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Der Munizipalsozialismus in Europa Revolte und Sozialstatus Révolte et statut social Pariser Historische Studien herausgegeben vom Deutschen Historischen Institut Paris Band 87 R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 2008 Revolte und Sozialstatus von der Spätantike bis zur Frühen Neuzeit Révolte et statut social de l’Antiquité tardive aux Temps modernes herausgegeben von Philippe Depreux R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 2008 Pariser Historische Studien Herausgeberin: Prof. Dr. Gudrun GERSMANN Redaktion: Veronika VOLLMER Institutslogo: Heinrich PARAVICINI, unter Verwendung eines Motivs am Hôtel Duret-de-Chevry Anschrift: Deutsches Historisches Institut (Institut historique allemand) Hôtel Duret-de-Chevry, 8, rue du Parc-Royal, F-75003 Paris Publiziert mit Unterstützung der Mission historique française en Allemagne Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.d-nb.de> abrufbar. © 2008 Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH, München Rosenheimer Straße 145, D-81671 München Internet: oldenbourg.de Das Werk einschließlich aller Abbildungen ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages un- zulässig und strafbar. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikro- verfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Bearbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Umschlaggestaltung: Dieter Vollendorf, München Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier (chlorfrei gebleicht). Gesamtherstellung: Druckhaus »Thomas Müntzer«, Bad Langensalza ISBN 978-3-486-58584-1 ISSN 0479-5997 INHALT / SOMMAIRE Vorwort / Avant-propos .............................................................................. 7 Philippe DEPREUX Introduction ................................................................................................ 9 Bruno POTTIER Les circoncellions: formation d’une élite rurale monastique autonome dans l’Afrique du Nord des IVe et Ve siècles ............................................ 19 François MARTIN La rébellion de Sun En et Lu Hsün (396–412) .......................................... 39 Jean-Claude CHEYNET Se révolter légitimement contre le basileus? ............................................. 57 Steffen PATZOLD Ipsorum necesse est sub hanc dissensionem animas periclitari Les révoltes dans la vie monastique médiévale en Europe occidentale .... 75 Philippe DEPREUX Défense d’un statut et contestation d’un modèle de société. Conjuration, révolte et répression dans l’Occident du Haut Moyen Âge ....................... 93 Alain SAINT-DENIS Instigateurs et acteurs des premières communes françaises (fin XIe–premier tiers du XIIe siècle) ........................................................ 111 Claudia ZEY Autour des soulèvements communaux en Italie septentrionale et centrale aux XIe et XIIe siècles ................................................................................ 131 Uwe ISRAEL Von Cola di Rienzo zu Stefano Porcari. Revolten im Rom des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts ......................................................................................... 149 Jörg PELTZER Révoltes en Angleterre au Moyen Âge central et tardif ............................ 167 6 Inhalt / Sommaire Kai-Henrik GÜNTHER Gleichheitsvorstellungen als Beweggrund aufständischen Handelns in mitteleuropäischen Städten des Spätmittelalters: Braunschweig, Brügge, Ypern, Zürich .............................................................................. 185 Marianne SÁGHY Le révolté »hongrois«: conspirations, attentats et conflits nationaux dans le royaume de Hongrie à la fin du Moyen Âge ................................ 205 Vincent CHALLET Peuple et élites: stratégies sociales et manipulations politiques dans les révoltes paysannes (France, XIVe–XVe siècle) ................................... 213 Werner TROSSBACH Tagelöhner und dörfliche Eliten: Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von Struktur- und Ereignisgeschichte im Bauernkrieg (1524–1526) ....... 229 Olivia CARPI Élites citadines et sédition en France à l’époque des troubles de religion .................................................................................................. 255 Hanna VOLLRATH Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................... 273 Personenregister / Index des personnes .................................................... 287 Autorinnen und Autoren / Les auteurs ...................................................... 293 VORWORT / AVANT-PROPOS Le présent volume constitue les actes du colloque »Révolte et statut social, de l’Antiquité tardive aux Temps modernes« qui eut lieu les 24 et 25 octobre 2005 à l’Institut historique allemand de Paris (IHAP). C’est en tant que chargé des études médiévales à la Mission historique française en Allemagne (MHFA) que j’eus l’honneur et le plaisir d’organiser cette rencontre en coopération avec l’IHAP. Que MM. Christophe Duhamelle et Werner Paravicini soient re- merciés du soutien qu’ils apportèrent à ce projet. Lors du colloque, les débats furent présidés par Mme Régine Le Jan (uni- versité de Paris I) et MM. Yves-Marie Bercé (université de Paris IV), Pierre Monnet (EHESS, Paris) et Werner Paravicini (IHAP). Mmes Veronika Voll- mer et Sabine Walther (IHAP) ainsi que M. Philipp Hertzog, stagiaire à l’IHAP, ont assuré le suivi rédactionnel de cette publication; M. Remi Crou- zevialle (Service de géomatique de l’université de Limoges) a dessiné la carte de la Chine publiée dans la contribution de M. François Martin. Que tous en soient remerciés! Philippe Depreux Université de Limoges Institut universitaire de France PHILIPPE DEPREUX INTRODUCTION Si l’on en croit saint Paul, le présent volume ne devait pas avoir de raison d’être: »Que chacun se soumette aux autorités en charge. Car il n’y a point d’autorité qui ne vienne de Dieu, et celles qui existent sont constituées par Dieu. Si bien que celui qui résiste à l’autorité se rebelle contre l’ordre établi par Dieu. Et les rebelles se feront eux-mêmes condamner«1. Cette sentence peut être considérée comme une véritable pierre angulaire de l’idéologie poli- tique médiévale: »St Paul in Romans 13. 1–7 had provided the most important Biblical statement of the duty of Christians to submit to secular power, for the ruler is instituted by God. This doctrine was in no way doubted«2. Toutefois, l’opposition au prince – au prince injuste, s’entend – n’est pas illicite. En té- moigne, par exemple, l’un des monuments du droit médiéval qu’est le »Sach- senspiegel«: on y lit que tout »homme peut s’opposer à l’injustice de son roi et de son juge […] et ne contrevient pas en cela à la fidélité due«3. Le manuscrit de Heidelberg, qui date des années 1300–1315, en fournit une illustration par- ticulièrement éloquente, où l’on voit le roi décoiffé de la couronne. Or l’individu qui accomplit ce geste n’est pas n’importe qui: il s’agit d’un noble, d’un individu jouissant du privilège de porter l’épée4. Se trouve ainsi avancée la question centrale sur laquelle porta le colloque »Révolte et statut social, de 1 Rom 13, 1–2 (traduction de la Bible de Jérusalem). Le texte de la Vulgate est le suivant: Omnis anima potestatibus subdita sit. Non est enim potestas nisi a Deo; quae autem sunt, a Deo ordinatae sunt. Itaque, qui resistit potestati, Dei ordinationi resistit; qui autem resistunt ipsi, sibi damnationem acquirent. 2 David E. LUSCOMBE, Gillian R. EVANS, The Twelfth-Century Renaissance, dans: James H. BURNS (dir.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c. 350–c. 1450, Cam- bridge 1988, p. 306–338, ici p. 316–317. Sur l’impact de cette autorité néotestamentaire sur la pensée médiévale, cf. Werner AFFELDT, Die weltliche Gewalt in der Paulus-Exegese: Röm. 13, 1–7 in den Römerbriefkommentaren der lateinischen Kirche bis zum Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen 1969 (Forschungen zur Kirchen- und Dogmengeschichte, 22). 3 Sachsenspiegel. Landrecht, éd. par Karl August ECKHARDT, Göttingen 1955 (MGH, Fontes iuris Germanici antiqui, NS, 1, 1), p. 260 (III, 78, § 2): De man mut ok wol sime koninge unde sime richtere unrechtes wederstan, unde san helpen weren to aller wis, al si he sin mach oder sin herre, unde ne dut dar an weder sinen truwen nicht. 4 Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, Codex Palatinus Germanicus 164, fol. 26r. Cf. Die Hei- delberger Bilderhandschrift des Sachsenspiegels, 2 t., Francfort/M. 1970 (facsimilé et com- mentaire: Walter KOSCHORRECK, Die Heidelberger Bildhandschrift des Sachsenspiegels). 10 Philippe Depreux l’Antiquité tardive aux Temps modernes«: celle du rapport entre l’acte de ré- volte et le statut social des protagonistes. Il n’y a pas lieu de s’attarder longtemps à justifier le titre de cette rencontre, bien qu’il y ait apparemment débat sur l’opportunité de parler de »révolte«. Ainsi, Guy Fourquin, dans son étude sur les soulèvements populaires au Moyen Âge, commence par expliquer pourquoi, à juste titre, il a écarté le terme de »révolution«; mais il ajoute: »il fallait […] choisir un autre vocable: nous nous sommes arrêtés à celui de soulèvement, plutôt qu’à celui de révolte qui ne convient pas aux mouvements où sont au premier chef impliquées des élites«5. Au contraire, Arlette Jouanna, dans son livre sur »la noblesse fran- çaise et la gestation de l’État moderne« met en exergue le »devoir de révolte« de la noblesse dans la France des XVIe et XVIIe siècles6. En fait, comme l’enseigne le »Dictionnaire« de Littré7,
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