Biodiversity of Macrofungi with Special Reference to Edible Forms: a Review
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J. Indian bot. Soc. ISSN - 0019 - 4468, e-ISSN: 2455-7218 Vol. 96 (3) 2017: 144-187 BIODIVERSITY OF MACROFUNGI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EDIBLE FORMS: A REVIEW N.N. TRIPATHI, POOJA SINGH AND PRATIMA VISHWAKARMA Bacteriology and Natural Pesticide Laboratory Department of Botany DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, U.P., India E-mail: [email protected] Date of Online publication: 30-Sep, 2017 The fungi (sing. Fungus; L.) are heterotrophic 1.5 million of fungi, only 50% are characterized organisms of very diverse form, size, physiology until now (Manoharachary et al. 2005). and mode of reproduction. The ancient Greeks and Romans, and surely their less civilized WORLD SCENARIO OF DIVERSITY OF contemporaries, were fond of truffles, MACROFUNGI mushrooms and puff balls. Mushrooms became Just like the study of other living organisms the such delicacies that they were only food which study of fungi- mycology, had its beginning wealthy people insisted on cooking themselves. centered around the use of fungi for food and Cases of accidental mushroom poisoning were medicine without being concerned with the also known to ancient Greeks and Romans as knowledge of their nature. The writings of the early as 500 B.C. The name “evil ferments of Greeks and Romans indicate that they could the earth” was given to some of the mushrooms. distinguish various edible and poisonous The edible members were called “mushrooms” mushrooms. For centuries the Chinese had used while the poisonous varieties were termed certain fungi as food and others as medicines. “toadstools”. The Roman emperor Cladius Of the early herbalists Bauhin (1560-1624) Caesar (A.D. 54) was murdered by his wife who first time initiated ‘binomial nomenclature’ who mixed his food with Amanita phalloides. listed about 100 species of fungi and lichens Sporophores of mushrooms were popular and grouped them under the name Fungus among the Roman potters and sculptures. A and Muscus Saxatilis vel Lichen respectively. series of ancient stone sculptures (1000 B.C.- Tournefort (1656-1708) in his book entitled 200 A.D.) bearing designs of mushrooms have ‘Elmens de Botanique’ arranged fungi in six been collected by Wasson and Wasson (1957) group. Micheli paid special attention to the larger from Guatemala and other Central American fungi and grouped them into Fungi lamellati countries (Dube 2004). (Agaricaceae), Fungi porosi (Polyporaceae), The species diversity of fungi and their natural Fungi ramosi (Clavariaceae) and Fungi beauty occupy prime place in the biological pulverentes (Lycoperdaceae and similar others). world and India has been a cradle for these In fact, Micheli is the founder of the science of species. Defining the number of fungi on earth mycology. Mention may also be made about has been a point of discussion and several studies the valuable contributions of the following have focused on enumerating the world’s fungal workers in different areas of Mycology. Martin diversity. Only a fraction of total wealth has been on different groups of fungi and Myxomycetes; subjected to scientific scrutiny and mycologists Ingold on spore liberation in fungi; Corner on the continue to unravel the unexplored and hidden Clavariaceae; Nobles, Lowy, Pegler on different wealth (Dwivedi et al. 2012). One third of aspects of the Polyporaceae; Singer and Smith fungal diversity of globe exists in India. Out of on the Agarics (Gangulee and Kar 2007). Received date October 04, 2016 www.indianbotsoc.org Accepted date June 17, 2017 Biodiversity of Edible Fungi: A Review 145 The knowledge of higher fungi, particularly Cribb (1956b) Queensland Studied Gasteromycetes the ‘Hymenomycetes’ was enriched through viz., Hymenogaster purpureus, H.subtropicus and very valuable contribution of Fries (1794-1878) Richoniella macrospora in Sweden. Fries published his work in three Reid (1958) United Described 22 volumes of Systema Mycologicum, on the basis Kingdom Hymenomycetes of which Omphalina lithocras, of which the present day system of classification Coprinus saichiae, Lepiota is drawn and it serves as the starting point of ventriosospora, Sparassis simplex and Clavaria classification of fungi. Contemporary to Fries lithocras as new record was Schweinitz (1780-1834), who is often Orton (1960) Britain Provided checklist of Agarics called the ‘Father of American Mycology’. He and Boleti of Britain collected thousand of species of fungi from Pegler (1964) Kew Reported four new species of Inonotus viz., I. North Carolina and Pennsylvania described and chondromyelus, I. pirisporus, published them. I. subhispidus and I. tenuicarnis Contribution of various investigators to Apinis (1965) United Described Coprinus unrevealed the diversity of macrofungi of world Kingdom delicatulus Domaňski Poland Collected 211 species of is listed in table given below (1965) higher fungi Table-1: List of different work done by various Gumiňska Poland Reported 236 species of (1966) macrofungi investigators from different part of world for collection Lisiewska Poland Collected and identified 283 of macrofungi (1966) species of higher fungi Lim (1972) Malaysia and Collected Amauroderma spp., Investigators Place Work done and chief Singapore Ganoderma spp., Pycnoporus findings sanguineus and Microporus Chipp (1921) Malaya Collected 102 Polyporales xanthopus Peninsula species Waraitch and Nepal Described 29 genus and 37 Corner (1935) Malaya Studied the seasonal Thind (1977) species of Ascomycotina Peninsula and occurance of macrofungi described Singapore Manjula (1983) Nepal 4 species of Hymenomycetes Margaret and Swansea (U.K.) Studied Mycena were identified Forsyth (1950) sanguinolenta Thind and Nepal Described 28 species Cartwright England Collected and identified Sharma (1983) of macrofungi of order (1951) Polyporus quercinus Helotiales Hawker (1952) Britain Reported Hydnangium Adhikari (1984) Nepal Identified Asterophora carneum Wallr. Var. parasitica and Russula xanthosporum var. nov., densifolia Gautieria morchellaeformis, Oldridge et al. Malaysia Collected nine species Hymenogaster hessei and (1985) of Polyporales viz., Elaphomyces aculeatus as Daedalea flavida, Lenzites new record elegans, Microporus Graddon (1954) Britain Described Pyrenopeziza affinis, M.xanthopus, M. thalictri luteoceraceus, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Fomitopsis feei Palmer (1955) United Reported Geastrum viz., and Lentinus concinnus. Kingdom G.floriforme, G.rufescens and G. triplex Shrestha (1985) Manang Cordyceps nutans was identified Cribb (1956a) Queensland Collected and identified Gasteromycetes viz., Adhikari (1987) Nepal Collected and identified 18 Gymnogaster boletoides, samples of Sullius Secotium lamellatum, S. Cotter and Nepal Ectomycorrhizal association lamingtonense, S. reticulatum Miller (1987) of Bolete genus Sullius and S. sessile var. textum Natour et al. Jordan Reported 270 wild mushroom (1992) N.N. TRIPATHI, POOJA SINGH AND PRATIMA VISHWAKARMA 146 Harkonen et al. Tanzania Described 36 specimens of Küffer et al. Ukraine Collected and identified 131 (1993) Russula (2004) species of wood-inhabiting Frature (1997) Libyan Desert Podaxis pistillaris, Tulostoma fungi. caespitosum and Schizostoma Mata et al. Costa Rica Three new species of laceratum (new record for (2004) Gymnopus viz., G.alnicolus, country) G. cylindricus, G. Zang and Kinjo China and 33 species of the genus pseudolodgeae (1998) Nepal Cordyceps. C. nepalensis was Wannathes et al. South Asia Marasmius pellucidus new to science (2004) identified as new record Fryar et al. Australia Collected two wood decay Zhang et al. China Identified Cordyceps (1999) basidiomycete communities (2004) campsosterna Núñez and Japan Antrodiella globospora, Zhou et al. China Cyathus lijiangensis and Ryvarden (1999) Junghuhnia japonica, (2004) C.renweii were species new Oxyporus cinnamomeus, to science and Crucibulum Rigidoporus cinereus, parvulum, Cyathus Tyromyces squamosellus, crassimurus, C.julietae and T. transformatus and C. triplex were reported for Wrightoporia japonica the first time from China. (Polypore) identified Desjardin et al. Brazil New bioluminescent agaric; Baroni et al. Thailand Reported Clitopilus (2005) Gerronema viridilucens was (2001) chalybescens described identified. Núñez et al.( Russia Ceriporiopsis albonigrescens, Hattori (2005) Japan Wood-inhabiting polypores 2001) C. rufa, C. subvermispora, were identified Hapalopilus sibiricus and Abou-Zeid and Al-Taif Agaricus arvensis, A. Rigidoporus furcatus. Altalhi (2006) Governorate of augustus, A.bisporus, C.albonigrescens and last two Saudia Arabia Agrocybe cylindracea, species were new record for Boletus edulis, Coprinus East Asia comatus, Inocybe splendens, Yang et al. China Amanita sinensis var. Lepiota cristata, L. procera, (2001) subglobispora and A.zangii L. rhacodes, Phaeolepiota new record for world aurea, Pleurotus cornucopiae, while A.orientogemmata, P. ostreatus, Podaxis A.princeps and A.vestita were pistillaris were collected new record for country Antonín and Madagascar and 19 taxa of the genus Hyde et al. China Studied 630 Ascomycetes and Buyck (2006) Mascarenes Marasmius identified (2002) 150 Basidiomycetes Capelari et al. Brazil Collected Agaricus Li et al. (2002) China Collected Phallus costatus (2006) martineziensis var. sphaerocephalus, P. Dai and Pentillä China Collected 700 specimens of sulphureus and Mutinus (2006) macrofungi in which 161 fleischeri poroid wood inhabiting Seok et al. Korea Described Volvariella species were identified. (2002) villosavolva unrecorded Desjardin and Panamá Nine species