 410 MW of hydroelectric power.

Darbandikhan Dam – Reservoir, in Iraqi Kurdistan. Darbandikhan Dam – Reservoir, in Iraqi Kurdistan.

Al Qadissiya Dam – Reservoir, was a possible source of ‘strategic flooding’ when Operation Al Qadissiya Dam – Reservoir, was a possible source of ‘strategic flooding’ when Operation

Iraqi Freedom began. Iraqi Freedom began.

Sammara Barrage – Reservoir. Sammara Barrage – Reservoir.

Ramadi Barrage – Reservoir. Ramadi Barrage – Reservoir.

Hadita Dam – Hydroelectric plant which produces 500MW of hydroelectric power. Hadita Dam – Hydroelectric plant which produces 500MW of hydroelectric power.

Autheim Dam – 170km (105mi) north of Baghdad. Autheim Dam – 170km (105mi) north of Baghdad.

HOSPITALS HOSPITALS Salah Aldeen General Hospital, Tikrit, 400 beds Salah Aldeen General Hospital, Tikrit, 400 beds Tikrit Hospital, Tikrit, 400 beds Tikrit Hospital, Tikrit, 400 beds

5-4 5-4 SIGNIFICANT DATES: SIGNIFICANT DATES: JANUARY 16 Operation Desert Storm begins (4:50 p.m. U.S. Eastern Standard Time) with an allied JANUARY 16 Operation Desert Storm begins (4:50 p.m. U.S. Eastern Standard Time) with an allied air campaign (1991) air campaign (1991) FEBRUARY 08 Coup: Ba'ath Party first takes power (1963) FEBRUARY 08 Coup: Ba'ath Party first takes power (1963) FEBRUARY 18 Fransu Hidiri, Governor of Irbil and senior member of (KDP), assassinated (2001) FEBRUARY 18 Fransu Hidiri, Governor of Irbil and senior member of (KDP), assassinated (2001) FEBRUARY 25 Desert Storm ground war begins (1991) FEBRUARY 25 Desert Storm ground war begins (1991) FEBRUARY 27 Kuwait liberated; Gulf War ceasefire (1991) FEBRUARY 27 Kuwait liberated; Gulf War ceasefire (1991) MARCH 16 Iraq uses chemical weapons on civilians at Kurdish village of Halabja (1988) MARCH 16 Iraq uses chemical weapons on civilians at Kurdish village of Halabja (1988) APRIL 08 Iraqi Ba'th Party founded (1947) APRIL 08 Iraqi Ba'th Party founded (1947) APRIL 15 Anniversary of the Martyrdom of Ayatollah Seyed Mohammad Baqer Sadr and His Sister APRIL 15 Anniversary of the Martyrdom of Ayatollah Seyed Mohammad Baqer Sadr and His Sister (1980) (1980) APRIL 28 President Saddam Hussein's Birthday (1937) APRIL 28 President Saddam Hussein's Birthday (1937) JUNE 26 U.S. cruise missile strike in retaliation for Iraqi plot to assassinate former U.S. president JUNE 26 U.S. cruise missile strike in retaliation for Iraqi plot to assassinate former U.S. president George Bush (1993) George Bush (1993) JUNE 30 Anniversary of Iraqi revolt against the British (1920) JUNE 30 Anniversary of Iraqi revolt against the British (1920) JULY 14 Anniversary of the Revolution/Republic Day/National Day commemorates the overthrow of JULY 14 Anniversary of the Revolution/Republic Day/National Day commemorates the overthrow of King Faisal and proclamation of the republic (1958) King Faisal and proclamation of the republic (1958) JULY 16 President Saddam Hussein in Office (1979) JULY 16 President Saddam Hussein in Office (1979) JULY 17 Revolution Day (1968) JULY 17 Revolution Day (1968) AUGUST 02 Iraq invades Kuwait; leads to Gulf War (1990) AUGUST 02 Iraq invades Kuwait; leads to Gulf War (1990) SEPTEMBER 22 Iran-Iraq War begins (1980) SEPTEMBER 22 Iran-Iraq War begins (1980) OCTOBER 03 Independence Day (from League of Nations mandate under British administration, OCTOBER 03 Independence Day (from League of Nations mandate under British administration, 1932) 1932) OCTOBER 27 – NOVEMBER 27 Ramadan OCTOBER 27 – NOVEMBER 27 Ramadan

POLITICAL PARTIES AND ABBREVIATIONS: POLITICAL PARTIES AND ABBREVIATIONS: Democratic Independents: Adnan Pachachi is the leader. Secular, nationalist. Pragmatic views. Democratic Independents: Adnan Pachachi is the leader. Secular, nationalist. Pragmatic views. Advocates technocrat-based government. Advocates technocrat-based government. (PUK) Patriotic Union of Kurdistan: Jalal Talabani is the leader. Kurdish Nationalist. Desires a (PUK) Patriotic Union of Kurdistan: Jalal Talabani is the leader. Kurdish Nationalist. Desires a federal government. federal government. (NDP) National Democratic Party: Kamil al-Chaderchi. Secular. Liberal, Democratic Party, est. in (NDP) National Democratic Party: Kamil al-Chaderchi. Secular. Liberal, Democratic Party, est. in 1957. 1957. (INC) Iraqi National Congress: Ahmed Chalabi is the leader. Opposition group. (INC) Iraqi National Congress: Ahmed Chalabi is the leader. Opposition group. (KDP) Kurdistan Democratic Party: Massoud Barzani is the leader. Supports broad-based secular (KDP) Kurdistan Democratic Party: Massoud Barzani is the leader. Supports broad-based secular government. government. (INA) Iraqi National Accord: Iyad Allawi is the leader. Wants to achieve Democratic pluralistic regime (INA) Iraqi National Accord: Iyad Allawi is the leader. Wants to achieve Democratic pluralistic regime that respects human rights and lives peacefully with its citizens, neighbors and the whole world. that respects human rights and lives peacefully with its citizens, neighbors and the whole world. Advocates the removal of Saddam's regime. Advocates the removal of Saddam's regime. (ICP) Iraqi Communist Party: Secular. (ICP) Iraqi Communist Party: Secular. Dawa: Ezzebine Salil is the leader. Islamist. Political-religious Shi’a group. Splintered. Dawa: Ezzebine Salil is the leader. Islamist. Political-religious Shi’a group. Splintered. (ITC) Iraqi Turkoman Front: Sa’an Ahmad Agha is the leader. Turkish Nationalist. (ITC) Iraqi Turkoman Front: Sa’an Ahmad Agha is the leader. Turkish Nationalist. Kurdish Islamic Union: Salahudeen Baha is the leader. Islamic. Kurdish Islamic Union: Salahudeen Baha is the leader. Islamic. (ADM) Assyrian Democratic Movement: Yonadam Kanna is the leader. Secular. (ADM) Assyrian Democratic Movement: Yonadam Kanna is the leader. Secular. (SCIRI) Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq: Mohammed Baqer al-Hakim is the leader. (SCIRI) Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq: Mohammed Baqer al-Hakim is the leader. Work against Saddam’s regime. Opposition group. Work against Saddam’s regime. Opposition group. Al-Sadr: Moqtada al-Sadr is the leader. Radical group against Governing Council. Wants to create an Al-Sadr: Moqtada al-Sadr is the leader. Radical group against Governing Council. Wants to create an Islamic state. Islamic state.

5-5 5-5

SIGNIFICANT DATES: SIGNIFICANT DATES: JANUARY 16 Operation Desert Storm begins (4:50 p.m. U.S. Eastern Standard Time) with an allied JANUARY 16 Operation Desert Storm begins (4:50 p.m. U.S. Eastern Standard Time) with an allied air campaign (1991) air campaign (1991) FEBRUARY 08 Coup: Ba'ath Party first takes power (1963) FEBRUARY 08 Coup: Ba'ath Party first takes power (1963) FEBRUARY 18 Fransu Hidiri, Governor of Irbil and senior member of (KDP), assassinated (2001) FEBRUARY 18 Fransu Hidiri, Governor of Irbil and senior member of (KDP), assassinated (2001) FEBRUARY 25 Desert Storm ground war begins (1991) FEBRUARY 25 Desert Storm ground war begins (1991) FEBRUARY 27 Kuwait liberated; Gulf War ceasefire (1991) FEBRUARY 27 Kuwait liberated; Gulf War ceasefire (1991) MARCH 16 Iraq uses chemical weapons on civilians at Kurdish village of Halabja (1988) MARCH 16 Iraq uses chemical weapons on civilians at Kurdish village of Halabja (1988) APRIL 08 Iraqi Ba'th Party founded (1947) APRIL 08 Iraqi Ba'th Party founded (1947) APRIL 15 Anniversary of the Martyrdom of Ayatollah Seyed Mohammad Baqer Sadr and His Sister APRIL 15 Anniversary of the Martyrdom of Ayatollah Seyed Mohammad Baqer Sadr and His Sister (1980) (1980) APRIL 28 President Saddam Hussein's Birthday (1937) APRIL 28 President Saddam Hussein's Birthday (1937) JUNE 26 U.S. cruise missile strike in retaliation for Iraqi plot to assassinate former U.S. president JUNE 26 U.S. cruise missile strike in retaliation for Iraqi plot to assassinate former U.S. president George Bush (1993) George Bush (1993) JUNE 30 Anniversary of Iraqi revolt against the British (1920) JUNE 30 Anniversary of Iraqi revolt against the British (1920) JULY 14 Anniversary of the Revolution/Republic Day/National Day commemorates the overthrow of JULY 14 Anniversary of the Revolution/Republic Day/National Day commemorates the overthrow of King Faisal and proclamation of the republic (1958) King Faisal and proclamation of the republic (1958) JULY 16 President Saddam Hussein in Office (1979) JULY 16 President Saddam Hussein in Office (1979) JULY 17 Revolution Day (1968) JULY 17 Revolution Day (1968) AUGUST 02 Iraq invades Kuwait; leads to Gulf War (1990) AUGUST 02 Iraq invades Kuwait; leads to Gulf War (1990) SEPTEMBER 22 Iran-Iraq War begins (1980) SEPTEMBER 22 Iran-Iraq War begins (1980) OCTOBER 03 Independence Day (from League of Nations mandate under British administration, OCTOBER 03 Independence Day (from League of Nations mandate under British administration, 1932) 1932) OCTOBER 27 – NOVEMBER 27 Ramadan OCTOBER 27 – NOVEMBER 27 Ramadan

5-5 5-5 KEY FIGURES: KEY FIGURES:

Governing Council (Sept 03): Governing Council (Sept 03): Ahmed Chalabi – INC leader and founder, Shiite Ahmed Chalabi – INC leader and founder, Shiite Abdelaziz al-Hakim – SCIRI Deputy leader, Shiite Abdelaziz al-Hakim – SCIRI Deputy leader, Shiite Ibrahim al-Jaafari – Dawa Party Faction leader, Shiite Ibrahim al-Jaafari – Dawa Party Faction leader, Shiite Nasir al-Chadirch – NDP leader, Sunni Nasir al-Chadirch – NDP leader, Sunni Jalal Talabani – PUK leader, Sunni Kurd Jalal Talabani – PUK leader, Sunni Kurd Massoud Barzani – KDP leader, Sunni Kurd Massoud Barzani – KDP leader, Sunni Kurd Iyad Alawi – INA leader, Shiite Iyad Alawi – INA leader, Shiite Ahmed al-Barak – Human Rights Association of Babil province, Shiite Ahmed al-Barak – Human Rights Association of Babil province, Shiite Adnan Pachachi – Democratic Independents head, former foreign minister, Sunni Adnan Pachachi – Democratic Independents head, former foreign minister, Sunni Aquila al-Hashimi – female, Diplomat, foreign affairs expert, Shiite (Assassinated Sept 03) Aquila al-Hashimi – female, Diplomat, foreign affairs expert, Shiite (Assassinated Sept 03) Dr. Raja Habib al-Khuzai – female, maternity hospital director in south, Shiite Dr. Raja Habib al-Khuzai – female, maternity hospital director in south, Shiite Hamid Majid Moussa – Secretary of the ICP, Shiite Hamid Majid Moussa – Secretary of the ICP, Shiite Ayatollah Mohammed Bahr Al-Uloum – Prominent Shiite cleric from Najaf Ayatollah Mohammed Bahr Al-Uloum – Prominent Shiite cleric from Najaf Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer – Civil Engineer, northern tribal chief, Sunni Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer – Civil Engineer, northern tribal chief, Sunni Mohsen Abdul Hamid – IIP head, Sunni Mohsen Abdul Hamid – IIP head, Sunni Samir Shakir Mahmoud – Writer, Sunni Samir Shakir Mahmoud – Writer, Sunni Mahmoud Othman – Member of the Kurdish National Struggle, Sunni Kurd Mahmoud Othman – Member of the Kurdish National Struggle, Sunni Kurd Salaheddine Bahaaeddin – Kurdistan Islamic Union leader, Sunni Kurd Salaheddine Bahaaeddin – Kurdistan Islamic Union leader, Sunni Kurd Younadem Kana – ADM leader, Assyrian Christian Younadem Kana – ADM leader, Assyrian Christian Mouwafak al-Rabii – Human Rights activist, Shiite Mouwafak al-Rabii – Human Rights activist, Shiite Judge Dara Noor Alzin – Member of the Iraqi Court of Appeal Judge Dara Noor Alzin – Member of the Iraqi Court of Appeal Sondul Chapouk – female, Leader of Iraqi Women’s Organization, Turkoman Sondul Chapouk – female, Leader of Iraqi Women’s Organization, Turkoman Judge Wael Abdul Latif – Elected Governor of al-Basrah, Shiite Judge Wael Abdul Latif – Elected Governor of al-Basrah, Shiite Abdel-Karim Mahoud al-Mohammedawi – Leads Iraqi political group in Amarah, member of Abdel-Karim Mahoud al-Mohammedawi – Leads Iraqi political group in Amarah, member of Iraqi political party Hezbollah, Shiite Iraqi political party Hezbollah, Shiite Abdel-Zahraa Othman Mohammed – Dawa Party head, Shiite Abdel-Zahraa Othman Mohammed – Dawa Party head, Shiite

Shi’ia Muslims 13 Shi’ia Muslims 13 Kurds 5 Kurds 5 Sunni 5 Sunni 5

Christian 1 Christian 1 Turkomen 1 Turkomen 1

Total 25 Total 25

Key Shia Figures: Key Shia Figures: Moqtada al-Sadr – Leader of Al-Sadr group Moqtada al-Sadr – Leader of Al-Sadr group Ayatollah Ali Sistani – Shia high religious figure Ayatollah Ali Sistani – Shia high religious figure Mohammed Baqer al-Hakim – SCIRI leader Mohammed Baqer al-Hakim – SCIRI leader

5-6 5-6

KEY FIGURES: KEY FIGURES:

Shi’ia Muslims 13 Shi’ia Muslims 13 Kurds 5 Kurds 5 Sunni 5 Sunni 5

Christian 1 Christian 1 Turkomen 1 Turkomen 1

Total 25 Total 25

5-6 5-6 Iraqi Governing Council: Iraqi Governing Council: 1. Samir Shakir Mahmoud (Sunni) Mr. Mahmoud belongs to the al-Sumaidy clan, which believes its 1. Samir Shakir Mahmoud (Sunni) Mr. Mahmoud belongs to the al-Sumaidy clan, which believes its origins can be traced back to the Prophet Muhammed. He is described as both a writer and an origins can be traced back to the Prophet Muhammed. He is described as both a writer and an entrepreneur. entrepreneur. 2. Sondul Chapouk (Turkmen) Ms Chapouk is one of just three women on the council. She is a trained 2. Sondul Chapouk (Turkmen) Ms Chapouk is one of just three women on the council. She is a trained engineer and teacher, as well as being a women's activist. engineer and teacher, as well as being a women's activist. 3. Ahmed Chalabi, Iraqi National Congress (Shia) Mr. Chalabi is the leading figure in the Pentagon- 3. Ahmed Chalabi, Iraqi National Congress (Shia) Mr. Chalabi is the leading figure in the Pentagon- backed INC, which he founded in 1992. It is thought he is viewed with suspicion by some Iraqis due to backed INC, which he founded in 1992. It is thought he is viewed with suspicion by some Iraqis due to his proximity to the US administration and to the fact that he has been absent from Iraq for the best part his proximity to the US administration and to the fact that he has been absent from Iraq for the best part of 45 years. of 45 years. 4. Naseer al-Chaderchi, National Democratic Party (Sunni) Leader of the NDP, Naseer al-Chaderchi is 4. Naseer al-Chaderchi, National Democratic Party (Sunni) Leader of the NDP, Naseer al-Chaderchi is also a lawyer who lived in Iraq throughout Saddam's regime. also a lawyer who lived in Iraq throughout Saddam's regime. 5. Adnan Pachachi, former foreign minister (Sunni) Mr. Pachachi served as a minister from 1965 to 5. Adnan Pachachi, former foreign minister (Sunni) Mr. Pachachi served as a minister from 1965 to 1967 before Saddam Hussein's Baath Party came to power. He is a nationalist with a secular liberal 1967 before Saddam Hussein's Baath Party came to power. He is a nationalist with a secular liberal outlook. outlook. 6. Mohammed Bahr al-Ulloum, cleric from Najaf (Shia) A highly respected religious scholar viewed as 6. Mohammed Bahr al-Ulloum, cleric from Najaf (Shia) A highly respected religious scholar viewed as a liberal. He fled Iraq in 1991 after several members of his family were killed by Saddam Hussein's a liberal. He fled Iraq in 1991 after several members of his family were killed by Saddam Hussein's regime. regime. 7. Massoud Barzani, Kurdistan Democratic Party (Sunni Kurd) Mr. Barzani has led the KDP through 7. Massoud Barzani, Kurdistan Democratic Party (Sunni Kurd) Mr. Barzani has led the KDP through decades of conflict with the Iraqi central government and with local rivals, the Patriotic Union of decades of conflict with the Iraqi central government and with local rivals, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. Kurdistan. 8. Jalal Talabani, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (Sunni Kurd) The veteran Kurdish leader is a lawyer by 8. Jalal Talabani, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (Sunni Kurd) The veteran Kurdish leader is a lawyer by training. He split from the KDP in 1975 to form the PUK, which controls the south-east of northern Iraq. training. He split from the KDP in 1975 to form the PUK, which controls the south-east of northern Iraq. 9. Abdel-Aziz al-Hakim, Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution (Shia) Number two in the 9. Abdel-Aziz al-Hakim, Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution (Shia) Number two in the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (Sciri), the sheikh is the brother of the council's Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (Sciri), the sheikh is the brother of the council's leader Ayatollah Mohammad Baqer al-Hakim, who wants an Islamic regime in Iraq. He has returned to leader Ayatollah Mohammad Baqer al-Hakim, who wants an Islamic regime in Iraq. He has returned to Iraq after 20 years in exile. Iraq after 20 years in exile. 10. Ahmed al-Barak, human rights activist (Shia) Mr. al-Barak is the head of the union of lawyers and 10. Ahmed al-Barak, human rights activist (Shia) Mr. al-Barak is the head of the union of lawyers and human rights league human rights league 11. Ibrahim al-Jaafari, Daawa Islamic Party (Shia)Mr. al-Jaafari is the spokesman for Daawa, one the 11. Ibrahim al-Jaafari, Daawa Islamic Party (Shia)Mr. al-Jaafari is the spokesman for Daawa, one the oldest of the Shia Islamist movements. The party was banned in 1980 and he fled the country. oldest of the Shia Islamist movements. The party was banned in 1980 and he fled the country. 12. Aquila al-Hashimi, foreign affairs expert (Shia) Ms al-Hashimi is a former diplomat who worked in 12. Aquila al-Hashimi, foreign affairs expert (Shia) Ms al-Hashimi is a former diplomat who worked in the foreign ministry Saddam Hussein. the foreign ministry Saddam Hussein. 13. Raja Habib al-Khuzaai, southern tribal leader (Shia) Ms al-Khuazaai is in charge of a maternity 13. Raja Habib al-Khuzaai, southern tribal leader (Shia) Ms al-Khuazaai is in charge of a maternity hospital in southern Iraq. She studied and lived in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s, before retuning to Iraq hospital in southern Iraq. She studied and lived in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s, before retuning to Iraq in 1977. Little is known about her political allegiances. in 1977. Little is known about her political allegiances. 14. Younadem Kana, Assyrian Democratic Movement (Assyrian Christian) Mr. Kana is an engineer 14. Younadem Kana, Assyrian Democratic Movement (Assyrian Christian) Mr. Kana is an engineer who served as an official for transport in the first Kurdish regional assembly and then as a trade minister who served as an official for transport in the first Kurdish regional assembly and then as a trade minister in the regional government established in Erbil. in the regional government established in Erbil. 15. Salaheddine Bahaaeddin, Kurdistan Islamic Union (Sunni Kurd) Mr. Bahaaeddin founded the 15. Salaheddine Bahaaeddin, Kurdistan Islamic Union (Sunni Kurd) Mr. Bahaaeddin founded the union in 1991 and became its secretary general three years later. It is the third most powerful force in union in 1991 and became its secretary general three years later. It is the third most powerful force in Kurdish-dominated northern Iraq. Kurdish-dominated northern Iraq. 16. Mahmoud Othman (Sunni Kurd) Mr. Othman held various posts in the Kurdistan Democratic Party 16. Mahmoud Othman (Sunni Kurd) Mr. Othman held various posts in the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the 1960s. There he founded the KSP. in the 1960s. There he founded the KSP. 17. Hamid Majid Mousa, Communist Party (Shia) Mr. Mousa has been the secretary of the Iraqi 17. Hamid Majid Mousa, Communist Party (Shia) Mr. Mousa has been the secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party since 1993. An economist by training, he lived for several years in northern Iraq after Communist Party since 1993. An economist by training, he lived for several years in northern Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War. the 1991 Gulf War. 18. Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer, northern tribal figure (Sunni) Mr. al-Yawer is a civil engineer who spent 18. Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer, northern tribal figure (Sunni) Mr. al-Yawer is a civil engineer who spent 15 years based in Saudi Arabia. He is a close relative of Sheikh Mohsen Adil al-Yawar, head of the 15 years based in Saudi Arabia. He is a close relative of Sheikh Mohsen Adil al-Yawar, head of the powerful Shamar tribe, which comprises both Sunnis and Shia. powerful Shamar tribe, which comprises both Sunnis and Shia. 19. Ezzedine Salim, Daawa Islamic Party (Shia) Mr. Salim is the head of the Daawa Islamic Party, and 19. Ezzedine Salim, Daawa Islamic Party (Shia) Mr. Salim is the head of the Daawa Islamic Party, and is based in Basra. is based in Basra.

5-7 5-7

Iraqi Governing Council: Iraqi Governing Council: 1. Samir Shakir Mahmoud (Sunni) Mr. Mahmoud belongs to the al-Sumaidy clan, which believes its 1. Samir Shakir Mahmoud (Sunni) Mr. Mahmoud belongs to the al-Sumaidy clan, which believes its origins can be traced back to the Prophet Muhammed. He is described as both a writer and an origins can be traced back to the Prophet Muhammed. He is described as both a writer and an entrepreneur. entrepreneur. 2. Sondul Chapouk (Turkmen) Ms Chapouk is one of just three women on the council. She is a trained 2. Sondul Chapouk (Turkmen) Ms Chapouk is one of just three women on the council. She is a trained engineer and teacher, as well as being a women's activist. engineer and teacher, as well as being a women's activist. 3. Ahmed Chalabi, Iraqi National Congress (Shia) Mr. Chalabi is the leading figure in the Pentagon- 3. Ahmed Chalabi, Iraqi National Congress (Shia) Mr. Chalabi is the leading figure in the Pentagon- backed INC, which he founded in 1992. It is thought he is viewed with suspicion by some Iraqis due to backed INC, which he founded in 1992. It is thought he is viewed with suspicion by some Iraqis due to his proximity to the US administration and to the fact that he has been absent from Iraq for the best part his proximity to the US administration and to the fact that he has been absent from Iraq for the best part of 45 years. of 45 years. 4. Naseer al-Chaderchi, National Democratic Party (Sunni) Leader of the NDP, Naseer al-Chaderchi is 4. Naseer al-Chaderchi, National Democratic Party (Sunni) Leader of the NDP, Naseer al-Chaderchi is also a lawyer who lived in Iraq throughout Saddam's regime. also a lawyer who lived in Iraq throughout Saddam's regime. 5. Adnan Pachachi, former foreign minister (Sunni) Mr. Pachachi served as a minister from 1965 to 5. Adnan Pachachi, former foreign minister (Sunni) Mr. Pachachi served as a minister from 1965 to 1967 before Saddam Hussein's Baath Party came to power. He is a nationalist with a secular liberal 1967 before Saddam Hussein's Baath Party came to power. He is a nationalist with a secular liberal outlook. outlook. 6. Mohammed Bahr al-Ulloum, cleric from Najaf (Shia) A highly respected religious scholar viewed as 6. Mohammed Bahr al-Ulloum, cleric from Najaf (Shia) A highly respected religious scholar viewed as a liberal. He fled Iraq in 1991 after several members of his family were killed by Saddam Hussein's a liberal. He fled Iraq in 1991 after several members of his family were killed by Saddam Hussein's regime. regime. 7. Massoud Barzani, Kurdistan Democratic Party (Sunni Kurd) Mr. Barzani has led the KDP through 7. Massoud Barzani, Kurdistan Democratic Party (Sunni Kurd) Mr. Barzani has led the KDP through decades of conflict with the Iraqi central government and with local rivals, the Patriotic Union of decades of conflict with the Iraqi central government and with local rivals, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. Kurdistan. 8. Jalal Talabani, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (Sunni Kurd) The veteran Kurdish leader is a lawyer by 8. Jalal Talabani, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (Sunni Kurd) The veteran Kurdish leader is a lawyer by training. He split from the KDP in 1975 to form the PUK, which controls the south-east of northern Iraq. training. He split from the KDP in 1975 to form the PUK, which controls the south-east of northern Iraq. 9. Abdel-Aziz al-Hakim, Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution (Shia) Number two in the 9. Abdel-Aziz al-Hakim, Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution (Shia) Number two in the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (Sciri), the sheikh is the brother of the council's Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (Sciri), the sheikh is the brother of the council's leader Ayatollah Mohammad Baqer al-Hakim, who wants an Islamic regime in Iraq. He has returned to leader Ayatollah Mohammad Baqer al-Hakim, who wants an Islamic regime in Iraq. He has returned to Iraq after 20 years in exile. Iraq after 20 years in exile. 10. Ahmed al-Barak, human rights activist (Shia) Mr. al-Barak is the head of the union of lawyers and 10. Ahmed al-Barak, human rights activist (Shia) Mr. al-Barak is the head of the union of lawyers and human rights league human rights league 11. Ibrahim al-Jaafari, Daawa Islamic Party (Shia)Mr. al-Jaafari is the spokesman for Daawa, one the 11. Ibrahim al-Jaafari, Daawa Islamic Party (Shia)Mr. al-Jaafari is the spokesman for Daawa, one the oldest of the Shia Islamist movements. The party was banned in 1980 and he fled the country. oldest of the Shia Islamist movements. The party was banned in 1980 and he fled the country. 12. Aquila al-Hashimi, foreign affairs expert (Shia) Ms al-Hashimi is a former diplomat who worked in 12. Aquila al-Hashimi, foreign affairs expert (Shia) Ms al-Hashimi is a former diplomat who worked in the foreign ministry Saddam Hussein. the foreign ministry Saddam Hussein. 13. Raja Habib al-Khuzaai, southern tribal leader (Shia) Ms al-Khuazaai is in charge of a maternity 13. Raja Habib al-Khuzaai, southern tribal leader (Shia) Ms al-Khuazaai is in charge of a maternity hospital in southern Iraq. She studied and lived in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s, before retuning to Iraq hospital in southern Iraq. She studied and lived in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s, before retuning to Iraq in 1977. Little is known about her political allegiances. in 1977. Little is known about her political allegiances. 14. Younadem Kana, Assyrian Democratic Movement (Assyrian Christian) Mr. Kana is an engineer 14. Younadem Kana, Assyrian Democratic Movement (Assyrian Christian) Mr. Kana is an engineer who served as an official for transport in the first Kurdish regional assembly and then as a trade minister who served as an official for transport in the first Kurdish regional assembly and then as a trade minister in the regional government established in Erbil. in the regional government established in Erbil. 15. Salaheddine Bahaaeddin, Kurdistan Islamic Union (Sunni Kurd) Mr. Bahaaeddin founded the 15. Salaheddine Bahaaeddin, Kurdistan Islamic Union (Sunni Kurd) Mr. Bahaaeddin founded the union in 1991 and became its secretary general three years later. It is the third most powerful force in union in 1991 and became its secretary general three years later. It is the third most powerful force in Kurdish-dominated northern Iraq. Kurdish-dominated northern Iraq. 16. Mahmoud Othman (Sunni Kurd) Mr. Othman held various posts in the Kurdistan Democratic Party 16. Mahmoud Othman (Sunni Kurd) Mr. Othman held various posts in the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the 1960s. There he founded the KSP. in the 1960s. There he founded the KSP. 17. Hamid Majid Mousa, Communist Party (Shia) Mr. Mousa has been the secretary of the Iraqi 17. Hamid Majid Mousa, Communist Party (Shia) Mr. Mousa has been the secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party since 1993. An economist by training, he lived for several years in northern Iraq after Communist Party since 1993. An economist by training, he lived for several years in northern Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War. the 1991 Gulf War. 18. Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer, northern tribal figure (Sunni) Mr. al-Yawer is a civil engineer who spent 18. Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer, northern tribal figure (Sunni) Mr. al-Yawer is a civil engineer who spent 15 years based in Saudi Arabia. He is a close relative of Sheikh Mohsen Adil al-Yawar, head of the 15 years based in Saudi Arabia. He is a close relative of Sheikh Mohsen Adil al-Yawar, head of the powerful Shamar tribe, which comprises both Sunnis and Shia. powerful Shamar tribe, which comprises both Sunnis and Shia. 19. Ezzedine Salim, Daawa Islamic Party (Shia) Mr. Salim is the head of the Daawa Islamic Party, and 19. Ezzedine Salim, Daawa Islamic Party (Shia) Mr. Salim is the head of the Daawa Islamic Party, and is based in Basra. is based in Basra.

5-7 5-7 20. Mohsen Abdel Hamid, Iraqi Islamic Party (Sunni) Mr. Hamid is the secretary general of the Iraqi 20. Mohsen Abdel Hamid, Iraqi Islamic Party (Sunni) Mr. Hamid is the secretary general of the Iraqi Islamic Party Islamic Party 21. Iyad Allawi, Iraqi National Accord (Shia) Mr. Alawi set up the Iraqi National Accord in 1990. His 21. Iyad Allawi, Iraqi National Accord (Shia) Mr. Alawi set up the Iraqi National Accord in 1990. His group consists mainly of military and security defectors. group consists mainly of military and security defectors. 22. Wael Abdul Latif, Basra governor (Shia) Mr. Latif has served as judge since the early 1980s and is 22. Wael Abdul Latif, Basra governor (Shia) Mr. Latif has served as judge since the early 1980s and is currently deputy head of the Basra court. He was imprisoned for one year under the regime. currently deputy head of the Basra court. He was imprisoned for one year under the regime. 23. Mouwafak al-Rabii (Shia) A British-educated doctor who lived for many years in London. He is also 23. Mouwafak al-Rabii (Shia) A British-educated doctor who lived for many years in London. He is also the author of a book on Iraqi Shia and a human rights activist. the author of a book on Iraqi Shia and a human rights activist. 24. Dara Noor Alzin, judge A judge who was condemned to three years in jail under Saddam Hussein 24. Dara Noor Alzin, judge A judge who was condemned to three years in jail under Saddam Hussein for ruling that one of his edicts on confiscating land was unconstitutional. for ruling that one of his edicts on confiscating land was unconstitutional. 25. Abdel-Karim Mahoud al-Mohammedawi, Hezbollah from Amara (Shia) 25. Abdel-Karim Mahoud al-Mohammedawi, Hezbollah from Amara (Shia) Mr. al-Mohammedawi has spent much of his life leading a resistance movement against Saddam Mr. al-Mohammedawi has spent much of his life leading a resistance movement against Saddam Hussein in the southern marshes. He spent six years in jail under the regime. Hussein in the southern marshes. He spent six years in jail under the regime.

IRAQI POLITICAL LANDSCAPE IRAQI POLITICAL LANDSCAPE Abbreviations: Abbreviations:

Civilian Based National Secular Groups: Civilian Based National Secular Groups:

Iraqi National Accord: INA Iraqi National Accord: INA

Iraqi Communist Party: ICP Iraqi Communist Party: ICP

Constitutional Monarchy Movement: CMM Constitutional Monarchy Movement: CMM

Iraqi National Congress: INC Iraqi National Congress: INC

Worker Communist Party of Iraq: WCPI Worker Communist Party of Iraq: WCPI

National Democratic Party: NDP National Democratic Party: NDP

National Islamic Groups: National Islamic Groups:

Iraqi Islamic Party/Islamic Iraqi Party: IIP Iraqi Islamic Party/Islamic Iraqi Party: IIP

Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq: SCIRI Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq: SCIRI

Al-Da’Wa al-Islamiyya: IADP Al-Da’Wa al-Islamiyya: IADP

Jamaat al-Sadr al-Thani: SADR Jamaat al-Sadr al-Thani: SADR

National Officers Groups: National Officers Groups:

Higher Council for National Salvation: HCNS Higher Council for National Salvation: HCNS

Free Officers Movement/Free Officers and Civilians Movement: FECM Free Officers Movement/Free Officers and Civilians Movement: FECM

Iraqi National Movement: INM Iraqi National Movement: INM

Kurdish Groups: Kurdish Groups:

Kurdistan Democratic Party: KDP Kurdistan Democratic Party: KDP

Patriotic Union of Kurdistan: PUK Patriotic Union of Kurdistan: PUK

Islamic Movement of Iraqi Kurdistan: IMIK Islamic Movement of Iraqi Kurdistan: IMIK

Ansar al-Islam: AI Ansar al-Islam: AI

Misc. Ethnic Groups: Misc. Ethnic Groups:

Assyrian Democratic Movement: ADM Assyrian Democratic Movement: ADM

Iraqi Turkoman Front: ITF Iraqi Turkoman Front: ITF

Iraqi Turkoman Peoples Party: ITPP Iraqi Turkoman Peoples Party: ITPP

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20. Mohsen Abdel Hamid, Iraqi Islamic Party (Sunni) Mr. Hamid is the secretary general of the Iraqi 20. Mohsen Abdel Hamid, Iraqi Islamic Party (Sunni) Mr. Hamid is the secretary general of the Iraqi Islamic Party Islamic Party 21. Iyad Allawi, Iraqi National Accord (Shia) Mr. Alawi set up the Iraqi National Accord in 1990. His 21. Iyad Allawi, Iraqi National Accord (Shia) Mr. Alawi set up the Iraqi National Accord in 1990. His group consists mainly of military and security defectors. group consists mainly of military and security defectors. 22. Wael Abdul Latif, Basra governor (Shia) Mr. Latif has served as judge since the early 1980s and is 22. Wael Abdul Latif, Basra governor (Shia) Mr. Latif has served as judge since the early 1980s and is currently deputy head of the Basra court. He was imprisoned for one year under the regime. currently deputy head of the Basra court. He was imprisoned for one year under the regime. 23. Mouwafak al-Rabii (Shia) A British-educated doctor who lived for many years in London. He is also 23. Mouwafak al-Rabii (Shia) A British-educated doctor who lived for many years in London. He is also the author of a book on Iraqi Shia and a human rights activist. the author of a book on Iraqi Shia and a human rights activist. 24. Dara Noor Alzin, judge A judge who was condemned to three years in jail under Saddam Hussein 24. Dara Noor Alzin, judge A judge who was condemned to three years in jail under Saddam Hussein for ruling that one of his edicts on confiscating land was unconstitutional. for ruling that one of his edicts on confiscating land was unconstitutional. 25. Abdel-Karim Mahoud al-Mohammedawi, Hezbollah from Amara (Shia) 25. Abdel-Karim Mahoud al-Mohammedawi, Hezbollah from Amara (Shia) Mr. al-Mohammedawi has spent much of his life leading a resistance movement against Saddam Mr. al-Mohammedawi has spent much of his life leading a resistance movement against Saddam Hussein in the southern marshes. He spent six years in jail under the regime. Hussein in the southern marshes. He spent six years in jail under the regime.

IRAQI POLITICAL LANDSCAPE IRAQI POLITICAL LANDSCAPE Abbreviations: Abbreviations:

Civilian Based National Secular Groups: Civilian Based National Secular Groups:

Iraqi National Accord: INA Iraqi National Accord: INA

Iraqi Communist Party: ICP Iraqi Communist Party: ICP

Constitutional Monarchy Movement: CMM Constitutional Monarchy Movement: CMM

Iraqi National Congress: INC Iraqi National Congress: INC

Worker Communist Party of Iraq: WCPI Worker Communist Party of Iraq: WCPI

National Democratic Party: NDP National Democratic Party: NDP

National Islamic Groups: National Islamic Groups:

Iraqi Islamic Party/Islamic Iraqi Party: IIP Iraqi Islamic Party/Islamic Iraqi Party: IIP

Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq: SCIRI Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq: SCIRI

Al-Da’Wa al-Islamiyya: IADP Al-Da’Wa al-Islamiyya: IADP

Jamaat al-Sadr al-Thani: SADR Jamaat al-Sadr al-Thani: SADR

National Officers Groups: National Officers Groups:

Higher Council for National Salvation: HCNS Higher Council for National Salvation: HCNS

Free Officers Movement/Free Officers and Civilians Movement: FECM Free Officers Movement/Free Officers and Civilians Movement: FECM

Iraqi National Movement: INM Iraqi National Movement: INM

Kurdish Groups: Kurdish Groups:

Kurdistan Democratic Party: KDP Kurdistan Democratic Party: KDP

Patriotic Union of Kurdistan: PUK Patriotic Union of Kurdistan: PUK

Islamic Movement of Iraqi Kurdistan: IMIK Islamic Movement of Iraqi Kurdistan: IMIK

Ansar al-Islam: AI Ansar al-Islam: AI

Misc. Ethnic Groups: Misc. Ethnic Groups:

Assyrian Democratic Movement: ADM Assyrian Democratic Movement: ADM

Iraqi Turkoman Front: ITF Iraqi Turkoman Front: ITF

Iraqi Turkoman Peoples Party: ITPP Iraqi Turkoman Peoples Party: ITPP

5-8 5-8 Civilian Based National Secular Groups Civilian Based National Secular Groups

Iraqi National Accord (INA): Created in 1990 on initiative of Saudi Prince, with CIA and MI6 Iraqi National Accord (INA): Created in 1990 on initiative of Saudi Prince, with CIA and MI6 backing. Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Member name is Iyad Allawi. backing. Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Member name is Iyad Allawi. LEADER: Dr Iyad Alawi (Shia leader since 1992) LEADER: Dr Iyad Alawi (Shia leader since 1992) GOALS: Removal of remaining B’aathist regime. Territorial integrity of Iraq. Creating democratic GOALS: Removal of remaining B’aathist regime. Territorial integrity of Iraq. Creating democratic state in Iraq state in Iraq LOCATION: Baghdad LOCATION: Baghdad

Iraqi Communist Party (ICP): Established 31 MAR 1934. Part of Iraqi Governing Council. Iraqi Communist Party (ICP): Established 31 MAR 1934. Part of Iraqi Governing Council. Council Member name Hamid Majid Musa Council Member name Hamid Majid Musa LEADER: Hamid Majid Musa al-Bayati (Shia Leader since 1993) LEADER: Hamid Majid Musa al-Bayati (Shia Leader since 1993) GOALS: Communist state in Iraq. Preserve Iraq’s unity. Lift UN sanctions on Iraq. Removal of GOALS: Communist state in Iraq. Preserve Iraq’s unity. Lift UN sanctions on Iraq. Removal of occupation forces. Strong UN role in reconstruction. occupation forces. Strong UN role in reconstruction. LOCATION: Headquarters in Baghdad LOCATION: Headquarters in Baghdad

Constitutional Monarchy Movement (CMM): Constitutional Monarchy Movement (CMM): LEADER: Sharif Ali bin AlHussein (Leader since 1993) LEADER: Sharif Ali bin AlHussein (Leader since 1993) GOALS: Unity of Iraqi homeland. Emphasize Islamic identity in Iraq, while guaranteeing rights of GOALS: Unity of Iraqi homeland. Emphasize Islamic identity in Iraq, while guaranteeing rights of minorities. Drawing up a new constitution to which all parties can agree. New constitution must minorities. Drawing up a new constitution to which all parties can agree. New constitution must state that the constitutional monarchy is a symbol of unity of the Iraqi land and people, and the state that the constitutional monarchy is a symbol of unity of the Iraqi land and people, and the arbitrator between competing political groups, but not the ruler. arbitrator between competing political groups, but not the ruler.

Iraqi National Congress (INC): Created June 1992, with U.S. funding. Member of Iraqi Iraqi National Congress (INC): Created June 1992, with U.S. funding. Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Member name is Ahmed Chalabi. Governing Council. Member name is Ahmed Chalabi. LEADER: Faisal Qaragholi, Intifadh K. Qanbar, Ahmad Chalabi (Shia) LEADER: Faisal Qaragholi, Intifadh K. Qanbar, Ahmad Chalabi (Shia) GOALS: Umbrella group for disputing opposition parties to B’aathist regime. GOALS: Umbrella group for disputing opposition parties to B’aathist regime. Removal of B’aathist regime, attempted coup in 1995 along with Higher Council for National Removal of B’aathist regime, attempted coup in 1995 along with Higher Council for National Salvation group. Want Iraq to become a democratic federal state. Salvation group. Want Iraq to become a democratic federal state. LOCATION: Temporary headquarters; Iraqi Hunting Club, Baghdad LOCATION: Temporary headquarters; Iraqi Hunting Club, Baghdad

INA INA INC INC CMM CMM

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Civilian Based National Secular Groups Civilian Based National Secular Groups

INA INA INC INC CMM CMM

5-9 5-9 Worker Communist Party of Iraq (WCPI): Established 1993 as merger of smaller parties Worker Communist Party of Iraq (WCPI): Established 1993 as merger of smaller parties LEADER: Barham Surush is prominent member (Kurd) LEADER: Barham Surush is prominent member (Kurd) GOALS: Anti-national anti-religious leanings, causing friction with KDP and PUK. Opposed U.S. GOALS: Anti-national anti-religious leanings, causing friction with KDP and PUK. Opposed U.S. invasion of Iraq and U.S. occupation of Iraq. Wants immediate removal of occupation forces invasion of Iraq and U.S. occupation of Iraq. Wants immediate removal of occupation forces LOCATION: Northern Iraq, within PUK and KDP territory LOCATION: Northern Iraq, within PUK and KDP territory

National Democratic Party (NDP): Founded 1946. Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Member National Democratic Party (NDP): Founded 1946. Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Member name is Naseer al-Chaderchi. name is Naseer al-Chaderchi. LEADER: Naseer al-Chaderchi (Sunni leader since 2003) LEADER: Naseer al-Chaderchi (Sunni leader since 2003) GOALS: Focuses on social democracy and political reform with limited engagement in GOALS: Focuses on social democracy and political reform with limited engagement in international issues. Has been invited to work with U.S. authorities largely due to fact that NDP international issues. Has been invited to work with U.S. authorities largely due to fact that NDP LOCATION: Head office in Mansur LOCATION: Head office in Mansur

National Islamic Groups National Islamic Groups

Iraqi Islamic Party/Islamic Iraqi Party: Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Member name is Iraqi Islamic Party/Islamic Iraqi Party: Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Member name is Mohsen Abdel Hamid. Mohsen Abdel Hamid. LEADER: Eyad al-Samra’i LEADER: Eyad al-Samra’i GOALS: Two primary goals: forcing the U.S. and U.K. troops out and urging all Iraqi mosaic GOALS: Two primary goals: forcing the U.S. and U.K. troops out and urging all Iraqi mosaic factions to act in unison for a free democratic Iraq. Calls for factions to act in unison for a free democratic Iraq. Calls for “exposing the malicious plans to destroy Iraq and entrenches the foothold of the occupation by “exposing the malicious plans to destroy Iraq and entrenches the foothold of the occupation by setting government facilities ablaze and looting hospitals, universities, banks and museums in setting government facilities ablaze and looting hospitals, universities, banks and museums in Iraq.” Iraq.”

Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI): Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI): Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Member name is Abdel-Aziz al-Hakim. Member name is Abdel-Aziz al-Hakim. LEADER: Ayatollah Mohammad Baqer al-Hakim (Shia leader) LEADER: Ayatollah Mohammad Baqer al-Hakim (Shia leader) GOALS: Establishment of an Islamic state in Iraq. Has publicly disavowed use of force in order to GOALS: Establishment of an Islamic state in Iraq. Has publicly disavowed use of force in order to achieve this aim. Wants immediate removal of U.S. and British occupational forces. Has control of achieve this aim. Wants immediate removal of U.S. and British occupational forces. Has control of Badr Corps. Badr Corps. LOCATION: Southern and Central Iraq LOCATION: Southern and Central Iraq PARAMILITARY: Badr Corps PARAMILITARY: Badr Corps

Al-Da’Wa al-Islamiyya: Means “Invitation to believe in true religion” Was created to combat Al-Da’Wa al-Islamiyya: Means “Invitation to believe in true religion” Was created to combat atheism (ie communism). Part of Iraqi Governing Council. Member names are Ezzedine Salim atheism (ie communism). Part of Iraqi Governing Council. Member names are Ezzedine Salim and Ibrahim al-Jaafari. and Ibrahim al-Jaafari. LEADER: Ezzedine Salim (Shia leader 1989) LEADER: Ezzedine Salim (Shia leader 1989) GOALS: Islamic government in Iraq. However is suspicious of SCIRI because of its close ties GOALS: Islamic government in Iraq. However is suspicious of SCIRI because of its close ties with Iran. Al-Da’wa wants to maintain an independent standpoint from Iran. Has 2 members on with Iran. Al-Da’wa wants to maintain an independent standpoint from Iran. Has 2 members on Governing Council appointed by U.S. occupational authority. Governing Council appointed by U.S. occupational authority. LOCATION: Largely controls Nasiriya. Has recently set up office in Baghdad. LOCATION: Largely controls Nasiriya. Has recently set up office in Baghdad.

Jamaat al-Sadr al-Thani: Jamaat al-Sadr al-Thani: LEADER: Muqtada al-Sadr (Shia leader since 1999) LEADER: Muqtada al-Sadr (Shia leader since 1999) GOALS: Has taken effective control of large urban areas of Iraq, including Imman Ali Mosque in GOALS: Has taken effective control of large urban areas of Iraq, including Imman Ali Mosque in Najaf. Strongly opposed continued U.S. occupation of Iraq. Islamic government in Iraq, similar to Najaf. Strongly opposed continued U.S. occupation of Iraq. Islamic government in Iraq, similar to Iran’s. Iran’s. LOCATION: Strong presence in Najaf and Kufa, and Saddam City suburb of Baghdad, which LOCATION: Strong presence in Najaf and Kufa, and Saddam City suburb of Baghdad, which Jamaat has renamed Sadr City. Jamaat has renamed Sadr City.

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Worker Communist Party of Iraq (WCPI): Established 1993 as merger of smaller parties Worker Communist Party of Iraq (WCPI): Established 1993 as merger of smaller parties LEADER: Barham Surush is prominent member (Kurd) LEADER: Barham Surush is prominent member (Kurd) GOALS: Anti-national anti-religious leanings, causing friction with KDP and PUK. Opposed U.S. GOALS: Anti-national anti-religious leanings, causing friction with KDP and PUK. Opposed U.S. invasion of Iraq and U.S. occupation of Iraq. Wants immediate removal of occupation forces invasion of Iraq and U.S. occupation of Iraq. Wants immediate removal of occupation forces LOCATION: Northern Iraq, within PUK and KDP territory LOCATION: Northern Iraq, within PUK and KDP territory

National Islamic Groups National Islamic Groups

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SCIRI SCIRI

National Officers Groups National Officers Groups

Higher Council for National Salvation (HCNS): Higher Council for National Salvation (HCNS): LEADER: Wafiq Hamud al-Samarra‘I LEADER: Wafiq Hamud al-Samarra‘I GOALS: Has attempted to incite coup against B’aathist regime. Wafiq Hamud al-Samarra was GOALS: Has attempted to incite coup against B’aathist regime. Wafiq Hamud al-Samarra was Saddam Hussein’s head of Military Intelligence with rank of Major General. Has come into direct Saddam Hussein’s head of Military Intelligence with rank of Major General. Has come into direct opposition with KDP, believed KDP leadership collaborated with Hussein regime to defeat coup opposition with KDP, believed KDP leadership collaborated with Hussein regime to defeat coup attempt. Currently helping Coalition forces track Hussein’s flight. attempt. Currently helping Coalition forces track Hussein’s flight.

Free Officers Movement (FOM): May have been renamed Free Officers and Civilians Movement. Free Officers Movement (FOM): May have been renamed Free Officers and Civilians Movement. Embraces both Sunni and Shia members. Embraces both Sunni and Shia members. LEADER: Brigadier-General Najib al-Salihi (Sunni leader since 1996) LEADER: Brigadier-General Najib al-Salihi (Sunni leader since 1996) GOALS: Overthrow of Saddam regime. Did not want U.S. forces to invade Iraq. Wanted to GOALS: Overthrow of Saddam regime. Did not want U.S. forces to invade Iraq. Wanted to maintain integrity of regular Iraqi army and save it from U.S. targeting during hostilities. maintain integrity of regular Iraqi army and save it from U.S. targeting during hostilities. LOCATION: Has set up headquarters building in Baghdad to recruit LOCATION: Has set up headquarters building in Baghdad to recruit

Iraqi National Movement (INM): Iraqi National Movement (INM): LEADER: Maj-Gen Hasan Mustafa al-Naqib (Sunni leader since 2001) LEADER: Maj-Gen Hasan Mustafa al-Naqib (Sunni leader since 2001) GOALS: Overthrow of Saddam regime. Lead revolt at start of Iraq/Iran war. Has received funding GOALS: Overthrow of Saddam regime. Lead revolt at start of Iraq/Iran war. Has received funding from U.S. State Department in order to build links between Arab governments and other Iraqi from U.S. State Department in order to build links between Arab governments and other Iraqi opposition groups. Recently been ambiguous about federalism for post-Saddam Iraq. opposition groups. Recently been ambiguous about federalism for post-Saddam Iraq.

Predominately Kurdish Groups Predominately Kurdish Groups

Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP): Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Member name is Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP): Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Member name is Massoud Barzani Massoud Barzani LEADER: Massoud Barzani (Sunni Kurd Leader) LEADER: Massoud Barzani (Sunni Kurd Leader) GOALS: Seek and achieve all basic human and national rights including the right of freedom of GOALS: Seek and achieve all basic human and national rights including the right of freedom of expression and association and to support all democratic principles for all ethnic, and other, expression and association and to support all democratic principles for all ethnic, and other, oppressed peoples. Iraqi Kurdistan is to be a semi-autonomous region where Kurdish will be the oppressed peoples. Iraqi Kurdistan is to be a semi-autonomous region where Kurdish will be the official language. official language. LOCATION: Northern Iraq LOCATION: Northern Iraq

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SCIRI SCIRI

National Officers Groups National Officers Groups

Predominately Kurdish Groups Predominately Kurdish Groups

5-11 5-11 Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK): Formed March 1975. Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK): Formed March 1975. Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Member name is Jalal Talabani Member name is Jalal Talabani LEADER: Muhammad Sabir Ismail (Sunni Kurd leader since 2001) LEADER: Muhammad Sabir Ismail (Sunni Kurd leader since 2001) GOALS: Autonomous region for Kurds in Northern Iraq. Overthrow of B’ath government. GOALS: Autonomous region for Kurds in Northern Iraq. Overthrow of B’ath government. Establishment of Leninist government for autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan. Establishment of Leninist government for autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan. LOCATION: Controls the Sulaymaniyya province in Iraq as well as parts of Ta'mim, Salah al-Din LOCATION: Controls the Sulaymaniyya province in Iraq as well as parts of Ta'mim, Salah al-Din and Diyala provinces. Headquartered in city of Sulaymaniyya. and Diyala provinces. Headquartered in city of Sulaymaniyya.

Islamic Movement of Iraqi Kurdistan (IMIK): Islamic Movement of Iraqi Kurdistan (IMIK): LEADER: Mullah ‘Ali ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Halabji (Kurdish leader since 1999) LEADER: Mullah ‘Ali ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Halabji (Kurdish leader since 1999) GOALS: Islamic government for autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan. Has previously worked GOALS: Islamic government for autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan. Has previously worked with Iran in order to fight the prior regime. Continues to receive financial aid from Iran. with Iran in order to fight the prior regime. Continues to receive financial aid from Iran. LOCATION: Head office in Halabja LOCATION: Head office in Halabja

Ansar al-Islam (AI): Also known as al-Ansar, Jund al-Islam and Hamas Ansar al-Islam (AI): Also known as al-Ansar, Jund al-Islam and Hamas LEADER: Najm al-Din Faraj, also known as Mullah Krekar LEADER: Najm al-Din Faraj, also known as Mullah Krekar (Kurd leader since 1998) (Kurd leader since 1998) GOALS: Islamic government for independent Kurdistan GOALS: Islamic government for independent Kurdistan LOCATION: North Eastern Iraq, near Iranian border. LOCATION: North Eastern Iraq, near Iranian border.

Kurdistan Islamic Union (KIU): Member of Iraqi National Council. Member name is Kurdistan Islamic Union (KIU): Member of Iraqi National Council. Member name is Salaheddine Bahaaeddin. Salaheddine Bahaaeddin. LEADER: Salah al-Din Muhammad Baha' al-Din (Sunni Kurd Leader since 1994) LEADER: Salah al-Din Muhammad Baha' al-Din (Sunni Kurd Leader since 1994) GOALS: Islamic state in Iraq in which rights of Kurds are recognized. GOALS: Islamic state in Iraq in which rights of Kurds are recognized. LOCATION: Headquartered in Irbil LOCATION: Headquartered in Irbil

KDP PUK KDP PUK

5-12 5-12

Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK): Formed March 1975. Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK): Formed March 1975. Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Member name is Jalal Talabani Member name is Jalal Talabani LEADER: Muhammad Sabir Ismail (Sunni Kurd leader since 2001) LEADER: Muhammad Sabir Ismail (Sunni Kurd leader since 2001) GOALS: Autonomous region for Kurds in Northern Iraq. Overthrow of B’ath government. GOALS: Autonomous region for Kurds in Northern Iraq. Overthrow of B’ath government. Establishment of Leninist government for autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan. Establishment of Leninist government for autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan. LOCATION: Controls the Sulaymaniyya province in Iraq as well as parts of Ta'mim, Salah al-Din LOCATION: Controls the Sulaymaniyya province in Iraq as well as parts of Ta'mim, Salah al-Din and Diyala provinces. Headquartered in city of Sulaymaniyya. and Diyala provinces. Headquartered in city of Sulaymaniyya.

KDP PUK KDP PUK

5-12 5-12 Misc. Ethnic Groups Misc. Ethnic Groups

Assyrian Democratic Movement (ADM): Created in 12 April 1979. Member of Iraqi Governing Assyrian Democratic Movement (ADM): Created in 12 April 1979. Member of Iraqi Governing Council. Member name is Younadem Kanna Council. Member name is Younadem Kanna LEADER: Yonadam Y. Kanna (Assyrian Christian) LEADER: Yonadam Y. Kanna (Assyrian Christian) GOALS: Recognition of national Assyrian rights, self-determination, end of religious persecution, GOALS: Recognition of national Assyrian rights, self-determination, end of religious persecution, particularly of Christians, secular government particularly of Christians, secular government LOCATION: Northern Iraq LOCATION: Northern Iraq

Iraqi Turkoman Front: (ITF): Established 1995 as coalition of 26 Turkoman groups. Supported Iraqi Turkoman Front: (ITF): Established 1995 as coalition of 26 Turkoman groups. Supported by Turkey by Turkey LEADER: San'an Ahmad Agha (Turkoman leader since Nov 2000) LEADER: San'an Ahmad Agha (Turkoman leader since Nov 2000) GOALS: Major role in future governance of Kirkuk (viewed as Turkoman capital) and Irbil GOALS: Major role in future governance of Kirkuk (viewed as Turkoman capital) and Irbil LOCATION: Head office in Kirkuk LOCATION: Head office in Kirkuk

Iraqi Turkoman People’s Party (ITPP): Not supported by Turkey Iraqi Turkoman People’s Party (ITPP): Not supported by Turkey LEADER: Turhan Ketene LEADER: Turhan Ketene GOALS: Creation of central government comprised of Democratic Iraqi Republic. GOALS: Creation of central government comprised of Democratic Iraqi Republic. LOCATION: Offices in Kirkuk and Irbil LOCATION: Offices in Kirkuk and Irbil

ADM ADM

5-13 5-13

Misc. Ethnic Groups Misc. Ethnic Groups

ADM ADM

5-13 5-13

IRAQI PARAMILITARY GROUPS IRAQI PARAMILITARY GROUPS

KEY GROUPS KEY GROUPS

Formally known as Saddam's Martyrs ["Men of Sacrifice"], or Fedayeen Saddam Formally known as Saddam's Martyrs ["Men of Sacrifice"], or Fedayeen Saddam Now called Former Regime Loyalists (FRL) or Baath Party Loyalists Now called Former Regime Loyalists (FRL) or Baath Party Loyalists STRENGTH: The Fedayeen numbered more then 15,000 (Spring 2003) STRENGTH: The Fedayeen numbered more then 15,000 (Spring 2003) STRUCTURE: The Fedayeen Saddam were comprised of young and politically reliable STRUCTURE: The Fedayeen Saddam were comprised of young and politically reliable paramilitary soldiers that may still be leveraged against perceived domestic agitators and paramilitary soldiers that may still be leveraged against perceived domestic agitators and opponents of the former regime. These soldiers have been recruited from Tikrit, and areas opponents of the former regime. These soldiers have been recruited from Tikrit, and areas within the Sunni Triangle. The unit reported directly to the Presidential Palace, rather than within the Sunni Triangle. The unit reported directly to the Presidential Palace, rather than through the army command, and was also responsible for conducting patrols and anti- through the army command, and was also responsible for conducting patrols and anti- smuggling duties. The Leader was Qusay, one of Saddams son’s who recently was killed in smuggling duties. The Leader was Qusay, one of Saddams son’s who recently was killed in Iraq. The deputy commander was Staff Lieutenant General Mezahem Saab Al Hassan Al- Iraq. The deputy commander was Staff Lieutenant General Mezahem Saab Al Hassan Al- Tikriti. Tikriti. CAPABILITIES: Small Arms made up of rocket propelled grenades, improvised explosive CAPABILITIES: Small Arms made up of rocket propelled grenades, improvised explosive devices, suicide bombings, and sniper shootings. They have also used deceptive tactics to devices, suicide bombings, and sniper shootings. They have also used deceptive tactics to unsettle coalition troops and employed torture and assassination to hold Iraqi civilians unsettle coalition troops and employed torture and assassination to hold Iraqi civilians hostage and, at times, to force them to fight. hostage and, at times, to force them to fight. MISSION: Their mission is leading guerrilla-style attacks on coalition forces in Iraq. They also MISSION: Their mission is leading guerrilla-style attacks on coalition forces in Iraq. They also were also relied upon to protect the president and his family, put down dissent and carry out were also relied upon to protect the president and his family, put down dissent and carry out much of the police's dirty work. Some of this dirty work is enforcing nighttime curfews and much of the police's dirty work. Some of this dirty work is enforcing nighttime curfews and controlling main intersections and block entrances to major thoroughfares and sensitive controlling main intersections and block entrances to major thoroughfares and sensitive areas. areas. UNIFORM: All black outfits and sometimes civilian clothes. UNIFORM: All black outfits and sometimes civilian clothes.

Ansar al-Islam (Supporters of Islam in Kurdistan); Jund al-Islam; Soldiers of God Ansar al-Islam (Supporters of Islam in Kurdistan); Jund al-Islam; Soldiers of God STRENGTH: About 700 members STRENGTH: About 700 members STRUCTURE: Ansar al-Islam is a radical Kurdish Islamic group that is supportive of the STRUCTURE: Ansar al-Islam is a radical Kurdish Islamic group that is supportive of the ideals of fundamental Islam. This group has ties with Taliban and al-Qaeda. It is the most ideals of fundamental Islam. This group has ties with Taliban and al-Qaeda. It is the most radical group operating in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Ansar al-Islam was established in radical group operating in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Ansar al-Islam was established in December 2001 after a merger between Jund al-Islam, led by Abu Abdallah al-Shafi'i and the December 2001 after a merger between Jund al-Islam, led by Abu Abdallah al-Shafi'i and the Islamic Movement splinter group led by Mullah Krekar. Both leaders are believed to have Islamic Movement splinter group led by Mullah Krekar. Both leaders are believed to have served in Afghanistan. The group is based in Biyarah and surrounding areas near the border served in Afghanistan. The group is based in Biyarah and surrounding areas near the border with Iran. with Iran. CAPABILITIES: Toyota Land Cruisers. They have received small arms from Al Qaida CAPABILITIES: Toyota Land Cruisers. They have received small arms from Al Qaida training in Afghanistan. Al Qaida has also provided financial assistance to Ansar Al-Islam. training in Afghanistan. Al Qaida has also provided financial assistance to Ansar Al-Islam. Use of improvised explosive devices, car bombs,and claimed to have produced cyanide- Use of improvised explosive devices, car bombs,and claimed to have produced cyanide- based toxins, ricin, and alfa toxin. based toxins, ricin, and alfa toxin. MISSION: To establish an independent Islamic state in N. Iraq MISSION: To establish an independent Islamic state in N. Iraq UNIFORM: Civilian Clothes UNIFORM: Civilian Clothes LOCATION: Based in the Kurdish-controlled northern provinces of Iraq. Its bases are in and LOCATION: Based in the Kurdish-controlled northern provinces of Iraq. Its bases are in and around the villages of Biyara and Tawela, which lie northeast of the town of Halabja in the around the villages of Biyara and Tawela, which lie northeast of the town of Halabja in the Hawraman region of Sulaimaniya province bordering Iran. Hawraman region of Sulaimaniya province bordering Iran.

5-14 5-14

IRAQI PARAMILITARY GROUPS IRAQI PARAMILITARY GROUPS

KEY GROUPS KEY GROUPS

5-14 5-14 Formerly known as Special Republican Guard although now referred to as Baath Formerly known as Special Republican Guard although now referred to as Baath Party Loyalists, or Former Regime Loyalists. Now dispersed amongst population. Party Loyalists, or Former Regime Loyalists. Now dispersed amongst population. STRENGTH: 26,000 Total troops STRENGTH: 26,000 Total troops STRUCTURE: This once elite paramilitary unit was founded in early 1992 Composed of STRUCTURE: This once elite paramilitary unit was founded in early 1992 Composed of thirteen battalions of 1,300-1,500 men each. Subsequently this force grew to upwards of thirteen battalions of 1,300-1,500 men each. Subsequently this force grew to upwards of 26,000 troops in thirteen battalions. With recruits drawn from Tikrit, Baiji, al-Sharqat and 26,000 troops in thirteen battalions. With recruits drawn from Tikrit, Baiji, al-Sharqat and small towns south and west of Mosul and around Baghdad. small towns south and west of Mosul and around Baghdad. CAPABILITIES: Air Defense, Small Arms, Human Shields. CAPABILITIES: Air Defense, Small Arms, Human Shields. Rumors Saddam used SRG facilities as a storage space for his chemical and biological Rumors Saddam used SRG facilities as a storage space for his chemical and biological weapons. weapons. MISSION: The Special Republican Guard (SRG) was responsible for escort and protection MISSION: The Special Republican Guard (SRG) was responsible for escort and protection of Saddam Hussein during his travels, protection of his presidential palaces, security of of Saddam Hussein during his travels, protection of his presidential palaces, security of Baghdad, and act as an emergency response force in case of a rebellion or a coup. Baghdad, and act as an emergency response force in case of a rebellion or a coup. UNIFORM: Civilian attire. UNIFORM: Civilian attire. LOCATION: Baghdad and Vicinity of Baghdadal-Bu Nasir tribe. LOCATION: Baghdad and Vicinity of Baghdadal-Bu Nasir tribe.

Formerly known as Al Amn al-Khass (Special Security Service); Special Security Formerly known as Al Amn al-Khass (Special Security Service); Special Security Organization; Presidential Affairs Department Organization; Presidential Affairs Department STRENGTH: Staff of 5,000 officers and soldiers STRENGTH: Staff of 5,000 officers and soldiers STRUCTURE: The Brigade of Amn Al-Khass Special Branch elements included the STRUCTURE: The Brigade of Amn Al-Khass Special Branch elements included the Security Office. The Manager of the Director General's Office is Suleiman Hajim Al Nasiri, Security Office. The Manager of the Director General's Office is Suleiman Hajim Al Nasiri, the Secretary to the Director General is Moyed Sami Ahmad Al Douri, and the Secretary to the Secretary to the Director General is Moyed Sami Ahmad Al Douri, and the Secretary to the Manager is Abbas Ayash Al Nasiri. The members of Amn Al-Khass were chosen the Manager is Abbas Ayash Al Nasiri. The members of Amn Al-Khass were chosen because they had proved to be good soldiers and extremely loyal. because they had proved to be good soldiers and extremely loyal. CAPABILITIES: Small Arms CAPABILITIES: Small Arms MISSION: The duties of Al Amn al-Khass included: protection of the Baath leadership in MISSION: The duties of Al Amn al-Khass included: protection of the Baath leadership in Iraq, the surveillance personnel holding sensitive positions, the surveillance of Special Iraq, the surveillance personnel holding sensitive positions, the surveillance of Special Security Service personnel to ensure their loyalty to the regime, collection and analysis of Security Service personnel to ensure their loyalty to the regime, collection and analysis of intelligence on the enemies of the state, and a rapid-response intervention force that is used intelligence on the enemies of the state, and a rapid-response intervention force that is used during emergencies during emergencies UNIFORM: Civilian attire. UNIFORM: Civilian attire. LOCATION: Located in the Hai Al Tashriya district of Baghdad. LOCATION: Located in the Hai Al Tashriya district of Baghdad.

Baath Party Loyalist (means renaissance or rebirth in Arabic.) Baath Party Loyalist (means renaissance or rebirth in Arabic.) Strength: 2.4 million people are Baath Party members although only a small number of Strength: 2.4 million people are Baath Party members although only a small number of those are conducting attacks against Coalition troops. those are conducting attacks against Coalition troops. Structure: Command was once held by Saddam who is now out of power. Structure: Command was once held by Saddam who is now out of power. Capabilities: RPG, IED, and other small arms Capabilities: RPG, IED, and other small arms Mission: Its main ideological objectives were secularism, socialism, and pan-Arab Mission: Its main ideological objectives were secularism, socialism, and pan-Arab unionism. unionism. Uniform: Civilian attire. Uniform: Civilian attire. Location: Founded in Syria, now spread throughout Syria and Iraq. Previous headquarters Location: Founded in Syria, now spread throughout Syria and Iraq. Previous headquarters was in Basra, Iraq. was in Basra, Iraq.

5-15 5-15

Formerly known as Special Republican Guard although now referred to as Baath Formerly known as Special Republican Guard although now referred to as Baath Party Loyalists, or Former Regime Loyalists. Now dispersed amongst population. Party Loyalists, or Former Regime Loyalists. Now dispersed amongst population. STRENGTH: 26,000 Total troops STRENGTH: 26,000 Total troops STRUCTURE: This once elite paramilitary unit was founded in early 1992 Composed of STRUCTURE: This once elite paramilitary unit was founded in early 1992 Composed of thirteen battalions of 1,300-1,500 men each. Subsequently this force grew to upwards of thirteen battalions of 1,300-1,500 men each. Subsequently this force grew to upwards of 26,000 troops in thirteen battalions. With recruits drawn from Tikrit, Baiji, al-Sharqat and 26,000 troops in thirteen battalions. With recruits drawn from Tikrit, Baiji, al-Sharqat and small towns south and west of Mosul and around Baghdad. small towns south and west of Mosul and around Baghdad. CAPABILITIES: Air Defense, Small Arms, Human Shields. CAPABILITIES: Air Defense, Small Arms, Human Shields. Rumors Saddam used SRG facilities as a storage space for his chemical and biological Rumors Saddam used SRG facilities as a storage space for his chemical and biological weapons. weapons. MISSION: The Special Republican Guard (SRG) was responsible for escort and protection MISSION: The Special Republican Guard (SRG) was responsible for escort and protection of Saddam Hussein during his travels, protection of his presidential palaces, security of of Saddam Hussein during his travels, protection of his presidential palaces, security of Baghdad, and act as an emergency response force in case of a rebellion or a coup. Baghdad, and act as an emergency response force in case of a rebellion or a coup. UNIFORM: Civilian attire. UNIFORM: Civilian attire. LOCATION: Baghdad and Vicinity of Baghdadal-Bu Nasir tribe. LOCATION: Baghdad and Vicinity of Baghdadal-Bu Nasir tribe.

5-15 5-15

FORMER REGIME LOYALISTS FORMER REGIME LOYALISTS

GOALS: GOALS: • Retain psychological dominance over populace • Retain psychological dominance over populace • Return to power and influence • Return to power and influence • Revenge against US Forces • Revenge against US Forces • Attacks against US forces seen as “Arab” victory • Attacks against US forces seen as “Arab” victory

CENTER OF GRAVITY: CENTER OF GRAVITY: • Former Regime Leaders • Former Regime Leaders

MOST LIKELY COA: MOST LIKELY COA: • Continue small scale attacks against US Forces • Continue small scale attacks against US Forces - Decrease popular support for US presence in Iraq - Decrease popular support for US presence in Iraq • Recruit personnel to attack US Forces • Recruit personnel to attack US Forces - Money - Money - Intimidation - Intimidation - Appeal to Religious Fervor, Love of Country - Appeal to Religious Fervor, Love of Country

HPT’s: HPT’s: • Mid-Level + Ba’ath Party Members • Mid-Level + Ba’ath Party Members • Mid-Level Saddam Fedayeen (MAJ +) • Mid-Level Saddam Fedayeen (MAJ +) • Mid-Level + IIS, SSO • Mid-Level + IIS, SSO

STRENGTHS: STRENGTHS: • Knowledge of people and culture • Knowledge of people and culture • Ability to undermine legitimate government • Ability to undermine legitimate government - Exploit flashpoints - Exploit flashpoints - Ignite civil unrest - Ignite civil unrest

WEAKNESSES: WEAKNESSES: • Lack popular support • Lack popular support • Lack of time, money and people • Lack of time, money and people

MOST DANGEROUS COA: MOST DANGEROUS COA: • Unified insurgence led by Saddam Hussein • Unified insurgence led by Saddam Hussein • FRL infiltrate the New Iraqi Government • FRL infiltrate the New Iraqi Government - Decrease direct action against US forces - Decrease direct action against US forces - Wait US forces re-deployment - Wait US forces re-deployment - Re-acquire power after US departs - Re-acquire power after US departs

RECOMMENDATIONS: RECOMMENDATIONS: • Pre-emptive attacks against mid-level Ba’athists • Pre-emptive attacks against mid-level Ba’athists providing money and weapons providing money and weapons • Robust CMO to improve jobs and infrastructure, • Robust CMO to improve jobs and infrastructure, creating a safe and secure environment and an creating a safe and secure environment and an alternative to combat alternative to combat • IO Campaign to inform populace that the regime is • IO Campaign to inform populace that the regime is gone forever, infrastructure is improving and Iraqis need gone forever, infrastructure is improving and Iraqis need to be a part of the solution to be a part of the solution

5-16 5-16

FORMER REGIME LOYALISTS FORMER REGIME LOYALISTS

CENTER OF GRAVITY: CENTER OF GRAVITY: • Former Regime Leaders • Former Regime Leaders

WEAKNESSES: WEAKNESSES: • Lack popular support • Lack popular support • Lack of time, money and people • Lack of time, money and people

5-16 5-16 RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALIST CELLS, RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALIST CELLS, FOREIGN FIGHTERS AND IRANIAN INSURGENTS FOREIGN FIGHTERS AND IRANIAN INSURGENTS GOALS: GOALS: • Initially establish safe haven capable of survival • Initially establish safe haven capable of survival • Influence the “frustrated” populace • Influence the “frustrated” populace • Kill Americans • Kill Americans • Fight Jihad • Fight Jihad • Expel Infidels from Middle East/Holy Land • Expel Infidels from Middle East/Holy Land

CENTER OF GRAVITY: CENTER OF GRAVITY: • Entrance into the country • Entrance into the country • Lack of infrastructure • Lack of infrastructure

MOST LIKELY COA: MOST LIKELY COA: • Initially many small scale attacks • Initially many small scale attacks • Exploit flashpoints to ignite civil unrest • Exploit flashpoints to ignite civil unrest - Turn public opinion against US - Turn public opinion against US • Larger, more effective attacks • Larger, more effective attacks - Shock effect - Shock effect - Mass US casualties - Mass US casualties

HPT’s: HPT’s: • Wahabi Extremists from foreign countries • Wahabi Extremists from foreign countries • Members of foreign Terrorist Groups • Members of foreign Terrorist Groups • Potential BADR corps • Potential BADR corps • Ansar Al-Islam • Ansar Al-Islam •Mohammad’s Army •Mohammad’s Army

STRENGTHS: STRENGTHS: • Few time constraints • Few time constraints • Few monetary limitations • Few monetary limitations • Ability to use religion as a recruitment tool • Ability to use religion as a recruitment tool • Can claim victory no matter when or why US leaves Iraq • Can claim victory no matter when or why US leaves Iraq

WEAKNESSES: WEAKNESSES: • Currently little popular support within Iraq • Currently little popular support within Iraq

MOST DANGEROUS COA: MOST DANGEROUS COA: • Possibility of group alliances to work against Coalition Forces • Possibility of group alliances to work against Coalition Forces • Significant increase in high-level, sophisticated terrorist acts • Significant increase in high-level, sophisticated terrorist acts • External monetary support of anti-US movement and actions in Iraq • External monetary support of anti-US movement and actions in Iraq • Subversion • Subversion

RECOMMENDATIONS: RECOMMENDATIONS: • Control influx of foreign fighters; eliminate cells from region • Control influx of foreign fighters; eliminate cells from region • Continue to promote a secular government • Continue to promote a secular government • Promote free, open media • Promote free, open media • IO Campaign to instill confidence that the Iraqi people have freedom of choice, promote • IO Campaign to instill confidence that the Iraqi people have freedom of choice, promote concept of a secular society concept of a secular society

5-17 5-17

RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALIST CELLS, RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALIST CELLS, FOREIGN FIGHTERS AND IRANIAN INSURGENTS FOREIGN FIGHTERS AND IRANIAN INSURGENTS GOALS: GOALS: • Initially establish safe haven capable of survival • Initially establish safe haven capable of survival • Influence the “frustrated” populace • Influence the “frustrated” populace • Kill Americans • Kill Americans • Fight Jihad • Fight Jihad • Expel Infidels from Middle East/Holy Land • Expel Infidels from Middle East/Holy Land

CENTER OF GRAVITY: CENTER OF GRAVITY: • Entrance into the country • Entrance into the country • Lack of infrastructure • Lack of infrastructure

WEAKNESSES: WEAKNESSES: • Currently little popular support within Iraq • Currently little popular support within Iraq

5-17 5-17 ETHNIC INFIGHTING/VIOLENCE ETHNIC INFIGHTING/VIOLENCE

THREATS: THREATS: • Demonstrations/Protests • Demonstrations/Protests • Tribe vs. Tribe Territorial/Economic Disputes • Tribe vs. Tribe Territorial/Economic Disputes • Disputes over religious tolerance, minority rights • Disputes over religious tolerance, minority rights • Perceived political power imbalance • Perceived political power imbalance • Feeling of disenfranchisement by populous • Feeling of disenfranchisement by populous

MOST LIKELY COA: MOST LIKELY COA: • Will increase as Coalition hands control to Iraqis and groups vie for power/representation • Will increase as Coalition hands control to Iraqis and groups vie for power/representation • Territorial/Economic disputes (oil, water and land) • Territorial/Economic disputes (oil, water and land) • Disputes/Infighting over religious issues, political vs. secular values • Disputes/Infighting over religious issues, political vs. secular values

HPT’s: HPT’s: • Religious or political leasers who incite or participate in violence or other criminal acts as a • Religious or political leasers who incite or participate in violence or other criminal acts as a means of political gain means of political gain

STRENGTHS: STRENGTHS: • Historically embedded, divisive issue • Historically embedded, divisive issue • Well established support base • Well established support base • Often have economic backing • Often have economic backing

WEAKNESSES: WEAKNESSES:

• People’s desire for stability, economic prosperity • People’s desire for stability, economic prosperity • Diversity of causes prevents unity • Diversity of causes prevents unity • Not all groups have access to resources • Not all groups have access to resources

MOST DANGEROUS COA: MOST DANGEROUS COA: • Resettlement and compensation policies are not in place • Resettlement and compensation policies are not in place • Ethnic political groups withdraw from the process • Ethnic political groups withdraw from the process • Increased incidents of ethnic violence destabilizes multi-ethnic areas • Increased incidents of ethnic violence destabilizes multi-ethnic areas

RECOMMENDATIONS: RECOMMENDATIONS: • Execute resettlement and compensation programs as soon as possible • Execute resettlement and compensation programs as soon as possible • Continue open dialogue at all levels of leadership of all ethnic groups • Continue open dialogue at all levels of leadership of all ethnic groups • Work to minimize interethnic violence • Work to minimize interethnic violence • Deny monopolizing of economic resources • Deny monopolizing of economic resources

5-18 5-18

ETHNIC INFIGHTING/VIOLENCE ETHNIC INFIGHTING/VIOLENCE

WEAKNESSES: WEAKNESSES:

5-18 5-18 CRIMINAL ACTIVITY CRIMINAL ACTIVITY

THREATS: THREATS: • Black Market activity • Black Market activity - Looting, Robbery and arms trafficking - Looting, Robbery and arms trafficking • Guns for hire • Guns for hire

CENTER OF GRAVITY: CENTER OF GRAVITY: • Lack of government security force (police) • Lack of government security force (police) • Lack of employment, economic well being • Lack of employment, economic well being • War damaged judicial system • War damaged judicial system

MOST LIKELY COA: MOST LIKELY COA: • Short Term (US in control) • Short Term (US in control) - Continued looting, black market activity, and exploitation of remaining infrastructure - Continued looting, black market activity, and exploitation of remaining infrastructure • Long Term (more control in Iraqi hands) • Long Term (more control in Iraqi hands) - Evolving FRL’s form mafia-style organization - Evolving FRL’s form mafia-style organization - More sophisticated activities, drugs, racketeering - More sophisticated activities, drugs, racketeering

MOST DANGEROUS COA: MOST DANGEROUS COA: • Government unable to appease public • Government unable to appease public • Fails to improve quality of life, provide basic services and needs • Fails to improve quality of life, provide basic services and needs • Populace acts out against government structure • Populace acts out against government structure

STRENGTHS: STRENGTHS: • 30 years of practice • 30 years of practice • Permissiveness of personal weapons possession • Permissiveness of personal weapons possession • Highly flexible, no political agenda • Highly flexible, no political agenda • Lack of policy formation, judicial systems • Lack of policy formation, judicial systems

WEAKNESSES: WEAKNESSES: • Link to economic conditions • Link to economic conditions - Improving economy limits popular support - Improving economy limits popular support • With time, government systems are coming into place • With time, government systems are coming into place • Lack of resources, personnel, and time • Lack of resources, personnel, and time

HPT’s: HPT’s: • All persons committing acts such as robbery, murder, looting, arms trafficking and murder • All persons committing acts such as robbery, murder, looting, arms trafficking and murder for hire for hire

RECOMMENDATIONS: RECOMMENDATIONS: • Quickly stand-up and train an Iraqi police force; turn internal security programs over to • Quickly stand-up and train an Iraqi police force; turn internal security programs over to Iraqis Iraqis • Vet judges and the legal process to establish rule of law • Vet judges and the legal process to establish rule of law • IO Campaign to instill confidence that US is here to help • IO Campaign to instill confidence that US is here to help

5-19 5-19

CRIMINAL ACTIVITY CRIMINAL ACTIVITY

THREATS: THREATS: • Black Market activity • Black Market activity - Looting, Robbery and arms trafficking - Looting, Robbery and arms trafficking • Guns for hire • Guns for hire

5-19 5-19 WEAPONS OF IRAQ WEAPONS OF IRAQ RPG-7 RPG-7 Primary function: Shoulder fired anti-tank weapon Primary function: Shoulder fired anti-tank weapon Effective range: 1,640 feet (500 meters) Effective range: 1,640 feet (500 meters) Rate of fire: Four to six rounds per minute Rate of fire: Four to six rounds per minute Ammunition: 40 mm grenade Ammunition: 40 mm grenade Other features: Can penetrate 260 mm armor Other features: Can penetrate 260 mm armor

RPG RPG Maximum effective range of 300m against moving targets Maximum effective range of 300m against moving targets and 500m for stationery targets. AP grenades have armor and 500m for stationery targets. AP grenades have armor penetrability of 600mm of rolled homogenous steel. penetrability of 600mm of rolled homogenous steel.

AK-47 AK-47 Primary function: 7.62-mm assault rifle Primary function: 7.62-mm assault rifle Rate of fire: 100 rounds per minute/cyclic 600 rounds per Rate of fire: 100 rounds per minute/cyclic 600 rounds per minute minute Effective range: 990 feet (300 meters) Effective range: 990 feet (300 meters) Other features: The AK-47 has become one of the most Other features: The AK-47 has become one of the most used assault rifles in the world since production began in the used assault rifles in the world since production began in the early 1950s in the former Soviet Union. The modern version early 1950s in the former Soviet Union. The modern version is the AKM rifle. Iraq has produced two copies, the 5.56 mm is the AKM rifle. Iraq has produced two copies, the 5.56 mm and 7.62 mm Tabuk rifles and 7.62 mm Tabuk rifles

RPK-47 RPK-47 Primary function: 5.45 mm light machine gun Primary function: 5.45 mm light machine gun Rate of fire: 150 rounds per minute in automatic mode Rate of fire: 150 rounds per minute in automatic mode Maximum effective range: 1,518 feet (460 meters) Maximum effective range: 1,518 feet (460 meters) Other features: The RPK-74 is essentially a variant of the Other features: The RPK-74 is essentially a variant of the AK-47 assault rifle with a longer, heavier barrel and is fed AK-47 assault rifle with a longer, heavier barrel and is fed by a 30, 40 or 45-round box magazine by a 30, 40 or 45-round box magazine

PKM PKM Primary function: 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun Primary function: 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun Rate of fire: 250 rounds per minute; cyclic 650 rounds per Rate of fire: 250 rounds per minute; cyclic 650 rounds per minute minute Effective range: 3,300 feet (1,000 meters) Effective range: 3,300 feet (1,000 meters) Other features: Can be fed either by 100-round magazine Other features: Can be fed either by 100-round magazine or 200/250-round belt boxes or 200/250-round belt boxes

WEAPONS OF IRAQ WEAPONS OF IRAQ RPG-7 RPG-7 Primary function: Shoulder fired anti-tank weapon Primary function: Shoulder fired anti-tank weapon Effective range: 1,640 feet (500 meters) Effective range: 1,640 feet (500 meters) Rate of fire: Four to six rounds per minute Rate of fire: Four to six rounds per minute Ammunition: 40 mm grenade Ammunition: 40 mm grenade Other features: Can penetrate 260 mm armor Other features: Can penetrate 260 mm armor

RPK RPK Primary function: 7.62 mm squad machine gun Primary function: 7.62 mm squad machine gun Rate of fire: 150 rounds per minute in automatic mode Rate of fire: 150 rounds per minute in automatic mode Maximum effective range: 2,640 feet (800 meters) Maximum effective range: 2,640 feet (800 meters) Other features: The RPK is essentially a variant of the AKM Other features: The RPK is essentially a variant of the AKM assault rifle with a longer, heavier barrel and is fed either by a assault rifle with a longer, heavier barrel and is fed either by a 40-round curved box magazine or a 75-round drum 40-round curved box magazine or a 75-round drum magazine. It can also use the AKM's 30-round box magazine. magazine. It can also use the AKM's 30-round box magazine. 5-20 5-20 AL QUDS AL QUDS Primary function: 7.62 mm squad Primary function: 7.62 mm squad automatic rifle automatic rifle Rate of fire: Cyclic up to 680 rounds per Rate of fire: Cyclic up to 680 rounds per minute minute Other features: The Al Quds is an Iraqi- Other features: The Al Quds is an Iraqi- manufactured, heavy-barreled version of manufactured, heavy-barreled version of the 7.62 mm AKM assault rifle and uses the 7.62 mm AKM assault rifle and uses the standard AKM 30-round box magazine the standard AKM 30-round box magazine

SA-7 SA-7 Purpose: Surface to Air anti-aircraft shoulder fired rocket Purpose: Surface to Air anti-aircraft shoulder fired rocket system system Crew: 1 Crew: 1 Max. Range: 5,500 m Max. Range: 5,500 m Min. Range: 500 m Min. Range: 500 m Max. Altitude: 4,500 m Max. Altitude: 4,500 m Min. Altitude: 18 m Min. Altitude: 18 m

SA-16 SA-16 Purpose: Surface to Air anti-aircraft shoulder fired rocket Purpose: Surface to Air anti-aircraft shoulder fired rocket system system Crew: 1 Crew: 1 Max. Range: 5,000 m Max. Range: 5,000 m Min. Range: 500 m Min. Range: 500 m Max. Altitude: 1,500 m Max. Altitude: 1,500 m Min. Altitude: 10 m Min. Altitude: 10 m

Al-Jaleel (M70) 60-mm Commando Mortar Al-Jaleel (M70) 60-mm Commando Mortar Crew: 1 Crew: 1 Calibre: 60mm Calibre: 60mm Rate of fire: 20-25 rds/min. Rate of fire: 20-25 rds/min. Muzzle velocity: 211m/s Muzzle velocity: 211m/s Max Range: 2,540 m Max Range: 2,540 m Min Range: 60m Min Range: 60m Ammunitions: HE Ammunitions: HE

82-mm 82-mm Crew: 8 Crew: 8 Calibre: 82mm Calibre: 82mm Rate of fire: 2 5 r/min Rate of fire: 2 5 r/min Muzzle velocity: 211m/s Muzzle velocity: 211m/s Max Range: 3,040m Max Range: 3,040m Min Range: 85m Min Range: 85m Ammunitions: HE, Illum, Smoke, Incendiary Ammunitions: HE, Illum, Smoke, Incendiary

5-21 5-21

AL QUDS AL QUDS Primary function: 7.62 mm squad Primary function: 7.62 mm squad automatic rifle automatic rifle Rate of fire: Cyclic up to 680 rounds per Rate of fire: Cyclic up to 680 rounds per minute minute Other features: The Al Quds is an Iraqi- Other features: The Al Quds is an Iraqi- manufactured, heavy-barreled version of manufactured, heavy-barreled version of the 7.62 mm AKM assault rifle and uses the 7.62 mm AKM assault rifle and uses the standard AKM 30-round box magazine the standard AKM 30-round box magazine

5-21 5-21 IED OVERVIEW: IED OVERVIEW: • Most IEDs are unique in nature because the builder has to improvise with the materials at hand • Most IEDs are unique in nature because the builder has to improvise with the materials at hand • IEDs are designed to defeat a specific target or type of target, so they generally become more • IEDs are designed to defeat a specific target or type of target, so they generally become more difficult to detect and protect against as they become more sophisticated. difficult to detect and protect against as they become more sophisticated. • IEDs do share a common set of components and consist of the following: • IEDs do share a common set of components and consist of the following: - An initiation system or fuze. - An initiation system or fuze. - Explosive fill. - Explosive fill. - A detonator. - A detonator. - A power supply for the detonator. - A power supply for the detonator. - A container. - A container.

IED INCIDENT VS. NON-IED INCIDENT: IED INCIDENT VS. NON-IED INCIDENT:

IED Incidents: IED Incidents: • Hand grenade with pin pulled, placed in a small glass with glass filled mortar or plastic of paris. • Hand grenade with pin pulled, placed in a small glass with glass filled mortar or plastic of paris. • 120-mm HE mortar with hole drilled in shipping cap with an electric blasting cap inserted (placed in • 120-mm HE mortar with hole drilled in shipping cap with an electric blasting cap inserted (placed in a sandbag). Suicide vest—leather-look sleeveless waistcoat with explosives and ball bearing sewn a sandbag). Suicide vest—leather-look sleeveless waistcoat with explosives and ball bearing sewn into the interior. into the interior. • A thrown block of TNT with a grenade fuze inside • A thrown block of TNT with a grenade fuze inside Non IED Incidents: Non IED Incidents: • A hand grenade thrown into a building or dropped from a bridge. • A hand grenade thrown into a building or dropped from a bridge. • A rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) fired at a vehicle from the manufactured launcher. An RPG fired • A rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) fired at a vehicle from the manufactured launcher. An RPG fired from an improvised launcher (while the launcher is improvised, the round was fired as intended from an improvised launcher (while the launcher is improvised, the round was fired as intended without modification). without modification). • A landmine placed in the roadway using the manufactured fuze to initiate it as designed. • A landmine placed in the roadway using the manufactured fuze to initiate it as designed.

Improvised Explosive Device Improvised Explosive Device

5-22 5-22

IED OVERVIEW: IED OVERVIEW: • Most IEDs are unique in nature because the builder has to improvise with the materials at hand • Most IEDs are unique in nature because the builder has to improvise with the materials at hand • IEDs are designed to defeat a specific target or type of target, so they generally become more • IEDs are designed to defeat a specific target or type of target, so they generally become more difficult to detect and protect against as they become more sophisticated. difficult to detect and protect against as they become more sophisticated. • IEDs do share a common set of components and consist of the following: • IEDs do share a common set of components and consist of the following: - An initiation system or fuze. - An initiation system or fuze. - Explosive fill. - Explosive fill. - A detonator. - A detonator. - A power supply for the detonator. - A power supply for the detonator. - A container. - A container.

IED INCIDENT VS. NON-IED INCIDENT: IED INCIDENT VS. NON-IED INCIDENT:

Improvised Explosive Device Improvised Explosive Device

5-22 5-22 CONCEALED MORTAR/ARTILLERY PROJECTILES: CONCEALED MORTAR/ARTILLERY PROJECTILES: • The enemy is using IEDs consisting of mortar and artillery projectiles as the explosive device (see figures • The enemy is using IEDs consisting of mortar and artillery projectiles as the explosive device (see figures 4 and 5). The use and characteristics of these have included the following: 4 and 5). The use and characteristics of these have included the following: - Thrown from overpasses. - Thrown from overpasses.

- Thrown in front of approaching vehicles from roadside. - Thrown in front of approaching vehicles from roadside.

- Usually thrown by males—who are not always adults. - Usually thrown by males—who are not always adults. - Emplaced in potholes (covered with dirt). - Emplaced in potholes (covered with dirt). - Emplaced along MSRs and alternate supply routes (targeting vehicles). - Emplaced along MSRs and alternate supply routes (targeting vehicles). - Employed along unimproved roads (targeting patrols). - Employed along unimproved roads (targeting patrols). - Employed with 120-mm and larger artillery or mortar projectiles. - Employed with 120-mm and larger artillery or mortar projectiles. - Found alone or in groups. - Found alone or in groups. - IEDs behind which are placed cinder blocks or piles of sand to direct blast into the kill zone. - IEDs behind which are placed cinder blocks or piles of sand to direct blast into the kill zone. - Command detonated—either by wire or remote device. - Command detonated—either by wire or remote device. - Time-delay triggered IEDs. IEDs that can be detonated by cordless phone from a car (allows for mobile - Time-delay triggered IEDs. IEDs that can be detonated by cordless phone from a car (allows for mobile firing platform and prevents tracing or triangulation). firing platform and prevents tracing or triangulation).

130MM HE Projectile in a Plastic Bag 130MM HE Projectile in a Burlap Bag 130MM HE Projectile in a Plastic Bag 130MM HE Projectile in a Burlap Bag

• Notice that in both photographs of the artillery shells there is a wire leading from the • Notice that in both photographs of the artillery shells there is a wire leading from the bag. Also notice that the plastic bag had sand thrown on top of it to make it look more bag. Also notice that the plastic bag had sand thrown on top of it to make it look more like roadside trash. like roadside trash.

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CONCEALED MORTAR/ARTILLERY PROJECTILES: CONCEALED MORTAR/ARTILLERY PROJECTILES: • The enemy is using IEDs consisting of mortar and artillery projectiles as the explosive device (see figures • The enemy is using IEDs consisting of mortar and artillery projectiles as the explosive device (see figures 4 and 5). The use and characteristics of these have included the following: 4 and 5). The use and characteristics of these have included the following: - Thrown from overpasses. - Thrown from overpasses.

- Thrown in front of approaching vehicles from roadside. - Thrown in front of approaching vehicles from roadside.

130MM HE Projectile in a Plastic Bag 130MM HE Projectile in a Burlap Bag 130MM HE Projectile in a Plastic Bag 130MM HE Projectile in a Burlap Bag

5-23 5-23 DAISY-CHAIN MUNITIONS: DAISY-CHAIN MUNITIONS: • A "daisy chain" of munitions is two or more explosive devices wired together so that a • A "daisy chain" of munitions is two or more explosive devices wired together so that a single signal will detonate all the munitions at the same time. single signal will detonate all the munitions at the same time.

•The picture came from Baghdad. The disabled bus (the green box in the photograph) is believed to •The picture came from Baghdad. The disabled bus (the green box in the photograph) is believed to be positioned to cause traffic to slow down and therefore increase the time the U.S. convoy or be positioned to cause traffic to slow down and therefore increase the time the U.S. convoy or vehicles must be in the kill zone. In this example, the IED was not completed when it was vehicles must be in the kill zone. In this example, the IED was not completed when it was discovered. The wire from the daisy chain to the detonator was missing. Notice that in this example discovered. The wire from the daisy chain to the detonator was missing. Notice that in this example there are several possible hide sites. The enemy could have been positioned in one of the several there are several possible hide sites. The enemy could have been positioned in one of the several buildings at the top of the photograph. buildings at the top of the photograph. • These IED arrays typically comprise three to five medium-caliber (100 mm plus) artillery, mortar, or • These IED arrays typically comprise three to five medium-caliber (100 mm plus) artillery, mortar, or tank projectiles and, in some cases, multiple-rocket-launcher rocket warheads buried several meters tank projectiles and, in some cases, multiple-rocket-launcher rocket warheads buried several meters apart in the center of the road or alongside the road. The shells are primed with blasting caps and apart in the center of the road or alongside the road. The shells are primed with blasting caps and connected with detonating cord or electric wire leading to a detonator. The IED array is typically set connected with detonating cord or electric wire leading to a detonator. The IED array is typically set up for radio- or wire-command detonation. up for radio- or wire-command detonation.

• MITIGATING THE EFFECTS OF "DAISY CHAIN" IEDS: • MITIGATING THE EFFECTS OF "DAISY CHAIN" IEDS: • Since the lethal area of buried "daisy chain" IEDs typically extends for several tens of meters, • Since the lethal area of buried "daisy chain" IEDs typically extends for several tens of meters, maintaining maximum tactically acceptable vehicle spacing can ensure that, at most, only a single maintaining maximum tactically acceptable vehicle spacing can ensure that, at most, only a single vehicle is caught in the lethal area of the IED. vehicle is caught in the lethal area of the IED. • Drivers must be especially vigilant at minor road obstacles such as river fords, rough patches, and • Drivers must be especially vigilant at minor road obstacles such as river fords, rough patches, and washouts where vehicles in a column often bunch up. Leaders and drivers must be adept at spotting washouts where vehicles in a column often bunch up. Leaders and drivers must be adept at spotting dangerous areas and chokepoints where ambush is more likely as well as indicators of a daisy chain dangerous areas and chokepoints where ambush is more likely as well as indicators of a daisy chain IED ambush. IED ambush. • These include successive, regularly spaced patches of recently disturbed soil in the middle or to • These include successive, regularly spaced patches of recently disturbed soil in the middle or to the side of the road; stretches of roadside vegetation or piles of debris that seem out of place; or the side of the road; stretches of roadside vegetation or piles of debris that seem out of place; or salvageable metal or wood left by the side of the road. salvageable metal or wood left by the side of the road. • Normal counter-ambush techniques, such as varying vehicle speeds while in convoy and, if • Normal counter-ambush techniques, such as varying vehicle speeds while in convoy and, if attacked, refusing to stop in an ambush zone are also valuable. attacked, refusing to stop in an ambush zone are also valuable. • Like any other potential mine ambush, vehicle crews should also be wary upon entering areas • Like any other potential mine ambush, vehicle crews should also be wary upon entering areas where local villagers are inexplicably absent and be on the lookout for likely "kill zone markers" and where local villagers are inexplicably absent and be on the lookout for likely "kill zone markers" and suspicious movement by possible "scout" vehicles trailing or passing the convoy in either direction. suspicious movement by possible "scout" vehicles trailing or passing the convoy in either direction. 5-24 5-24

DAISY-CHAIN MUNITIONS: DAISY-CHAIN MUNITIONS: • A "daisy chain" of munitions is two or more explosive devices wired together so that a • A "daisy chain" of munitions is two or more explosive devices wired together so that a single signal will detonate all the munitions at the same time. single signal will detonate all the munitions at the same time.

1. Luring or distracting soldiers to commit attacks 1. Luring or distracting soldiers to commit attacks - A possible pregnant woman attempting to detonate a car bomb close to - A possible pregnant woman attempting to detonate a car bomb close to a TCP. a TCP. - A civilian vehicle pulled up to a TCP and one of the occupants got out - A civilian vehicle pulled up to a TCP and one of the occupants got out and asked for a medic. When the soldier turned to call for a medic, the and asked for a medic. When the soldier turned to call for a medic, the civilian pulled a pistol and shot the soldier. civilian pulled a pistol and shot the soldier. - Demonstrations can also be used to carry out attacks. Groups may - Demonstrations can also be used to carry out attacks. Groups may utilize demonstrators to get close to US forces to attack, then use the utilize demonstrators to get close to US forces to attack, then use the demonstrators as human shields to avoid being targeted. demonstrators as human shields to avoid being targeted.

2. Possible use of motorcycles by Iraqi paramilitary 2. Possible use of motorcycles by Iraqi paramilitary - Motorcycles are used to move throughout cities easier. - Motorcycles are used to move throughout cities easier.

3. Use of flares and other devices as a warning signal 3. Use of flares and other devices as a warning signal - Red flares mean a soft skinned vehicle is in motion/leaving FOB. If - Red flares mean a soft skinned vehicle is in motion/leaving FOB. If followed by a green flare it means soft skinned vehicle approaching ambush followed by a green flare it means soft skinned vehicle approaching ambush point/kill zone. If a green flare alone is used then an armored vehicle is in point/kill zone. If a green flare alone is used then an armored vehicle is in motion/leaving FOB. motion/leaving FOB. - Other warning techniques include: honking to warn of approaching US - Other warning techniques include: honking to warn of approaching US patrols, flashing of lights on and off in a continuous manner, and whistle patrols, flashing of lights on and off in a continuous manner, and whistle blowing. blowing.

4. Attacking convoys with RPG’s from trucks 4. Attacking convoys with RPG’s from trucks - Members of terrorist groups plan to get in and amongst US convoys - Members of terrorist groups plan to get in and amongst US convoys using small panel trucks or pickup trucks and fire RPG’s into a US vehicle using small panel trucks or pickup trucks and fire RPG’s into a US vehicle from the rear of the truck. from the rear of the truck.

5. Using IED’s to ambush US patrols on roadways 5. Using IED’s to ambush US patrols on roadways - 155mm shells may be used along with C4 along major MSR’s. - 155mm shells may be used along with C4 along major MSR’s. - Vehicle borne IED (VBIED) another type of IED attack. - Vehicle borne IED (VBIED) another type of IED attack.

6. Using Mosques as safe havens for meetings, planning, 6. Using Mosques as safe havens for meetings, planning, and storing weapons and storing weapons - Mosques being used as cover to buy and sell various types of weapons - Mosques being used as cover to buy and sell various types of weapons and possible to make explosives and possible to make explosives - Also using locations near mosques for nightly meetings to plan coalition - Also using locations near mosques for nightly meetings to plan coalition attacks attacks - Weapons, to include mortars, RPG’s and machine guns are being kept - Weapons, to include mortars, RPG’s and machine guns are being kept in houses collocated to the mosques in houses collocated to the mosques

5-25 5-25

PROVEN TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, & PROCEDURES PROVEN TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, & PROCEDURES TO DATE TO DATE

5-25 5-25 7. Weapons smuggling 7. Weapons smuggling - Hiding weapons in small amounts on animals - Hiding weapons in small amounts on animals - Use trucks that had been used to carry food to people in Iraq. Once food is - Use trucks that had been used to carry food to people in Iraq. Once food is delivered the truck is loaded with weapons and goes out the same way it entered. delivered the truck is loaded with weapons and goes out the same way it entered. The trucks can be utilized to bring weapons into the country as well. The trucks can be utilized to bring weapons into the country as well. - Water trucks - Water trucks

- Taxis are also suspected of smuggling concealed weapons and money inside - Taxis are also suspected of smuggling concealed weapons and money inside car doors, trunks, or hidden compartments car doors, trunks, or hidden compartments - Another tactic to smuggle from city to city is by using coffins and pretending - Another tactic to smuggle from city to city is by using coffins and pretending that they are going to bury a relative in another city that they are going to bury a relative in another city

8. Surveillance of US/Coalition forces prior to an attack 8. Surveillance of US/Coalition forces prior to an attack - Multiple reports show surveillance of US forces is being conducted prior to - Multiple reports show surveillance of US forces is being conducted prior to attacks attacks

9. Booby-trapped caches 9. Booby-trapped caches

- Caches may be reported to lure US forces to cache site that has been booby- - Caches may be reported to lure US forces to cache site that has been booby- trapped trapped

10. Weapons markets 10. Weapons markets

- Merchants sell weapons out of cars, or from crates that are set up on ground, - Merchants sell weapons out of cars, or from crates that are set up on ground, when they see US forces, they move into the market and hide weapons in the when they see US forces, they move into the market and hide weapons in the vegetables, animals, automotive parts and other sections of the market until US vegetables, animals, automotive parts and other sections of the market until US forces leave forces leave - Black market weapon dealers have bribed local police to allow them to - Black market weapon dealers have bribed local police to allow them to continue weapon sales, they pay police officers to lie to Coalition forces so they continue weapon sales, they pay police officers to lie to Coalition forces so they can continue to sell the weapons can continue to sell the weapons - Some weapons markets even operate out of public bathrooms - Some weapons markets even operate out of public bathrooms

11. Making explosives 11. Making explosives - Explosives are made from soda and milk cans, children may be paid up to 150 - Explosives are made from soda and milk cans, children may be paid up to 150

Iraqi Dinar to pick up empty soda cans and return them to the explosive maker Iraqi Dinar to pick up empty soda cans and return them to the explosive maker

12. Ambushes 12. Ambushes - US forces may be lead out on a wild goose chase to look for attractive targets - US forces may be lead out on a wild goose chase to look for attractive targets and then the unsuspecting US force may be ambushed by armed assailants or and then the unsuspecting US force may be ambushed by armed assailants or may be led into a booby-trapped area may be led into a booby-trapped area - Grenades may be thrown at stationary targets occurring at checkpoints and - Grenades may be thrown at stationary targets occurring at checkpoints and when vehicles break down when vehicles break down

5-26 5-26

7. Weapons smuggling 7. Weapons smuggling - Hiding weapons in small amounts on animals - Hiding weapons in small amounts on animals - Use trucks that had been used to carry food to people in Iraq. Once food is - Use trucks that had been used to carry food to people in Iraq. Once food is delivered the truck is loaded with weapons and goes out the same way it entered. delivered the truck is loaded with weapons and goes out the same way it entered. The trucks can be utilized to bring weapons into the country as well. The trucks can be utilized to bring weapons into the country as well. - Water trucks - Water trucks

9. Booby-trapped caches 9. Booby-trapped caches

- Caches may be reported to lure US forces to cache site that has been booby- - Caches may be reported to lure US forces to cache site that has been booby- trapped trapped

10. Weapons markets 10. Weapons markets

11. Making explosives 11. Making explosives - Explosives are made from soda and milk cans, children may be paid up to 150 - Explosives are made from soda and milk cans, children may be paid up to 150

Iraqi Dinar to pick up empty soda cans and return them to the explosive maker Iraqi Dinar to pick up empty soda cans and return them to the explosive maker

5-26 5-26 PART VI PART VI DESERT OPERATIONS DESERT OPERATIONS

Effects on Personnel Effects on Personnel There is no reason to fear the desert environment, and it should not adversely affect There is no reason to fear the desert environment, and it should not adversely affect your morale if you prepare for it. Precautions must be taken to protect yourself and your your morale if you prepare for it. Precautions must be taken to protect yourself and your equipment. Acclimation to the excessive equipment. Acclimation to the excessive heat is necessary to permit your body to heat is necessary to permit your body to reach and maintain efficiency in its cooling reach and maintain efficiency in its cooling process. Acclimation requires a two-week process. Acclimation requires a two-week period, with progressive degrees of heat period, with progressive degrees of heat exposure and physical exertion. exposure and physical exertion. Acclimation will strengthen your Acclimation will strengthen your resistance to heat, but there is no such resistance to heat, but there is no such thing as total protection against the thing as total protection against the debilitating effects of heat. During initial debilitating effects of heat. During initial Desert Shield deployments, units started Desert Shield deployments, units started their day early, took a break from 1100- their day early, took a break from 1100- 1500, and resumed working/training late 1500, and resumed working/training late afternoon and early evening. The sun's rays, either direct or bounced off the ground, affect afternoon and early evening. The sun's rays, either direct or bounced off the ground, affect your skin and can also produce eyestrain and temporarily impair vision. Overexposure to the your skin and can also produce eyestrain and temporarily impair vision. Overexposure to the sun will cause sunburn. In all operational conditions, you should be fully clothed in loose sun will cause sunburn. In all operational conditions, you should be fully clothed in loose garments. This will also reduce sweat loss. The hot, dry air found in this region causes high garments. This will also reduce sweat loss. The hot, dry air found in this region causes high perspiration rates, but the skin usually appears dry, allowing evaporation to go unnoticed. perspiration rates, but the skin usually appears dry, allowing evaporation to go unnoticed. Being fully clothed helps you retain the cooling moisture on your skin. Remember: the sun is Being fully clothed helps you retain the cooling moisture on your skin. Remember: the sun is as dangerous on cloudy days as it is on sunny days; sunscreen is not designed to give as dangerous on cloudy days as it is on sunny days; sunscreen is not designed to give complete protection against excessive exposure; climatic stress is a function of air complete protection against excessive exposure; climatic stress is a function of air temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiant heat. Sunglasses should be worn, as well temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiant heat. Sunglasses should be worn, as well as lightweight, loose fitting clothes. Developing a suntan gradually (five minutes per day) will as lightweight, loose fitting clothes. Developing a suntan gradually (five minutes per day) will help prevent burning. help prevent burning. Wind seems to be a constant factor in desert environments. The combination of wind Wind seems to be a constant factor in desert environments. The combination of wind and dust or sand can cause extreme irritation to the mucous membranes, chapping the lips and dust or sand can cause extreme irritation to the mucous membranes, chapping the lips and other exposed skin surfaces. Eye irritation is a frequent complaint of vehicle crews, even and other exposed skin surfaces. Eye irritation is a frequent complaint of vehicle crews, even when wearing goggles. Fast, wind blown sand can be extremely painful on bare skin, when wearing goggles. Fast, wind blown sand can be extremely painful on bare skin, another reason one should remain fully clothed. Bandannas should be worn to cover the another reason one should remain fully clothed. Bandannas should be worn to cover the mouth and nose. mouth and nose. Potable water is the most basic need in the desert. Approximately 75% of the human Potable water is the most basic need in the desert. Approximately 75% of the human body is fluid. A loss of two quarts decreases efficiency by 25% and a loss of fluid equal to body is fluid. A loss of two quarts decreases efficiency by 25% and a loss of fluid equal to 15% of body weight is usually fatal. Approximately nine quarts of water per soldier per day is 15% of body weight is usually fatal. Approximately nine quarts of water per soldier per day is needed in desert terrain. It is important to separate drinking and non-drinking water. needed in desert terrain. It is important to separate drinking and non-drinking water. Drinking any water from an untested source is dangerous, and will likely make you sick. In Drinking any water from an untested source is dangerous, and will likely make you sick. In very hot conditions, it is better to drink smaller amounts of water more often than to take large very hot conditions, it is better to drink smaller amounts of water more often than to take large amounts occasionally. As activity increases, you should drink more water. Alcohol and amounts occasionally. As activity increases, you should drink more water. Alcohol and smoking cause dehydration and should be avoided (General Order #1). One cannot be smoking cause dehydration and should be avoided (General Order #1). One cannot be trained to adjust permanently to a reduced water intake. An acclimated person will need as trained to adjust permanently to a reduced water intake. An acclimated person will need as much water because he likely sweats more readily than a new arrival. If the water ration is much water because he likely sweats more readily than a new arrival. If the water ration is

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PART VI PART VI DESERT OPERATIONS DESERT OPERATIONS

6-1 6-1 not sufficient, physical actively must be reduced, or strenuous activity should be restricted to not sufficient, physical actively must be reduced, or strenuous activity should be restricted to cooler parts of the day. cooler parts of the day. Dehydration is very dangerous. Thirst is not an adequate warning of dehydration Dehydration is very dangerous. Thirst is not an adequate warning of dehydration because the sensation may not be felt until there is a body deficiency of one to two quarts. because the sensation may not be felt until there is a body deficiency of one to two quarts. Very dark urine is often a warning of dehydration. Leaders must be aware of water Very dark urine is often a warning of dehydration. Leaders must be aware of water consumption of their soldiers, especially during the acclimation period. Those who do not consumption of their soldiers, especially during the acclimation period. Those who do not monitor their water intake may be subject to injuries from excessive loss of body fluid. monitor their water intake may be subject to injuries from excessive loss of body fluid. Injuries include heat exhaustion (causes dizziness and confusion), salt deficiency (results in Injuries include heat exhaustion (causes dizziness and confusion), salt deficiency (results in fatigue, nausea, and cramps), and heat stroke (where the body's cooling system breaks down fatigue, nausea, and cramps), and heat stroke (where the body's cooling system breaks down and can lead to death). and can lead to death). The desert is not a pristine environment. Diseases commonly found in a desert The desert is not a pristine environment. Diseases commonly found in a desert environment include plague, typhus, malaria, dysentery, cholera, and typhoid. Vaccines can environment include plague, typhus, malaria, dysentery, cholera, and typhoid. Vaccines can help prevent typhoid and cholera. Proper sanitation and cleanliness can prevent the spread help prevent typhoid and cholera. Proper sanitation and cleanliness can prevent the spread of typhus and plague. Because of water shortages, sanitation and personal hygiene are of typhus and plague. Because of water shortages, sanitation and personal hygiene are often difficult in arid regions. If neglected, sanitation and hygiene problems may cripple entire often difficult in arid regions. If neglected, sanitation and hygiene problems may cripple entire units. Drinking impure water brings dysentery. Check minor cuts and scratches to prevent units. Drinking impure water brings dysentery. Check minor cuts and scratches to prevent infections. As previously mentioned, heat illnesses are common in desert environments; infections. As previously mentioned, heat illnesses are common in desert environments; insufficient water, dietary salt, or food (people often lose the desire for food in hot climates) insufficient water, dietary salt, or food (people often lose the desire for food in hot climates) make you more susceptible to heat illness. make you more susceptible to heat illness. From the psychological perspective, the monotony of the desert, its emptiness, and From the psychological perspective, the monotony of the desert, its emptiness, and the fear of isolation can all affect personnel eventually. The relatively constant climatic the fear of isolation can all affect personnel eventually. The relatively constant climatic conditions add to this monotony, and boredom lowers morale. Commanders in the Saudi conditions add to this monotony, and boredom lowers morale. Commanders in the Saudi desert indicated that the first weeks of the deployment were especially tough in this regard. desert indicated that the first weeks of the deployment were especially tough in this regard. Intensive training in preparation for hostilities is the best answer to reduce boredom and Intensive training in preparation for hostilities is the best answer to reduce boredom and desert fatigue. desert fatigue.

Effects on Equipment Effects on Equipment The extreme conditions in an arid environment can damage military equipment and The extreme conditions in an arid environment can damage military equipment and facilities. Temperature and dryness are major causes of equipment failure, and wind action facilities. Temperature and dryness are major causes of equipment failure, and wind action lifts and spreads sand and dust, clogging and jamming anything that has moving parts. lifts and spreads sand and dust, clogging and jamming anything that has moving parts. Vehicles, aircraft, sensors, and weapons are all affected. Rubber components such as Vehicles, aircraft, sensors, and weapons are all affected. Rubber components such as gaskets and seals become brittle, gaskets and seals become brittle, and oil leaks are more frequent. and oil leaks are more frequent. The desert takes a particularly The desert takes a particularly heavy toll on tires. Tires absorb heavy toll on tires. Tires absorb the surface heat, their structure is the surface heat, their structure is weakened, and jagged rocks can weakened, and jagged rocks can cause punctures. Tire pressure cause punctures. Tire pressure must be constantly checked and must be constantly checked and adjusted. The large temperature adjusted. The large temperature variations between night and day variations between night and day can change the air density in the can change the air density in the tire; tires deflate at night and tire; tires deflate at night and expand in the day. expand in the day. Vehicle engines are subject Vehicle engines are subject to greater strain because of to greater strain because of overheating. Every ten degree rise overheating. Every ten degree rise

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not sufficient, physical actively must be reduced, or strenuous activity should be restricted to not sufficient, physical actively must be reduced, or strenuous activity should be restricted to cooler parts of the day. cooler parts of the day. Dehydration is very dangerous. Thirst is not an adequate warning of dehydration Dehydration is very dangerous. Thirst is not an adequate warning of dehydration because the sensation may not be felt until there is a body deficiency of one to two quarts. because the sensation may not be felt until there is a body deficiency of one to two quarts. Very dark urine is often a warning of dehydration. Leaders must be aware of water Very dark urine is often a warning of dehydration. Leaders must be aware of water consumption of their soldiers, especially during the acclimation period. Those who do not consumption of their soldiers, especially during the acclimation period. Those who do not monitor their water intake may be subject to injuries from excessive loss of body fluid. monitor their water intake may be subject to injuries from excessive loss of body fluid. Injuries include heat exhaustion (causes dizziness and confusion), salt deficiency (results in Injuries include heat exhaustion (causes dizziness and confusion), salt deficiency (results in fatigue, nausea, and cramps), and heat stroke (where the body's cooling system breaks down fatigue, nausea, and cramps), and heat stroke (where the body's cooling system breaks down and can lead to death). and can lead to death). The desert is not a pristine environment. Diseases commonly found in a desert The desert is not a pristine environment. Diseases commonly found in a desert environment include plague, typhus, malaria, dysentery, cholera, and typhoid. Vaccines can environment include plague, typhus, malaria, dysentery, cholera, and typhoid. Vaccines can help prevent typhoid and cholera. Proper sanitation and cleanliness can prevent the spread help prevent typhoid and cholera. Proper sanitation and cleanliness can prevent the spread of typhus and plague. Because of water shortages, sanitation and personal hygiene are of typhus and plague. Because of water shortages, sanitation and personal hygiene are often difficult in arid regions. If neglected, sanitation and hygiene problems may cripple entire often difficult in arid regions. If neglected, sanitation and hygiene problems may cripple entire units. Drinking impure water brings dysentery. Check minor cuts and scratches to prevent units. Drinking impure water brings dysentery. Check minor cuts and scratches to prevent infections. As previously mentioned, heat illnesses are common in desert environments; infections. As previously mentioned, heat illnesses are common in desert environments; insufficient water, dietary salt, or food (people often lose the desire for food in hot climates) insufficient water, dietary salt, or food (people often lose the desire for food in hot climates) make you more susceptible to heat illness. make you more susceptible to heat illness. From the psychological perspective, the monotony of the desert, its emptiness, and From the psychological perspective, the monotony of the desert, its emptiness, and the fear of isolation can all affect personnel eventually. The relatively constant climatic the fear of isolation can all affect personnel eventually. The relatively constant climatic conditions add to this monotony, and boredom lowers morale. Commanders in the Saudi conditions add to this monotony, and boredom lowers morale. Commanders in the Saudi desert indicated that the first weeks of the deployment were especially tough in this regard. desert indicated that the first weeks of the deployment were especially tough in this regard. Intensive training in preparation for hostilities is the best answer to reduce boredom and Intensive training in preparation for hostilities is the best answer to reduce boredom and desert fatigue. desert fatigue.

6-2 6-2 in temperature (above 60°F) will cause a one percent loss in power, which can translate into in temperature (above 60°F) will cause a one percent loss in power, which can translate into a 6-7% loss in the heat of a summer day. Use lower gears frequently to negotiate the loose a 6-7% loss in the heat of a summer day. Use lower gears frequently to negotiate the loose sandy soil, and this strains both engines and transmission systems. Vehicle cooling systems sandy soil, and this strains both engines and transmission systems. Vehicle cooling systems and lubrication systems are interdependent, and a malfunction by one will rapidly place the and lubrication systems are interdependent, and a malfunction by one will rapidly place the other under severe strain. Overheating engines lead to excessive wear, and then to leaking other under severe strain. Overheating engines lead to excessive wear, and then to leaking oil seals in the power packs. Temperature gauges will read between 10-20 degrees hotter oil seals in the power packs. Temperature gauges will read between 10-20 degrees hotter than normal. Check oil levels constantly due to seal problems. Keep radiators and flow than normal. Check oil levels constantly due to seal problems. Keep radiators and flow areas around engines clean and free of debris. Keep cooling system hoses tight to avoid areas around engines clean and free of debris. Keep cooling system hoses tight to avoid cooling system failure. cooling system failure. The desert presents many serious challenges. Batteries (both vehicle and radio) do The desert presents many serious challenges. Batteries (both vehicle and radio) do not hold their charge efficiently in intense heat. Keep ammunition away from direct sunlight not hold their charge efficiently in intense heat. Keep ammunition away from direct sunlight heat. Ammunition is safe to fire if it can be held by bare hands. White phosphorus will liquefy heat. Ammunition is safe to fire if it can be held by bare hands. White phosphorus will liquefy at temperatures above 111 °F, which will cause unstable flight unless stored in an upright at temperatures above 111 °F, which will cause unstable flight unless stored in an upright position. Modern forces rely heavily on the electronics in computers, radios, sensors, and position. Modern forces rely heavily on the electronics in computers, radios, sensors, and weapon systems. The intense desert heat adds to the inherent heat that electrical equipment weapon systems. The intense desert heat adds to the inherent heat that electrical equipment generates. Even in temperate regions, air conditioning is often required for this equipment to generates. Even in temperate regions, air conditioning is often required for this equipment to operate properly. Radio transmission range degradation is a fact of life in extremely hot operate properly. Radio transmission range degradation is a fact of life in extremely hot climates, and will most likely occur in the heat of the day. Heat must be considered with climates, and will most likely occur in the heat of the day. Heat must be considered with respect to weapon effectiveness as well. Automatic weapons and rapid firing tank and respect to weapon effectiveness as well. Automatic weapons and rapid firing tank and artillery guns overheat faster, increasing barrel wear and the potential for malfunctions. artillery guns overheat faster, increasing barrel wear and the potential for malfunctions. Besides heat, dust and sand are very serious impediments to efficient equipment Besides heat, dust and sand are very serious impediments to efficient equipment functions in the desert. Dust adversely effects communications equipment, such as functions in the desert. Dust adversely effects communications equipment, such as amplifiers and radio teletype sets. Check ventilation ports to ensure dust is not clogging the amplifiers and radio teletype sets. Check ventilation ports to ensure dust is not clogging the air path. Keep radios as clean as possible. The winds blow sand into engines, fuel, and air path. Keep radios as clean as possible. The winds blow sand into engines, fuel, and weapons moving parts, which can reduce equipment life by up to 80%. Within jet engines, weapons moving parts, which can reduce equipment life by up to 80%. Within jet engines, sand particles can actually melt into glass, deadlining the equipment. Carefully lubricate and sand particles can actually melt into glass, deadlining the equipment. Carefully lubricate and monitor mechanical equipment and weapons and keeping exposed or semi-exposed moving monitor mechanical equipment and weapons and keeping exposed or semi-exposed moving parts to an absolute minimum. Sand mixed with oil can form an abrasive paste. Check parts to an absolute minimum. Sand mixed with oil can form an abrasive paste. Check lubrication fittings frequently. Check equipment frequently if it has a filter. Time can damage lubrication fittings frequently. Check equipment frequently if it has a filter. Time can damage insulated wire. The sandblasting also affects optical glass and windshields. Protective paints insulated wire. The sandblasting also affects optical glass and windshields. Protective paints and camouflage become worn quickly. and camouflage become worn quickly.

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in temperature (above 60°F) will cause a one percent loss in power, which can translate into in temperature (above 60°F) will cause a one percent loss in power, which can translate into a 6-7% loss in the heat of a summer day. Use lower gears frequently to negotiate the loose a 6-7% loss in the heat of a summer day. Use lower gears frequently to negotiate the loose sandy soil, and this strains both engines and transmission systems. Vehicle cooling systems sandy soil, and this strains both engines and transmission systems. Vehicle cooling systems and lubrication systems are interdependent, and a malfunction by one will rapidly place the and lubrication systems are interdependent, and a malfunction by one will rapidly place the other under severe strain. Overheating engines lead to excessive wear, and then to leaking other under severe strain. Overheating engines lead to excessive wear, and then to leaking oil seals in the power packs. Temperature gauges will read between 10-20 degrees hotter oil seals in the power packs. Temperature gauges will read between 10-20 degrees hotter than normal. Check oil levels constantly due to seal problems. Keep radiators and flow than normal. Check oil levels constantly due to seal problems. Keep radiators and flow areas around engines clean and free of debris. Keep cooling system hoses tight to avoid areas around engines clean and free of debris. Keep cooling system hoses tight to avoid cooling system failure. cooling system failure. The desert presents many serious challenges. Batteries (both vehicle and radio) do The desert presents many serious challenges. Batteries (both vehicle and radio) do not hold their charge efficiently in intense heat. Keep ammunition away from direct sunlight not hold their charge efficiently in intense heat. Keep ammunition away from direct sunlight heat. Ammunition is safe to fire if it can be held by bare hands. White phosphorus will liquefy heat. Ammunition is safe to fire if it can be held by bare hands. White phosphorus will liquefy at temperatures above 111 °F, which will cause unstable flight unless stored in an upright at temperatures above 111 °F, which will cause unstable flight unless stored in an upright position. Modern forces rely heavily on the electronics in computers, radios, sensors, and position. Modern forces rely heavily on the electronics in computers, radios, sensors, and weapon systems. The intense desert heat adds to the inherent heat that electrical equipment weapon systems. The intense desert heat adds to the inherent heat that electrical equipment generates. Even in temperate regions, air conditioning is often required for this equipment to generates. Even in temperate regions, air conditioning is often required for this equipment to operate properly. Radio transmission range degradation is a fact of life in extremely hot operate properly. Radio transmission range degradation is a fact of life in extremely hot climates, and will most likely occur in the heat of the day. Heat must be considered with climates, and will most likely occur in the heat of the day. Heat must be considered with respect to weapon effectiveness as well. Automatic weapons and rapid firing tank and respect to weapon effectiveness as well. Automatic weapons and rapid firing tank and artillery guns overheat faster, increasing barrel wear and the potential for malfunctions. artillery guns overheat faster, increasing barrel wear and the potential for malfunctions. Besides heat, dust and sand are very serious impediments to efficient equipment Besides heat, dust and sand are very serious impediments to efficient equipment functions in the desert. Dust adversely effects communications equipment, such as functions in the desert. Dust adversely effects communications equipment, such as amplifiers and radio teletype sets. Check ventilation ports to ensure dust is not clogging the amplifiers and radio teletype sets. Check ventilation ports to ensure dust is not clogging the air path. Keep radios as clean as possible. The winds blow sand into engines, fuel, and air path. Keep radios as clean as possible. The winds blow sand into engines, fuel, and weapons moving parts, which can reduce equipment life by up to 80%. Within jet engines, weapons moving parts, which can reduce equipment life by up to 80%. Within jet engines, sand particles can actually melt into glass, deadlining the equipment. Carefully lubricate and sand particles can actually melt into glass, deadlining the equipment. Carefully lubricate and monitor mechanical equipment and weapons and keeping exposed or semi-exposed moving monitor mechanical equipment and weapons and keeping exposed or semi-exposed moving parts to an absolute minimum. Sand mixed with oil can form an abrasive paste. Check parts to an absolute minimum. Sand mixed with oil can form an abrasive paste. Check lubrication fittings frequently. Check equipment frequently if it has a filter. Time can damage lubrication fittings frequently. Check equipment frequently if it has a filter. Time can damage insulated wire. The sandblasting also affects optical glass and windshields. Protective paints insulated wire. The sandblasting also affects optical glass and windshields. Protective paints and camouflage become worn quickly. and camouflage become worn quickly.

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PART VII PART VII PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HEALTH PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HEALTH

RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ASSESSMENT The country's infrastructure, damaged during the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War, fails to The country's infrastructure, damaged during the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War, fails to meet basic sanitation and environmental health needs. More than one-half the population meet basic sanitation and environmental health needs. More than one-half the population obtains water from polluted sources. Housing shortages and many displaced persons cause obtains water from polluted sources. Housing shortages and many displaced persons cause overcrowding in slums in most cities. Except in the mountainous northeast, dust storms overcrowding in slums in most cities. Except in the mountainous northeast, dust storms occur throughout the country. Severe cold and low barometric pressure in the northeast occur throughout the country. Severe cold and low barometric pressure in the northeast mountains present risks of cold injuries and mountain sickness. mountains present risks of cold injuries and mountain sickness.

Biggest Risks to How to Avoid Risks Biggest Risks to How to Avoid Risks US Personnel US Personnel INJURIES Can kill or hurt you. Safety first. Be alert and be INJURIES Can kill or hurt you. Safety first. Be alert and be cautious. cautious. HEAT Ranges in severity from Drink fluids according to water HEAT Ranges in severity from Drink fluids according to water cramping, exhaustion, table consumption rates and heat cramping, exhaustion, table consumption rates and heat loss of consciousness index. Comply with loss of consciousness index. Comply with and death. recommended work/rest cycles. and death. recommended work/rest cycles. Keep an eye on your buddy. Keep an eye on your buddy. MENTAL STRESS Can affect you before, Talk openly with your buddy or MENTAL STRESS Can affect you before, Talk openly with your buddy or during, and long after the unit leader about anything that during, and long after the unit leader about anything that operation. troubles you. Don’t be afraid to operation. troubles you. Don’t be afraid to seek the help of a chaplain. seek the help of a chaplain. WATER Water sources are not Do not drink or use unapproved WATER Water sources are not Do not drink or use unapproved safe for consumption or water or ice. safe for consumption or water or ice. contact by U.S. Do not swim or bathe in lakes, contact by U.S. Do not swim or bathe in lakes, personnel. rivers or streams. personnel. rivers or streams. INSECTS Potentially carry life- Apply DEET to exposed skin. INSECTS Potentially carry life- Apply DEET to exposed skin. threatening illnesses. Treat uniforms with permethrin. threatening illnesses. Treat uniforms with permethrin. Wear uniform correctly. Wear uniform correctly. Use bed nets treated with Use bed nets treated with permethrin. permethrin. ANIMALS Potentially carry life Avoid contact with all animals. ANIMALS Potentially carry life Avoid contact with all animals. threatening illnesses. NO MASCOTS! threatening illnesses. NO MASCOTS! Seek medical attention if bitten or Seek medical attention if bitten or scratched. scratched. DISEASES Potentially life Take anti-malarial and other DISEASES Potentially life Take anti-malarial and other threatening. medication as directed. threatening. medication as directed. Maintain immunizations. Maintain immunizations.

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PART VII PART VII PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HEALTH PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HEALTH

7-1 7-1 Infectious Diseases Infectious Diseases

During almost all military activities, including war, large numbers of soldiers and During almost all military activities, including war, large numbers of soldiers and marines are affected by disease. Often, disease will cause more casualties than bullets marines are affected by disease. Often, disease will cause more casualties than bullets because war and other disasters disrupt sanitation and displace large numbers of people. because war and other disasters disrupt sanitation and displace large numbers of people. Wash your hands with soap prior to meals and after using the bathroom. Eat and Wash your hands with soap prior to meals and after using the bathroom. Eat and drink food, water and ice from approved sources. Report to medical personnel immediately if drink food, water and ice from approved sources. Report to medical personnel immediately if you feel ill. The following are the diseases most likely to affect US personnel in SW Asia. you feel ill. The following are the diseases most likely to affect US personnel in SW Asia.

Diarrhea and Other Intestinal Problems. Diarrhea and other intestinal problems are Diarrhea and Other Intestinal Problems. Diarrhea and other intestinal problems are most likely to affect deploying personnel if precautions are not taken. People usually get sick most likely to affect deploying personnel if precautions are not taken. People usually get sick by consuming food or water contaminated with bacteria, viruses, worms or toxins. Food or by consuming food or water contaminated with bacteria, viruses, worms or toxins. Food or drink cannot be determined safe by its smell, appearance or taste. drink cannot be determined safe by its smell, appearance or taste. Symptoms of intestinal illness include stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Symptoms of intestinal illness include stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Diarrhea can lead to severe dehydration. People who are sick should seek medical care Diarrhea can lead to severe dehydration. People who are sick should seek medical care immediately. immediately. Prevention. Consume food, water and ice ONLY from U.S. approved sources. Drink Prevention. Consume food, water and ice ONLY from U.S. approved sources. Drink bottled water only if the seal is unbroken. Rewash fruits before consumption. bottled water only if the seal is unbroken. Rewash fruits before consumption. Treat all non-ROWPU water with the proper amount of chlorine. Maintain water Treat all non-ROWPU water with the proper amount of chlorine. Maintain water storage containers to high levels of sanitation and ensure they are properly maintained. storage containers to high levels of sanitation and ensure they are properly maintained. Keep storage containers covered or capped and guarded. Keep storage containers covered or capped and guarded. Only use constructed latrines or other areas prepared for proper burial or destruction Only use constructed latrines or other areas prepared for proper burial or destruction of wastes. Wash your hands with soap after each use of the latrine and before eating. Use of wastes. Wash your hands with soap after each use of the latrine and before eating. Use latex gloves when handling trash. latex gloves when handling trash.

Respiratory Disease. Respiratory diseases such as influenza, colds and sore throats Respiratory Disease. Respiratory diseases such as influenza, colds and sore throats can be highly contagious, particularly in crowded conditions. can be highly contagious, particularly in crowded conditions. Prevention. All personnel will receive the annual influenza and meningococcal Prevention. All personnel will receive the annual influenza and meningococcal vaccines. All personnel will also be monitored for tuberculosis infection. Avoid persons who vaccines. All personnel will also be monitored for tuberculosis infection. Avoid persons who are coughing or sneezing. Sleep in a head to toe orientation with roommates. Avoid contact are coughing or sneezing. Sleep in a head to toe orientation with roommates. Avoid contact with local populations. with local populations.

Diseases Transmitted by Insects. Sand fleas, sand flies, ticks, mosquitoes, and Diseases Transmitted by Insects. Sand fleas, sand flies, ticks, mosquitoes, and other insects in this area transmit potentially serious diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, other insects in this area transmit potentially serious diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, lyme disease, and leishmaniasis. Symptoms usually include fever, headache, yellow fever, lyme disease, and leishmaniasis. Symptoms usually include fever, headache, weakness, and muscle aches. Personnel should report any illness with fever to medical weakness, and muscle aches. Personnel should report any illness with fever to medical personnel. personnel. Prevention. Apply a thin layer of DEET to all exposed skin, excluding mouth and Prevention. Apply a thin layer of DEET to all exposed skin, excluding mouth and eyes. Treat all uniforms with permethrin. Keep sleeves rolled down and pant legs tucked eyes. Treat all uniforms with permethrin. Keep sleeves rolled down and pant legs tucked into boots. Use bed nets treated with permethrin. into boots. Use bed nets treated with permethrin. Comply with anti-malarial medication prescriptions. Comply with anti-malarial medication prescriptions.

Diseases Transmitted by Animals. Rabies is common in animals in Southwest Asia, Diseases Transmitted by Animals. Rabies is common in animals in Southwest Asia, including dogs, jackals, foxes and livestock. Rabies is transmitted directly by the animal including dogs, jackals, foxes and livestock. Rabies is transmitted directly by the animal through a bite or scratch. through a bite or scratch. Prevention. Avoid contact with animals. DO NOT ADOPT MASCOTS! Seek medical Prevention. Avoid contact with animals. DO NOT ADOPT MASCOTS! Seek medical attention as soon as possible if an animal bites or scratches you. attention as soon as possible if an animal bites or scratches you.

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Infectious Diseases Infectious Diseases

7-2 7-2 Diseases Transmitted by Contact with Water and Soil. Parasites in water and soil Diseases Transmitted by Contact with Water and Soil. Parasites in water and soil can penetrate human skin directly and can potentially lead to illness. can penetrate human skin directly and can potentially lead to illness. Prevention. Do not swim, wade, or bathe in bodies of water. If mission dictates Prevention. Do not swim, wade, or bathe in bodies of water. If mission dictates contact with water, wear BDU’s and boots or other impervious materials to minimize direct contact with water, wear BDU’s and boots or other impervious materials to minimize direct contact with the water. Avoid going barefoot or lying directly on the ground. contact with the water. Avoid going barefoot or lying directly on the ground.

Diseases Transmitted by Human Blood or Body Fluids. Sexually transmitted Diseases Transmitted by Human Blood or Body Fluids. Sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, chancroid, warts, herpes, and hepatitis diseases such as HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, chancroid, warts, herpes, and hepatitis B are widespread in the area. Many of these cause lifelong incurable infections that could B are widespread in the area. Many of these cause lifelong incurable infections that could lead to death or have debilitating effects. Blood or other bodily fluids can also transmit the lead to death or have debilitating effects. Blood or other bodily fluids can also transmit the disease. disease. Prevention. Abstain from sexual contact to completely prevent sexually transmitted Prevention. Abstain from sexual contact to completely prevent sexually transmitted diseases. Do not handle blood or bodily fluids unless trained. Take precaution if in lifesaving diseases. Do not handle blood or bodily fluids unless trained. Take precaution if in lifesaving efforts. Do not share toothbrushes, shaving items, or eating and drinking utensils with others. efforts. Do not share toothbrushes, shaving items, or eating and drinking utensils with others. U.S. medical personnel only use sterile, unopened needles and syringes. Immediately U.S. medical personnel only use sterile, unopened needles and syringes. Immediately wash the area with clean water and report for medical care if you are accidentally cut or wash the area with clean water and report for medical care if you are accidentally cut or struck with a sharp object. struck with a sharp object. Comply with Hepatitis B vaccinations. Comply with Hepatitis B vaccinations.

Hazardous Animals and Plants Hazardous Animals and Plants

Snakes Snakes There are at least 5 venomous land snakes in Iraq. They populate habitats ranging There are at least 5 venomous land snakes in Iraq. They populate habitats ranging from mountains to grasslands, to desert, and are widely distributed. from mountains to grasslands, to desert, and are widely distributed. Avoiding a snakebite is much simpler than treating it. Symptoms of a snakebite may include Avoiding a snakebite is much simpler than treating it. Symptoms of a snakebite may include swelling, bleeding, pain and burning at the sight. swelling, bleeding, pain and burning at the sight. Prevention Prevention • Eliminate garbage and litter from areas frequented by humans. • Eliminate garbage and litter from areas frequented by humans. • Do not sleep directly on the ground. • Do not sleep directly on the ground. • Tuck pant legs into boots. • Tuck pant legs into boots. • Shake clothing, boots, or sleeping bags left on ground. • Shake clothing, boots, or sleeping bags left on ground. • Do not go out of your way to kill a snake. Do not handle snakes. • Do not go out of your way to kill a snake. Do not handle snakes. • Use a stick, a bag, or other container when transporting a dead snake that needs to be • Use a stick, a bag, or other container when transporting a dead snake that needs to be identified. identified. • Do not panic if faced with, or bitten by, a poisonous snake. • Do not panic if faced with, or bitten by, a poisonous snake.

Steps to be taken immediately after snakebite occurs include: Steps to be taken immediately after snakebite occurs include: 1. Keep the victim calm 1. Keep the victim calm 2. Lay the casualty flat on the ground elevating the wound above the heart 2. Lay the casualty flat on the ground elevating the wound above the heart 3. Inspect the bite site 3. Inspect the bite site 4. Apply a constricting band 2 inches above and below the wound, (make 4. Apply a constricting band 2 inches above and below the wound, (make sure a finger can be slid between the constricting band. sure a finger can be slid between the constricting band. 5. Seek medical attention. 5. Seek medical attention. Safely look at snake for identification purposes, if dead, safely transport with patient. Safely look at snake for identification purposes, if dead, safely transport with patient.

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Diseases Transmitted by Contact with Water and Soil. Parasites in water and soil Diseases Transmitted by Contact with Water and Soil. Parasites in water and soil can penetrate human skin directly and can potentially lead to illness. can penetrate human skin directly and can potentially lead to illness. Prevention. Do not swim, wade, or bathe in bodies of water. If mission dictates Prevention. Do not swim, wade, or bathe in bodies of water. If mission dictates contact with water, wear BDU’s and boots or other impervious materials to minimize direct contact with water, wear BDU’s and boots or other impervious materials to minimize direct contact with the water. Avoid going barefoot or lying directly on the ground. contact with the water. Avoid going barefoot or lying directly on the ground.

Hazardous Animals and Plants Hazardous Animals and Plants

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Horned Viper Saw Scaled or Carpet Viper Horned Viper Saw Scaled or Carpet Viper

Puff Adder Puff Adder Cobra Cobra

Cobra Cobra

Death Stalker Scorpion Death Stalker Scorpion Camel Spider Camel Spider Invertebrates Invertebrates Many species of scorpions and spiders occur in the SWA area of operations. Sun, or Many species of scorpions and spiders occur in the SWA area of operations. Sun, or camel, spiders like shade and will appear to “follow” you, trying to keep in your shadow. camel, spiders like shade and will appear to “follow” you, trying to keep in your shadow. Many inflict a painful bite with very few being life threatening. Many inflict a painful bite with very few being life threatening.

Prevention. Prevention. Avoid venomous insects. Stings must be reported immediately to medical personnel. Avoid venomous insects. Stings must be reported immediately to medical personnel. Military personnel with a known allergy to bee stings should carry a bee sting kit. Do not go Military personnel with a known allergy to bee stings should carry a bee sting kit. Do not go barefoot, sleep directly on the ground, or put hands or feet in crevices or holes. Shake out barefoot, sleep directly on the ground, or put hands or feet in crevices or holes. Shake out

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Horned Viper Saw Scaled or Carpet Viper Horned Viper Saw Scaled or Carpet Viper

Puff Adder Puff Adder Cobra Cobra

Cobra Cobra

7-4 7-4 boots, clothing and sleeping bags before use or wear. Keeping animals, including spiders boots, clothing and sleeping bags before use or wear. Keeping animals, including spiders and scorpions, as pets is prohibited. and scorpions, as pets is prohibited.

Tips on Protecting your Health Tips on Protecting your Health

There is a high risk of disease in this part of the world. Many visitors suffer illness There is a high risk of disease in this part of the world. Many visitors suffer illness during their stay, but it doesn’t have to happen to you. To avoid sickness, be careful and during their stay, but it doesn’t have to happen to you. To avoid sickness, be careful and keep in mind the advice contained in this section. Benefit from the experience of others. keep in mind the advice contained in this section. Benefit from the experience of others.

WATER WATER Obtain food, water and ice from an approved source only. Check the cap on a bottle Obtain food, water and ice from an approved source only. Check the cap on a bottle of water to ensure the plastic seal is intact. Consider all untreated fresh of water to ensure the plastic seal is intact. Consider all untreated fresh water contaminated. Drink plenty of fluids, even when you aren’t thirsty. water contaminated. Drink plenty of fluids, even when you aren’t thirsty. Comply with intake recommendations from the heat index. Monitor Comply with intake recommendations from the heat index. Monitor urine. Dark urine or no urine indicates your fluid intake is not adequate. urine. Dark urine or no urine indicates your fluid intake is not adequate. Do not bathe, swim or wade in bodies of water unless mission dictates it Do not bathe, swim or wade in bodies of water unless mission dictates it is necessary. is necessary.

FOOD FOOD Do not purchase food from the local economy. Sanitation standards in the country Do not purchase food from the local economy. Sanitation standards in the country are not the same and consumption will lead to illness. are not the same and consumption will lead to illness.

ANIMALS AND DISEASE ANIMALS AND DISEASE Avoid any contact with stray animals. They may be dangerous and carriers of Avoid any contact with stray animals. They may be dangerous and carriers of disease. Stay away and don’t try to touch, feed or pet them. disease. Stay away and don’t try to touch, feed or pet them.

FIELD SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE FIELD SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE Eat only in designated areas; do not eat in sleeping/living areas to minimize rodents. Eat only in designated areas; do not eat in sleeping/living areas to minimize rodents. Maintain clean living and working areas. Wash your hands after using the latrine and before Maintain clean living and working areas. Wash your hands after using the latrine and before eating. Conduct personal hygiene and change clothing regularly. Use only designated eating. Conduct personal hygiene and change clothing regularly. Use only designated latrines. latrines. Use DEET on exposed skin. Treat bed nets and uniforms with permethrin to repel Use DEET on exposed skin. Treat bed nets and uniforms with permethrin to repel insects. Keep sleeves rolled down and pant legs tucked into boots. insects. Keep sleeves rolled down and pant legs tucked into boots.

OTHER OTHER Ensure you have taken all required immunizations. Comply with anti-malarial Ensure you have taken all required immunizations. Comply with anti-malarial medication directions. Hand carry a 90-day supply of prescription medication. medication directions. Hand carry a 90-day supply of prescription medication. Do not wear contact lenses in desert environments. Complications with dust could Do not wear contact lenses in desert environments. Complications with dust could lead to serious injury. lead to serious injury.

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boots, clothing and sleeping bags before use or wear. Keeping animals, including spiders boots, clothing and sleeping bags before use or wear. Keeping animals, including spiders and scorpions, as pets is prohibited. and scorpions, as pets is prohibited.

Tips on Protecting your Health Tips on Protecting your Health

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PART VIII PART VIII NGO’S, IO’S, AND PVO’S NGO’S, IO’S, AND PVO’S Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and International Organizations (IOs) are Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and International Organizations (IOs) are organizations that specialize in medical, food supply, and other humanitarian missions. organizations that specialize in medical, food supply, and other humanitarian missions. They may operate in the 1st Infantry Division area of operations. They may operate in the 1st Infantry Division area of operations.

• They operate as neutral parties to the conflict and should be allowed to move • They operate as neutral parties to the conflict and should be allowed to move freely, within the limits of military operations. freely, within the limits of military operations.

• All their members will have organizational identification, and their vehicles may be • All their members will have organizational identification, and their vehicles may be marked. marked.

• These organizations are internationally recognized as well as recognized by the • These organizations are internationally recognized as well as recognized by the U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State.

Catholic Relief Catholic Relief Services WFP Services WFP

World Food World Food International Program New Old International Program New Old Committee Committee Cooperative Assistance and Cooperative Assistance and for the Red Cross Relief Everywhere, for the Red Cross Relief Everywhere, International International (CARE International) (CARE International) Caritas Caritas Internationalis Internationalis United Nations High United Nations High Commission for Refugees Commission for Refugees

Save the Children Save the Children USA USA

United Nations United Nations

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• All their members will have organizational identification, and their vehicles may be • All their members will have organizational identification, and their vehicles may be marked. marked.

Catholic Relief Catholic Relief Services WFP Services WFP

Save the Children Save the Children USA USA

United Nations United Nations

8-1 8-1 Working with IO’s and NGO’s Working with IO’s and NGO’s

• Don’t give them information that will compromise our security yet, don’t turn them • Don’t give them information that will compromise our security yet, don’t turn them into “enemies.” Remember Operational Security (OPSEC) into “enemies.” Remember Operational Security (OPSEC)

• Talk to them • Talk to them

• Use first names • Use first names

• Link them up with S5, G5, CMOC, or Civil Affairs personnel • Link them up with S5, G5, CMOC, or Civil Affairs personnel

• Find out name of the IO/NGO (e.g., World Food Program, UN Children’s Fund), it’s • Find out name of the IO/NGO (e.g., World Food Program, UN Children’s Fund), it’s charter/mission, assets available and a POC - pass this information to S5, G5, charter/mission, assets available and a POC - pass this information to S5, G5, CMOC, and Civil Affairs personnel. Submit CA Spot Report. CMOC, and Civil Affairs personnel. Submit CA Spot Report.

• Don’t make promises you can’t keep. Don’t commit any US equipment/supplies • Don’t make promises you can’t keep. Don’t commit any US equipment/supplies until, and if, approved by higher HQ. until, and if, approved by higher HQ.

• Establish working relationship with them as “partners” recognizing that their work • Establish working relationship with them as “partners” recognizing that their work is complementary of any US humanitarian assistance effort. is complementary of any US humanitarian assistance effort.

• Focus on the big impact IOs/NGOs like United Nations High Commissioner for • Focus on the big impact IOs/NGOs like United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), World Food Program (WFP), World Health Organization Refugees (UNHCR), World Food Program (WFP), World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the International Committee (WHO), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). of the Red Cross (ICRC).

• Ask them if they have ex-military in their organization – use them (they understand • Ask them if they have ex-military in their organization – use them (they understand us and the IO/NGO) us and the IO/NGO)

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Working with IO’s and NGO’s Working with IO’s and NGO’s

• Talk to them • Talk to them

• Use first names • Use first names

• Link them up with S5, G5, CMOC, or Civil Affairs personnel • Link them up with S5, G5, CMOC, or Civil Affairs personnel

8-2 8-2 PART IX PART IX BATTLEFIELD MEDIA ENCOUNTER FLOW CHART BATTLEFIELD MEDIA ENCOUNTER FLOW CHART

Yes Group encountered appear No Yes Group encountered appear No to be Media, unarmed, & to be Media, unarmed, & pose no immediate threat to pose no immediate threat to unit or mission. unit or mission. Yes Respond Yes Respond Media are escorted Media are escorted accordingly to SOP accordingly to SOP & credentialed. & credentialed. No or ROE. No or ROE.

Yes No Yes No Granting interviews • Notify chain of cmd for Granting interviews • Notify chain of cmd for or answering Qs instructions or answering Qs instructions will hinder mission. will hinder mission. • Treat Media w/ • Treat Media w/ Brief soldiers & courtesy & respect Brief soldiers & courtesy & respect Explain to Media & allow them • Safeguard or offer Explain to Media & allow them • Safeguard or offer decline interviews. opportunity to them escorts to safe decline interviews. opportunity to them escorts to safe Pass to higher HQ. speak to Media & area (if mission Pass to higher HQ. speak to Media & area (if mission Continue Mission. answer appropriate permits) Continue Mission. answer appropriate permits) questions. • Safeguard OPSEC questions. • Safeguard OPSEC sensitive info & sensitive info & equipment equipment Always Remember! Monitor for OPSEC Always Remember! Monitor for OPSEC violations but do violations but do -Info cannot be withheld solely not interfere w/ -Info cannot be withheld solely not interfere w/ because it is negative or free info exchange because it is negative or free info exchange embarrassing. otherwise. embarrassing. otherwise.

-With modern communications, -With modern communications, anything you say or provide to anything you say or provide to the Media may be seen by your the Media may be seen by your loved ones or the enemy within loved ones or the enemy within minutes, or at the most, hours. minutes, or at the most, hours.

-Everything you say to a reporter, -Everything you say to a reporter, or in their presence is “for the or in their presence is “for the record.” record.”

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PART IX PART IX BATTLEFIELD MEDIA ENCOUNTER FLOW CHART BATTLEFIELD MEDIA ENCOUNTER FLOW CHART

-Everything you say to a reporter, -Everything you say to a reporter, or in their presence is “for the or in their presence is “for the record.” record.”

9-1 9-1 PART X PART X THE BASICS OF THE BASICS OF THE LAW OF WAR THE LAW OF WAR

1.Forbidden targets, tactics, and techniques 1.Forbidden targets, tactics, and techniques a. Don’t Attack Non-Combatants a. Don’t Attack Non-Combatants b. Don’t shoot at Red Cross/Crescent or misuse them b. Don’t shoot at Red Cross/Crescent or misuse them c. Don’t cause Unnecessary Destruction c. Don’t cause Unnecessary Destruction d. Don’t Attack Protected Property d. Don’t Attack Protected Property e. Don’t use Poison or alter your weapons to increase enemy suffering e. Don’t use Poison or alter your weapons to increase enemy suffering

2.Enemy Prisoners of War 2.Enemy Prisoners of War a. Let Enemy Soldiers Surrender a. Let Enemy Soldiers Surrender b. Treat All EPWs Humanely (5 S’s) b. Treat All EPWs Humanely (5 S’s) c. Don’t abuse EPW’s to get information c. Don’t abuse EPW’s to get information d. Provide Medical Care for EPWs d. Provide Medical Care for EPWs e. Don’t take EPW’s personal property e. Don’t take EPW’s personal property

3.Civilians and Private Property 3.Civilians and Private Property a. Treat civilians as you would want your family treated, with dignity and respect a. Treat civilians as you would want your family treated, with dignity and respect b. Ensure the safety of civilians b. Ensure the safety of civilians c. Don’t burn, destroy or steal property c. Don’t burn, destroy or steal property

4.Preventing and Reporting Violations 4.Preventing and Reporting Violations a. Do your best to prevent War Crimes a. Do your best to prevent War Crimes b. Report War Crimes immediately to your chain of command, IG, Chaplain or SJA b. Report War Crimes immediately to your chain of command, IG, Chaplain or SJA

IF HELD AS A DETAINEE IF HELD AS A DETAINEE

If held by a hostile government – avoid any aggressive, combative, or illegal behavior. If held by a hostile government – avoid any aggressive, combative, or illegal behavior. Seek immediate and continuous contact with U.S. or friendly embassy personnel. Seek immediate and continuous contact with U.S. or friendly embassy personnel. Detainee should provide: Detainee should provide:

NAME NAME RANK RANK SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER DATE OF BIRTH DATE OF BIRTH CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO THEIR DETENTION CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO THEIR DETENTION

Discussion should revolve around health and welfare matters. Discussion should revolve around health and welfare matters. Avoid signing any form or document or making any statements. Avoid signing any form or document or making any statements. U.S. military detainees should not refuse to accept release. U.S. military detainees should not refuse to accept release. Escape attempts will be made only after careful consideration. Escape attempts will be made only after careful consideration. Never pander, praise, participate, or debate the terrorist’s cause. Never pander, praise, participate, or debate the terrorist’s cause.

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PART X PART X THE BASICS OF THE BASICS OF THE LAW OF WAR THE LAW OF WAR

IF HELD AS A DETAINEE IF HELD AS A DETAINEE

NAME NAME RANK RANK SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER DATE OF BIRTH DATE OF BIRTH CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO THEIR DETENTION CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO THEIR DETENTION

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THE CODE OF CONDUCT THE CODE OF CONDUCT

Article I Article I I am an American, fighting in the forces which guard my country and our way of life. I am I am an American, fighting in the forces which guard my country and our way of life. I am prepared to give my life in their defense. prepared to give my life in their defense.

Article II Article II I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never surrender the members I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never surrender the members of my command while they still have the means to resist. of my command while they still have the means to resist.

Article III Article III If captured I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every effort to escape If captured I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every effort to escape and to aid others to escape. I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy. and to aid others to escape. I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy.

Article IV Article IV I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners if I become a Prisoner of War. I will give no I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners if I become a Prisoner of War. I will give no information nor take part in any action which might be harmful to my comrades. information nor take part in any action which might be harmful to my comrades. If senior, I will take command. If not, I will obey the lawful orders of those appointed over me If senior, I will take command. If not, I will obey the lawful orders of those appointed over me and will back them up in every way. and will back them up in every way.

Article V Article V When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give name, rank, When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give name, rank, service number, and date of birth. I will evade answering further questions to the utmost of service number, and date of birth. I will evade answering further questions to the utmost of my ability. I will make no oral or written statements disloyal to my country or its allies or my ability. I will make no oral or written statements disloyal to my country or its allies or harmful to their cause. harmful to their cause.

Article VI Article VI I will never forget that I am an American, fighting for freedom, responsible for my actions, and I will never forget that I am an American, fighting for freedom, responsible for my actions, and dedicated to the principles which made my country free. I will trust in my God and in the dedicated to the principles which made my country free. I will trust in my God and in the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

What does the Code of Conduct Do for You? What does the Code of Conduct Do for You?

•Provides a guideline to follow if you are captured •Provides a guideline to follow if you are captured •Establishes policies and a command structure while in captivity •Establishes policies and a command structure while in captivity •Gives you a way to keep fighting the enemy •Gives you a way to keep fighting the enemy •Keeps you motivated •Keeps you motivated

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THE CODE OF CONDUCT THE CODE OF CONDUCT

What does the Code of Conduct Do for You? What does the Code of Conduct Do for You?

10-2 10-2 APPENDIX A APPENDIX A COALITION PROVISIONAL AUTHORITY (CPA) COALITION PROVISIONAL AUTHORITY (CPA)

Executive Executive

The ultimate military authority in Iraq, under what is recognized by UN Security Council The ultimate military authority in Iraq, under what is recognized by UN Security Council Resolution 1483 (May 2003) as a military occupation, is the commander of coalition forces Resolution 1483 (May 2003) as a military occupation, is the commander of coalition forces Iraq, Commander of CJTF-7. The civil authority is represented by the Coalition Provisional Iraq, Commander of CJTF-7. The civil authority is represented by the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), also established under the aegis of Resolution 1483 (May 2003). The CPA Authority (CPA), also established under the aegis of Resolution 1483 (May 2003). The CPA consists of 11 directorates headed by US and British officials, who will direct policy in their consists of 11 directorates headed by US and British officials, who will direct policy in their spheres under the overall leadership of Ambassador L. Paul Bremer. Both Ambassador spheres under the overall leadership of Ambassador L. Paul Bremer. Both Ambassador Bremer and the Commander of CJTF-7 are answerable to the US Defense Department. The Bremer and the Commander of CJTF-7 are answerable to the US Defense Department. The UN resolution called for an Interim Iraqi Administration, which was formed in July as a 25- UN resolution called for an Interim Iraqi Administration, which was formed in July as a 25- member Governing Council with, initially, limited powers. member Governing Council with, initially, limited powers.

Ambassador L. Paul Bremmer III Ambassador L. Paul Bremmer III CPA Administrator CPA Administrator

App A App A

APPENDIX A APPENDIX A COALITION PROVISIONAL AUTHORITY (CPA) COALITION PROVISIONAL AUTHORITY (CPA)

Executive Executive

Ambassador L. Paul Bremmer III Ambassador L. Paul Bremmer III CPA Administrator CPA Administrator

App A App A

CPA regions in Iraq CPA regions in Iraq

TURKEY TURKEY

Dahuk Dahuk

Tigris R. Dahuk Bashur Tigris R. Dahuk Bashur Arbil Arbil Tall Afar Mosul Irbil Tall Afar Mosul Irbil

CPA NORTH Sulaymaniyah CPA NORTH Sulaymaniyah Ninawa Kirkuk Ninawa Kirkuk Dayr az Zawr At Tamim As Sulaymaniyah IRAN Dayr az Zawr At Tamim As Sulaymaniyah IRAN

Salah ad Din Hamadan Salah ad Din Hamadan Euphrates R. Euphrates R. SYRIA Tikrit Diyala SYRIA Tikrit Diyala Al Qaim Samarra Al Qaim Samarra CPA BAGHDAD CPA BAGHDAD Ar Ramadi Baqubah Ar Ramadi Baqubah Baghdad Baghdad Ar Rutbah FallujahApp A Ar Rutbah FallujahApp A CPA SOUTH CENTRAL Babil Wasit CPA SOUTH CENTRAL Babil Wasit Al Hillah Al Hillah JORDAN Karbala JORDAN Karbala Al Kut Dezful Al Kut Dezful Al Anbar Karbala Al Kufa Al Anbar Karbala Al Kufa Al Amarah Al Amarah An Najaf Ad Diwaniyah An Najaf Ad Diwaniyah Al Qadisiyah Maysan Al Qadisiyah Maysan As Samawah Ahvaz As Samawah Ahvaz An Najaf An Nasiriyah An Najaf An Nasiriyah Ar’ar Dhi Qar Ar’ar Dhi Qar Al Basrah Al Basrah CPA SOUTH Az Zubayr CPA SOUTH Az Zubayr Al Basrah Al Basrah Safwan Safwan SAUDI Al Muthanna’ Umm Qasr SAUDI Al Muthanna’ Umm Qasr

ARABIA Rafha ARABIA Rafha Kuwait City Kuwait City

KUWAIT KUWAIT

App A App A

CPA regions in Iraq CPA regions in Iraq

TURKEY TURKEY

Dahuk Dahuk

Tigris R. Dahuk Bashur Tigris R. Dahuk Bashur Arbil Arbil Tall Afar Mosul Irbil Tall Afar Mosul Irbil

CPA NORTH Sulaymaniyah CPA NORTH Sulaymaniyah Ninawa Kirkuk Ninawa Kirkuk Dayr az Zawr At Tamim As Sulaymaniyah IRAN Dayr az Zawr At Tamim As Sulaymaniyah IRAN

ARABIA Rafha ARABIA Rafha Kuwait City Kuwait City

KUWAIT KUWAIT

App A App A APPENDIX B APPENDIX B THE NEW IRAQI DEFENSE THE NEW IRAQI DEFENSE AND SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS AND SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS

Among the initiatives started to assist with the transfer of civil authority over to the Among the initiatives started to assist with the transfer of civil authority over to the free people and nation of Iraq, is the creation of security organizations that focus on free people and nation of Iraq, is the creation of security organizations that focus on the internal and external security of Iraq. These organizations are in various states of the internal and external security of Iraq. These organizations are in various states of operation and continue to further develop in their capabilities. These organizations operation and continue to further develop in their capabilities. These organizations include the following: include the following:

New Iraqi Army New Iraqi Army Ministry: National Security Defense Iraqi Police Service (IPS) Ministry: National Security Defense Iraqi Police Service (IPS) Duties: Collective military tasks to protect the Ministry: Interior Duties: Collective military tasks to protect the Ministry: Interior territorial integrity of Iraq under Iraqi military leadership, Duties: Law Enforcement territorial integrity of Iraq under Iraqi military leadership, Duties: Law Enforcement serving side-by-side with Coalition forces Uniform : Light blue shirts serving side-by-side with Coalition forces Uniform : Light blue shirts Uniform: Desert camouflage, Woodland Chocolate chip. Vehicles: Various, modified Uniform: Desert camouflage, Woodland Chocolate chip. Vehicles: Various, modified Vehicles: Wheeled vehicles Weapons: Pistols, shotguns, AKs Vehicles: Wheeled vehicles Weapons: Pistols, shotguns, AKs Weapons: AKs, PRK LMGs, Mortars Pay: Civil pay scale Weapons: AKs, PRK LMGs, Mortars Pay: Civil pay scale Pay: Special pay scale approved by Min Finance Strength: Final figure 65,000 nationwide Pay: Special pay scale approved by Min Finance Strength: Final figure 65,000 nationwide Strength: 27 light infantry Bns by Sep 04. 3 Div of 9 Bn Strength: 27 light infantry Bns by Sep 04. 3 Div of 9 Bn each. Combat support and support elements to follow. each. Combat support and support elements to follow.

Iraqi Civil Defense Corps (ICDC) Iraqi Civil Defense Corps (ICDC) Ministry: National Security Defense Ministry: National Security Defense Duties: Individuals, teams, and squads who serve as Duties: Individuals, teams, and squads who serve as linguists, linguists, HUMINT, fixed site security, drivers, Disaster Relief, HA, HUMINT, fixed site security, drivers, Disaster Relief, HA, route/convoy security under command of Coalition Forces route/convoy security under command of Coalition Forces Uniform: Solid brown Uniform: Solid brown Vehicles: 2 jeeps, 12 trucks per Bn Vehicles: 2 jeeps, 12 trucks per Bn Weapons: AKs Weapons: AKs Pay: NIA pay scale Pay: NIA pay scale Strength: Initially 18 x 846 man Bns (1 per Governorate) = Strength: Initially 18 x 846 man Bns (1 per Governorate) = 15000 total 15000 total

Facilities Protection Service (FPS) Facilities Protection Service (FPS) Ministry: Work for all ministries/ governmental Iraqi Correctional Service Ministry: Work for all ministries/ governmental Iraqi Correctional Service agencies…can also be privately hired….Ministry of Interior Ministry: Justice agencies…can also be privately hired….Ministry of Interior Ministry: Justice sets & enforces standards. Includes Oil, Electricity Police Duties: Prison security, welfare & sets & enforces standards. Includes Oil, Electricity Police Duties: Prison security, welfare & and Port Security security of prisoners & detainees and Port Security security of prisoners & detainees Duties: Fixed site protection of Ministerial, Governmental, Uniform: White shirts Duties: Fixed site protection of Ministerial, Governmental, Uniform: White shirts or private buildings / facilities / personnel or private buildings / facilities / personnel Vehicles: Prisoner escort vehicles Vehicles: Prisoner escort vehicles Uniform: Grey shirts Weapons: AKs, pistols Uniform: Grey shirts Weapons: AKs, pistols Vehicles: Provided by Ministries Pay: Civil pay scale Vehicles: Provided by Ministries Pay: Civil pay scale Weapons: AKs Strength: Final figure 10000 by 2005 Weapons: AKs Strength: Final figure 10000 by 2005 Pay: Civil pay scale (lower than Police / NIA) or Contract Pay: Civil pay scale (lower than Police / NIA) or Contract Strength: Roughly 6050 Baghdad, 14500 nationwide Strength: Roughly 6050 Baghdad, 14500 nationwide

App B App B

APPENDIX B APPENDIX B THE NEW IRAQI DEFENSE THE NEW IRAQI DEFENSE AND SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS AND SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS

App B App B MILITARY RANK MILITARY RANK

ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION Private First Class JUUN-dee ow-wal Major RA-i’d Private First Class JUUN-dee ow-wal Major RA-i’d Corporal a’-REEF Sergeant ra-QEEB Lieutenant Colonel moo-KUD-dam Corporal a’-REEF Sergeant ra-QEEB Lieutenant Colonel moo-KUD-dam Sergeant Major ra-QEEB ow-wal Colonel a’-QEED Sergeant Major ra-QEEB ow-wal Colonel a’-QEED Second Lieutenant moo-LA-zim Brigadier General a’-MEED Second Lieutenant moo-LA-zim Brigadier General a’-MEED First Lieutenant moo-LA zim ow-wal Major General lee-wa’ First Lieutenant moo-LA zim ow-wal Major General lee-wa’ Captain na-QEEB Captain na-QEEB

App B App B

MILITARY RANK MILITARY RANK

App B App B

New Iraqi Army (NIA): Woodland “chocolate chip” style fatigues with light New Iraqi Army (NIA): Woodland “chocolate chip” style fatigues with light green/light brown and dark brown background. green/light brown and dark brown background.

App B App B

Iraqi Police Service Rank Iraqi Police Service Rank

CHIEF CHIEF OF CHIEF CHIEF OF CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT SUPERINTENDENT POLICE SUPERINTENDENT POLICE INSPECTOR INSPECTOR

PATROLMAN SERGEANT LIEUTENANT CAPTAIN INSPECTOR PATROLMAN SERGEANT LIEUTENANT CAPTAIN INSPECTOR

App B App B

Iraqi Police Service Rank Iraqi Police Service Rank

CHIEF CHIEF OF CHIEF CHIEF OF CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT SUPERINTENDENT POLICE SUPERINTENDENT POLICE INSPECTOR INSPECTOR

PATROLMAN SERGEANT LIEUTENANT CAPTAIN INSPECTOR PATROLMAN SERGEANT LIEUTENANT CAPTAIN INSPECTOR

App B App B Iraqi Internal Security Organizations: Iraqi Internal Security Organizations:

Iraqi Civil Defense Corp (ICDC): Internal defense Iraqi Civil Defense Corp (ICDC): Internal defense • Not controlled by the local Iraqi government. • Not controlled by the local Iraqi government. • A CJTF-7 initiative controlled by Coalition Forces. • A CJTF-7 initiative controlled by Coalition Forces. • Paid by Coalition Forces under a 1-year renewable • Paid by Coalition Forces under a 1-year renewable contract. contract.

Iraqi Police Service (IPS): Municipal police force Iraqi Police Service (IPS): Municipal police force

Iraqi Border Police (IBS): Guards the six international borders of Iraq Iraqi Border Police (IBS): Guards the six international borders of Iraq

Iraqi Police Service (IPS): Iraqi Police Service (IPS): • Basic police services. • Basic police services. • Eventually include a Highway Patrol service • Eventually include a Highway Patrol service and fixed site security. and fixed site security. • Assist Coalition Forces on raids. • Assist Coalition Forces on raids. • Not responsible for terrorist or military • Not responsible for terrorist or military crimes investigation. crimes investigation. • Does not conduct investigative operations. • Does not conduct investigative operations.

Uniform: Light blue shirt and navy pants. Uniform: Light blue shirt and navy pants. Brassard, if worn, clearly indicates the letters Brassard, if worn, clearly indicates the letters ‘IP’ or ‘IPS’. ‘IP’ or ‘IPS’.

App B App B

Iraqi Internal Security Organizations: Iraqi Internal Security Organizations:

Iraqi Police Service (IPS): Municipal police force Iraqi Police Service (IPS): Municipal police force

Iraqi Border Police (IBS): Guards the six international borders of Iraq Iraqi Border Police (IBS): Guards the six international borders of Iraq

App B App B

Iraqi Civil Defense Corp (ICDC): Iraqi Civil Defense Corp (ICDC): • New recruits mostly non-military. • New recruits mostly non-military. • Reflect local government demographics. • Reflect local government demographics. • 3 battalions operating in our AO. • 3 battalions operating in our AO. • Missions: • Missions: o Joint patrolling with Coalition Forces o Joint patrolling with Coalition Forces o Fixed sight security o Fixed sight security o Route Security o Route Security o Natural disaster aid o Natural disaster aid o General assistance o General assistance

Uniform: Currently tan. A brown uniform will be Uniform: Currently tan. A brown uniform will be issued in the future. It is important to note that Shia issued in the future. It is important to note that Shia personnel will not wear the tan uniform because of personnel will not wear the tan uniform because of the color’s connection with the former regime. The the color’s connection with the former regime. The ICDC also has baseball-type caps in red, blue, and ICDC also has baseball-type caps in red, blue, and black with ICDC in block letters. black with ICDC in block letters.

App B App B

App B App B Border Police (BP): Khaki shirts and navy Border Police (BP): Khaki shirts and navy trousers. This uniform will change in trousers. This uniform will change in November to a full khaki uniform. An updated November to a full khaki uniform. An updated description and picture will be distributed upon description and picture will be distributed upon implementation. implementation.

Facilities Protective Service (FPS): Light Facilities Protective Service (FPS): Light grey shirt with brassard, if worn, clearly grey shirt with brassard, if worn, clearly indicating the letters ‘FPS’ and the Iraqi flag. indicating the letters ‘FPS’ and the Iraqi flag. The members may also wear dark blue pants, The members may also wear dark blue pants, leather belt, and a grey beret leather belt, and a grey beret

App B App B

Border Police (BP): Khaki shirts and navy Border Police (BP): Khaki shirts and navy trousers. This uniform will change in trousers. This uniform will change in November to a full khaki uniform. An updated November to a full khaki uniform. An updated description and picture will be distributed upon description and picture will be distributed upon implementation. implementation.

App B App B APPENDIX C APPENDIX C IRAQI LICENSE PLATES IRAQI LICENSE PLATES

Government Government Personal Personal

Taxi Cabs, Buses Taxi Cabs, Buses Imported Vehicle Imported Vehicle

Construction Vehicle Black plate with white letters Construction Vehicle Black plate with white letters Imported into Iraq after May 2003 Imported into Iraq after May 2003

App C App C

APPENDIX C APPENDIX C IRAQI LICENSE PLATES IRAQI LICENSE PLATES

Government Government Personal Personal

Taxi Cabs, Buses Taxi Cabs, Buses Imported Vehicle Imported Vehicle

Construction Vehicle Black plate with white letters Construction Vehicle Black plate with white letters Imported into Iraq after May 2003 Imported into Iraq after May 2003

App C App C APPENDIX D APPENDIX D NEW IRAQI DINAR NEW IRAQI DINAR

App D App D

APPENDIX D APPENDIX D NEW IRAQI DINAR NEW IRAQI DINAR

App D App D

APPENDIX E APPENDIX E

App D App D

APPENDIX E APPENDIX E

App D App D ANNEX E ANNEX E TEMPERATURE CONVERTER TEMPERATURE CONVERTER

Celsius (on the left) converted to Fahrenheit (on the right) Celsius (on the left) converted to Fahrenheit (on the right) -34 -29.2 -22 -7.6 -10 14 2 35.6 -34 -29.2 -22 -7.6 -10 14 2 35.6 -33 -27.4 -21 -5.8 -9 15.8 3 37.4 -33 -27.4 -21 -5.8 -9 15.8 3 37.4

-32 -25.6 -20 -4.0 -8 17.6 4 39.2 -32 -25.6 -20 -4.0 -8 17.6 4 39.2 -31 -23.8 -19 -2.2 -7 19.4 5 41.0 -31 -23.8 -19 -2.2 -7 19.4 5 41.0 -30 -22.0 -18 -0.4 -6 21.2 6 42.8 -30 -22.0 -18 -0.4 -6 21.2 6 42.8 -29 -20.2 -17 1.4 -5 23.0 7 44.6 -29 -20.2 -17 1.4 -5 23.0 7 44.6 -28 -18.4 -16 3.2 -4 24.8 8 46.4 -28 -18.4 -16 3.2 -4 24.8 8 46.4 -27 -16.6 -15 5 -3 26.6 9 48.2 -27 -16.6 -15 5 -3 26.6 9 48.2 -26 -14.8 -14 6.8 -2 28.4 10 50.0 -26 -14.8 -14 6.8 -2 28.4 10 50.0 -25 -13.0 -13 8.6 -1 30.2 11 51.8 -25 -13.0 -13 8.6 -1 30.2 11 51.8 -24 -11.2 -12 10.4 0 32.0 12 53.6 -24 -11.2 -12 10.4 0 32.0 12 53.6 -23 -9.4 -11 12.2 1 33.8 13 55.4 -23 -9.4 -11 12.2 1 33.8 13 55.4

14 57.2 25 77.0 36 96.8 47 116.6 14 57.2 25 77.0 36 96.8 47 116.6 15 59.0 26 78.8 37 98.6 48 118.4 15 59.0 26 78.8 37 98.6 48 118.4 16 60.8 27 80.6 38 100.4 49 120.2 16 60.8 27 80.6 38 100.4 49 120.2 17 62.6 28 82.4 39 102.2 50 122.0 17 62.6 28 82.4 39 102.2 50 122.0 18 64.4 29 84.2 40 104.0 51 123.8 18 64.4 29 84.2 40 104.0 51 123.8 19 66.2 30 86.0 41 105.8 52 125.6 19 66.2 30 86.0 41 105.8 52 125.6 20 68.0 31 87.8 42 107.6 53 127.4 20 68.0 31 87.8 42 107.6 53 127.4 21 69.8 32 89.6 43 109.4 54 129.2 21 69.8 32 89.6 43 109.4 54 129.2 22 71.6 33 91.4 44 111.2 55 131.0 22 71.6 33 91.4 44 111.2 55 131.0 23 73.4 34 93.2 45 113 56 132.8 23 73.4 34 93.2 45 113 56 132.8 24 75.2 35 95.0 46 114.8 57 134.6 24 75.2 35 95.0 46 114.8 57 134.6

58 136.4 62 143.6 66 150.8 70 158 58 136.4 62 143.6 66 150.8 70 158 59 138.2 63 145.4 67 152.8 71 159.8 59 138.2 63 145.4 67 152.8 71 159.8 60 140.0 64 147.2 68 154.4 72 161.6 60 140.0 64 147.2 68 154.4 72 161.6 61 141.8 65 149 69 156.2 61 141.8 65 149 69 156.2

App E App E

ANNEX E ANNEX E TEMPERATURE CONVERTER TEMPERATURE CONVERTER

App E App E

METRIC CONVERTER METRIC CONVERTER

Into Metric Out of Metric Into Metric Out of Metric

If you Multiply To If you Multiply To If you Multiply To If you Multiply To know by Get know by Get know by Get know by Get

Length Length Length Length inches 2.54 centimeters millimeters 0.04 inches inches 2.54 centimeters millimeters 0.04 inches foot 30 centimeters centimeters 0.4 inches foot 30 centimeters centimeters 0.4 inches yards 0.91 meters meters 3.3 feet yards 0.91 meters meters 3.3 feet miles 1.6 kilometers kilometers 0.62 miles miles 1.6 kilometers kilometers 0.62 miles

Area Area Area Area sq. inches 6.5 sq. centimeters sq. centimeters 0.16 sq. inches sq. inches 6.5 sq. centimeters sq. centimeters 0.16 sq. inches sq. feet 0.09 sq. meters sq. meters 1.2 sq. yards sq. feet 0.09 sq. meters sq. meters 1.2 sq. yards sq. yards 0.8 sq. meters sq. kilometers 0.4 sq. miles sq. yards 0.8 sq. meters sq. kilometers 0.4 sq. miles sq. miles 2.6 sq. kilometers hectares 2.47 acres sq. miles 2.6 sq. kilometers hectares 2.47 acres acres 0.4 hectares acres 0.4 hectares

Mass (Weight) Mass (Weight) Mass (Weight) Mass (Weight) ounces 28 grams grams 0.035 ounces ounces 28 grams grams 0.035 ounces pounds 0.45 kilograms kilograms 2.2 pounds pounds 0.45 kilograms kilograms 2.2 pounds short ton 0.9 metric ton metric tons 1.1 short tons short ton 0.9 metric ton metric tons 1.1 short tons

Volume Volume Volume Volume teaspoons 5 milliliters milliliters 0.03 fluid ounces teaspoons 5 milliliters milliliters 0.03 fluid ounces tablespoons 15 milliliters liters 2.1 pints tablespoons 15 milliliters liters 2.1 pints fluid ounces 30 milliliters liters 1.06 quarts fluid ounces 30 milliliters liters 1.06 quarts cups 0.24 liters liters 0.26 gallons cups 0.24 liters liters 0.26 gallons pints 0.47 liters cubic meters 35 cubic feet pints 0.47 liters cubic meters 35 cubic feet quarts 0.95 liters cubic meters 1.3 cubic yards quarts 0.95 liters cubic meters 1.3 cubic yards gallons 3.8 liters gallons 3.8 liters cubic feet 0.03 cubic meters cubic feet 0.03 cubic meters cubic yards 0.76 cubic meters cubic yards 0.76 cubic meters

App E App E

METRIC CONVERTER METRIC CONVERTER

Into Metric Out of Metric Into Metric Out of Metric

If you Multiply To If you Multiply To If you Multiply To If you Multiply To know by Get know by Get know by Get know by Get

App E App E

NOTES NOTES

THE VICTORY STANDARD THE VICTORY STANDARD

Value your Wingman -- teamwork starts with the buddy team Value your Wingman -- teamwork starts with the buddy team I nstill safety into everything we do I nstill safety into everything we do Combat focus for every mission -- overwatch, overwhelming Combat focus for every mission -- overwatch, overwhelming combat power, and decisive action combat power, and decisive action Treat all people with dignity and respect -- follow the ROE, Treat all people with dignity and respect -- follow the ROE, apply common sense, and trust your instincts apply common sense, and trust your instincts Orders are required for every mission -- every mission is Orders are required for every mission -- every mission is planned, synchronized, rehearsed, debriefed, and AAR’d ! planned, synchronized, rehearsed, debriefed, and AAR’d ! Reporting must be timely and accurate -- key to our success; Reporting must be timely and accurate -- key to our success; develop the situation and always keep higher headquarters develop the situation and always keep higher headquarters informed informed You are responsible to maintain Big Red One standards You are responsible to maintain Big Red One standards and remain disciplined -- at all times, do the right thing! and remain disciplined -- at all times, do the right thing! AS OF: 1 SEP 03 AS OF: 1 SEP 03

THE VICTORY STANDARD THE VICTORY STANDARD

For requests for copies please contact the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G5. For requests for copies please contact the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G5. POC CPT Jerke at 350-6712/7140 POC CPT Jerke at 350-6712/7140 or write to: or write to:

1st Infantry Division 1st Infantry Division ATTN: AETV-BGE-G5 ATTN: AETV-BGE-G5 APO, AE 09036 APO, AE 09036

UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO

1st Infantry Division 1st Infantry Division ATTN: AETV-BGE-G5 ATTN: AETV-BGE-G5 APO, AE 09036 APO, AE 09036

UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO