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The Campaign of Alexander the Great in Thrace and Illyria (335 BC): Strategic Aims, Tactics and Logistics

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The Campaign of Alexander the Great in Thrace and Illyria (335 BC): Strategic Aims, Tactics and Logistics The Campaign of Alexander the Great in Thrace and Illyria (335 BC): Strategic Aims, Tactics and Logistics. Alexandros P. Iordanidis SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) in Classical Archaeology and Ancient History of Macedonia. February 2018 Thessaloniki – Greece 1 Student Name: Alexandros Panagiotis Iordanidis SID: 2204160019 Supervisor: Prof.Nikos Giannakopoulos. I hereby declare that the work submitted is mine and that where I have made use of another’s work, I have attributed the source(s) according to the Regulations set in the Student’s Handbook. February 2018 Thessaloniki – Greece 2 Abstract This dissertation was written as part of the MSc at the Classical Archaeology and Ancient History at the International Hellenic University. Alexander the Great is the key figure that concentrates around his personality many aspects of the ancient world. Here in this study, we will estimate how a Macedonian state and the army, which were effected under the strong influence and perception of the ex-monarch Philip II, operated under the rule of a new heir, Alexander III. The aim of this survey is to examine Alexander’s Balkan campaign of 335 BC, from various sides. Many ancient writers wrote for Alexander although for this first campaign we have only one significant testimony that of Arrian; other ancient authors abridged a lot their accounts. Moreover, at some points vague remains of a Ptolemaic papyri can help. Firstly, the strategic aims will be analyzed, by revealing to us deeper causes, reasons and aims of the realization of the Balkan campaign, apart from the traditional view and reason that Arrian accounts. Then, the multiple successful tactics will follow, which would enlighten us on the ability of “young” Alexander in the military field. This fact is significant due to the fact that we already all know how charismatic Alexander was in the military affairs, although here at his first steps we will see many prototypes and differences at his command. Finally, this study will offer the opportunity to the reader to be familiar with the logistics of a campaign. The field of logistics is dark because of the few evidence that the ancient authors left behind, while every knowledge focuses on the Asian campaign. Here, the logistics of the Balkan campaign will be presented, and how they functioned in the concept of a campaign. Keywords: Alexander, Balkan campaign, tactics, logistics Alexandros P. Iordanidis February 2018 3 Preface-Acknowledgments From the time I can remember myself, I have always been a passionate individual with history, more specifically with the history of ancient Hellas. I was very impressed by the poems of Homer and the mysterious olden world they presented to us. This love increased when I started to read more and more about the world of ancient Hellenes. Moreover, I have always had a preference for Macedonia. From all of Hellenes since my youth, I admired the Macedonians the most, and with great pleasure I spent time reading about the achievements of Philip II and his son Alexander. My personal admiration about Alexander was always huge as I have always considered him a military genius figure. So, in this survey it was difficult for me to eliminate my fondness towards him and to judge him with the objectivity of a historian. Let alone, I never thought that in my paper I would minimize his triumph. All in all, for me it was a great pleasure, when I discovered this master at International Hellenic University, which concentrates on the Macedonian culture. For this beautiful journey, I would like to thank my family, which has always supported and believed in me. Furthermore, I would like to thank Aikaterini Nouli for all the aid and encouragement to that effort. I would also like to offer my gratitude to my dissertation adviser prof. Nikos Giannakopoulos for the time he offered, the aid and his guidance for the completion of this Thesis. To Dr. Nikos Akamatis, who patiently listened to all my questions and thoughts and always replied to my concerns. Finally, I would like to thank my fellow students for this exciting year and especially Natassa Gkika for all the time we passed together during these months in the library, discussing and writing our Thesis. 4 CONTENTS 1) ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………….3 2) PREFACE-ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …………………………...............................4 3) CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………………………5 4) INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………6-11 5) CHAPTER I: STRATEGIC AIMS AND REASONS FOR THE BALKAN CAMPAIGN OF 335 BC……………………………………………………………………………………………….12-20 6) CHAPTERII: ALEXANDER’S TACTICS AT THRACE…………………………………21-46 a. MOUNT HAEMUS……………………………………………………………………………21-30 b. LYGINUS…………………………………………………………………………………………31-36 c. DANUBE………………………………………………………………………………………… 37-46 5) CHAPTER III: THE ILLYRIAN THREAT…………………………………………………… 47-82 a. CLEITUS AND GLAUKIAS………………………………………………………………47-73 b. FORMIDABLE ILLYRIANS? THE EVENTS OF PELLION FROM ANOTHER FACET……………………………...............................................................................74-82 6) CHAPTER IV: THE LOGISTICS OF THE CAMPAIGN…………………………………..83-105 a. MACEDONIAN LOGISTICS vs HELLENIC LOGISTICS: DIFFERENCE AND EFFECTIVENESS…………………………………………………………………………………………..83-90 b. MEN AND ANIMALS IN THE LOGISTIC MACHINE……………………………91-93 c. THE CAMPAIGN……………………………………………………………………………94-105 7) CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………………………………106-109 8) IMAGES………………………………………………………………………………………………..110-121 9) BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………………..122-128 5 Introduction No respectable study for Alexander the Great can be written, without referring first to the contribution of Alexander’s father, Philip II, in its introduction. As Errington once said: «No Philip, No Alexander”.1 About the Balkan campaign of Alexander, it is important to be aware about who was the man who offered ascendancy to the Macedonian kingdom to the Balkan vast regions. Ι would like to emphasize that in this essay, when I refer to the Balkan campaign, I mean the route of Alexander until Danube and the war with Cleitus and Glaukias in Pellion. In this introduction, we will shortly mention the contribution of Philip towards Macedonia and especially to the regions of Balkans. To begin with, Philip received a decadent state and raised it to the leading authority in the Mediterranean world.2 Some paradigms of his achievements are that, Philip systematically eliminated the menace from the neighbors of Macedonia and from south Hellenes,3 he created a consolidated and centralized kingdom, he transmuted the royal iconography and dynastic perception,4 he created a professional unique army,5 and finally he reinforced the economy of Macedonia by creating an era of firmness and welfare, a condition that Macedon had never felt before.6 Philip expanded his kingdom and made Macedonia great and vast. Pertaining to Philip’s action and the subjugation of Thrace, we can add Fox’s comment: “Philip had played one Thracian king against another beyond Macedonia’s north-east borders and settled an impressive network of new towns through modern Bulgaria as far north as the river Danube and the Black sea. He had controlled most of the huge rough hinterland of his road to Asia and enjoyed the rich rewards of its royal tithes”7 In fact, Philip subjugated the Odrysian kingdom at 341 B.C. when he crushed the 1Errington 1990,99. 2Muller 2010,183. 3Muller 2010,183, Errington 1990, 100-101 4 Muller 2010,183. 5 Diod, 16.3.1-.3.3,Muller 2010,183, Errington 1990,99, Strauss 2003,142, Gabriel 2010,61-81 6Muller 2010,184. 7Fox 2004,81. 6 Thracian king Cersobleptes.8 Philip was dominant in Thrace from the great Balkan range in the north, to the Aegean Sea in the south and from the Nestus River east to the Black Sea.9 Diodorus informed us about the reason of the campaign. Philip desired to put an end to belligerence of the Thracians against the Hellenic cities, and led his vast army against the Cersobleptes. After two years of continuous fighting, Philip achieved his goal. He forced barbarians to pay a tithe to him, and he established many cities in special points, with the aim of reducing the aggressiveness of the barbarians forever.10 Moreover, more important reasons, discovered behind the final campaign of 342 B.C. At this Campaign, there were special strategy plans, which Philip knew and needed. To begin with, the danger of Persia was alive. Persia used to invade Hellas by crossing the Hellespont and moving its armies by land through Thrace. Thus, Philip needed eastern Thrace as a necessary occupation to block and defend any attempt of Persia against him. Secondly, with Thrace in his occupation, Philip would have the chance to meet Persian forces early and perhaps to hinder their landing. Even if he failed to act like this, it was better to fight in Thrace rather than meet the enemy on Macedonian land. All in all, if Philip aimed at a future invasion of Persia via Ionia, he would lead that attack from Eastern Thrace, because this area would serve as a strategic point for the invasion. We must not ignore that the size of his army supported his desire of the ultimate conquest of all Thrace.11 In general, concerning Philip’s action in Thrace, we can add that he conquered the Odrysian kingdom after the surrender of Cersobleptes as I already mentioned and subjected Thrace beyond the Strymon and along the mountains to Macedonian rule. The Odrysian kingdom which ruled Central Thrace, was a part of the Hellenic political history from the late of 430s to the middle of the fourth century, had fallen victim to its internal dynastic rivalries and to the increasing Macedonian expansionism under Philip. For the actualization of this achievement, Philip perpetrated several campaigns across southeaster Thrace (353-352, 346, and 342- 340 BC) and further north to the land of Getae and beyond the Danube to the 8Xydopoulos 2010,213. 9Gabriel 2010,186. 10Diod. 16.71, Xydopoulos 2010, 213. 11Gabriel 2010,182. 7 remote stranger land of Scythians (339).
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