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Peasant Revolts During the French Wars of Religion (A Socio-Economic Comparative Study)

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Peasant Revolts During the French Wars of Religion (A Socio-Economic Comparative Study) PEASANT REVOLTS DURING THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION (A SOCIO-ECONOMIC COMPARATIVE STUDY) By Emad Afkham Submitted to Central European University Department of History In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Laszlo Kontler Second Reader: Professor Matthias Riedl CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2016 Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author. CEU eTD Collection I ABSTRACT The present thesis examines three waves of the peasant revolts in France, during the French Wars of Religion. The first wave of the peasant revolts happened in southwest France in Provence, Dauphiné, and Languedoc: the second wave happened in northern France in Normandy, Brittany and Burgundy and the last one happened in western France Périgord, Limousin, Saintonge, Angoumois, Poitou, Agenais, Marche and Quercy and the whole of Guyenne. The thesis argues that the main reason for happening the widespread peasant revolts during the civil wars was due to the fundamental destruction of the countryside and the devastation of the peasant economy. The destruction of the peasant economy meant the everyday life of the peasants blocked to continue. It also keeps in the background the relationship between the incomprehensive gradual changing in the world economy in the course of the sixteenth century. In order to answer the question, I narrate the three waves of the peasant revolts with details in order to provide sufficient reasons to show that the foundation of all of the peasant revolts was the economic issues which after disruption were disguised or oriented by the religious affiliations, anti-noble, anti-military, anti-town aspects. The comparative analyses of these three waves show that the peasantry took arms when their resources, property, and production devastated by the wars. These three waves, particularly the Croquants movement, were important because the peasant revolts which had been started from the mid-sixteenth century and continued until the end of the seventeenth century never achieved such widespread well-organized structure with these CEU eTD Collection fundamental aims. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Laszlo Kontler for his invaluable feedback upon my draft versions, for his advice and constant support, and for his guidance throughout the thesis writing period. My sincere gratitude also goes to my second reader Professor Matthias Riedl, for his help during the thesis writing and also because I fulfilled my Master education under his direction. I would also like to thank you all Professors at the CEU and the dear folk of the History department. Most of all, I would like to thank my dear family who I am deeply grateful to support me for coming to Budapest. They helped me a lot and I would like to tell them all your supports and efforts will not be forgotten. I am ever thankful to my father, mother, and my dear sister: Nazanin. I am also very grateful to my friends, Lucian George, Roxana Deesez, Stephen Pow, Freyja Jónudóttir, Camille Hesterberg, Rob Lee Sharp, Jordan Skinner, and Kristof Szitar for their comments and aids during this time. Finally, I reserved special thanks to my dear friend Konstantin Tebenev for his support. CEU eTD Collection III TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter I: From Farm to Market ............................................................................................... 5 1.1. Peasant Economy ................................................................................................................. 5 1.2. Peasantry as a Class .............................................................................................................. 8 1.3. Age of Transition and Modern World System ................................................................... 11 Chapter II: Society and economy .............................................................................................. 15 2.1. Medieval Prelude ................................................................................................................ 15 2.2. Three Stages of Economy .................................................................................................. 16 2.3. Social classes ...................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1. Nobility ........................................................................................................................ 21 2.3.2. Bourgeoisie .................................................................................................................. 27 2.3.3. Peasantry ...................................................................................................................... 30 2.4. Religion .............................................................................................................................. 34 2.3.5. The Pitauts, a Model Revolt ........................................................................................... 37 Chapter III: Southern France.................................................................................................... 43 3.1. Provence ............................................................................................................................. 43 3.2. Vivarais and Dauphiné ....................................................................................................... 46 3.3. Languedoc .......................................................................................................................... 56 3.4. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 62 Chapter IV: Northern and Eastern France .............................................................................. 69 4.1. Normandy ........................................................................................................................... 69 4.2. Brittany ............................................................................................................................... 76 4.3. Champagne -Burgundy ...................................................................................................... 83 4.4. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter V: The Croquants of Tard- Avisés .............................................................................. 91 5.1. The first Croquants (Tard- avisés) ..................................................................................... 91 CEU eTD Collection 5.2. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 100 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 106 Appendices ................................................................................................................................. 114 Table of the Peasant Revolts ................................................................................................... 115 Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................... 116 IV Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 120 CEU eTD Collection V TABLE OF FIGURES Map 1. France during the Wars of Religion ................................................................................. 41 Map 2. Principal areas controlled by the Huguenots and Catholic during the Wars of Religion . 42 Map 3. The peasant revolts in the southwest ................................................................................ 67 Map 4. Vivarais ............................................................................................................................. 68 Map 5. Pyrenees ............................................................................................................................ 68 Map 6. The peasant revolts in Normandy and Brittany ................................................................ 90 Map 7. Normandy during the Wars ............................................................................................. 90 Map 8. Tthe Croquants and Bonnets Rouges.............................................................................. 104 Map 9. The areas of the Croquants ............................................................................................. 105 CEU eTD Collection VI Introduction Liberté! Liberté! Vive le Tiers Estat Chronique de Jean Tard “On the 27th of April, farmers assembled at Limeil, on the 22nd of May, at Mompazier and at the end of May, in the plain of the Boule, between Bragerac and St. Naissens, there were about twenty thousand men, all of whom put their hats at
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