Mikrobiologie Der Stickstoffentfernung in Den Biofiltern Einer Marinen Aquakultur Mit Geschlossenem Wasserkreislauf

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Mikrobiologie Der Stickstoffentfernung in Den Biofiltern Einer Marinen Aquakultur Mit Geschlossenem Wasserkreislauf Mikrobiologie der Stickstoffentfernung in den Biofiltern einer marinen Aquakultur mit geschlossenem Wasserkreislauf Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften Dr. rer. nat. der Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth vorgelegt von Bärbel U. Fösel, geb. Krieger Bayreuth, August 2007 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde von April 2003 bis August 2007 am Lehrstuhl für Ökologische Mikrobiologie der Universität Bayreuth unter der Leitung von Prof. Harold L. Drake angefertigt. Ein Teil der experimentellen Arbeit wurde am Department of Microbiology der Universität Århus durchgeführt. Ermöglicht wurde die Arbeit mit Mitteln der German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (GIF Grant. No. I-732 –165.8/2001) sowie Geldern der Universitäten Bayreuth und Århus. Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften der Universität Bayreuth genehmigten Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.). Promotionsgesuch eingereicht am: 22.08.2007 Tag des wissenschaftlichen Kolloquiums: 18.07.2008 Prüfungsausschuss: Prof. H.L. Drake (Ph.D.) (Erstgutachter) Prof. Dr. O. Meyer (Zweitgutachter) Prof. Dr. S. Peiffer (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. G. Rambold Prof. Dr. K. Dettner Inhaltsverzeichnis I Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 EINLEITUNG ............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Aquakultur...............................................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Derzeitige und zukünftige Bedeutung ................................................................................1 1.1.2 Ökologische Auswirkungen.................................................................................................1 1.1.3 Möglichkeiten und Erfordernisse geschlossener Systeme ................................................2 1.2 Der Stickstoffkreislauf und seine Bedeutung........................................................................5 1.2.1 Nitrifikation ..........................................................................................................................6 1.2.1.1. Reaktionen ...............................................................................................................6 1.2.1.2 Verantwortliche Organismengruppen ...................................................................7 1.2.1.3 Untersuchung von Nitrifikantengemeinschaften in der Umwelt .........................9 1.2.2 Nitratreduzierende Prozesse .............................................................................................10 1.2.2.1 Assimilatorische Nitratreduktion .........................................................................10 1.2.2.2 Dissimilatorische Nitratreduktion ........................................................................11 1.2.2.2.1 Denitrifikation .......................................................................................................11 1.2.2.2.2 DNRA....................................................................................................................21 1.2.2.2.3 Molekularbiologische Untersuchung von Nitratreduzierern und Denitrifikanten 22 1.2.3 Anammox ............................................................................................................................23 1.3 Stickstoffentfernung in (marinen) Aquakultursystemen...................................................24 1.3.1 Pilot-System in Rehovot.....................................................................................................24 1.3.2 Nitrifikation ........................................................................................................................25 1.3.2.1 Anforderungen an die Nitrifikantengemeinschaft ..............................................25 1.3.2.2 Wissen über Nitrifikanten in Biofiltern zur Abwasserbehandlung...................26 1.3.3 Denitrifikation ....................................................................................................................27 1.3.3.1 Notwendigkeit der Nitratentfernung in geschlossenen Systemen......................27 1.3.3.2 Wissen über Denitrifikanten in Biofiltern zur Abwasserbehandlung...............28 1.3.4 Wechselwirkungen zwischen N- und S-Kreislauf unter anaeroben Bedingungen.......30 1.4 Zielsetzungen........................................................................ .................................................32 1.4.1 Nitrifikation .......................................................................................................................32 1.4.2 Nitratreduzierende Prozesse ............................................................................................33 II Inhaltsverzeichnis 2 MATERIAL UND METHODEN ........................................................................................... 34 2.1 Pilot-System mit vollständigem Wasserrecycling .............................................................. 34 2.1.1 TF ........................................................................................................................................ 35 2.1.2 DB ........................................................................................................................................ 36 2.1.3 FBR...................................................................................................................................... 38 2.2 Probennahme und -aufbereitung......................................................................................... 38 2.2.2 Material für DNA-Extraktion und Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung...................... 38 2.2.2.1 TF ............................................................................................................................ 38 2.2.2.2 DB und FBR ........................................................................................................... 39 2.2.3 Kultivierung von nitratreduzierenden und denitrifizierenden Mikroorganismen...... 39 2.2.4 Wasserproben..................................................................................................................... 39 2.2.5 15N-Tracerexperimente...................................................................................................... 40 2.3 Analytische Methoden .......................................................................................................... 40 2.3.1 Gase ..................................................................................................................................... 40 2.3.2 Organische Säuren, Zucker, Aminozucker und Alkohole ............................................. 42 2.3.3 Anorganische Ionen ........................................................................................................... 43 2.3.3.1 Nitrat ....................................................................................................................... 43 2.3.3.2 Nitrit ........................................................................................................................ 43 2.3.3.3 Ammonium ............................................................................................................. 43 2.3.3.4 Lösliches Eisen(II).................................................................................................. 44 2.3.3.5 Sulfat ....................................................................................................................... 44 2.3.3.6 Sulfid ....................................................................................................................... 44 2.4 Mikrosensormessungen ........................................................................................................45 2.4.1 Inkubationsbedingungen................................................................................................... 45 2.4.2 Messung und Berechnung ................................................................................................. 45 2.5 Inkubationsversuche mit 15N-markierten Substraten ....................................................... 46 2.5.1 Probennahme und Inkubation.......................................................................................... 46 2.5.2 Messung und Berechnung ................................................................................................. 47 2.5.3 Weitere Experimente ......................................................................................................... 47 2.6 Mikrobiologische Methoden................................................................................................. 48 2.6.1 Nährmedien und Kultivierungstechniken ....................................................................... 48 2.6.1.1 Medien für die von der DSMZ bezogenen Bakterienstämme............................ 48 Inhaltsverzeichnis III 2.6.1.2 Medien zur Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Organismen aus der Aquakultur .............................................................................................................49 2.6.1.2.1 Medium M1 - 6 .....................................................................................................51 2.6.1.2.2 Medium MFGH .......................................................................................................52 2.6.1.2.3 Rhodospirillaceae-Medium (DSMZ-Medium 27)................................................52
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